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SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE NUMBER SYLLABUS
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Ordering decimals includes comparing different decimals

and ordering them by value, either in ascending order
1. Place Values, Ordering and (from smallest to biggest) or descending order (from
biggest to smallest).
Pounding The greater a decimal is, the closer it is to 1.
The smaller a decimal is, the further away it is from 1.
1.1. Place Value
1.3. Rounding
Like whole numbers, decimals also have place values
The decimal place values: Rounding is the process of approximating numbers by
omitting some digits of the number.
Usually, rounding is to the closest one, ten, hundred or
whole number (rounding to whole numbers are
specifically for decimals).

General rule for rounding:

1. First, clarify which place you are rounding to. Is it to

the nearest 10s, 100s or 1000s?
Notice that the more right we go, we divide the place
2. Check the digit of the number in that place value. (E.g.
values by 10
In 38, we look at the digit ‘3’ when rounding to the
÷10 ÷10 nearest 10s. )
3. Look at the digit to the direct right of it.
Hundreds ==> Tens ==> Ones 4. If that digit is more than or equal to 5, round the
In the same manner, we divide by ten the more right we number up.
go in decimals.
The decimals for place values are similar to the normal If that digit is less than 5, round the number down.
place values, except that we add a ‘ths’ at the end

E.g. tenths, hundredths , thousandths… 2. Integers, Powers and Roots

When we multiply decimals by 10, 100 or 1000, we shift
the decimal point to the right by 1 digit, 2 digits and 3 2.1. Integers
digits respectively.
Integers are whole numbers, which can be positive or
E.g. negative in value.
1.5 x 10 = 15.0 = 15 Integers do not have a fractional component, i.e. they are
1.567 x 100 = 156.7 whole numbers
1.90389 x 1000 = 1903.89 The range of values of an integer is a whole number from
negative infinity to infinity, including zero (0).
We use the same method for division, except that we Integers can be added, subtracted, multiplied or divided.
move the decimal point to the left by 1 digit, 2 digits and 3 Integers have to be rational, i.e. they cannot be numbers
digits respectively. like √2 or √3, which cannot be further rationalized.
Rules for multiplying negative numbers:
E.g.
1.567 ÷ 10 = 0.1567
134.5678 ÷ 100 = 1.345678
0.12345 ÷ 1000 = 0.00012345

We can get decimals through negative powers as well. For

example,

10^-1 = 0.1,
10^-2 = 0.01,
10^-4 = 0.0001…
The power represents the number of digits there should be
behind the decimal point.

1.2. Ordering

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2.3. Roots
2.2. Powers
The root of a number of a number is the number that
Powers are also known as exponents. would have to be multiplied by itself by a number of
Powers of a number says how many times we have to times to get the original number.
multiply the number by itself over again. For example, the fourth root of 81 is 3, as 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 =
81, and we multiply the number 3 by itself four times.
E.g. The second root is called the square root, and the third
22 = 2 x 2 = 4 root is called the cube root. Other roots are named by
34 = 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 = 81 their number.
A root is denoted by using the symbol √.
Powers are written by using a superscript, which is a Square roots are denoted as √, cube roots are denoted as
smaller version of a number written on top of another 3 √, fourth roots are defined as 4 √ and so on.

number, like written above. We can estimate roots, by finding the closest root to a
In 25 , 5 is the exponent, and the number 2 is called the given number.
coefficient.
There are a few rules of doing operations with exponents: E.g. There is no absolute root to the √10. However, √9 is 3,
and 9 is close to 10, so we can estimate the √10 to be 3.
mn mn
1. a =a
2. a ÷ an = am−n
m
2.4. Factors and Multiples
3. am x an = a(m+n)
4. (xy)3 = x3 y 3 A factor (also called a divisor) is a number which you can
divide another number by
Any number to the power of 0 is always equal to 1
E.g. 2 is a factor of 6, because we can divide 6 by 2. 3 is also a
E.g. factor of 6.
90 = 1, A multiple is the value which we get when we multiply
1000 = 1, another value by a number.
45.780 =1 etc E.g. 12 is a multiple of 6, because we can get 12 from
Squares up to 20: multiplying 2 into 6.

The GCF (Greatest Common Factor) of two or more

numbers is their largest common factor.

E.g. GCD(12, 14) = 2, because that is the largest number

which we can divide both 12 and 14 by.

LCM stands for lowest common multiple, which is the

lowest common multiple which two or more numbers
have.

E.g. LCM(2,3) = 6 the lowest common multiple of 2 and 3 is 6.

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Prime numbers are the numbers which can only be We can substitute the value of y into the equation. 4y
divided by 2 numbers, which are 1 and itself. means 4 times y, which is 4x1 = 4

A few prime numbers: 2,3,5,7,11, 13, 17,19… So we can then write 3x+4 = 10
So, 3x = 6
A number can be factorized, which is the process of We can get that x = 2.
dividing a number by other prime numbers.
This process is called prime factorization. Inequalities can be written using the symbols <, >, ≤ and
≥.

3. Expressions, Equations and

Formulae
3.1. Expressions
Expressions are commonly used in algebra
A linear expression is an expression to the power of 1.
A term is an expression containing at least a single
mathematical expression.
A variable is a letter used to represent an unknown
number, while the coefficient is the recognisable number
next to it.

E.g. 6a = 6 times the value of ‘a’.

Expressions can contain one or more variables, and one

or more coefficients.
An expression does not contain an ‘=’ symbol.
We can break down/simplify an expression to make it
A solution set can be written by the use of a number line.
looks smaller and neater, by bringing the terms together.

E.g. 6x + 3y + 4x+ 7y
= 6x + 4x + 3y + 7y
= 10x + 10y,
which can be factored into 10(x+y) using the distributive law.

3.2. Equations
Equations are two or more expressions, equated using
the symbol ‘=’ which means ‘is equal to’
An equation usually has an expression on either side of
the ‘=’ symbol.
Whenever we perform any action to one side of the
equation, we must also perform it to the other side to
keep the equation balanced.
Simultaneous equations are two or more equations
which have the same solutions. We can perform
operations on simultaneous equations to solve them. 3.3. Formulae
E.g. 2x+8y = 12 --- (Multiply by 3) A formula is a mathematical rule expressed in algebraic
3x+4y = 10 --- (Multiply by 2) symbols.
6x+24y = 36 We can substitute values into formulae to be able to solve
- 6x+8y = 20 an equation.

16y = 16 E.g. If the formula to find y is 25-x, we can take the value of x
So y = 1 as 1,2,3 and so on to be able to find the value of y.

The plural of ‘formula’ is ‘formulae’.

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A function is a relationship between two or more digit number, and insert both values side by side.
variables. A
Changing the subject in an equation means changing the E.g. 30 x 6 ==> 0 x 6 = 0, 3 x 6 = 18, so 30x6 = 180
equation in a way that we get a required variable on one
Carryovers are numbers that we carry above the next
side of the equation.
place values’ place and add them to the product/sum we
E.g. y = k/x get.
And we want to make this in terms of x
Multiply both equations by x and divide by y
So we can get x = k/y

The quadratic equation comes in the form of

ax^2+ bx + c = 0,
where a, b, and c are known, while x is unknown,
and a is not equal to 0, and the highest power/degree is of 2.

We can simplify quadratic equations.

Divisibility tests are an easy way to test whether a
Likewise, we can also expand quadratic equations.
number is divisible by another number.

Number Divisibility Test Example

The number should end with
2 20, 32, 50, 1430
0, 2, 4, 6, or 8
The sum of the digits should
3 180, 60, 33, 42, 981
be divisible by 3.
The last 2 digits of the number
4 16, 20, 24, 80
4. Calculation should be divisible by 4.
The number should end in 0
5 50, 30, 20, 105, 155
or 5.
4.1. Stage 7
The number should be even
6 36, 48, 600
Calculating mentally is one of the most fundamental skills and divisible by both 2 and 3.
in mathematics The last three digits of the
Multiplication is also known as repetitive addition. In the 8 number must be divisible by 16, 80, 120
expression 3 x 5, we add 3 together 5 times. 98
The sum of the digits of the
9 18, 108, 135
number must be divisible by 9.
The number must end in at
10 10, 20, 30, 1890
least one 0.
The number must end in at
100 100, 200, 300, 500
least two 0s.

To multiply one-digit numbers with simple decimals,

multiply the numbers without the decimal point, and then
divide it by the number of zeroes in the decimal.

E.g. 6 x 0.8 ==> 6 x 8 = 48, 48/10 = 4.8

To multiply fractions with whole numbers, multiply the

numerator by the given value, and then divide this
Even numbers are divisible by 2. product by the denominator
Odd numbers give a remainder of 1 when divided by 2
The right-most digit of a number is it’s ones digit, the next E.g. 64 x 2/4 ==> 64 x 2 = 128, 128/4 = 32
number its tens, the next its hundreds and so on The order of operations is PEMDAS, and the order must
We multiply by 10 while going to the right when dealing be followed at all times.
with decimal place values.
To multiply a 2-digit number by a 1 digit number, simply
multiply the one-digit number with both digits of the 2-

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Adding or subtracting decimals with different decimal Cube numbers are numbers resulting from the
places can be accomplished by writing them vertically. multiplication of a number by itself 3 times.

Roots are the numbers that are multiplied together to get

another number.
Fractions can be converted into decimals and
Dividing and multiplying decimals by single-digit numbers percentages.
require rounding up/down based on given decimal value.
Round up only if the value is more than or equal to 5, and ==> 1/2 = 50% = 0.5
round down otherwise. ==> 2/10 = 20% = 0.2

Multiplying fractions requires us to multiply the

numerators together and the denominators together.
Dividing fractions will require us to convert to
multiplication, by converting the second fraction into its
reciprocal.

To multiply or divide decimals, we must first find the

number of decimal places. Once the operations is/are
completed, we round the answer to the given number of
decimal places.

4.2. Stage 8
Square numbers are numbers which result from Multiplying and dividing decimals requires the use of
multiplying a number by itself twice. place values.
Square numbers are often written in an exponent while
E.g. 2.4 x 3 = 24 x 3/10 = 7.2 (place value: tenth)
squaring.
To calculate simple fractions and percentages of
quantities, we have to multiply the numerator by the
given quantity and then divide it by the denominator.
Units of measurement are used to measure different
quantities.

Meter = S.I. Unit

Kilometer = 1000m

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Centimeter = 1/100m Percentages can be used to compare different quantities

Millimeter = 1/1000m by finding the individual quantities.
Ratio notation is in the form of a:b, which can be
Direct proportion can be written in the form of y = kx + c, converted into a/b.
where k is a constant. Proportions come in two forms: direct (y=kx), and inverse
(y = k/x).
==> If 2 eggs are used to make 1 pie, how many eggs are
Proportion is similar to ratio, as the common ratio in
needed for 10 pies?
proportional quantities will always be the same no matter
1 pie = 2
the value.
10 pies = 2 x 10 = 20 eggs
E.g. 1m = 100cm
The order of operations must be strictly followed at all
Ratio = 1:100
times.
2m = 200cm ==> 2:200 = 1:100
==> 6 / 2(1+2) [PEMDAS] = 6/2(3) = 6/6 = 1
Ratios are always to be simplified unless stated.
Dividing integers and decimals will require the use of a
decimal point, where the divisor is multiplied by 10 and 5.2. Stage 8
the division resumes.
Equivalent fractions, decimals and percentages can be
4.3. Stage 9 solved either through calculation or the use of diagrams
(shading).
Factors are values that can divide another given value. By dividing the numerator by the denominator of a
fraction, we get a decimal answer.
==> Factors of 8: 1, 2, 4, 8 (all these numbers can divide 8). Recurring and terminating decimals can be represented
as fractions (e.g. 33.33333… = 100/3)
Transforming to division can help us to divide by decimals
For fractions with common denominators, we have to list
and place the decimal point correctly.
them by the order of their numerators.
The effect of multiplying or dividing a number by another
Mixed numbers are improper fractions with an integer
number between 0 and 1 will make it a decimal value.
value and a fractional value.
There are infinite decimals between two whole numbers.
E.g. 3/2 = 1 1/2

5. Fractions, Decimals, To convert a fraction into a mixed number, divide it’s

denominator by the numerator, the quotient is the
Percentages, Ratio and integer and the remainder is the fractional part.
Multiply numerators together and denominators together
Proportion of a fraction during multiplication.
To divide fractions, take the reciprocal of the divisor and
multiply the fractions together.
5.1. Stage 7
Simple fractions are fractions whose numerators are less
than their denominators.
Percentages are fractions who have a denominator of
100.
To convert decimals into fractions, convert the
denominator into a base of 10.
The number of zeroes in the denominator is the number
of digits behind the decimal place.
Comparing fractions can be done using a calculator or
drawing equal diagrams.
Adding and subtracting fractions require us to convert Ratios can be simplified by dividing it by a common value.
the denominators into the same value. The unitary method involves the usage of finding only
Multiply the numerator by the number and leave the one value and then multiplying it to find the answer.
denominator as is when multiplying a fraction by an
integer.
5.3. CHECKPOINT PAST PAPERS
100% signifies a whole, 50% signifies 1/2
To find percentages of quantities, convert the percentage
into fractions and then multiply.

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Q1. Q2.

Solution:

1. Convert ALL values into denominators of 100, and

Solution:
then to percentages.
a) Multiply the numerator with the integer.
1/5, 3/20, 7/50, 4/25 → 20/100, 15/100, 14/100, 16/100 → 8 x 1/3 = 8/3
20%, 15%, 14%, 16% b) Take the reciprocal of the divisor, and multiply.
6/2/3 = 6 x 3/2 = 9
2. Match these values with their respective percentages. Q3.

Solution:

The concept is to understand that the number of digits

behind the decimal place is the number of zeroes in the
exponent of 10.

a) To get 640, we move the decimal place right by 3 → 1000

b) To get 64, we move the decimal place left by 2 → 100
c) Divide 6.4 by 100 and we get → 0.064

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