GE 155 - Lecture1 - Introduction To Geodetic Control Network

Introduction to
Geodetic Control Network
Lecture 1
UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

Introduction to Geodetic Control Network
OUTLINE
• Definitions
• History and Technological
Advancement of Geodetic Surveying
• International Frameworks and Geoid
Models
• The Luzon Datum of 1911 and the
Philippine Reference System (PRS92)

Geodetic Control Surveys
• performed to establish an accurate

positional framework (i.e. geodetic control
network) from which nationwide
supplemental surveying and mapping are
referred
• is the determination of the precise position of

a number of stations distributed over an
area, taking into account the curvature of
the earth, to serve as primary reference or
as check points for other subsequent surveys
to be used in engineering projects

Geodetic Control Surveys
• performed to far more rigorous accuracy

and quality assurance standards than those
for local control surveys (project control)
• distinguished by use of redundant,

interconnected, permanently monumented
control points
• used also to effectively and efficiently

monitor and evaluate external deformations
in large structures such as dams

Relevance of Geodetic Network
Tenure
and value
records
Resources Other records Administrative Other parcel-

records related records records related
records
Other Identifiers
Parcel id
Cadastral
Other Data-exchange boundary
overlays Conventions overlay
Base maps
GEODETIC REFERENCE FRAMEWORK
Source: National Research Council 1980

Components of a Geodetic Control Network
HORIZONTAL CONTROL
• provided by two or more points in the ground,

permanently or semi-permanently monumented, and
precisely fixed in position horizontally by distance and
direction, or coordinates
• established by performing triangulation, trilateration,
traversing, or by the use of GNSS

Components of a Geodetic Control Network
VERTICAL CONTROL
• provided by benchmarks in or near the track to be
surveyed, and it becomes the basis for all elevations
and in portraying the relief of the area
• usually established by running lines of differential
levels
• GPS surveying may also be used, but elevations must
be converted to orthometric heights first in order to
be acceptable

History of Geodetic Surveying
HISTORY OF SURVEYING IN THE
PHILIPPINES

HISTORY OF GEODETIC SURVEYING
IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Americans took over the Philippines
from the Spaniards
1898-1900 • Discovered inaccurate maps and charts
• Appeal to have the island surveyed and

charted
Dec. 1900 • CGSD was established in Manila
• Start of actual fieldwork, only in the

vicinity of the garrisoned places
Jan. 1901

IN THE PHILIPPINES
• System of military telegraph and

cable lines used to establish a large
number of astronomical stations
well scattered throughout the
islands
• The precise latitude and longitude
1901-1906 of these stations were determined,
and eventually connected by a
triangulation net
• More surveys to meet the demands
of the military and the local
commerce
• About 90 charts already produced

IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Five vessels doing hydrographic and
topographic surveys
• Computers and draftsmen sent to Manila
office engaged in compiling charts from
1907 the new surveys
• About 153 catalogued charts produced
• First printing plant in Manila (all previous

1920 maps were printed in Washington)
Until • Expansion of surveys to whole Philippines

1942

Technological Advancement in Geodetic Surveying
INTRUMENTATION
Direction Theodolite
Sextant
Transit
INTRUMENTATION
Gunter’s Chain
Steel Measuring
Bands
Geodimeter
INTRUMENTATION
Total Station
Gravimeter
GNSS
TRADITIONAL SURVEY
POSITIONING TECHNIQUES
Horizontal Positioning
1. Astronomical techniques
2. Triangulation
3. Trilateration
4. Traversing

TRADITIONAL SURVEY
POSITIONING TECHNIQUES
Vertical Positioning
1. Precise or geodetic leveling
2. Trigonometric leveling
3. Barometric leveling
4. Echo sounding

International Frameworks and Geoid Models
WHY DO WE HAVE MANY FRAMEWORKS?
• ?????
• Numerous reference ellipsoids/datum
• Various geoid models
• Many countries
• Advancing technologies
• Global vs. Global

• Global vs. Local

The Global and the Local Geodetic
Reference Frame
• Global Reference Frame

Looking at the definition of a reference
frame, there should be only one truly
global reference frame
• Local Reference Frames

Since each country/area in the surface
of the earth uses a frame that is
appropriate to the local surface, there
are infinite number of local frames.

World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84)
• The WGS84 coordinate system is a

conventional terrestrial reference
system (CTRS)
• The definition of this coordinate system
outlined by the International Earth
Rotation Service (IERS) as follows:
• It is geocentric, the center of mass being
defined for the whole earth including
oceans and atmosphere.
• Its scale is that of the local earth frame
• Its orientation was given initially by BIH on
1984

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering
WGS84 geoid
GE 155: Geodetic Control Network
World Geodetic System of 1984
(WGS84)
• WGS84 is maintained by the US DoD
for its military purposes
• It was initially established using
different terrestrial and
extraterrestrial positioning methods
such as the Doppler systems
• The most recent WGS84 realization
adopted by the US DoD is the WGS84
(G1150)

International Terrestrial Reference
Framework (ITRF)
• The ITRF is established by the Terrestrial
Reference Frame Section of the Central
Bureau (CB) of the International Earth
Rotation Service (IERS)
• The implementation of the ITRF is based
on the combination of Sets of Station
coordinates (SSC) and velocities derived
from observations of space-geodetic
techniques
• The global solutions are: ITRF88, 89, 90,
91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 00, 05
Relationship of ITRF and WGS84
• WGS84 and ITRF94 are practically

identical (with respect to its
parameters and definition)
• The positions that can be derived

from WGS84 and ITRF conforms up
to about ±2 cm accuracy

Geoid Models: EGM
• Earth Gravitational Model

• Developed in a collaborative effort of:
• NASA Goddard Space Flight Center;
• National Imagery and Mapping Agency
(NIMA);
• Ohio State University

Geoid Models: EGM
• predecessor models:
• OSU-91A model
• JGM-2 model
• based on:
• surface gravity data;
• altimeter-derived gravity anomalies;
• extensive satellite tracking data
(GPS, TDRSS, DORIS, TRANET);
• direct altimeter ranges

Geoid Models: EGM
EGM2008
• This gravitational model is complete
to spherical harmonic degree and
order 2159, and contains additional
coefficients extending to degree 2190
and order 2159
• Can compute geoid undulations
accurate to better than one meter
• Can be used with the WGS 84
reference ellipsoid using a set of pre-
computed constants
Geoid Models: Others
• EGM96
• Gpm3e97a (1997)
• GPM98A, B and C (1998)
• Other national geoid models

The Philippine Geoid Model
• Based on “The Evaluation of the

Geoid in the Philippines” by A.H.W.
Kearsley
• Part of the 1st order geodetic control
survey component of the Natural
Resources Management and
Development Project (NRMDP)
• Describes the investigation into the
detailed geoid for the Philippines

• Based on:
• Altimetrically-derived gravity data
• Terrestrially observed gravity data
• Gravity profiles in Northern Luzon
(mountainous; 170 km) and Eastern
Mindanao (flat; 75 km)
• Geopotential Models
- OSU86 E and OSU89A
• DEM
- ETOPO5 world data of 5’ mesh of heights
- From digitized topographic maps of
1:250,000 scale by CERTEZA
• GPS Control over BM with known MSL Heights

• Problems with the data:

• Low density of gravity data
• Satellite altimeter data contains free-air
anomalies over land areas
• Some observed terrestrial data over the
oceans are in conflict with those from satellite
altimetry
• Data file appears to contain large errors
• The gravity profiles and DEM show very little
correlation hence no high-frequency
information can be derived
• DEM was derived from a weak mathematical
method and is not reliable for deriving terrain
corrections
• Both OSU86E and OSU89A fit the terrain
equally (and poorly)
• Tests show that the geoid heights have a

precision of better than 10ppm
• The gravimetric N against those from
GPS/leveling identified a number of
doubtful control stations which may be
attributed to the errors in the orthometric
heights
• Better solutions of N were derived using
smaller ring sizes
• Certain biases exist for the N values near
the gravity profiles

The Luzon Datum of 1911 and the PRS92
The Original Network
• Local datums were established at “Astro

stations” that include Bancalan Island,
Cagayan Sulu Island, Davao, Iligan,
Misamis Oriental, and Zamboanga on
Mindanao Island,Legaspi and Vigan on
Luzon Island, Ormoc and Tacloban on
Leyte Island and Iloilo on Panay Island.
• However, the extent of coverage became
limited due to physical configuration of the
country w/c rendered development of
network especially inland not feasible by
conventional surveying techniques.
Stations were established along the coasts.
Luzon Datum of 1911
• Can be defined by the origin near San

Andres point on Marinduque Island in
the Southern Tagalog Region, stationed
at Balanacan.
• Established in 1911 and is defined in
terms of position of station Balanacan:
• Latitude= 13-33-41
• Longitude= 121-52-03
• Azimuth to Station Baltazar= 9-12-37

Luzon Datum Origin: Balanacan

Balanacan Station
(May 2007)

Luzon Datum of 1911
• The reference ellipsoid used was Clarke

Spheroid of 1866 where:
• a=6378206.4 m
• 1/f=294.9786982m
• The original survey was second order or
lower, controlled by 98 measured base
lines, 52 observed azimuths and 49
latitude and telegraphic longitude stations
• Geoid and ellipsoid were assumed to
coincide at the datum origin, i.e.,
deflection of the vertical and geoid-
ellipsoid separation were defined as zero

The Natural Resources Management
and Development Project (NRMDP)
• The proliferation of geographic
information projects necessitates the
establishment of standards and
coordination mechanisms in order to
ensure compatibility of geographic
information systems, facilitate data
exchange, and optimize use of resources
• The NRMDP (1989-1992) of DENR
recommended the use of National
Statistical Coordination Board’s (NSCB)
coordinative set up in addressing the
problems besetting the system

Luzon Datum of 1911 DENR-NRMDP
(1989)
Balanacan Station
(datum origin)
densification
Found to be 2nd Order based
1st Triangulation Net on International Standards
(Luzon Datum of 1911)
1st order, 2nd order,
3rd order
Remedy: upgrade the datum

Cadastral Survey
2nd & 3rd order control into a higher order and enable
points for Cadastral transformation to WGS84
Surveys
(BLLM, PBM, MBM, BBM)
Cadastral Mapping
projection using
PTM-Luzon1911
(Geo-Grid using DENRTech.
Bul. No.26)
Cadastral Lot Corners Cadastral Maps, Index

(Northing, Easting) Maps, and Boundary Maps
(PTM-Luzon1911) (PPCS of 1965)
Starting and End Points of the EO45
Possible improvement areas in the system

Existing and Dead-end data of the system
The Natural Resources Management
and Development Project (NRMDP)
• An Inter-Agency Task Force on
Geographic Information was created to
promote and coordinate the efficient
development, management and
utilization of geographic information in
the country
• NAMRIA, NSCB, HLURB, NSO, NCC,
DPWH, DOST, BSWM, NEDA
• 330 first-order stations, 101 second-
order, 36 third-order

Philippine Reference System of 1992
• Established by NAMRIA in
1992 thru DENR-NRMDP
in collaboration with the
Government of Australia
• By law, it is the
Philippines’ standard
survey and mapping
reference frame/system
• A set of coordinates of all
stations in the new
network

Luzon Datum of 1911 DENR-NRMDP Philippine Reference System of 1992
(1989)
Balanacan Station Balanacan Station Gravimetric
(datum origin) (datum origin) OSU89A & Sat.
Altimetry
densification
Triangulation stations and

New established
1st Triangulation Net Cadastral control points
GPS-observed
(Luzon Datum of 1911) with WGS84 coordinates
(x,y,z)WGS84 control points
1st order, 2nd order (x,y,z)WGS84
3rd order
Cadastral Survey PRS92 Horizontal Control

Network The Phil. Geoid
330-1st order Model
2nd & 3rd
order control 101-2nd order
points for Cadastral 36-3rd-order
Surveys
(BLLM, PBM, MBM, BBM) Densification by GPS Cadastral Maps,
and Terres Survey
Cadastral Mapping
Derived 7-parameter Index Maps,
projection using transformation from and Boundary
PTM-Luzon1911
WGS84 to PRS92 Current PRS92 Maps
(Geo-Grid using DENRTech. Geodetic Control (PPCS/TM-PRS92)
Bul. No.26) Geoid-Ellipsoid Network (x,y,z)WGS84
Separation: 0.3m
Cadastral Lot Corners Cadastral Maps, Index Datum Cad Control points
(Northing, Easting) Maps, and Boundary Maps Transformation
Cad LDC (PPC/TM-PRS92)
(PTM-Luzon1911) (PPCS of 1965)
PRS92 Geodetic
Controls with PRS92
Starting and End Points of the EO45 cartesian PRS92 station w/
Coordinate Conversion
coordinates PPCS/TM-PRS92 coor
Possible improvement areas in the system Using PPCS/TM-PRS92
UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic
(x,y,z)WGS84 Control
(DENR-Tech. BUl. No.26) Network (N,E)PRS92
Existing and Dead-end data of the system
• PRS 92 is not a new datum but an

adjustment of the Luzon datum
• The original datum observations from
Luzon 1911, used in PRS 92, were not
recomputed
• NAMRIA has published transformation
parameters for PRS 92 to WGS 84

• The horizontal datum component was

undertaken using GPS using the guidelines
based on recognized Australian specifications
and practices and standards of the
Hydrography Department (then, CGSD) of
NAMRIA
• A national geoid model for the vertical
component was developed for the Philippines
with relative accuracy of 5 ppm and 8 ppm
based on OSU89 geoid model, supplemented
by local gravity data, where gravity surveys
were taken in Northern Luzon in San
Fernando, La Union to Cauyan, Isabela and in
eastern Mindanao in Surigao City
The New Philippine Reference
System of 1992 (2009)
• Further densification
efforts by NAMRIA
• Zero-order network
• Issues:
• WGS84 refinement
• Effect of plate tectonics

System of 1992 (2009)
WGS84(original) WGS84(G1150)

System of 1992 (2009)
WGS84 refinement
• WGS84 (original)  PRS92
• WGS84 (G730) – 1994
• WGS84 (G873) – 1996
• WGS84 (G1150)- 2002
• “G” – for GPS
• 730, 873, 1150 – number of weeks
reckoned from date of GPS full
implementation
System of 1992 (2009)
Different datums give

different coordinates

System of 1992 (2009)

System of 1992 (2009)
Effect of plate tectonics

• Philippine plate
moving NW with
velocity of 2-7mm per
year (NIGS/Phivolcs)
• Effect on PRS92 GPS
stations not
monitored

System of 1992 (2009)
• Digdig Fault moved 5.6 meters (Phivolcs)

• Chile earthquake moved Concepcion City
10 feet west

System of 1992 (2009)
• PHILIPPINE ACTIVE GEODETIC NETWORK

(PageNET)
• the country’s new positioning
infrastructure which utilizes signals from
global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)
• a network of continuously operating
reference stations that provide real-time,
high-precision geographic position data via
the Internet
• data generated by the network may be
used for surveying and mapping, aviation,
navigation, military, scientific research and
monitoring, and agriculture, among others

Thank you for
listening! 
References
Lecture Notes in GE 164 by E.D. Lopez/ M.R.C. Ang
USACE (2002). Engineering and Design:
Geodetic and Control Surveying
Other books listed in the GE 155 Syllabus 

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Introduction to

Geodetic Control Network

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

• performed to establish an accurate

• is the determination of the precise position of

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

• performed to far more rigorous accuracy

• distinguished by use of redundant,

• used also to effectively and efficiently

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

Resources Other records Administrative Other parcel-

GEODETIC REFERENCE FRAMEWORK

Source: National Research Council 1980

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

• provided by two or more points in the ground,

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

• Appeal to have the island surveyed and

• Start of actual fieldwork, only in the

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

• System of military telegraph and

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

• First printing plant in Manila (all previous

Until • Expansion of surveys to whole Philippines

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

• Global vs. Global

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

• Global Reference Frame

• Local Reference Frames

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

• The WGS84 coordinate system is a

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

• WGS84 and ITRF94 are practically

• The positions that can be derived

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

• Earth Gravitational Model

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

• Based on “The Evaluation of the

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

• Problems with the data:

• Tests show that the geoid heights have a

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

• Local datums were established at “Astro

• Can be defined by the origin near San

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

• The reference ellipsoid used was Clarke

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering GE 155: Geodetic Control Network

Remedy: upgrade the datum