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Course Description
The course is an investigation of the
Chem 11 fundamentals of general chemistry. The course
will emphasize the role of chemistry in modern
Advanced Chemistry human life.
The laboratory supports the lecture
topics, through both qualitative and
Prepared by: JESSA B. GISULGA
quantitative experiments. The topic includes
advanced topics on chemistry, chemical
reactions, atomic structure, and the states of
matter.

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Requirements

• Scientific Calculators
• Periodic Table
• Laboratory Gown

50 % Midterm Grade + 50 % Tentative Final Grade = Final Grade

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Chemistry is around us all the

Chapter I time
Matter, Measurement and Examples:
Problem Solving • Brain function via chemical reactions
• Food furnishes energy via chemical reactions
• Trees and grass grow – photosynthesis –
chemistry
• Urban air pollution – tropospheric chemistry
• Ozone hole – stratospheric ozone depletion &
freons
• Climate change – atmosphere, ocean, soil
chemistry

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What is chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of substances in terms of

Composition - What a material it made of

Structure - How the elementary particles are put together

Properties - The characteristics of the material

Reactions - How it behaves with other substances

 Use subscripts when more than one atom is in the molecule.

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States of Matter Classification of Matter

The basic difference between these states is the Matter
distance between the “bodies.”
• Gas – bodies are far apart and in rapid motion.
• Liquid – bodies closer together, but still able to Physically
Substance Mixture of
move past each other.
separable
Definite composition Substances
(homogeneous) Variable composition
• Solid – bodies are closer still and are now held in
place in a definite arrangement.
• Plasma is a gas that has been energized to the point Chemically
separable Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture
that some of the electrons break free from, but Element
(Examples: iron, sulfur,
Compound
(Examples: water.
Uniform throughout,
also called a solution
Nonuniform
distinct phases
carbon, hydrogen, iron (II) sulfide, methane,
travel with, their nucleus. oxygen, silver) Aluminum silicate)
(Examples: air, tap water,
gold alloy)
(Examples: soup,
concrete, granite)

• Gases can become plasmas in several ways, but all include pumping the gas with energy.
• A spark in a gas will create a plasma.

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Pure Substances Pure Substance

• Element
• Pure Substance that cannot be broken
down into any other substances by – There are 118 known elements
chemical or physical means – composed of identical atoms
– EX: copper wire, aluminum foil

Gold - element Manganese Dioxide - compound

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

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Pure Substances Pure Substances - FYI

Law of Definite Composition
• Compound
– A given compound always contains the same,
– composed of 2 or more fixed ratio of elements.
elements in a fixed ratio
– properties differ from those of
individual elements
– Chemical bonds hold the
elements together
– Ex: table salt (NaCl) Two different compounds,
each has a definite composition
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

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Molecules
Mixtures
Variable combination of two or more
• Groups of two or more atoms bound by pure substances. Each keep individual
chemical bonds properties
• Can be two of the same element

Heterogeneous – Can Homogeneous- Evenly Mixed

see different parts cannot see different parts.
(different) (Same)
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

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Tyndall Effect Mixtures

• The scattering Solution
of light by particles – homogeneous
in a mixture – very small particles
– no Tyndall effect
– particles don’t settle
– EX:
– rubbing alcohol (ethyl alcohol
and water)
– Air (nitrogen and oxygen)
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

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Mixtures Mixtures
Colloid
– heterogeneous Suspension
– medium-sized particles – heterogeneous
– Tyndall effect – large particles
– particles don’t settle – Tyndall effect
– Particles scatter light – particles settle
– EX: – EX:
• Milk • fresh-squeezed
• Clouds lemonade
• Smoke • Sand in water
• mayo
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

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Mixtures Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

Examples:
– mayonnaise colloid
– muddy water suspension hydrogen
atoms
oxygen atoms
hydrogen
atoms

– fog colloid
– saltwater solution
– Italian salad
dressing
suspension (a) (b) (c) (d)
an element a compound a mixture a mixture
(hydrogen) (water) (hydrogen (hydrogen and
and oxygen) oxygen)

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68

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Properties of Matter Physical Changes

Intensive properties – independent of sample size. Physical Property – A property that can be measured without
density: changing the identity of the substance.
color: The pigment or shade Example: color, odor, density
conductivity: electricity to flow through the substance
malleability: if a substance can be flattened Chemical Change
luster: how shiny the substance looks Chemical Property -Any characteristic that gives a sample of
matter the ability/inability to undergo a change that alters its
Extensive properties - depends on the quantity of the sample composition.
(sample size).
mass: how much matter in the sample Examples: Alkali metals react with water; Paper's ability to
burn.
volume: How much space the sample takes up
length: How long the sample is

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Physical and Chemical Changes

A Chemical Reaction
Physical change – the change in the physical
• One substance changes to another by
properties of a substance.
reorganizing the way the atoms are
– Physical appearance changes, but the
substances identity does not. attached to each other.
Water (ice)  Water (liquid)
• It is the way the atoms are organized
Chemical change (chemical reaction) – the
transformation of a substance into a chemically in a given substance that determines
different substance. the properties of that substance.
– When pure hydrogen and pure oxygen react
completely, they form pure water.

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Everything in our lives from materials

Chemical reactions happen when
to life involve chemistry
• a car is started • glass (SiO2)n
• tarnish is removed from silver • metal alloys
• fertilizer is added to help • chemically treated water
plants grow • plastics and polymers
• food is digested • baking soda, NaHCO3
• burning natural gas • foods
• rust is formed on iron nails • fertilizers and pesticides
• living beings

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Chemicals in Toothpaste The Scientific Method

The scientific method is

the process used to
explain observations
in nature.
The method involves:
• making observations
• forming a hypothesis
• doing experiments to
test the hypothesis

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Units of Measurement

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In chemistry: In every measurement, a number must be

quantities are measured followed by a unit to have any meaning.
experiments are
performed Observe the following examples of
results are calculated measurements:
use numbers to report
measurements, Number and Unit
results are compared to 35 m (meter)
standards. 0.25 L (liter)
225 lb (pound)
3.4 h (hour)

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The Metric System (SI)

The metric system and SI (international
system) are

 related decimal systems based on 10

 used in most of the world
 used everywhere by scientists

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Length
 is measured using a meter stick
 uses the unit meter
(m) in both the metric and SI systems

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Volume
The unit of an inch  is the space occupied
 is equal to exactly  by a substance
 2.54 centimeters in  the unit of volume is
 the metric system the liter (L) in the
metric system
1 L = 1.06 qt
1 in. = 2.54 cm

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The temperature
The mass of an object  indicates how hot or cold a
 is a measure of the quantity of material it substance is
contains  the Celsius (C) scale is used
in the metric system
 the unit gram (g) or kilogram (1000 g) is used  the Kelvin (K) scale is also
used
What is the difference between mass and weight?  18 °C is 64 °F on this
Weight is the result of the action of gravity on mass. Your thermometer
weight on the moon would be a lot less even though your On the C scale, the melting point of ice is 0 C and boiling
mass would remain the same point of water is 100 C
Despite this important difference, we will use these two terms interchangeably

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Scientific Notation
Time measurement  is used to write very large or very small numbers
 the unit second (s) is  the width of a human hair (0.000 008 m) is written
used in the metric 8 x 10-6 m
system.  a large number such as 4 500 000 s is written
4.5 x 106 s
 Time is based on an
atomic clock that uses a
frequency emitted by
cesium atoms

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Scientific Notation
 A number in scientific notation contains a coefficient and a power
of 10.
coefficient power of ten coefficient power of ten
1.5 x 102 7.35 x 10-4

 To write a number in scientific notation, the decimal point is

placed after the first digit.
 The spaces moved are shown as a power of ten.
52 000. = 5.2 x 104 0.00378 = 3.78 x 10-3

4 spaces left 3 spaces right

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Measurements

What is the length of this piece of wood?

What is the first digit? Any uncertainty in the digit? 4

What is the second digit? Any uncertainty in this digit? 4.5

What is the third digit? Any uncertainty in this digit? 4.56

Definition of a significant figure:

Significant digits include all digits with no uncertainty plus one
estimation

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Significant Figures
 Any digit that is not zero is significant. Thus, 845
cm has three significant figures, 1.234 kg has four
significant figures.
 Zeros between nonzero digits are significant. Thus,
606 m contains three significant figures, 40, 501 kg
contains five significant figures.
A. Exact numbers are obtained by
1. counting  Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not
2. definition significant. Their purpose is to indicate the
placement of the decimal point. For example, 0.08 L
B. Measured numbers are obtained by contains one significant figure, 0.0000349 g contains
1. using some measuring tool three significant figures.

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Significant Figures Significant Figures

• If a number is greater than 1, then all the zeros written to • For numbers that do not contain decimal points, the
the right of the decimal point count as significant figures. trailing zeros (that is, zeros after the last nonzero digit)
Thus, 2.0 mg has two significant figures, 40.062 mL has may or may not be significant. Thus, 400 cm may have
five significant figures, and 3.040 dm has four significant one significant figure (the digit 4), two significant figures
figures. If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros (40), or three significant figures (400). We cannot know
that are at the end of the number and the zeros that are which is correct without more information. By using
between nonzero digits are significant. This means that scientific notation, however, we avoid this ambiguity. In
0.090 kg has two significant figures, 0.3005 L has four this particular case, we can express the number 400 as
significant figures, 0.00420 min has three significant 4 x 102 for one significant figure, 4.0 x 102 for two
figures. significant figures, or 4.00 x x102 for three significant
figures.

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Significant Figures Rounding Off

In calculations:  When the first digit dropped is 4 or less, the retained
 Answers must have the same numbers remain the same.
number of significant figures as To round 45.832 to 3 significant figures
the measured numbers. drop the digits 32 = 45.8
 Calculator answers must often be
rounded off.  When the first digit dropped is 5 or greater,
 Rounding rules are used to the last retained digit is increased by 1.
obtain the correct number of
significant figures. To round 2.4884 to 2 significant figures
drop the digits 884 = 2.5 (increase by 0.1)

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Multiplication and Division Addition and Subtraction

When multiplying or dividing use When adding or subtracting, use
 the same number of significant figures (SF) as  the same number of decimal places as the
the measurement with the fewest significant measurement with the fewest decimal places
figures
25.2 one decimal place
Example: + 1.34 two decimal places
110.5 x 0.048 = 5.304 = 5.3 26.54 calculated answer
4SFs 2SFs calculator 2SFs 26.5 final answer (with one decimal place)

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For each calculation, round the answer to give the

correct number of decimal places.
A. 235.05 + 19.6 + 2 =
1) 257
2) 256.7
3) 256.65

B. 58.925 – 18.2 =
1) 40.725
2) 40.73
3) 40.7

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An equality

 states the same measurement in two different units

 can be written using the relationships between two
metric units

Example: 1 meter is the same as 100 cm and 1000 mm.

1 m = 100 cm
1 m = 1000 mm

1m/100cm = 1; 1m/1000mm = 1 volume has the dimensions of length cubed

1 = 100cm/1m; 1 = 1000mm/1m

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Some Common Equalities

 Several equalities can be
written for mass

1 kg = 1000 g
1 g = 1000 mg
1 mg = 0.001 g

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• An injured person loses 0.30 pints of blood. • If a person weighs 200 pounds, how many
How many milliliters of blood would that be?
kiograms does the person weigh?
0.30pt x 1qt/2pt = 0.15qt

0.15qt x 946mL/qt = 141.9 mL 200 lb x 1 kg/2.2 lb = 90.9 kg

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• Once base units have been defined for a system of

measurement, you can derive other units from them.
• SI derived units is a unit derived by combining SI
base units.

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Density

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Osmium is a very dense metal. What is its density in g/cm3 if 50.0

g of osmium has a volume of 2.22 cm3?

1) 2.25 g/cm3
2) 22.5 g/cm3
3) 111 g/cm3

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Temperature
• The density of the zinc object
can be calculated from its
mass and volume.

Density = 68.6g/(45.0-35.5)mL; 68.6g/9.5 mL

Density = 7.2 g/mL

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Temperature
Converting between Celsius and Fahrenheit

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C  F - 32
9

9
F  C   32
5

ºK = ºC + 273

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End of Topic 1

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