Maths Part 1

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MATHEMATICS JEE SOLUTIONS

Part-1
Basic Mathematics
Logarithms
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities
Sequences and Series
Trigonometric Equations
Solutions of Triangles
Straight Lines
1
Basic Mathematics 1.1

Chapter Basic Mathematics


INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
4. (i) when both x and y are rational
1. a 2 +b = 3 2 +4
x + y: rational
a 2 -3 2 = 4-b
x - y: rational
2 ]a - 3g = 4 - b xy: rational
For a, b to be integers, x/y : rational
LHS is irrational x y : rational or irrational
RHS is integral (ii) both are irrational
& LHS = RHS only if both are equal to zero x + y: rational or irrational
& a-3 = 4-b = 0 x - y: rational or irrational
xy: rational or irrational
&a=3 & b=4 x
2. (i) Let x = 0.18 = 0.181818.... y : rational or irrational
100x = 18.18 = 18.181818.... x y: not defined
& 100x - x = 18 (iii) one is rational, one is irrational
& 99x = 18 x + y: irrational
18 2 x - y: irrational
& x = 99 = 11
xy: rational (if one is zero) or irrational (if both non
(ii) x = 0.16 = 0.161616.... zero)
100x = 16.161616.... x
y : rational (if numerator is zero) or irrational (if
100x - x = 16 both non-zero)
99x = 16 x y: irrational or rational (if y is rational), not defined
16 if y is irrational
& x = 99
(iii) x = 0.423 a-b rational
5. a- b= = rational
a+ b
10x = 4.23
1000x = 423.23 & a - b : rational .... (1)
1000x - 10x = 423.23 - 4. 23 a + b : rational .... (2)
990x = 419 Add & 2 a : rational + rational
419 a : rational
x = 990 & a: rational
3. Let 2 be a rational number Subtract (1) from (2)
b & 2 b : rational - rational
& 2 = a where a and b are relatively prime & b : rational
integers & b: rational
b2 6. The decimals in x are non-terminating and non
& 2 = 2 & b 2 = 2a 2
a repeating, Hence the number ‘x’ is irrational
Since 2a 2 is even, b 2 must be even, 7. N = 7 7 4 9 5 8 P 9 6 Q
& b is even & b = 2c Sum of digits of N = 55 + P + Q
& ]2cg2 = 2a 2 & 4c 2 = 2a 2 57 + Q is divisible by 3
& a 2 = 2c 2 & Q can be equal to O, 3, 6, 9
& a 2 is even & 4 Values
& a is even 8. P can be any digit
However, two even numbers cannot be relatively Q = O, 4, 8
prime, So 2 cannot be expressed as a rational number of ordered pairs
fraction & 2 is irrational. (P ,Q) = 10 # 3 = 30
1.2 Mathematics
9. For N to be divisible by 8 10. Seven = 22 + P
Q = 0 or 8 Sodd = 33 + Q
Seven - Sodd = P - Q - 11
For Q = 0, P = 8
& For P - Q - 11 to be divisible by 11
For Q = 8, P = 0 or 9 P-Q=O & P=Q
& 3 ordered pairs for (P ,Q) & P and Q are same digits
& 10 possible values.
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
1. B + C = !4 + 6. A and B disjoint & n ] A + Bg = 0
A , ]B + C g = "1, 2, 3, 4 , n ] A , Bg = n ] Ag + n ] Bg - n ] A + Bg
2. n ] A + Bg = n ] Ag + n ] Bg - n ] A , Bg = n ] Ag + n ] Bg
= 16 + 14 - 25 7. n ] A , Bg = n ] Ag + n ] Bg - n ] A + Bg
=5 = 200 + 300 - 100
3. B' = U - B = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 , = 400
A + B' = "1, 2, 5 , = A 8. Number of subsets of first set = 2m
N P
4. a x b Number of subsets of second set = 2n
y
o z 2 m - 2 n = 56
c 2 n ]2 m - n - 1g = 8 # 7
H
& m = 6, n = 3
a + b + c + x + y + z = 30
9. Total subsets = 26 = 64
a + x + y = 12
Out of these one is the null set remaining
b + x + z = 16 = 64 - 1 = 63.
c + y + z = 18 10. Proof of ] A , Bg ' = A' + B'
a + b + c + 2 ^ x + y + z h = 46 Let P = ] A , Bg ' and Q = A' + B'
& x + y + z = 46 - 30 = 16 Let x be an arbitrary element of P, then
5. n(A) = 40% of 10,000 = 4,000 x ! P & x ! ] A , Bg '
&xY ! ] A , Bg

n(B) = 20% of 10,000 = 2,000
&xY ! A and x Y !B

n(C) = 10% of 10,000 = 1,000 & x ! A' and x ! B'
& x ! A' + B'
n (A + B) = 5% of 10,000 = 500, n (B + C) = 3% of
&x!Q
10,000 = 300
Therefore P 3 Q ....(1)

n(C + A) = 4% of 10,000 = 400, n(A + B + C) = Again, let y be an arbitrary element of Q, then
2% of 10,000 = 200 y ! Q & y ! A' + B'
& y ! A' and y ! B'

We want to find n(A + Bc + Cc) = n[A + (B , C)c]
&yY ! A and y Y !B

= n(A) – n[A + (B , C)] = n(A) – n[(A + B) , (A &yY ! A,B
+ C)] = n(A) – [n(A + B) + n(A + C) – n(A + B + & y ! ] A , Bg '
C)] &y!p
= 4000 – [500 + 400 – 200] = 4000 – 700 = 3300. Therefore Q 3 P ....(2)
Combine (1) and (2), to get P = Q.
INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
1. ] x - 1g2 ] x + 1g3 ] x - 4g < 0
& x ! 1 and 1 4
] x + 1g3 ] x - 4g < 0
& x ! ^- 1, 4h
& ] x + 1g] x - 4g < 0
Basic Mathematics 1.3

2.
6x - 5 & x ! 6- 1, 1@ , [3, 3)
4x + 1 < 0
-1 5 Clearly x !- 1
Critical points: 4 and 6
& x ! (- 1, 1] , ! 2 + , [3, 3)
x 2 + 4x + 4
5 7. <0
−1 2x 2 - x - 1
4 6 ] x + 2g2
2x + 1g] x - 1g
&] <0
& x!b 4 ,6l
-1 5
1
2x + 1g] x - 1g
&] <0
] x - 1g] x + 2g2
3. -1 - x <0 (Also, x !- 2)
Clearly, x !- 2 -1
Critical points: 2 , 1
Eliminating perfect square ] x + 2g2
x-1
-1 - x < 0
−1
x-1 1
& x+1 > 0 2

& x ! b 2 , 1l
-1
1 1
x3 ] x - 2g]5 - xg
x ! ^- 3, - 1h , ^1, 3h - !- 2 +
]x 2 - 4g] x + 1g
8. >0
& x ! ^- 3, - 2h , ^- 2, - 1h , ^1, 3h
x3 ] x - 2g]5 - xg
]2x - 1g] x - 1g2 ] x - 2g3 &]
x - 2g] x + 2g] x + 1g
>0
] x - 4g4
4. >0
Clearly x ! 0, 2, - 2, 5, - 1
Eliminating perfect squares ]2x - 1g] x - 2g > 0 x ]5 - xg
&]
x + 2g] x + 1g
(Also x ! 1 and x ! 4 ) >0
1
Critical points x = 2 and x = 2 x ] x - 5g
&]
x + 1g] x + 2g
<0
Critical points: x = 0, 5, - 1, - 2
1/2 2
x ! b - 3, 2 l , ^2, 3h - ! 4 +
1
2 1 0 5
] x - 1g2 ] x + 1g3 & x ! ^- 2, - 1h , ^0, 5h - ! 2 +
x 4 ] x - 2g
5. #0
x+1 ]2 - x 2g] x - 3g3
] x + 1g] x 2 - 3x - 4g
Eliminating perfect squares x - 2 # 0 9. $0
(Also x ! 0)
]x 2 - 2g] x - 3g3
x + 1g] x - 4g] x + 1g
Critical points: x =- 1 and 2 &] #0

^ x - 2 h^ x + 2 h] x - 3g3
] x + 1g2 ] x - 4g
& #0
1 2
Eliminating perfect squares
& x ! 6- 1, 2@ - !0 + ^ x - 2 h^ x + 2 h] x - 3g
Also x ! 2 ] x - 4g #0
& x ! [- 1, 2) - ! 0 + (Also x !- 1, 4)
] x - 2g2 ]1 - xg] x - 3g3 ] x - 4g2 & Critical point: - 2 , 2 , 3, 4
6. x+1 #0
]1 - xg] x - 3g
Eliminating perfect squares x+1 #0
(Also x = 2, 4 will be part of solution) − 2 2 3 4
] x - 1g] x - 3g & x ! 6- 2 , 2 @ , 63, 4@
& x+1 $0
Critical points: x =- 1, 1, 3 But x !- 1, 4
& x ! 6- 2 , 1h , ^1, 2 @ , 63, 4h
1 1 3
1.4 Mathematics
10. x - 5x 2 + 4 < 0
4

& ] x 2 - 4g] x 2 - 1g < 0 2


1 1
& ] x - 1g] x + 1g] x - 2g] x + 2g < 0
2

& x ! ^- 2, - 1h , ^1, 2h
& Critical point: - 1, 1, - 2, 2

INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
1. f ] xg = 3x3 + 6x 2 - 4x - 5 & f ]1 g and f ]- 2g = 0
By Remainder theorem, Remainder = f ]- 3g & x - 1 and x + 2 are factors of the polynomial
f ]- 3g = 3 ]- 3g3 + 6 ]- 3g2 - 4 ]- 3g - 5 & x 2 + x - 2 is a factor
=- 20 f ] xg = k ] x 2 + x - 2g] x - ag
2. f ] x g = x 3 - 6x + k Also, f ]- 1g = 4 and f ]2g = 28
By factor theorem, f ]2g = 0 &- 2k ]- 1 - ag = 4
& 23 - 6 ]2g + k = 0 & k ]a + 1g = 2 ....(1)
&k=4 and 4k ]2 - ag = 28
3. By Remainder theorem, k ]2 - ag = 7 ....(2)
Remainder = P ]1 g
-1
Solving (1) and (2) k = 3 and a = 3
P ]1 g = 1 4 - 3 ]1 g2 + 2 ]1 g + 1 = 1 & f ] xg = 3x3 + 4x 2 - 5x - 2
4. By factor theorem, f ]ag = 0 8. Dividend = Divisor # Quotient + Remainder
f ]ag = a3 - a 2 ]ag + a + 2 = 0 & f ] xg = ] x3 - 3x + 2gQ ] xg + ax + b
& a =- 2 Put x = 1
5. f ] xg = 8x3 + lx 2 - 27x + m is divisible by f ]1 g = a + b = 4
2x 2 - x - 6 Put x = 2
& divisible by ]2x + 3g] x - 2g f ]2g = 2a + b = 7
By factor theorem & a = 3, b = 1
f b 2 l = 0 and f ]2g = 0
-3 9. Consider the polynomial as a polynomial in ‘a’
& 9l + 4m =- 54 and 4l + m =- 10 & P ]ag = a ]b 2 - c 2g + b ]c 2 - a 2g + c ]a 2 - b 2g
& l = 2, m =- 18 when a = b
6. 2x3 - ]2l + 1g x 2 + ]l + mg x + m P ]b g = 0
= ]2x 2 - x + 3g] x - ag & a - b is a factor of P ]b g
= 2x3 - ]2a + 1g x 2 + ]a + 3g x - 3a (By factor theorem)
Comparing LHS & RHS Similarly prove for b - c and c - a
2l + 1 = 2a + 1 & a = l 10. Consider the polynomial as polynomial in ‘a’
l+m = a+3 & m = 3 P ]ag = a 4 + 32b 4 + a3 b ]k + 3g
m =- 3a & a =- 1 & l =- 1 If 'a + 2b' is a factor of P ]ag then P ]- 2bg = 0
Ans: l =- 1, m = 3 & ]- 2bg4 + 32b 4 + ]- 2bg3 b ]k + 3g = 0
7. As the polynomial vanishes when & b 4 616 + 32 - 8 ]k + 3g@ = 0
x = 1 and x =- 2 &k=3
INTEXT EXERCISE: 5
1 1
1. If x + x = 2 & x4 + =2
1 1 x4
Squaring both sides x 2 + 2 + 2.x. x = 4 1
Again square both sides to prove x8 + 8 = 2
x x
1
& x2 + 2 = 2 2. Using the property
x
Squaring both sides If a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
1 1 Put a = 2x
& x 4 + 4 + 2.x 2 . 2 = 4
x x b = 3y
c = 4z and prove
Basic Mathematics 1.5
8. Let the two numbers be ‘x’ and ‘y’
RHS = c x - y + y - z + z - x m
2
1 1 1
3. x + y = c ...(1)
1 1 1 x P
^ x - yh2 ^ y - z h2 ] z - xg2 y = Q
= + + ...(2)

x P x+y P+Q
+ 2< F
1 1 1 & y +1 = Q +1
^ x - yh^ y - z h ^ y - z h]z - xg ]z - xg^ x - yh
+ + & y = Q

1 1 1 c P+Q
^ x - yh2 ^ y - z h2 ] z - xg2
= + + & y = Q

z-x+x-y+y-z CQ
+ 2= G & y = P+Q
^ x - yh^ y - z h] z - xg
1 1 1 P CP
From (2), x = y. Q = P + Q
^ x - yh2 ^ y - z h2 ] z - xg2
= + + + 0 = LHS
a c e
^ x + y + z h3 - x3 - y3 - z3
9. Let b = d = f = k
4.
14444444444444244444444444443 & a = bk
= ^ x + y + z - x h_^ x + y + z h2 + x 2 + x ^ x + y + z hi
c = dk
- ^ y + z h_ y 2 - yz + z 2 i e = fk
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx + x 2
= ^ y + z h> 2 H 2a 4 b 2 + 3a 2 c 2 - 5e 4 f
+ x + xy + xz - y 2 + yz - z 2 2b 6 + 3b 2 d 2 - 5f 5
= ^ y + z h73x 2 + 3xy + 3yz + 3zxA
2 ]bk g4 b 2 + 3 ]bk g2 ]dk g2 - 5 ^ fk h .f
4

= 3 ^ x + y h^ y + z h] z + xg =
2b6 + 3b 2 d 2 - 5f5
5. (i) 1 + x 4 + x8
2b 6 + 3b 2 d 2 - 5 f 5
= 1 + 2x 4 + x8 - x 4 = k4 = G
= ] x 4 + 1g2 - ] x 2g2
2b6 + 3b 2 d 2 - 5f5

= ] x 4 - x 2 + 1g] x 4 + x 2 + 1g =k 4 =bbl
a 4

]a 2 + b 2 + c 2g_ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 i = ^ax + by + cz h2
(ii) x 4 + 4
= x 4 + 4 + 4x 2 - 4x 2 = ] x 2 + 2g2 - ]2xg2 10.
= ] x 2 + 2x + 2g] x 2 - 2x + 2g a2 x2 + a2 y2 + a2 z2 a2 x2 + b2 y2 + c2 z2
a+b + b 2 x 2 + b 2 y 2 + b 2 z 2 = + 2abxy + 2bcyz
6. b+c + c 2 x 2 + c 2 y 2 + c 2 z 2 + 2acxz
Divide the Nr and Dr by ‘b’
a b a & a 2 y 2 - 2abxy + b 2 x 2
b +b b +1
= b c = c + a 2 z 2 - 2acxz + c 2 x 2
1+ b
b+b + b 2 z 2 - 2bcyz + c 2 y 2 = 0
& ^ay - bx h + ]az - cxg2 + ^bz - cy h = 0
2 2 2
+ 1 5 9 5 4 20
= 3 5 = 3 ' 4 = 3 # 9 = 27
1+ 4 & ay - bx = az - cx = bz - cy = 0
a x a x b y
a 3 3 # 7 21 & b = y, c = z, c = z
7. b = 5 = 5 # 7 = 35 ...(1)
b 7 7#5 35 a b a c b c
...(2) & x = y, x = z, y = z
c = 13 = 13 # 5 = 65
From (1) and (2) x y z
& a = b =c
a: b: c = 21: 35: 65
INTEXT EXERCISE: 6
^5 3 + 50 h^5 - 24 h
1. ^ 3 + 2 h ^5 - 24 h
2

75 - 5 2
^ 3 - 2 h^ 3 + 2 h
=
^5 3 + 5 2 h^5 - 24 h
= ^5 + 2 6 h^5 - 2 6 h
5 3 -5 2 = 3-2
5 ^ 3 + 2 h^5 - 24 h^ 3 + 2 h
= 5 2 - ^2 6 h = 25 - 24 = 1
2

5^ 3 - 2 h ^ 3 + 2h
=
1.6 Mathematics
3 2 4 3 6 ]2 nm + mg]2 2ng.2 n
2. - + 7. =1
6+ 3 6+ 2 3+ 2 2 nm + m .2 2m

3 2^ 6 - 3h 4 3^ 6 - 2h 6^ 3 - 2h
2 nm + m + 2n + n
& nm + n + 2m = 1
2
^ 6 + 3 h^ 6 - 3 h ^ 6 + 2 h^ 6 - 2 h ^ 3 + 2 h^ 3 - 2 h
= - +
& 2 nm + m + 3n - nm - n - 2m = 1
3 2^ 6 - 3h 4 3^ 6 - 2h 6^ 3 - 2h
= 3 - 4 + 1 & 2 2n - m = 1
= 12 - 6 - 18 + 6 + 18 - 12 = 0 & 2n - m = 0
& m = 2n
3. 91/3, 111/4, 171/6
LCM of 3,4,6 = 12 2+3 5
8. = a+b 5
The numbers can be written as 9 4/12, 113/12, 17 2/12 1-3 5
= ]6561g1/12, ]1331g1/12, ]289g1/12 Rationalising LHS
& ]6561g1/12 is the greatest ^2 + 3 5 h ^1 + 3 5 h
= a+b 5
& 3 9 is the greatest ^1 - 3 5 h ^1 + 3 5 h
6 = 12 + ^ 2 h + ^ 3 h
2 2
4. 47 + 9 5
Hence, 6+2 3 +2 2 +2 6 - 44 = a + b 5
- 47
a = 44
= 12 + ^ 2 h + ^ 3 h + 2 3 + 2 2 + 2 6
2 2
-9
b = 44
= ^1 + 2 + 3 h = 1 + 2 + 3
2

c xm m
l2 + ml + m2
& Given expression l
9.
x
1+ 2 + 3 -1 2+ 3
= = = x]l - mg]l + ml + m g
2 2

5+2 6 5+2 6
= xl - m
3 3

2+ 3
=
^ 2 h + ^ 3 h + 2 ^ 2 h^ 3 h c xn m
m m + mn + n
2 2
2 2
= xm - n
3 3

n
2+ 3 2+ 3
c xl m
n n + nl + l
2 2

= = =1
^ 2 + 3h = xn - l
3 3
2
2+ 3 x
2.3 n + 1 - 7.3 n - 1 Hence given expression
5.
3n + 1 + 2b 3 l
1 1-n = xl - m .x m - n .x n - l
3 3 3 3 3 3

= xl - m + m - n + n - l
3 3 3 3 3 3

n3n
2.3.3 - 7. 3 = x° = 1
=
a x = ^ x + y + zh
2.3 n y
3.3 n + 3 10.

3 n ]6 - 7/3g
x
& ay = x+y+z
3 n ]3 + 2/3g
=
11/3 Similarly,
= 11/3 = 1
x + y + z = a x/y = a y/z = a z/x
b 1 l .27 -3 + b 1 l . ]25g-2 + ]641/6g-3
-10 -4
6. 3 5 x y z
& y = z = x
= 3 . ]3 g + 5 . ]5 2g-2 + _2 9 i
10 3 -3 4 6 -3
a
= 310 .3 -9 + 5 4 .5 -4 + 2 -2 &x=y=z= 3
1 1 17
= 3+1+ 4 = 4+ 4 = 4

INTEXT EXERCISE: 7
1. 2x - 5 = 7 5
For x < 2
5
For x $ 2 & 5 - 2x = 7 & x =- 1
2x - 5 = 7 & x = 6
Basic Mathematics 1.7
2. 2x - 3 + 4 = 2 For 3 # x < 6
& 2x - 3 = 2 - 4 =- 2 6-x+x-3 = 1
LHS is always positive 3 = 1 Rejected
RHS is always negative For x < 3
& No solution. 6-x+3-x = 1
3x + 4 & x = 4 Rejected
3. 3 =7
& No solution
3x + 4 = 21 1
-4 7. For x $ 2
For x $ 3
2x - 1 + 2x + 3 = 6
3x + 4 = 21 4x = 4
17 x=1
& x= 3
-3 1
-4 For 2 # x < 2
For x < 3
1 - 2x + 2x + 3 = 6
- 3x - 4 = 21
4 = 6 Rejected
- 25
& x= 3 For x < - 3/2
4. 2x - 3 = 3x + 5 1 - 2x - 2x - 3 = 6
3 4x =- 8
For x $ 2
x =- 2
2x - 3 = 3x + 5 3
& x =- 8 : Rejected 8. For x $ 2
-5 3 2x - 3 + 2x + 1 + 2x + 5 = 12
For 3 < x < 2
6x = 9
3 - 2x = 3x + 5
3
& 5x =- 2 x= 2
-2 -1 3
& x= 5 For 2 # x < 2
For x < - 5/3 3 - 2x + 2x + 1 + 2x + 5 = 12
- 2x + 3 =- 3x - 5 2x = 3
-2 3
x =- 8 . Hence x = 5 , - 8 & x = 2 Rejected
-5 -1
For 2 # x < 2
5. 2 x+3 = 3 x-4 3 - 2x - 2x - 1 + 2x + 5 = 12
For x $ 4, 7 - 2x = 12
2 ] x + 3g = 3 ] x - 4g 2x =- 5
2x + 6 = 3x - 12 -5
x= 2
x = 18
-5
For - 3 # x < 4 For x < 2
2 ] x + 3g =- 3 ] x - 4g 3 - 2x - 1 - 2x - 2x - 5 = 12
2x + 6 =- 3x + 12 - 3 - 6x = 12
5x = 6 6x =- 15
6 -5
x= 5 x = 2 Rejected
For x < - 3 9. For x > 0
- 2x - 6 =- 3x + 12 x 2 + 3x + 2 = 0
x = 18 Rejected & ] x + 1g] x + 2g = 0
6. For x $ 6 & x =- 1, - 2 Both Rejected
x-6+x-3 = 1 For x < 0
2x = 10 x 2 - 3x + 2 = 0
x = 5 Rejected ] x - 1g] x - 2g = 0 x = 1, 2 Both Rejected
1.8 Mathematics
10. 3x - 5 < 2 5
For x < 3
5
For x > 3 5 - 3x < 2
3x - 5 < 2 3 < 3x
x < 3 & x ! ;3 , 3 l & x > 1 & x ! b1, 3 l
7 5 7 5
....(1) ....(2)
Combining (1) and (2) x ! b1, 3 l
7

EXERCISE - 1
Numbers and Divisibility last terms - first terms
number of terms = common diff. +1
#
1. (a) 122 ' 16 + 7 # 3 = 12 16 12 + 7 # 3 = 9 + 21 = 30
Divisible by 4 & 204, 208 ,..., 396

#9
(b) 16 # 9 ' 12 + 9 # 2 = 1612 396 - 204
+ 9 # 2 = 12 + 18 = 30 number of terms = 4 +1

18 # 18 192
(c) 182 ' 12 + 3 = 12 + 3 = 27 + 3 = 30
= 4 + 1 = 48 + 1 = 49

#6 Divisible by 5 & 205, 210, ..., 395


(d) 18 # 6 ' 12 + 7 # 2 = 1812 + 7 # 2 = 9 + 14 = 23

0.12 # ]0.0104 - 0.002g + 0.36 # 0.002 no. of terms = 395 - 205 190
5 + 1 = 5 + 1 = 38 + 1 = 39
2. 0.12 # 0.12
Divisible by both 4 and 5 no. of terms = 9,
0.12 # 0.0084 + 0.36 # 0.0020
= 0.120 # 0.120 (from part I) Divisible by 4 or 5
12 # 84 + 36 # 20
= 12 # 12 # 100 & no. divisible by 4 + no. divisible by 5 - no.

12 # 12 # 7 + 12 # 3 # 4 # 5 12 # 12 # ]7 + 5g divisible by both & 49 + 39 - 9 = 79.


= 12 # 12 # 100 = 12 # 12 # 100
Note. Every number which is divisible by 8 is also
12
= 100 = 0.12
divisible by 4. Another words we can say that
3. I. Divisible by both 4 and 5 means number divisible
numbers which are divisible by 4 or 8 means

by LCM of 4 and 5 i.e. 20: 220, 240, 260 ,..., 360 ; let numbers are divisible by 4. Similarly divisible by 5

nth term is 380. a1 = 220 , d = 20, an = 380 or 10 means divisible by 5. Hence divisible by 4 or

an = a1 + ]n - 1gd & 380 = 220 + ]n - 1g20


5 or 8 or 10 means divisible by 4 or 5.

4. (a) ]- 1g1/3 = x ]letg


& 380 - 220 = ]n - 1g20
x3 = 1 & x3 + 1 = 0 & ]x + 1g^ x2 - x + 1h = 0
& 160 = ]n - 1g20
one value of x is - 1, it is rational.
160
& n - 1 = 20 & n = 8 + 1 = 9.
(b) r is irrational
II. Divisible by 4 or 5 or 8 or 10. Note: For A.P.
1 1
(c) 0.001 = 1000 = 10 10 , it is irrational.
Basic Mathematics 1.9
5. Let digits are one’s , ten’s and hundred’s place are 11 11 # 3 # 19 33 # 19 627
14 = 14 # 3 # 19 = 42 # 19 = 42 # 19
x, y and z respectively. 16 16 # 42 672 672
19 = 42 # 19 = 42 # 19 = 42 # 19
` Number = 100z + 10y + x
19 19 # 2 # 19 361 # 2 722
21 = 21 # 2 # 19 = 42 # 19 = 42 # 19
New number = 100 z + 10x + y
11 16 19
` Ascending order is 14 , 19 , 21
According to given condition

^100z + 10x + y h - ^100z + 10y + xh = 27


1 1 1
10. 1+ 1 = 1+ 1 = 1+ 3
1+ 1 1 + 1 + 4
4/ 3
9 ^ x - y h = 27 & x - y = 3
1+ 3

Hence the difference between the last two digits = 3. 1 4 11


= 1+ = 1+ 7 = 7
7/4
6. N = 123 # 132 # 14 11. Sum of first 50 natural number = 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 50

= ]2 # 2 # 3g3 # 132 # ]2 # 7g
= 2 ]1 + 50g = 25 # 51 = 1275
50

= ^22 # 3h3 # 132 # 2 # 7 = 26 # 33 # 132 # 2 # 7


12. b1 + 1 l $ b1 + 1 l $ b1 + 1 l $ b1 + 1 l $ b1 + 1 l $ b1 + 1 l $ b1 + 1 l
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 3 1 2
= 2 # 3 # 7 # 13 .
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9
Total number of factors = ]7 + 1g]3 + 1g]1 + 1g]2 + 1g = 2 $ 3 $ 4 $ 5 $ 6 $ 7 $ 8 = 2 = 4.5

= 8 # 4 # 2 # 3 = 192 Set Theory

7. Let numerator and denominator are x and y C T = 16

x 10 8
respectively. Therefore fraction is y . Given that 8

x 2
y = 3 According to given condition 13. n C ∪ T = 26

y = 3 y & 3 ]x - 6g = 2x
x-6 2 # x ` take coffee but not tea = 10

& 3x - 18 = 2x 14. Number of students brought maths books


= n ]mg = 19
& x = 18 . Hence numerator is 18.
Number of students brought physics books
LCM of "a, p, a ,
Note: LCM of ( a , q , a 2 =
p
HCF of "b, q, b , = n ^ ph = 16
8.
b b
HCF of "a, p, a , Number of students brought both books
HCF of ( a , q , a 2 =
p
b b LCM of "b, q, b , = n ^m + p h = 4
1 2 3 HCF of 1, 2 and 3 Number of students brought either maths books or
HCF of 5 , 7 and 11 = LCM of 5, 7 and 11
physics books n ^m , ph = n ]mg + n ^ ph - n ^m + ph
1 1
= 5 # 7 # 11 = 385
= 19 + 16 - 4 = 31 . Total number of students = 40
11 16 19
9. There are three fractions 14 , 19 and 21 first make ` Students did not bring any book = total no. of

denominators are equal. Now take LCM of students - students brought either maths books or
physics books = 40 - 31 = 9
denominator. LCM of 14 , 19 , 21 = 42 # 19
1.10 Mathematics
15 - 4x 15 - 4x
Cricket 50-28 10 21. <4& 2 -4 < 0
= 22 Football x2 - x - 12 x - x - 12
50 10
8 60
15 - 4x - 4x2 + 4x + 48 63 - 4x2
<0& ]
x 4g]x + 3g
& <0
2
x - x - 12 -
Hockey
15. 48
4 dc 63 m - x2 n
2
4c mc 63 - x m
63
` Number of students play only cricket = 22. 2 2 +x 2
& ]
x - 4g]x + 3g ]x - 4g]x + 3g
<0& <0
Indian express Reader
Hindu 20 35 Total = 60 - 5 Here x ! 4, - 3
10 25
60 = 55
30
−∞ − − − ∞
neither 5
63 63
16. 30 + 35 - 55 = 10

2 2
Hence students read both = 10
63 m ^4, 3h
x ! c - 3, -
63 m c
17. A B 2
, - 3,
2
,
a x2 + 1 x2 + 1 x2 + 1 - 8x + 6
10 22. > 2 & - 2 > 0 & >0
b c 4x - 3 4x - 3 4x - 3

d x 2 - 8x + 7 ]x - 7g]x - 1g
C
& 4x - 3 > 0 & 4 ^ x - 3/4h > 0
a + 10 = 15 Here x ! 3/4
&a=5
a + b + c + 10 = 35 + + ∞
& b + c = 20 3/4
b + c + 10 + d = 45
` x ! b 4 , 1 l , ^7, 3h
& d = 15 3
Inequalities
Polynomials
18. x 4 - 2x2 - 63 # 0 or ^ x2 - 9h^ x2 + 7h # 0
23. ]x + ag]x + bg = x2 + bx + ax + ab
or ]x + 3g]x - 3g^ x2 + 7h # 0 , x2 + 7 > 0
= x2 + x ]b + ag + ab = x2 + ]a + bg x + ab
` ]x + 3g]x - 3g # 0
+[ ]+ 24. ^ x + y - zh2 = x2 + y2 + ]- zg2 + 2xy + 2y ]- zg + 2 ]- zgx
3 3 .
Hence x ! 6- 3, 3@ = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy - 2yz - 2zx

25. 25x2 + 16y2 + 40xy = 25 ]1 g2 + 16 ]- 1g2 + 40 ]1 g]- 1g


x 4 + x2 + 1 x 4 + x2 + 1
>0& ]
- 5g]x + 1g
19. > 0 ; x 4 + x2 + 1 > 0
2
-
x 4x 5 - x
= 25 + 16 - 40 = 1
−∞ + + ∞
1 5 26. ]a + bg3 + ]a - bg3 + 6a ^a2 - b2h
Hence x ! ^- 3, - 1h , ^5, 3h = ^^a + b h + ^a - b hh

x ^]a + bg2 + ]a - bg2 - ]a + bg]a - bgh + 6a ^a2 - b2h


20. < 1 & x < x2 + 2 & x2 - x + 2 > 0
x2 + 2
= 2a _a2 + b2 + 2ab + a2 + b2 - 2ab - a2 + b2 i + 6a ^a2 - b2h
& bx - 2 l + 2 - 4 > 0
2
1 1
= 2a ^a2 + 3b2h + 6a ^a2 - b2h

& bx - 2 l + 4 > 0
1 2 7
= 2a3 + 6ab2 + 6a3 - 6ab2

It is true for all real x. ` x ! R = 8a3 .


Basic Mathematics 1.11

27. ]a + bg - ]a - bg =
3 3
9+7+6 7
& 9-7 = a+b 7
^^ a + bh - ^ a - bhh^]a + bg2 + ]a - bg2 + ]a + bg]a - bgh 16 + 6 7
& 2 = a+b 7 & 8+3 7 = a+b 7
= 2b ^2a2 + 2b2 + a2 - b2h = 2b ^3a2 + b2h & a = 8, b = 3
p2 - bp + a = 0 ` ^a, bh = ^8, 3h
28.
p2 - cp + d = 0 5 + 2 ^ 5 - 2h - ^ 5 + 2h
2 2
37. 5 -2 -4 5 - 4 5
^ 5 + 2h^ 5 - 2 h
- = = =- 8 5
p ]c - bg = ]d - ag
5 +2 5 -2 5-4

d-a Method II
p = c-b
5 - 2 and 5 + 2 are reciprocal to each other
2 = x + x l - 2 = ]3 g - 2 = 9 - 2 = 7
1 b 1 2
29. x2 + 2
x
= ^ 5 - 2 h - ^ 5 + 2 h =- 4 5 - 4 5
5 -2 5 +2 2 2
-
30. Let k be added, then 5 +2 5 -2
1 1 x2 - 1
x + k = x & k = x - x = x =- 8 5

31. By given condition 38. 3+ 2 3+ 2 3+2+2 6


x= # = 3-2 = 5 + 2 6, y = 1
3- 2 3+ 2
]2 g2 + 3q ]2 g - 2q = 0 & 4 + 6q - 2q = 0 x-y 5+2 6 -1 4+2 6 2 ^2 + 6 h
Now,
x - 3y = 5 + 2 6 - 3 = 2 + 2 6 = 2 ^1 + 6 h
& 4 + 4q = 0 & 4q =- 4 & q =- 1
2+ 6 1- 6 2-2 6 + 6 -6 - 6 -4
= # = =
x + 4 = ;b x + 1x l - 2E - 2
1 2 2
1+ 6 1- 6 1-6 -5
32. 4
x
= ^6 - 2h2 - 2 = ]36 - 2g2 - 2 = ]34g2 - 2 =
6 +4
2 = 5
1156 - 2 = 1154 39. 2 = 21/2 = 23/6 = 81/6
3
4 = 41/3 = 4 2/6 = 161/6
33. a3 + b3 = ]a + bg6]a + bg2 - 3ab@ 3
3 = 31/3 = 3 2/6 = 91/6
= 10 6]10g - 3 ]21g@ = 10 # ]100 - 63g = 370
2
3
2 = 21/3 = 2 2/6 = 41/6
34. ]x + 1g3 - ]x - 1g3 = "^ x + 1 h - ^ x - 1 h, & 3 4 is the greatest

"]x + 1g2 + ]x - 1g2 + ]x + 1g]x - 1g, ]32g-3 = 5 1 1 1 1 1


]32g3 ]32g3/5 ]25g3/5 23 8
40. 5
= = = =
OR
= 2 "2x2 + 2 + x2 - 1 , = 2 ^3x2 + 1h
6]32g-3@1/5 = 532?-3/5 = 625@-3/5 = 2 -3 = 1
8
Surds and Indices
]729g2.5 = 3 ^93h5/2 = $^93h2 .3 = $^3 6 h 2 . 3 = 35 = 243
1 1
41. 3 5 5

35. Here x = 3 + 8 and y = 3 - 8 are reciprocal to


x2 = ^^ x2h1/3 h
1/4 1 1
42. 4 3
= x 2 # 3 # 4 = x1/6
1 1
each other. So, = 3 - 8 or x = y Ratio and Proportion
3+ 8
= y2 + x2 = ^3 - 8 h + ^3 + 8 h = 2 732 + ^ 8 h A 43. Let number of coins of 25p , 10p and 5p are x,y and
1 1 2 2 2
+
x2 y2
z respectively.
= 2 ]9 + 8g = 34
` x: y: z = 1: 2: 3 & x = k, y = 2k, z = 3k, k ! N
3+ 7 Now, 25x + 10y + 5z = 3000p ]= Rs .30g
36. Given that, = a+b 7
3- 7 or 25k + 10 ]2kg + 5 ]3kg = 3000
3+ 7 3+ 7 or 25k + 20k + 15k = 3000 & 60k = 3000 & k = 50
& # = a+b 7
3- 7 3+ 7
` Number of 5p coins = z = 3k = 3 # 50 = 150
1.12 Mathematics
44. Let third number be k Modulus Function

20 6k 52. x - 3 =- 1 & It is not possible, because


` first number = k + k # 100 = 5

50 3k x - 3 > 0, ` x = z
and second number = k + k # 100 = 2

6k 3k 6 3 53. x2 - 3x + 2 = 2 & x2 - 3x + 2 = ! 2
` 5 : 2 = 5 : 2 = 12: 15 = 4: 5
take +ve, x2 - 3x + 2 = 2 & x2 - 3x = 0 & x ]x - 3g = 0
120 150
Method II: 100 : 100 = 12: 15 = 4: 5
& x = 0, 3
45. Let boys and girls are 7x and 8x respectively.
take -ve, x2 - 3x + 2 =- 2 & x2 - 3x + 4 = 0
20
New ratio = 7x + 7x. 100 10 42x 44
: 8x + 8x. 100 = 5 : 5 = 42: 44
= 21: 22 D / b2 - 4ac = 9 - 16 < 0 roots are imaginary.
120 110
Method II: 7 # 100 : 8 # 100 = 42: 44 = 21: 22 Hence solution will be x = 0, 3
46. Let third proportional of 12 and 30 is k
54. x2 + x + 1 = x2 + x + 2
30 # 30
12: 30 = 30:k & k = 12 = 75
1
Now mean proportional of 9 and 25 is 9 # 25 Let x2 + x + 1 = y ` y = y + 1 & y =- 2
= 225 = 15 1 3
Now, x2 + x + 1 =- 2 & x2 + x + 2 = 0,
Hence, required ratio = 75 : 15 = 5 : 1
3
Here D / b2 - 4ac = 1 - 4.1. 2 < 0
47. Let income of A and B are 5x and 4x respectively.
By given condition, ratio of saving = 2x: 2x ` x is not real i.e. imaginary or complex. Hence

Now 2x = Rs.1600 & x = Rs.800 x=z


` Income of A = 5x = 5 # Rs 800 = Rs 4000
55. 3x + 5 + 4x + 7 = 12
48. A:B:C = 2:3:4 & A = 2K, B = 3K , C = 4K
Case I. If x < - 4 - ]3x + 5g - ]4x + 7g = 12
7
A B C 2K 3K 4K 2 3 2
Now, B : C : A = 3K : 4K : 2K = 3 : 4 : 1
24
Multiply by LCM of 3 & 4 = 12 & - 7x = 24 & x =- 7
A B C 2 3 2
Case II. If - 4 G x < - 3 - ]3x + 5g + ]4x + 7g = 12
` B : C : A = 12 # 3 : 12 # 4 : 12 # 1 = 8: 9: 24 7 5
A 3
49. 2A = 3B & B = 2 & A: B = 3: 2 = 15: 10 & x = 10 it is not possible
B 5
4B = 5C & C = 4 & B: C = 5: 4 = 10: 8
a x ! ;- 4 , - 3 l
7 5
Hence. A: C = 15: 8
-5
43.5: 25 = ]22g7/2: 25 = 27: 25 = 22: 1 = 4: 1
Case III. If x $ 3
50.

51.
4x 2 - 3y 2 12
= ]3x + 5g + ]4x + 7g = 12
2x 2 + 5y 2 19
76x 2 - 57y 2 = 24x 2 + 60y 2 & 12x = 0 & x = 0

52x 2 = 117y 2 - 24
Hence x = 0, 7
2 2
4x = 9y
x 3
& y = 2
Basic Mathematics 1.13

EXERCISE - 2
Numbers and Divisibility 6. x = 6a + 4, y = 6b + 5
x2 + y2 = ]6a + 4g2 + ]6b + 5g2
1. 6 12 + 2 75 - 3 98
= 36a2 + 48a + 16 + 36b2 + 60b + 25
= 6 4 # 3 + 2 25 # 3 - 3 49 # 2 = 6 ^6a2 + 8a + 6b2 + 10b + 6h + 5

= 12 3 + 10 3 - 21 2 ` remainder = 5

= 22 3 - 21 2 7. b1 - 1 lb1 - 1 lb1 - 1 l ... b1 - 1 l ,


6 7 8 n+4

2. Let numerator and denominator of fraction are n and 5 6 7 n+2 n+3 5


6 $ 7 $ 8gn+3 $ n+4 = n+4
d respectively. 8. 1 ]2 g + 3 ]2 g + 5 ]2 g + 7 ]2 g + 9 ]2 g + 11 ]2 g + 13 ]2 g

= 2 51 + 3 + 5 + ... + 13? = 2 # 2 ]1 + 13g = 98


If value is 1 means numerator = denominator 7

By given condition, 9. (a) 2222 (b) 222 = 2 484


2

22
(c) 2222 (d) 22 = 22 = 216
4

40 100
n - n # 100 = d + d # 100 & 60n = 200d
` greatest is 222 i.e.(b)
2

n 10
& d = 3
10. Three digit numbers which when divided by 6 leaves
10
Hence, original fraction = 3 a remainder of 5 = 101 , 107 , 113 , 119 , 125, ...
when dividied by 5 leaves a remainder
n 200 10
Method II: 60n = 200d & d = 60 = 3 3 = 103, 108, 113, ... Hence required smallest three

763 = ^73h21 = ]343g21 = ]344 - 1g21


digit number = 113.
3.
11. 2.7435 = 2.74 + 0.0035 + 0.000035 + .... to 3
= 21 C0 ]344g21 - 21 C1 ]344g20 + 21 C2 ]344g19 ... + 21 C20 ]344g - 21 C21 35 35 35
= 2.74 + + + + ... to 3
10 4 106 108
= ]344g621 C0 ]344g20 - 21 C1 ]344g19 + ... + 21 C20@ - 1
= 2.74 + 4 ;1 + 2 + 4 + ... to 3E
35 1 1
10 10 10
= ]344g621 C0 ]344g20 - 21 C1 ]344g19 + ... + 21 C20@ - ]344 - 343g 35 # 1 35 102
= 2.74 + 4 1 = 2.74 + 4 # 99
10 10
= 344 621 C0 ]344g20 - 21 C1 ]344g19 + ... + 21 C20 - 1@ + 343
1 - 100

35 27161
= 2.74 + 9900 = 9900
` required remainder = 343.

4. Unit digit of 1781 + 2781 + 3781 + ... + 9781 12. Number divisible by 4,5 and 6 means number

divisible by LCM of 4,5 and 6.


Now unit digit of 1781, 2781, 3781, ..., 9781 are
LCM of 4,5 & 6 & 4 = 2 # 2, 5 = 1 # 5, 6 = 2 # 3
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 respectively. So, 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +
` LCM = 2 # 2 # 3 # 5 = 60
...+ 9 = 45 Hence unit digit is 5
Required number are 240, 300, 360, ..., 540

5. Any prime number ‘p’ greater than 5 can be written ` Number between 200 and 600 are divisible by 4,5

as 6n - 1 or 6n + 1 So, when ‘p’ is divided by 6 the 540 - 240 300


and 6 are 60 + 1 = 60 + 1 = 6
remainder can be either 1 or 5 Note: Total number =
last number - first number
+1
common difference
1.14 Mathematics
Set Theory 18. Let the number of people in the village be 200.

13. Let n ] Ag = p and n ] Bg = q


& atleast 100 people read a newspaper. Of these 100,
at most 25 people read more than one newspaper
By given condition, 2 p = 2 q + 15
& atleast 75 read exactly one newspaper
if q = 0, 2 = 2 + 15 = 1 + 15 = 16 = 2 & p = 4
p o 4 75
& “Exactly one” is read by atleast 200 people

` n ] Ag = 4, n ] Bg = 0
1
= 37 2 %

14. Number of subsets in first and second sets are 2 m Inequalities (Solve for x:)

and 2 n respectively, by given condition, x2 - 5x + 12 x2 - 5x + 12


19. 2 >3& 2 -3 > 0
x - 4x + 5 x - 4x + 5
2 m = 2 n + 56 if x2 - 5x + 12 - 3x2 + 12x - 15
& >0
x2 - 4x + 5
n = 3, 2 m = 23 + 56 = 8 + 56 = 64 = 26 & m = 6
- 2x2 + 7x - 3 2x2 - 7x + 3
& 2 >0& 2 <0
x - 4x + 3 x - 4x + 3
` n = 3, m = 6
]2x - 1g]x - 3g
< 0 & ]2x - 1g]x - 3g < 0
]x - 2g2 + 1
&
15. Let rain in morning and afternoon are denoted by p
a ]x - 2g2 + 1 > 0
and q respectively. By given condition,
` x ! b 2 , 3l
1
n ^ p , q h = 7, n ^ p h = 6, n ^ q h = 5, 1/2 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
20.
n ^ p + q h = 0 , given that total number of observing x-2 + x-1 > x & x-2 + x-1 - x > 0
x ]x - 1g + x ]x - 2g - ]x - 2g]x - 1g
days = d. & ]x - 2g]x - 1gx >0

` n ^ p h = d - 6, n ^ q h = d - 5 x 2 - x + x 2 - 2x - x 2 + 3x - 2
x ]x - 1g]x - 2g
& >0

Now n ^ p , qh = n ^ ph + n ^ q h - n^ p + qh & 7 = d - 6 + d - 5 - 0 ^ x + 2 h^ x - 2 h
x ]x - 1g]x - 2g
& >0
& 2d = 18 & d = 9
(+) (+) (+ ∞ )
16. Bengalis = 80, Gujarathis = 40, Muslims = 70, − 2 0 1 2 2

& x ! ^- 2 , 0 h , ^1, 2 h , ^2, 3h


Hindu = 120 - 70 = 50
21. ]x - 1g]x - 2g]x - 3g ]x - 1g]x - 2g]x - 3g
Suppose all hindu are bengalis then 80 - 50 = 30 ]x + 1g]x + 2g]x + 3g > 1 & ]x + 1g]x + 2g]x + 3g - 1 > 0
]x - 1g]x - 2g]x - 3g - ]x + 1g]x + 2g]x + 3g
Muslims are Bengalis. & ]x + 1g]x + 2g]x + 3g >0

` Minimum Bengali, Muslims is 30. - 12x2 - 12


&]
x + 1g]x + 2g]x + 3g
>0
17. Bengalis = 70, Gujarathis = 35, Maharashtrians = 15 12 ^ x2 + 1h
&]
x + 1g]x + 2g]x + 3g
< 0, ` x2 + 1 > 0
Muslims = 75, Hindu = 120 - 75 = 45.
` ]x + 1g]x + 2g]x + 3g < 0
If all Hindus are Bengalis means minimum −∞ − (−)
3 2 1
Bengalis, Muslims = 70 - 45 = 25
` x ! ^- 3, - 3 h , ^- 2, - 1 h
Basic Mathematics 1.15
]2x - 2g
^ x2 - 2xh]2x - 2g - 9 26. 3 3 3
22. x + y + z - 3xyz =
^ x2 - 2xh
#0
^ x + y + zh^ x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - zx i
^ x2 - 2xh2 ]2x - 2g - 9 ]2x - 2g
^ x2 - 2xh & x3 + y3 + z3 - 3 ]- 1g =
& #0

]2x - 2g7^ x2 - 2xh2 - 9A ]1 g7^ x + y + zh2 - 3 ^ xy + yz + zx hA


^ x2 - 2xh
& #0
& x3 + y3 + z3 + 3 = ]1 g2 - 3 ]- 1g = 1 + 3 = 4
]2x - 2g^ x2 - 2x + 3h^ x2 - 2x - 3h
& #0
x2 - 2x & x3 + y3 + z3 = 4 - 3 = 1
2 ]x - 1g"]x - 1g2 + 2 ,]x - 3g]x + 1g
x ] x - 2g
& # 0, x ! 0, 2
27. Degree of zero polynomial is not defined

(−∞ − ] ( − ] ( − ] 28. x2 - 5x + 6 = 0 & ]x - 3g]x - 2g = 0


1 1
& x = 2, 3 & common root either 2 or 3.
x ! (- 3, - 1] , (0, 1] , (2, 3]

]2x + 3g
7
If 2 is common then 22 + 2m + 3 = 0 & m =- 2
23. ^ x2 + 3xh]2x + 3g - 16
^ x2 + 3xh
$0

^ x2 + 3xh2 ]2x + 3g - 16 ]2x + 3g If 3 is common then 32 + 3m + 3 = 0 & m =- 4


^ x2 + 3xh
& $0
7
Hence value of m is either - 2 or - 4
]2x + 3g7^ x + 3xh - 16A
2 2

x ] x + 3g
& $0
29. Let numbers are a and b, where a > b .
]2x + 3g^ x + 3x - 4h^ x + 3x + 4h
2 2

x ] x + 3g
& $0 a - b = 5 .........(i) a2 - b2 = 65 ..........(ii)

a2 - b2 = ]a - bg]a + bg & 65 = 5 ]a + bg
]2x + 3g]x + 4g]x - 1g'b x + 3 l + 7 1
2

2 4
x ] x + 3g
& $ 0, x ! 0, - 3 & a + b = 13 ...(iii)
[ + ) [ + ) [ + ∞ ) Now adding equation (i) and (iii), we get
4 3

2 2a = 18 & a = 9 Hence larger number is 9.

x ! [- 4, - 3) , :- 2 , 0g , [1, 3)
3
30. ^a1/8 + a -1/8h^a1/8 - a -1/8h^a1/4 + a -1/4h^a1/2 + a -1/2h

Polynomials = ^a2/8 - a -2/8h^a1/4 + a -1/4h^a1/2 + a -1/2h

24. ^ x + 2y + 2zh2 + ^ x - 2y - 2zh2 = ^a1/4 - a -1/4h^a1/4 + a -1/4h^a1/2 + a -1/2h

= 2 ^ x2 + 4y2 + 4z2 + 8yz i = ^a2/4 - a -2/4h^a1/2 + a -1/2h

= 2x2 + 8x2 + 8z2 + 16yz = ^a1/2 - a -1/2h^a1/2 + a -1/2h = ^a2/2 - a -2/2h = ^a - a -1h

a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc 31. 2 _ 3 + 3 + 3 + ...3 i


25. =
ab + bc + ca - a2 - b2 - c2
]a + b + cg^a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - cah Let x = 3 + 3 + 3 + ...3
^ab + bc + ca - a2 - b2 - c2h & x = 3 + x & x2 = 3 + x
=- ]a + b + cg =- ]- 5 - 6 + 10g =- ]- 1g = 1 & x2 - x - 3 = 0 & x =
1 ! 1 + 12
2
write b =- 6 , here given 5 =- 6 ` 2 _ 3 + 3 + 3 + ...3 i = 2x = 1 ! 13

But x is positive Hence 2x = 1 + 13


1.16 Mathematics
4 5 9 4 ] x + 3g + 5 ] x + 1g 9 40. 3 $ 3 5 = 3 1 / 2 $ 51 / 3 = 3 3 / 6 $ 5 2 / 6 =
32. x + 1 + x + 3 = x + 2 & ]x + 1g]x + 3g = x + 2
9x + 17 9 = ^33h1/6 ^52h1/6 = ]27g1/6 ]25g1/6
& 2 = x + 2 & 9x2 + 17x + 18x + 34
x + 4x + 3
= ]27 # 25g1/6 = ]675g1/6 = 6 675
= 9x2 + 36x + 27 &7=x

2 # 2 # 2 = 2 2 + 2 + 2 = 23/2 = ]23/2g
1 1 1
41.
1/2

2 = 66 & b x - x l + 2 = 66 & b x - x l = 64 = 8
33. 1 1 2 1 2 = 2 3/ 4
x2 + 2
x
1 42. 5 x - 3 $ 32x - 8 = 225 = 25 # 9
` x - x =! 8

]a + b + cg2 = ^a2 + b2 + ch + 2 ]ab + bc + cag


& 5 x - 3 $ 3 2x - 8 = 5 2 $ 3 2
34.
& x - 3 = 2 and 2x - 8 = 2 & x = 5
= 16 + 2 ]10g = 36
43. 25x ' 2 x = 5 220 & 25x - x = ]220g1/5 & 2 4x = 2 4
` a + b + c =! 6
` 4x = 4 & x = 1
35. Use polynomial long division method.
Ratio And Proportion
36. Use polynomial long division method.
44. 5x2 - 13xy + 6y2 = 0
Surds and Indices
& 5x2 - 10xy - 3xy + 6y2 = 0
37. 3 + 2 and 3 - 2 are reciprocal to each other
& 5x ^ x - 2y h - 3y ^ x - 2y h = 0
= ^ 3 - 2h = 3 + 2 - 2 6 = 5 - 2 6
3- 2 2
x=
& ^ x - 2y h^5x - 3y h = 0
3+ 2

= ^ 3 + 2h = 3 + 2 + 2 6 = 5 + 2 6
3+ 3 x 2
y=
2
x - 2y = 0 & x = 2y & y = 1 & x: y = 2: 1
3- 2
x2 + xy + y2 = ^5 - 2 6 h + ^5 - 2 6 h^5 + 2 6 h + ^5 + 2 6 h x 3
2 2
or 5x - 3y = 0 & 5x = 3y & y = 5 & x: y = 3: 5

= 2 ]25 + 24g + ]25 - 24g = 98 + 1 = 99 45. Salaries of ravi and sumit are 2k and 3k respectively
2 1 3 2K + 4000 40
38. + - By given condition, 3K + 4000 = 57
5+ 3 3+ 2 5+ 2
^ 5 + 3 h^ 5 - 3 h ^ 3 + 2 h^ 3 - 2 h & 114K + 228000 = 120K + 160000
= +
5+ 3 3+ 2
^ 5 + 2 h^ 5 - 2 h & 228000 - 160000 = 120K - 114K
-
5+ 2 68000
& 68000 = 6K & K = 6
= 5- 3+ 3- 2- 5+ 2=0
68000
` Sumit’s salary = 3K = 3 # 6 = 34000
= ^55h20 = ]3125g20
5 1 1
39. (a) 5 1/4
=5 20

46. Let numbers are 3K and 4K


(b) 41/5 = 4 4/20 = ]4 4g20 = ]256g20
1 1

LCM of 3K, 4K is 12K


= ]4 g
1
(c) 4 1/2
=4 10/20 10 20

By given condition, 12K = 180 & K = 15


(d) 31/2 = 310/20 = ^3 h
1
10 20
` first number = 3K = 3 # 15 = 45

` smallest is ]256g = 41/5 = 5 4


1
20
Basic Mathematics 1.17
47. water : Gold = 1 : 19, water : copper = 1 : 9, Modulus Function

water : Alloy = 1 : 15. Let quantity of gold and 50. Given that x - 2 x + 1 + 3 x + 2 = 0

copper are x and y respectively by given condition, If x < - 2 , - x + 2 ]x + 1g - 3 ]x + 2g = 0

19x + 9y = ^ x + y h 15 & - 2x - 4 = 0 & x =- 2

& 19x + 9y = 15x + 15y & 4x = 6y & 2x = 3y If - 2 # x < - 1 , - x + 2 ]x + 1g + 3 ]x + 2g = 0

x 3 & 4x + 8 = 0 & x =- 2
& y = 2 & x: y = 3: 2
If - 1 # x < 0 , - x - 2 ]x + 1g + 3 ]x + 2g = 0
48. Let total number of students is school is 100
& It is invalid
Number of boys
If x $ 0 , x - 2 ]x + 1g + 3 ]x + 2g = 0
3 3
= 100 # 3 + 2 = 100 # 5 = 60
& 2x + 4 = 0 & x =- 2 it is not possible since x $ 0.
Number of scholarship holder boys
Hence, x =- 2. is the only solution
20
= 60 # 100 = 12
51. x - x = 0 & x = x & x =! x
2 2
Number of girls = 100 # 3 + 2 = 100 # 5 = 40 for +ve , x = x , it is true for all 0 # x < 3

Number of scholarship holder girls for - ve , x =- x & 2x = 0 & x = 0

25 Hence, x ! [0, 3)
= 40 # 100 = 10
52. x 2 + 3x + 2 + x + 1 = 0
Total scholarship holder students = 12 + 10 = 22
& ]x + 2g]x + 1g + x + 1 = 0
` Non scholarship holder students
If x < - 2 , x2 + 3x + 2 + x + 1 = 0 & x2 + 4x + 3 = 0
= 100 - 22 = 78.
& ]x + 3g]x + 1g = 0 & x =- 3, - 1
Hence 78% students does not get the scholarship.
Hence, x =- 3
Method II:
If - 2 # x < - 1 , - x2 - 3x - 2 + x + 1 = 0
Required percentage

3 2
&- x2 - 2x - 1 = 0
= 3 + 2 # 80 + 3 + 2 # 75 = 48 + 30 = 78

& x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 & ]x + 1g2 = 0


49. Let quantity of first and second kind of tea are x and
& x =- 1
y respectively. By given condition
If - 1 # x , x2 + 3x + 2 + x + 1 = 0
Rs .44 # x + Rs .39 # y = Rs .42 ^ x + y h
& x2 + 4x + 3 = 0
& 44x + 39y = 42x + 42y & 2x = 3y
& ]x + 3g]x + 1g = 0 & x =- 3, - 1
x 3
& y = 2 & x:y = 3:2
` x =- 1 . Hence x =- 3 and - 1
1.18 Mathematics
53. x2 + 1 - x2 - 1 = 0 & x2 + 1 = x2 + 1
55. 2x + 4 > 0
It is always true for x ! R because x + 1 > 0
2

We have 2x > 0 , so 2x + 4 > 0 for 6x ! R


54. 2 - 7x < 8

& - 8 < 2 - 7x < 8 & - 10 < - 7x < 6

10 -6
& 10 > 7x > - 6 & 7 > x > 7

`x!b 7 , 7 l
- 6 10

1 n-1
& n = 12 # d
a n
1. an = 19 n - 12 n 2

Now given that area of An is less than one,
31a - a 31 (199 - 129) - (1910 - 1210)
579 a 10 = 57a i.e. (an) 2 < 1

8 8
9 9
19 (31 - 19) - 12 (31 - 12)
put the value of an

= 57a 8
199 $ 12 - 1919 $ 19 144

& <1
57a 2(n - 1)
8 (n - 1)
12.19 (198 - 128) 2
& > 144

= 57a =4
8 n
& -1 $ 8
2. Given that A1, A2, A3, ........ be squares such that for n
& $9
each n $ 1, the length of the side of An equals the
length of diagonal of An + 1 .
Hence the smallest value of n is 9 .


Let an be the side length of An,
3. Let (1 – x + x 2 …..) (1 + x + x 2 …)
an = 2 an + 1 6n $ 1
a = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + ......

& n+1 = n
a
2
put x = 1

replace n with (n - 1), (n - 2), .....3, 2, 1
1(2n + 1) = a0 + a1 + a2 + ......a2n ……..(i)
an - 1
put x = - 1
a
& n= .....(i)
2 (2n + 1) # 1 = a0 - a1 + a2 + .....a2n ……..(ii)
an - 2
a
& n-1 = ..... (ii)
Form (i) + (ii)
2
a1
4n + 2 = 2 (a0 + a2 + ....)
a
& 2= ..... (n - 1)
2 = 2 # 61

multiplying these n - 1 equations we get,

& 2n + 1 = 61 & n = 30
1 n-1
an = a1 d n
2

put a1 = 12
2
Logarithms 2.1

Chapter Logarithms
INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1. By definition of log function, a > 0 & a ! 1 7. 10 x = y & 102x = y2

2. Again by definition, we have 10 -2 = 0.01 8. y = 3 x and z = 2 x

3. log125 5 = 1/3 [since 1251/3 = 5 ] ` 72 x = ^32 $ 23hx = 32x $ 23x

log 3 1 9 81 =- 2 < = 9 & b 9 l = 81F


11 1 -2 = ^3 xh2 $ ]2 xg3 = y2 z3
3 9
4. log 2 32 5 4 = log 2 25 $ 22/5 9. 3 a = x & ^3 ah4 = 81 a = x 4

= log 2 227/5 = log 2 ^ 2 h


54 x4
54/5
= 5 & 81 a - 1 = 81

5. log5 log2 log3 log2 512 = log5 log2 log3 log2 29 10. We know that for log b a to be +ve, both a and b must

be in the same side of unity and for log b a to be - ve,


= log5 log2 log3 9 = log5 log2 2 = log5 1 = 0
a and b must be on opposite sides to unity.
b = ^ 8h = ^ 8h
1 10
33
6. 3
2 > 1, 3 - 2 < 1, so log 2 ^ 3 - 2 h is - ve

2 > 1, log2 9 > 1, so log2 ^log2 9h is + ve


3 # 10
=2 2 3 = 25 = 32

INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
1. log7 log7 7 7 $ 71/2 3. a2 + b2 + 2ab = 9ab

= log7 log7 7 $ 73/4 & ]a + bg2 = 9ab

& b 3 l = ab
= log7 log7 77/4 a+b 2

& 2 log b 3 l = log ]abg


= log7 log7 77/8 a+b

= log7 ^7/8h = log7 7 - log7 8


& log b 3 l = 2 6log a + log b@
a+b 1
= 1 - 3 log7 2
_log20.5 4 i
1/ 2
4.
7 log b 15 l + 5 log b 24 l + 3 log b 80 l
16 25 81
2. = _log12/2 4 i
1/ 2

= 7 log b 2# l + 5 log c
52
3 m + 3 log c 4
34 m = ^]- 2g2h1/2
4

3 5 3#2 2 #5
= 41 / 2 = 2
= log <b 2# l # c
52 5 c 3 4 m3F
m # 4
4 7

3 5 3 # 23 2 #5
5. 32 log 4 = 3 log 16 = 16
3 3

= log ; E
28 10 12
2 # 5 # 3
37 # 57 35 # 215 212 # 53 6. log a 3 = 2 & a2 = 3 & a = 31/2

= log ; E
228 # 510 # 312
227 510 312 and log b 8 = 3 & b3 = 8 & b = 2

= log 2 log a b = log3 2 = 2 log3 2 = log3 4


1 /2
2.2 Mathematics
7. log 49 28 = log7 ^7 # 22h 2
=a
- abc
d
log a N

= log7 7 + log]7 g ]22g


= a log _ N i
2 2 - abc
a d

1
= 2 + log7 2 - abc
=N d
1 2m + 1
= 2 +m = 2 10. Let a x = b y = c z = d w = N

8. 10_log i
2 3 n
10 + log10 + ... + log10
& a = N1/x , b = N1/y , c = N1/z , d = N1/w

log a ]bcdg = log N ] N1/y $ N1/z $ N1/wg


]2 $ 3gng
= 10 log 10
1/x

= ]2 $ 3gng = n! = log N ] N1/y + 1/z + 1/wg


1/x

9. ^a ah- b log Nc

= x c y + z + w m
ad
1 1 1
Nc
= a - ab log ad

INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
1. log 4 8 + log 4 ]x + 3g - log 4 ]x - 1g = 2 -1
But x = 3 is rejected
8 ] x + 3g
& log 4 ; x - 1 E = 2 Hence, x = 1

8 ] x + 3g 5. log x - log ]x - 1g = log 3


& x - 1 = 16
& x + 3 = 2 ] x - 1g
x x
& log x - 1 = log 3 & x - 1 = 3

&x=5 3
& x = 3x - 3 & x = 2

2. log 6]x + 3g]x - 3g@ = log 27 6. log3 ^ x2 - 3x - 5h = log3 ]7 - 2xg

& x2 - 9 = 27 & x2 - 3x - 5 = 7 - 2x

& x = 6 ^ x =- 6 is rejected h & x2 - x - 12 = 0

3. y = 21/log 4 = 2 log x x 4
& ]x - 4g]x + 3g = 0

& log2 y = log 4 x & x = 4, - 3.

& x = 4 log y = y log 4 = y2


2 2
But 7 - 2x , x2 - 3x - 5 > 0

4. log2 ]3x - 2g =- log2 x So x ! 4. Hence x =- 3.

& log2 ^3x2 - 2xh = 0 7. x + 4 > 0 , x + 4 ! 1 , x2 - 1 > 0 , 5 - x > 0

& 3x2 - 2x = 1 and x2 - 1 = 5 - x

& 3x2 - 2x - 1 = 0 & x2 + x - 6 = 0

& ]3x + 1g]x - 1g = 0 & x = 2, - 3. But if x =- 3 , x + 4 = 1 which is not

-1 possible Hence x = 2.
& x = 3 ,1
Logarithms 2.3
8. x 1 + log10 x
= 10x 10. x - 1 = 1 & x = 2, 0

& ^1 + log10 x h^log10 x h = 1 + log10 x But x ! 0 , so x = 2 is one solution

Else, ^log10 x h - log10 x2 = 3


2
& 1 + log10 x = 0 or log10 x = 1

& x = 10 -1 or x = 10 & ^log10 xh - 2 ^log10 x h - 3 = 0


2

9. log x ]x + 5g = 2 & x2 = x + 5 & ^log10 x + 1 h^log10 x - 3h = 0

& x2 - x - 5 = 0 & log10 x =- 1, 3

1 ! 21 1 + 21 1
&x= But x > 0 , So x = & x = 10 , 1000
2 2

INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
1. log2 x + log2 y $ 6 x2 - 6x + 8
& 4x - 11 $ 0
]x - 2g]x - 4g
& log2 xy $ 6
& 4x - 11 $0
& xy $ 26 = 64

2. log3 ]2x + 7g > log3 2 11


4
-5
& x ! ;2, 4 l , 64, 3h
& 2x + 7 > 2 & x > 2 11

3. log2 ^ x2 - 5x + 5h > 0 6. log 0.04 ]x - 1g $ log 0.2 ]x - 1g


& x2 - 5x + 5 > 1
& 2 log 0.2 ]x - 1g $ log 0.2 ]x - 1g
1

& x2 - 5x + 4 > 0
& log 0.2 ]x - 1g # 0
& ]x - 1g]x - 4g > 0
& x - 1 > 0 , x - 1 $ ]0.2g°
& x ! ^- 3, 1h , ^4, 3h
& x-1 $ 1

& x ! 62, 3h
log 12 ^ x - 1 h > 0 & x - 1 < b 2 l
1 0
4.
7. log 0.2 x - 3 $ 0
& x < 2 & x < 4 Also x-1 > 0& x > 1
& x - 3 > 0 , x - 3 # ]0.2g°
& x ! ^1, 4h
& x-3 > 0, x-3 # 1
2x2 - 4x - 6 b 1 l-1
5. 4x - 11 $ 2
& x ! 3,-1 # x-3 # 1
2x2 - 4x - 6
& 4x - 11 $ 2
& x ! 3,2 # x # 4
2

& x ! 62, 4@ - !3 +
x - 2x - 3
& 4x - 11 - 1 $ 0
x2 - 2x - 3 - 4x + 11
& 4x - 11 $0
2.4 Mathematics
8. Case I: x + 3 > 1 & x > - 2. ]x + 2g]x - 1g
& x+3 > 0, x < 2
x2 - x > 0 , x2 - x < x + 3

& x ]x - 1g > 0 , x2 - 2x - 3 < 0 3 2

& x ! ^- 3, - 2h , ^1, 2h
& x ]x - 1g > 0 , ]x + 1g]x - 3g < 0
10. log 0.2 ^ x3 + 8h - log 0.2 x + 2 # log 0.2 ]x + 58g
& x < 0 or x > 1 , - 1 < x < 3

& log 0.2 c # log 0.2 ]x + 58g


x3 + 8 m
& x ! ^- 1, 0 h , ^1, 3h x+2
] x + 2g
Case II: 0 < x + 3 < 1 & - 3 < x < - 2 & # ^ x2 - 2x + 4h $ x + 58
x+2
x2 - x > 0 , x2 - x > x + 3 x+2
If x + 2 $ 0 , then = 1 and
x+2
& x ]x - 1g > 0 , x2 - 2x - 3 > 0
x2 - 2x + 4 $ x + 58
& x ]x - 1g > 0 , ]x + 1g]x - 3g > 0 & x2 - 3x - 54 $ 0

& ]x - 9g]x + 6g $ 0
& x < 0 or x > 1 , x < - 1 or x > 3

& x < - 1 or x > 3


& x # - 6 or x $ 9 Since x $- 2, we have x $ 9
& x ! ^- 3, - 2h x+2
If x + 2 < 0 , then =- 1
x+2
log2 b x + 3 l > log2 ]2 - xg
4
9. and - x2 + 2x - 4 $ x + 58
4
& x+3 > 2-x > 0 & x2 - x + 62 # 0 which has no solutions.

4
& x+3 +x-2 > 0, x < 2 Thus x ! 69, 3h

x2 + x - 2
& x+2 > 0, x < 2

EXERCISE - 1
Basic Definition and Properties of Logarthm & ]a + bg2 - 4ab = ]a - bg2 = 0

1. log2 7 is irrational &a=b

log b 2 l = 2 ^log a + log bh


a+b 1 3.
2. log2 a > log e a > log3 a > log10 a

& log b 2 l = 2 log ab 4. If a, b > 0, then log ab - log b


a+b 1

= log ab - log b = log a = log a .


& log b 2 l = log ]abg1/2
a+b

If a, b < 0, then log ab - log b


a+b
& 2 = ab
= log ab - log ]- bg = log b - b l = log ]- ag = log a
ab
& ]a + bg2 = 4ab
Logarithms 2.5
5. log5 a $ log a x = 2 12. 1 + abc = 1 + log24 12 log36 24 log 48 36

log a log x = 1 + log 48 12 = log 48 ]48 # 12g


& log 5 $ log a = 2
= log 48 ]122 # 22g = 2 log 48 24
& log5 x = 2
= 2 log36 24 # log 48 36 = 2bc
& x = 52 = 25
13.
81^1/ log 3h + 27 log 6 + 3^4/ log 9h
x = log a b , y = log b c , z = log c a
6. 5 3 7

& xyz = 1.
= 81 log 5 + 27 log 6 + 81 log 7
3 3 9

n
/ 1 1 1 1
log2 ]ag log2 a log2 a
=5 log3 81
+6 log3 27
+7 log9 81 14. = + + ... + log a 2 n
n=1
n 2

= 5 4 + 63 + 72 = 890 = log a 2 + log a 22 + ... + log a 2 n


1 1 1 1
7. log2 n + log3 n + log 4 n + ... + log 43 n = log a 2 + 2 log a 2 + ... + n log a 2

= log n 2 + log n 3 + log n 4 + ... + log n 43 = ]1 + 2 + ... + ng log a 2


1
= log n 43! = log n n ]n + 1g
43! = 2 log a 2.

8. a2 + 4b2 = 12ab 15. If x + y + z = 0, then


& ]a + 2bg2 - 4ab = 12ab
x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz
& ]a + 2bg2 = 16ab
& ^log a bh + ^logb ch + ^log c ah
3 3 3

& 2 log ]a + 2bg = log 16 + log a + log b


= 3. log a b. logb c. log c a
& log ]a + 2bg = 2 6log a + log b + 4 log 2@
1
=3
2 2y = an odd prime number.
9. log1000 x2 = log10 x2 = 3 log10 x = 3
3

16. 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001 + ...


10. xyz = log b a log c b log a c
0.1 1
log a log b log c = 1 - 0.1 = 9 .
= log b $ log c $ log a [base change]
b1 l
]0.05glog ^1/9 h
=b9l
1 log 20
20
=1
20

^1/20 h
=b9l
1 1 1 1 2 log
11.
20

1+x + 1+y + 1+z


1 1 1
= b 9 l = 81
= 1 + log bc + 1 + log ca + 1 + log ab 1 -2
a b c

1 1 1
= log a + log bc + log b + log ca + log c + log ab
a a b b c c
17. x = log5 1000, y = log7 2058
1 1 1 4 < log5 1000 < 5 , 3 < log7 2058 < 4
= log abc + log abc + log abc
a b c

= log abc a + log abc b + log abc c Hence x > y

= log abc abc = 1


2.6 Mathematics
3 - a 3 - log12 27 24. Exactly one solution & D = 0 & 1 - 4 log16 k = 0
18. 3 + a = 3 + log12 27 1
& log16 k = 4
log12 123 - log12 27
= & k = 161/4 = 2
log12 123 + log12 27
log10 b 2 x + x - 1 l = x ^log10 5 - 1 h
1
log12 ^123 /27 h log12 ]43g 25.
log12 ^12 # 27h log12 ]36g3
= 3 =
= x b log10 b 10 ll = x log10 b 2 l
5 1
log12 4 1
= log 36 = log36 4 = 2 log6 4
& log10 b 2 x + x - 1 l = log10 b 2 l
12 1 1 x
1 3-a
= 4 . log6 16 & log6 16 = 4. 3 + a 1 1
& x =
2 + x - 1 2x
log x log y log z
19. Let b - c = c - a = a - b = k &x=1
Logarithmic Inequations:
& log x + log y + log z = k ]b - c + c - a + a - bg = 0
26. log 12 ^ x2 - 6x + 12h $ - 2
& log ^ xyz h = 0

& x2 - 6x + 12 > 0 and x2 - 6x + 12 # b 2 l = 4


1 -2
& xyz = 1

20. log b a log c a + log a b log c b + log a c log b c = 3 & x2 - 6x + 12 > 0 and x2 - 6x + 8 # 0

^log ah2 ^log bh2 ^log ch2 & x ! R and & x ! 62, 4@
^log bh^log ch ^log a h^log ch ^log ah^log bh
& + + =3
& 62, 4@
& ^log a h + ^log bh + ^log ch = 3 ^log a h^log bh^log ch
3 3 3

] x - 1g
27. 2 log 2
> x+5
& log a + log b + log c = 0
& x - 1 > 0 and ]x - 1glog 2

& log ]abcg = 0


2
> x+5
& abc = 1
i2
1 & x - 1 > 0 and ]x - 1g2 > x + 5
21. log2 log3 g log100 100 9998

1
& x > 1 and x2 - 3x - 4 > 0
i2
= log2 log3 g log99 9998
& x > 1 and x ! ^- 3, - 1h , ^4, 3h
=
h & x ! ^4, 3h
= log2 21 = 1 28.
x+2
log 0.2 x # 1
Logarithmic Equations:
x+2 x+2
& x > 0 and x $ 0.2
22. log k x log5 k = log x 5
x+2
& x - 0.2 $ 0
1
& log5 x = log x 5 & x = 5, 5
0.8x + 2
& $0
log7 log5 ^ x + 5 + x h = 0
x
23. 2

5
& x #- 2 or x > 0
& log5 ^ x2 + 5 + x h = 1 1 °
29. log1/ 2 sin x > 0 & sin x > 0 and sin x < d n =1
2
& x2 + 5 + x = 5 & x2 + 5 = x2 - 10x + 25
& sin x ! ^0, 1h
&x=2
r 3r 9r 11r
&x= 4, 4 , 4 , 4
Logarithms 2.7
Characteristic and Mantissa:

30. log ^312 # 28h

= 2 log 3 + 8 log 2

= 8.13368

Characteristic = 8 & no. of digits = 9.


EXERCISE - 2
Properties of Logarithm Logarithmic Equations

1. log3 ^log2 ^log 3 81 hh 7. log log x 5 = 2


5 & 5 = ^log5 x h
2

= log3 ^log2 8 h & log5 x = ! 5

= log3 3 = 1 But log5 x > 0

2. 7 k > 105 So, log5 x = 5 & x = 5 5 , one solution.

& k > log7 ^105h = log 7


5 8. logb 210+ x l 7 = logb x +2 1 l 7
10

15 15 2+x 2 2+x 2
= log 343 = 2.5353 = 5.92 & 10 = x + 1 , 10 , x + 1 > 0 and ! 1
10

&k=6 & ]x + 1g]x + 2g = 20


3. log x + log y = log ^ x + y h
& x = 3 or - 6.
x
& xy = x + y & y = x-1
But x =- 6 doesn’t satisfy domain conditions. So
4. 2
3 < 20 < 3 3

x = 3, one solution.
& 2 < log3 20 < 3
9. log3 ] x 2 - 2x - 2g = 2
1 1
& 3 < log20 3 < 2
x 2 - 2x - 2 = 9, x 2 - 2x - 2 > 0
^yzhlog y/z # ]zxglog^z/xh # ^ xy hlog x/y
^ h ^ h
5. & x 2 - 2x - 11 = 0

= y log y - log z # z log y - log z # z log z - log x # x log z - log x # 2 ! 48


x= 2

x log x - log y # y log x - log y x = 1!4 3

= y log x - log z # z log y - log x # x log z - log y & 2 Solution

y log x z log y x log z 10. 2x log 3 + 3 log x = 27


4 4

= log z # log x # log y = 1


y z x
& 2 # 3 log x + 3 log x = 27
4 4

6. S = log 4 2 - log8 2 + log16 2 - log32 2 + ...


27
1 1 1 1 & 3 log x = 3 = 9
4

= 2 - 3 + 4 - 5 + ...
& log 4 x = 2 & x = 16
= 1 - log 2 [by expansion of log 2]
2.8 Mathematics
11. log5 120 + ]x - 3g - 2 log5 ^1 - 5 x - 3h & ]x - 1g]x + 2g]x - 3g = 0

=- log5 ^0.2 - 5 x - 4h & x =- 2, 1, 3 But x =- 2 and 1 does’t satisfy the

& log5 120 + log5 ^5 x - 3h - log5 ^1 - 5 x - 3h2 other conditions. So, x = 3

= log5 ^0.2 - 5 x - 4h-1 Logarithmic Inequalities


14. 2 log10 x - log x 0.01
120 # 5 x - 3 1
&
^1 - 5 x - 3h2
=
0.2 - 5 x - 4 = 2 log10 x + 2 log x 10
= y & 120y c 0.2 - m = ^1 - y h
y
= 2 ^log10 x + log x 10h $ 2 # 2 = 4
2
Let 5 x-3
5
^1 - y h
= ^1 - y h log]2x + 3g x2 < log]2x + 3g ]2x + 3g
2
& 120y 5 15.

& y = 1 or 24y = 1 - y & 2x + 3 > 1, x2 < 2x + 3

1 or 0 < 2x + 3 < 1, x2 > 2x + 3


& y = 1 or 25

& 5 x - 3 = 1 or 5 -2 & x > - 1, x2 - 2x - 3 < 0

& x = 3 or 1, but 1 - 5 x - 3 > 0 or -3 2


2 < x < - 1, x - 2x - 3 > 0

So, x = 3 is rejected, x = 1 . & x > - 1, - 1 < x < 3

12. 3 log 3 $ 3 log x = 4 log 4 $ 4 log y and 4 log x = 3 log y or -23 < x < - 1, x < - 1 or x > 3

& x ! ^- 1, 3 h or x ! b 2 , - 1 l
& 3 log 3x = 4 log 4y and 3 log y = 4 log x -3

& ^log 3xh^log 3h = ^log 4y h^log 4h 16. log10 ^ x2 - 2x - 2h $ 0

and ^log y h^log 3h = ^log x h^log 4h & x2 - 2x - 2 $ 1

^log xh^log 4h
& ^log 3xh^log 3h = d log 4 + n^log 4h
& x2 - 2x - 3 $ 0
log 3
& ^log 3h ^log x + log 3 h = ^log 4 h ^log x + log 3 h
2 2 & x # - 1 or x $ 3

17. log2 4 - 5x > 2


& log x + log 3 = 0
& 4 - 5x > 4
1
& log 3x = 0 & 3x = 1 & x = 3 .
& 5x - 4 > 4
^log xh^log 4h
and log y = log 3 =- log 4
& 5x - 4 > 4 or 5x - 4 < - 4
1 & x > 8/5 or x < 0
& log y + log 4 = 0 & y = 4

1 1 7 18. log 3 ^ x2 - 3x + 2h $ 2
x + y = 3 + 4 = 12
& x2 - 3x + 2 $ 3
13. 2 2 3
x - 1 > 0, x - 1 ! 1, x + 6 > 0, 2x + 5x > 0 2

& x2 - 3x - 1 $ 0
and x + 6 = 2x + 5x
3 2

& (d) none of these.


& x3 - 2x2 - 5x + 6 = 0
Logarithms 2.9
19. log1/3 ^ x + x + 1h > - 1
2 12
2t - t - 5 # 0
& x2 + x + 1 < 3 2t 2 - 56 - 12
t #0

]2t + 3g]t - 4g
& x2 + x - 2 < 0
#0
& ]x + 2g]x - 1g < 0
t

& x ! ^- 2, 1 h -3/2 0 4
t ! b - 3, 2 D , ^0, 4@
-3
20. 2 log3 x - 4 log x 27 # 5

2 log3 x - 12 log3 x # 5 & t ! (0, 4]

Let log3 x = t ; x > 1 & t > 0 & x ! (1, 81]

EXERCISE - 3

18 4x - 3 = ^54 2 h
3x - 4
Numerical Type 6.

2 log16 ^ x2 + xh - log 4 ]x + 1g = 2 & 18 4x - 3 = _18 2 i


3 3x - 4
1.
& 4x - 3 = 2 ]3x - 4g
3
& log 4 ^ x2 + xh - log 4 ]x + 1g = 2
& 8x - 6 = 9x - 12 & x = 6
x ] x + 1g 7. a = log245 175 = log]5 # 7 g ^52 # 7h
& log 4 x+1 = 2
2

& log 4 x = 2 b = log1715 875 = log]5 # 7 g ^53 # 7h 3

x
& x = 42 & 2 = 8 ab = log]5 # 7 g ^52 # 7h # log]5 # 7 g ^53 # 7h
2 3

2.
3
3 log x = 27 log ^52 # 7h log ^53 # 7h
log ^5 # 72h log ^5 # 73h
3
= #

^2 log 5 + log 7h^3 log 5 + log 7h


3
& log x = 3 & log3 x = 1 & x = 3
^log 5 + 2 log 7 h^log 5 + 3 log 7h
3
=
3. log a ^1 + log b "1 + log c ^1 + log p xh,h = 0
& 1 + log b "1 + log c ^1 + log p x h, = 1 6 ^log 5h + ^log 7 h + 5 ^log 5h^log 7h
2 2

^log 5 h2 + 6 ^log 7 h2 + 5 ^log 5h^log 7h


=
& 1 + log c ^1 + log p x h = 1
& log c ^1 + log p x h = 0 5 ^log 7 h - 5 ^log 5 h
2 2

^log 5 h + 6 ^log 7 h2 + 5 ^log 5 h^log 7 h


1 - ab = 2
& 1 + log p x = 1 & log p x = 0 & x = 1
4. log2 ]4 - xg > 1 2 log 5 + log 7 3 log 5 + log 7
& 4 - x > 2 & x < 2 +ve integral valves :x = 1 a - b = log 5 + 2 log 7 - log 5 + 3 log 7
5. L = anti log32 0.6 = ]32g0.6 = 8
72 ^log 5h2 + 3 ^log 7h2 + 7 ^log 5h^log 7 hA - 73 ^log 5 h2 + 2 ^log 7 h2 + 7 ^log 5h^log 7hA
M = integers from 625 to 3125 = 2500 =
^log 5h2 + 6 ^log 7h2 + 5 ^log 5h^log 7h

N = 49^1 - log 2h + 5 - log 4


^log 7h2 - ^log 5h2
7 5

^log 5h + 6 ^log 7h2 + 5 ^log 5h^log 7h


1 1 50 25 =
= 49 # 4 + 4 = 4 = 2 2

LM 8 # 2500 # 2 1 - ab
` 400 N = 25 # 400 = 4
a-b = 5
2.10 Mathematics

log 15 b 10 l + log5 b x + 1 l = 0
x+2 2 a
8. 12. x=y=z= k

a x = b k l , ay = b k l , az = b k l
3a y 3a z 3a x
&- log5 b 10 l + log5 b x + 1 l = 0
x+2 2

a x = b k l $ ay = b k l $ b k l
3 y 3 y 3a z
& log5 b x + 1 # x + 2 l = 0
2 10
= b k l $b k l $b k l = b k l
3 y 3 z 3a x 3 x+y+z x
$a
= 1 & ]x + 1g]x + 2g = 20
20
&]
x + 1g]x + 2g
&bkl
3 x+y+z
=1&k=3
& x = 3.
13. 2bc = 2 log36 24 log 48 36 = 2 log 48 24
9. k = log3 ^5 + 8 log 49 ^5 + log7 49 hh
abc = log24 12 log36 24 log 48 36 = log 48 12
= log3 ^5 + 8 log 49 7 h
2bc - abc = 2 log 48 24 - log 48 12
= log3 b5 + 8 # 2 l
1
= log 48 b 24 l
2

= log3 9 = 2 12 = log 48 48 = 1.
log 125 log 125
14. k = 1 - log 2 = log 10 - log 2
k2 + 1 = 5
log 125
log N =- 20 log b 0.4 l
1 = log 5 = 3
10.

=- 20 ^1 - 2 log 2 h a^log 7h + b^log 11h + c^log 25 h2


2 2

15. 3 7 11

= 27 log 7 + 49 log 11 + ^ 11 h
3 7
log11 25
=- 7.96
= 7 log 27 + 11 log 49 + 25 log
3 7 11 11
5x - x2 b 5x - x l $ 0
2
11. 4 > 0, log 4 = 73 + 112 + 251/2

& x ]x - 5g < 0,
5x - x2 = 343 + 121 + 5
4 $1
= 469
& x ] x - 5 g < 0, x 2 - 5 x + 4 # 0
x+y-z = 4+6-9 = 1
& 0 < x < 5,1 # x # 4

& x ! 61, 4@.

Integral values: 1,2,3,4.


EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct Multiple Options Correct
1. 3 log a x
+ 3x log a 3
=2 2. x1 - log x = 0.04
5

log a 3

& ^1 - log5 x h^log5 x h = log5 b 25 l


& 4#x =2 1
1
& x log 3 = 2
& log5 x - ^log5 xh =- 2
a

& x =b2l & ^log5 x h - ^log5 x h - 2 = 0


1 log a 1 3

= log 2 = a - log 2 3 2
a 3

& log5 x =- 1 or 2
1
& x = 5 , 25
Logarithms 2.11
= ^ xh 7. (a)
x
3. x x " log3 19 $ log1/7 3 $ log 4 1/7 = log 4 19 > log 4 16 = 2.
Taking log on both sides log ] xg x = log ^ x h (b) " log1/3 ]x + 8g =- 2
k

x log x = x log ^ x h
& x+8 =b3l = 9
1 -2
1
x log x = 2 x log x
x &x=1
& x = 2 or log x = 0 & x = 4 or x = 1
1 and 4 are relatively prime Also, if log 4 1 is defined (c) " log2 15 $ log1/6 2 $ log3 1/6 = log3 15
then log1 4 is not defined = 1 + log3 5 = 1 + 1. = 2.
1
(d) " log 4 x + log 4 ]x + 2g = log 4 ]3xg
4. 2 # log 0.1 x # 2
& ]0.1g # x # ]0.1g
2 1/ 2

1 1 & x2 + 2x = 3x , x > 0 & x = 1


& 100 # x #
10
+ ^log6 2h
1 + 2 log3 2 2
8.
^1 + log3 2 h2
1 1 3 N=
x = 100 , 10 , 10

+ ^log6 2h
5. (a) " log10 25 log 5 + 49 log 7
1 1 1 + log3 4 2
^log3 6h2
8 6
=

log3 12 + ^log3 6 # log6 2 h


= log10 25 log 8 + 49 log 6
5 7
2

^log3 6h2
log5 25 log7 49 =
= log10 8 +6
1 + 2 log3 2 + ^log3 2 h
2
= log10 82 + 62 = log10 10 = 1.
^log3 6 h2
=
(b) " log 12 ^log3 cos 30° - log3 sin 30° h
^log3 2 + 1h2
= log ^log3 cot 30 h
1
2
° =
^log3 6 h2

= log 12 ^log3 3 h = log 12 b 2 l = 1.


1 ^log3 6 h2
^log3 6 h2
= = 1. > log7 6.
^5 3 + 50 h^5 - 24 h ^5 3 + 5 2 h^5 - 2 6 h log a log b log c
(c)
^5 3 - 5 2 h 9.
=
75 - 5 2 b-c = c-a = a-b = k
& log a = k ]b - cg, log b = k ]c - ag, log c = k ]a - bg
# ^5 - 2 6 h = ^ 3 + 2 h # ^5 - 2 6 h
3+ 2 2
=
3- 2 log 6a b + c $ b c + a $ c a + b@

= ^5 + 2 6 h^5 - 2 6 h = ]b + cg log a + ]c + ag log b + ]a + bg log c


= k ]b + cg]b - cg + k ]c + ag]c - ag + k ]a + bg]a - bg
= k ^b2 - c2 + c2 - a2 + a2 - b2h = 0
= 25 - 24 = 1.

(d) log 12 cos 45° = log 12 d n= 1.


1
2 2 & ab + c $ bc + a $ ca + b = 1

6. x = log 4 5, y = log5 6 10. 2 x + 2 $ 56 - x = 10 x


2

4.2 x .56 2 2

xy = log 4 5 # log5 6 = log 4 6 & = 2x $ 5x


5x
2 2
& 2 x - x $ 5 x + x = 22 $ 56
2xy - 1 = 2 log 4 6 - 1 = log2 6 - 1
2 2
& 2x -x-2 $ 5x +x-6 = 1
= log2 6 - log2 2 = log2 3
& ^ x2 - x - 2h log 2 + ^ x2 + x - 6h log 5 = 0
1
& 2xy - 1 = log3 2. & x2 + ^log 5 - log 2 h x - 2 log 2 - 6 log 5 = 0
& x = 2 , - 2 - log 5 + log 2
& x = 2, - log 250
2.12 Mathematics
11. a " ^log10 5 h^log10 20h + ^log10 2 h
2
14. log1/2 ]4 - xg $ log1/2 2 - log1/2 ]x - 1g

= ^1 - log10 2h^1 + log10 2h + ^log10 2h & log1/2 ]4 - xg $ log1/2 b x - 1 l


2
2

= 1 - ^log10 2 h + ^log10 2 h
2 2
2
& 4 - x # x - 1 ,4 - x > 0
=1 2
& 4 - x - x - 1 # 0, x < 4
2 log 2 + log 3 log 12
b " log 48 - log 4 = log 12 = 1 x2 - 5x + 6
& x-1 $ 0, x < 4
1
5
c "- log5 log3 9 =- log5 log3 9 10 & x ! (1, 2] , [3, 4)

=- log5 b 5 l = 1.
1
xk - 2
15.
2
x log x =
a

ak
3 /2 h ^64/27h & ^log a x2 h^log a xh = log a x k - 2 - log a a k
1
d " 6 log^

e
26
6 o
& 2 ^log a x h = ]k - 2g log a x - k
2
1
^ 3h
= 6 logc 2
3m

& 2 ^log a x h - ]k - 2g log a x + k = 0


2

d n =- 1
2
= log c 3m
2 3
Exactly one solution
12. log x + 1 ]x - 0.5g = log x - 0.5 ]x + 1g
& D = 0 & ]k - 2g2 - 8k = 0
& ^log x + 1 ]x - 0.5gh = 1
2
& k2 - 12k + 4 = 0
& log x + 1 ]x - 0.5g = ! 1 &k=
12 ! 144 - 16
= 6!4 2
2
1 Comprehension Type
& x - 0.5 = x + 1 or x - 0.5 = x + 1 , x > 0.5
Passage - 1 (Question 16 - 18)
& x2 + 0.5x - 0.5 = 1, x > 0.5
16. 3x log 2 + 2 log x = 64
5 5

2 x 3
& x + 2 - 2 = 0 , x > 0.5 & 4 # 2 log x = 645

-3
& x = 1, 2 , x > 0.5 & 2 log x = 16 & log5 x = 4 & x = 5 4 = 625
5

&x=1 17. 2 log10 ]x - 3g = log10 ^ x2 - 2h


& ]x - 3g2 = x2 - 2
13. 1 + log x 27 log3 x + 1 = 0
& x 2 - 6x + 9 = x 2 - 2
1 -1 & x = 11/6
^log3 xh
& 1 + log x 27 = 2 , log x > 0
3

18. log2 x 4 = 4
& 1 + 2 log x 3 = ^log x 3 h , log3 x < 0
3 2

& x4 = 24
& ^log x 3 h - 2 ^log x 3h - 1 = 0, log3 x < 0
2 3
& x = ! 2,

-1 two real solutions.


& log x 3 = 2 , 2, log3 x < 0
Passage - 2 (Question 19 - 20)
& log3 x =- 2
1 - 2 ^log x2 h = log x - 2 ^log x h
2 2
19.
1 & 1 - 8 ^log x h = log x - 2 ^log x h
2 2
&x= 9
& 6 ^log x h + log x - 1 = 0
2
Logarithms 2.13
& ^2 log x + 1 h^3 log x - 1 h = 0 (d) log2 x - 2 ^log1/4 x h + 1 > 0
2

& 2 log2 x - 2 ^log2 xh + 1 > 0


-1 1 -1 1 1 1 2
& log x = 2 , 3 & x = 10 2 , 10 3
& ^log2 x h - ^log2 x h - 2 > 0
2

20. Let log x 10 = y & y3 - 6y2 + 11y - 6 = 0 & log2 x < - 1 or log2 x > 2

& ^y - 1 h^y2 - 5y + 6 i = 0
1
& x < 2 or x > 4
& y = 1, 2, 3 Infinite integers.
Matching Column Type
2 22. (a) 2 log 2 2 15
= 15 log 2 2 2
= 152/3
21. (a) log2 log2 256 + 2 log2 2
1
(b) 3
51/log 5 +
^- log10 0.1 h
7

= log2 8 + 2 log2 2
=5
(b) log3 ]5x - 2g - 2 log3 3x + 1 = 1 - log3 4
1
= 3 5 log 7 + 5
=3 7+1 = 2
1
5x - 2 3 log 5 log 27 3
& log3 3x + 1 = log3 4 (c) log3 5 log25 27 = log 3 $ log 25 = 2
5x - 2 3
& 3x + 1 = 4 (d) x log x = 100x
10

& 20x - 8 = 9x + 3 & ^log10 x h^log10 x h = log10 100 + ^log10 x h

& ^log10 xh - ^log10 x h - 2 = 0


&x=1 2

log7 ]x2 - 4x + 5g
(c) 7 = x-1 & ^log10 x + 1 h^log10 x - 2h = 0
2
& x - 4x + 5 = x - 1 & log10 x =- 1, 2 & x = 10 -1, 102
& x2 - 5x + 6 = 0
Product of roots = 10.
Product of roots = 6.

Numerical Type x 2 - 7x + 10 = 0

81 & x - 2) (x - 5) = 0
(
1. e 2x - 11e x - 45e -x + 2 = 0
& x = 2, 5

]e xg3 - 11 ]e xg2 - 45 + 812e = 0
x
But x ! 2 because it is not satisfying the domain of
ex = t given equation i.e
log 2 (x - 3) " its domain x > 3

2t3 - 22t 2 + 81t - 90 = 0

finally x is 5

t1 t2 t3 = 45
` No of solution = 1 .
e x $ e x $ e x = 45
1 2 3

]0.16glog c 3 + 2 + ... to 3 m
1 1
e x + x + x = 45
1 2 3
3. 2.5 3

loge e x + x + x = log e 45
b1 l
1 2 3

= b 25 l
4 log b5 l 2

2


x1 + x2 + x3 = log e 45
logb 5 lb 25 l
4

log e P = log e 45
=b2l =b2l = 4
1 1 -2

2


P = 45
2. log 4 (x - 1) = log 2 (x - 3) Single Options Correct
4. ^e 2x - 4h^6e 2x - 3e x - 2e x + 1h = 0
1
& 2 log 2 (x - 1) = log 2 (x - 3)

]e 2x - 4g]3e x - 1g]2e x - 1g = 0
1
& log 2 (x - 1) = log 2 (x - 3)

x ! b0, 2 l
2 r
5.
1
& x - 1) 2 = x - 3
(
log10 sin x + log10 cos x =- 1
& - 1 = x 2 + 9 - 6x
x
& log10 sin x. cos x =- 1
2.14 Mathematics


1
& sin x. cos x = 10 .....(1) & ]ln 2g2 ]ln 2 + ln xg = ]ln 3g2 ]ln 2 + ln xg
1 & ln 2 + ln x = 0 & ln 2x = 0
log10 (sin x + cos x) = 2 (log10 n - 1)
1
n & 2x = 1 & x = 2
& sin x + cos x = 10blog n - 2 l = 10 by squaring we get,
1
10

1 + 2 sin x. cos x = 10
n 7. log 4 ]x - 1g = log2 ]x - 3g

& 2 log2 ]x - 1g = log2 ]x - 3g


1 n 1
& 1 + 5 = 10 & n = 12
& log2 ]x - 1g = log2 ]x - 3g2
6. ]2xg ln 2
= ^3y h , 3
ln 3 ln x
=2 ln y
& x - 1 = x2 - 6x + 9
& ]ln 2g^ln ]2xgh = ]ln 3g^ln ^3y hh & x2 - 7x + 10 = 0 & x = 2, 5
]ln 3g]ln xg = ]ln 2g^ln yh
But x > 3, hence x = 5
& ]ln 2g]ln 2 + ln xg = ]ln 3g:ln 3 + ln 2 ]ln xgD
ln 3

1. 3x = 4x-1 Integer Type


& x log2 3 = ]x - 1g log2 4 4. x16_
log5 x i3 - 68 log5 x
= 5 -16
& x log2 3 = 2x - 2
Take log to the base 5 on both sides and put
log5 x = t
& x ^2 - log2 3 h = 2 & x =
2
2 - log2 3 4
16t - 68t + 16 = 0
2

2. Taking log both sides Z] t


]] 1
]]t
: 3 ^log 2 x h2 + log 2 x - 5 D log 2 x = log 2 2 & 4t 4 - 17t 2 + 4 = 0 ][ 2

]
4 4
]]t3
log 2 x = t ]]t
]4
& b 3t + 44t - 5 l t = 2
2
1 \
t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 = 0

& 3t3 + 4t 2 - 5t - 2 = 0 log5 x1 + log5 x2 + log5 x3 + log5 x4 = 0


& ]t - 1g]3t + 1g]t + 2g = 0


x1 x2 x3 x4 = 1

_^log2 9 h2 ilog ^log ×^ 7 h


1
9h
log7 4
-1 5.
t = 1, 3 , - 2
2 2

& x = 2, 2 -1/3, 4 & ]ag, ]b g, ]c g are correct


1
(log2 9) 2 log (log2 9) 2
. (2) = 4.2 = 8

3. log]2x + 3g ^6x2 + 23x + 21h = 4 - log]3x + 7g ^4x2 + 12x + 9h 6. Let y = 4-


1
4-
1
4-
1
...
& log]2x + 3g ]2x + 3g]3x + 7g = 4 - log]3x + 7g ]2x + 3g2
3 2 3 2 3 2

& 1 + log]2x + 3g ]3x + 7g = 4 - 2 log]3x + 7g ]2x + 3g


1
&y= y4-
3 2
Let log]2x + 3g ]3x + 7g = t y
& y2 = 4 -
2 3 2
& 1+t = 4- t
& t2 - 3t + 2 = 0 & 3 2 y2 + y - 12 2 = 0
& t2 + t = 4t - 2
& t = 1, 2 -3 4 2
&y= , 3
& log]2x + 3g ]3x + 7g = 1, 2 2
& 3x + 7 = 2x + 3 or 3x + 7 = ]2x + 3g2 4 2
Since y > 0 , y = 3
& x =- 4 or 4x2 + 9x + 2 = 0
` 6 + log3/2 e
-1 1 #4 2o
& x =- 4, - 2, 4 . 3
3 2
Also, 2x + 3 , 3x + 7 > 0
= 6 + log3/2 b 9 l = 6 - 2 = 4
4
-1
&x= 4
Chapter 3 Sequences and Series
Sequences and Series 3.1

INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1. 3x - ]x + 1g = ]4x + 2g - 3x 7. Sn = 3n2 + 5n

& 2x - 1 = x + 2 & T1 = S1 = 8

&x=3 T2 = S2 - S1 = 3 # 22 + 5 # 2 - 8 = 14

d=6
The first three terms are 4 , 9 , 14 fifth term = 24.
Tm = 8 + ]m - 1g # 6 = 164
Sn = 2 ]a + lg
n
2.
156
& m - 1 = 6 = 26
& 400 = 2 ]5 + 45g
n
& m = 27
& n = 16
n 64 + ]n - 1g # 3@
Sn 3n + 1
8. = 2n + 3 = 2n
3. 86, 82, 78,... S n' 6 ]n - 1g # 2@
2 5+
t19 = 86 + ]19 - 1g]- 4g = 14
5
& a = 2, d = 3, a' = 2 , d' = 2
4. 3 + ]n - 1g $ 7 = 63 + ]n - 1g $ 2
t11 2 + ]11 - 1g # 3 32 64
` ' = 5 = 5 = 45
& 3 + 7n - 7 = 63 + 2n - 2 t11 ]11 - 1g # 2
2+ 2 + 20
& 65 = 5n 9. Let the numbers be a - 3d, a - d, a + d, a + 3d.

& n = 13 Sum = 4a = 20 & a = 5

a + ]m - 1g d = n , a + ]n - 1gd = m
1 1
5. Sum of their squares
= ]5 - 3dg2 + ]5 - dg2 + ]5 + dg2 + ]5 + 3dg2 = 120
& ]m - 1g d - ]n - 1g d = n - m
1 1

& 100 + 20d2 = 120


& ]m - ngd = mn
m-n

1 & d2 = 1 & d = 1. The terms are 2 , 4 , 6 , 8.


& d = mn
b+c-a c+a-b a+b-c
a = n - ]m - 1g d = n - mn = mn
1 1 m-1 1 10. a , b , c are in AP.

b+c c+a a+b


` a-d = 0 & a - 1, b - 1, c - 1 are in AP.
3r 62a + ]3r - 1gd@ r - 1 62a + ]r - 2g d@ b+c c+a a+b
- 2
6.
S3r - Sr - 1 2
S2r - S2r - 1 = 2r 62a + ]2r - 1g d@ 2r - 1 62a + ]2r - 2g d@
& a , b , c are in AP.
2 - 2
b+c c+a a+b
2a ]3r - r + 1g + d ^9r2 - 3r - r2 + 3r - 2h & a + 1, b + 1, c + 1 are in AP
2a ]2r - 2r + 1g + d ^4r2 - 2r - 4r2 + 6r - 2h
=
a+b+c c+a+b a+b+c
are in AP
2a ]2r + 1g + d ^8r2 - 2h
& a , b , c
2a + d ]4r - 2g
=
1 1 1
& a , b , c are in AP.
2a ]2r + 1g + 2d ]2r + 1g]2r - 1g
2a + 2d ]2r - 1g
= = 2r + 1.
3.2 Mathematics
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
a a
1. Let the terms be 2 , r , a, ar, ar2 1
r &r= 3
a = 4. Product of 5 terms = a5 = 45
1 1 3
a = 1+r = 1 =4
2. ]2x + 2g = x ]3x + 3g
2 1+ 3

& 4 ]x + 1g = 3x 7.
a
Let the terms be r , a, ar a3 = 216 & a = 6

& x =- 4 a2 2 2 1 156 13
r + a r + a = 156 r + r + 1 = 36 = 3
& 3 ]r2 + r + 1g = 13r & 3r2 - 10r + 3 = 0
& terms are - 4, - 6, - 9.

T4 =- 13.5 1
& r = 3, 3 . Terms are 2,6,18.
a ]r n - 1 g
3. Tn = ar n - 1 = 128 Sn = r - 1 = 255 r = 2 8.
a
a + ar + ar2 + ... = 1 - r = 3
& a $ 2 n - 1 = 128, a ]2 n - 1g = 255 a2 9
a2 + a2 r2 + a2 r 4 + ... = =
1 - r2 2
& a b2 # a - 1 l = 255 & a = 1
128
a3
a3 + a3 r3 + a3 r6 + ... = =?
1 - r3
4. a = n -4, ar = n n, ar7 = n52
a = 3 ]1 - rg 2a2 = 9 ]1 - r2g
& r = nn + 4
& 18 ]1 - rg2 = 9 ]1 - r2g
& n # ^n
-4 n+4 7
h =n 52

& 2 ]1 - rg = 1 + r
7n + 24 52
&n =n
& r = 3 and a = 3 ]1 - rg = 2.
1
&n=4
a3 8
Hence sum of cubes = =
a = b = r 2 ]2bg = a + 3c
b c 1 - r3 1 - 1
5. 27
8 # 27 108
a 3c = 26 = 13
&4= b + b
9. a + ar = 1
1
& 3r + r = 4
ar n = 2 # ar n - 1
& 3r2 - 4r + 1 = 0
&r=2
1
& r = 1, 3
1 1
a = 1+r = 3.
1
Since r < 1 , r = 3
1 1 1
10. x = 1 - a ,y = 1 - b ,z = 1 - c
6. a + ar = 1
a,b,c are in AP
ar n-1
= 2 ^ar n + ar n + 1 + ...h
& 1 - a, 1 - b, 1 - c are in AP
& 1 = 2 ]r + r2 + r3 + ...g
1 1 1
& 1 - a , 1 - b , 1 - c are in HP
r 1
= 1-r = 2
So, x, y, z are in HP
Sequences and Series 3.3
INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
1 3 5
a + ]4 - 1g d 5
1. t4 = = & a + 3d = 3
6. 5, G1, G2, G3, G4, 160 are in GP
1 1
a + ]8 - 1g d 3 b 1/n + 1 b 160 l1/5
r =bal
t8 = = & a + 7d = 3
= 5 =2
5 4
` 4d = 3 - 3 = 3
G3 = 5 # 23 = 40
1
&d= 3
7 2 7. Let the numbers be a and b
a = 3 - 7d = 3 - 3 = 3
1 1 3 a + b = A1 + A2 and ab = G1 G2
a + ]6 - 1gd
t6 = = 2 5 =7
3+3 Then
A1 + A2 a + b
G1 G2 = ab
1 1
a + ^ p - 1hd a + ^q - 1h d
2. tp = = q & tq = =p 1
8. 1, H1, H2, ..., Hn , 31 are in HP
& a + ^ p - 1 h d = q & a + ^q - 1 h d = p
1 1
1 1 1
& 1, H , H , ..., H , 31 are in AP
& ^ p - q h d = q - p = pq
1 1 p-q 1 2 n

b-a 30
d = n+1 = n+1
1 1 p-1 1
& d = pq & a = q - pq = pq
1 7 # 30 1 ]n - 1g # 30
1 1 pq H7 = 1 + n + 1 , Hn - 1 = 1 + n+1
a + ^ p + q - 1hd
` tp + q = = p+q-1 = p+q
]n - 1g # 30
1
pq + pq 1+
H7 n+1 9
3. For the corresonding AP, we have Hn - 1 = 7 # 30 =5
1+ n+1
5 23 5 - 7
a = 2 , d = 12 - 2 = 12 n + 1 + 30n - 30 9
& n + 1 + 210 = 5
1 1 12
a + ]n - 1gd 7 ]n - 1g = 30 - 7n + 7 & 5 ]31n - 29g = 9 ]n + 211g
tn = = 5
2 - 12

12 & n = 14
= 37 - 7n For n = 6, tn < 0.
8+2 3
12 2#
Largest positive term = t5 = 37 - 7 # 5 = 6. 2ab 5+ 2
9. HM = =
a+b 4+ 3
1
4. 2 , A1, A2, A3, A4, 3 are in AP 5+ 2

1 4 ^4 + 3 h
3- 2 = =4
b-a 2.5 1 4+ 3
& d = n+1 = 5 = 5 = 2
a+b
10. 2 =9 & ab = 4
1 1
A3 = 2 + 3 # 2 = 2
& a + b = 18 and ab = 16
A3 = a + 3 b n + 1 l
b-a
5.
QE with roots a & b is x2 - 18x + 16 = 0
3 ]38 - 2g
14 = 2 + n+1
36
& n+1 = 4 = 9

&n=8
3.4 Mathematics
INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
Sn = 1 + 3x + 5x2 + 7x3 + ... + ]2n - 1gx n - 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
xSn = x + 3x2 + 5x3 + ... + ]2n - 1gx n = - + - + -
12 22 22 32 32 42
+ ... + 2 -
n ]n + 1g2
1. ]1 - xgSn = 1 + 2x + 2x2 + 2x3 + ... + 2x n - 1 - ]2n - 1gx n
n 2 + 2n
= 1 + 2x^1 + x + x2 + ... + x n - 2h - ]2n - 1gx n
1
]n + 1g ]n + 1g2
= 1- 2 =

2x^1 - x n - 1h
= 1+ 1-x - ]2n - 1gx n 1 1
S = 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + ...
6.
1 2x ^1 - x n - 1h ]2n - 1gx n n
1
]1 - xg2 Sn = / ] + g] + g
& Sn = 1 - x + - 1-x
r=1 r
r 1 r 2
2. S3 = 1 - 3x + 5x2 - 7x3 + ...3 1
n
r+2-r
= 2/ ]
- xS3 =- x + 3x2 - 5x3 + 7x 4 - ...3 r r + 1g]r + 2g
]1 + xgS3 = 1 - 2x + 2x2 - 2x3 + ...
r=1
n
1 1 1
= 2/ ] g -] g]r + 2g
= 1 - 2x ^1 - x + x - ...h2
r=1 r r + 1 r + 1

T1 = 2 :1.2 - 2.3 D
2x 1-x 1 1 1
= 1- 1+x = 1+x
1-x
]1 + xg2 T2 = 2 : 2.3 - 3.4 D
S3 = 1 1 1
3. Sn = 1 $ 3 + 3 $ 5 + 5 $ 7 + ...
Tn = 2 ; n ]n + 1g - ]n + 1g]n + 2g E
1 1 1
/ ]2r - 1g]2r + 1g
n
=
Sn = 2 ; 2 - ]n + 1g]n + 2g E
r=1 1 1 1
/ ]4r - 1g
n
2
=
n 2 + 3n
Sn = ]
1g]n + 2g
r=1

4n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g 4 n +
= 6 -n
7. Sn = 3 $ 8 + 6 $ 11 + 9 $ 14 + ...
2n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g
/ 3r]3r + 5g
n
= 3 -n =
r=1
4. Sn = 1 $ 2 $ 3 + 2 $ 3 $ 4 + 3 $ 4 $ 5 + ...
= 3 / ^3r2 + 5r h
n

/ r]r + 1g]r + 2g
n
= r=1

3n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g 5n ]n + 1g E
r=1

= 3 #;
/ ^r + 3r + 2r h
n
3 2 6 + 2
=
3n ]n + 1g ]
2n + 1 + 5g
r=1

n ]n + 1g D2 3n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g 2n ]n + 1g =
=: 2
= 3n ]n + 1g]n + 3g
2 + 6 + 2
n2 ]n + 1g2 n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g
+ n ]n + 1g
8. A$M $ G$M
= 4 + 2 x+y+z 3
& $ xyz
n ]n + 1g 2n + 1 3
= n ]n + 1g: 4 + 2 + 1D 6
& 3 $ 3 xyz
n ]n + 1g 6 ]n + 1g
= 4 n + 4n + 2 + 4@ & xyz # 8
n ]n + 1g ^ 2 9. x+y+z = 1
= 4 n + 5n + 6 h x x
& 2 + 2 +y+z = 1
n ]n + 1g]n + 2g]n + 3g
= 4 x x
+ +y+z 4 x x
n
]2r + 1g Now, 2 2 4 $ 2 $ 2 $y$z
Sn = / 2
r = 1 r ]r + 1 g
5. 2 2
1 4 x yz
&4 $
/ ]rr2+]r1g+ -1gr2
n 2 2 4
=
& 4 #b4l
2
r=1
x yz 1 4

/ ; r12 - ]r +1 1g2 E
n
= 1
r=1
& x2 yz # 64 .
Sequences and Series 3.5

/ r + ]r1+ 2g2
3
10. S=
r=1

/ r2 + 51r + 4
3
=
r=1

/ ]r + 1g1]r + 4g = 13 / ]r]r++41g g-]r]r++41g g


3
=
r=1

1 1 1
3
= 3 / r+1 - r+4
r=1

= 3 :2 + 3 + 4 D
1 1 1 1

= 3 : 6 12
1 + 4 + 3 D 13
= 36

EXERCISE - 1
Arithmetic progession 4. Given series 3.8 + 6.11 + 9.14 + 12.17 + ...
1. Given series 101+99+97+...+47. So, first term First factors are 3, 6, 9, 12 whose nth term is 3n and
a = 101 , common difference d = - 2 and last term second factors are 8, 11, 14, 17
l = 47 We know that last term of a series. tn = 68 + ]n - 1g3@ = ]3n + 5g

Tl = a + ]n - 1gd & 47 = 101 + ]n - 1g]- 2g Hence nth term of given series = 3n(3n + 5).

& - 54 = ]n - 1g]- 2g & n = 28. 5. The sum of integers from 1 to 100 that are divisible

2. Given that, Tp = a + ^ p - 1h d = q …..(i) by 2 or 5 = sum of series divisible by 2 + sum of

and Tq = a + ^q - 1h d = p ... (ii) series divisible by 5 – sum of series divisible by


^ p - qh
^ p - qh
From (i) and (ii), we get d =- =- 1 2 and 5.

= ]2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 100g + ]5 + 10 + 15... + 100g


Putting value of d in equation (i), then a = p + q - 1

Now, rth term is given by A.P.


- ]10 + 20 + 30 + ... + 100g

Tr = a + ]r - 1g d = ^ p + q - 1 h + ]r - 1g]- 1g = = 2 "2 # 2 + ]50 - 1g2 , + 2 "2 # 5 + ]20 - 1g5 ,


50 20

- 2 "10 # 2 + ]10 - 1g10 ,


10
p+q-r.

Note : Students should remember this question as a = 2550 + 1050 - 550 = 3050.

formula. 6. Given series 63 + 65 + 67 + 69 + .... …..(i)

3. We have tan ni = tan mi & ni = Nr + ]mig and 3 + 10 + 17 + 24 + .... .... (ii)


Nr
& i = n - m , putting N = 1,2,3,...,we get Now from (i), mth term = (2m + 61) and mth term of

(ii) series = ]7m - 4g .Under condition,


r 2r 3r
n - m , n - m , n - m ... which are obviously in A.P.
r
Since common difference d = n - m . & 7m - 4 = 2m + 61 & 5m = 65 & m = 13.
3.6 Mathematics
7. 2x, x + 8, 3x + 1 are in A.P. 44 4
12. Required ratio is 99 = 9 .
]2xg + ]3x + 1g 5x + 1
Therefore ]x + 8g = 2 = 2 13. Let a be the first term and x be the common difference

& 2x + 16 = 5x + 1 & 3x = 15 & x = 5 of the A.P. Then a + 5x = 2 & a = 2 - 5x

Let P = a1 a4 a5 = a ]a + 3xg]a + 4xg


8. Given that Sn = nA + n2 B
= ]2 - 5xg]2 - 2xg]2 - xg = 2
Putting n = 1,2,3,..., we get
^- 5x3 + 17x2 - 16x + 4h
S1 = A + B, S2 = 2A + 4B, S3 = 3A + 9B dP 8 2
.............................................................. Now dx = 0 & x = 5 , 3 .
..............................................................
d2 P 2
Therefore T1 = S1 = A + B, T2 = S2 - S1 = A + 3B, Clearly, > 0 for x = 3
dx2
2
T3 = S3 - S2 = A + 5B, Hence P is least for x = 3 .
..............................................................
.............................................................. 14. am + k = A + ]m + k - 1gD
Hence the sequence is (A + B),(A + 3B),(A + 5B),...
and am - k = A + ]m - k - 1gD
Here a = A + B and common difference d = 2B.
Adding both equations, we get

= A + ]m - 1gD = am .
2 6 am + k + am - k
9. Given series 27 + 9 + 5. 5 + 3. 7 + ... 2
27 27 27 27
= 27 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ... + 2n - 1 + ... 15. Given series S = 1 - 2 + 3 - 4 + 5 - 6...
Case I. If n is odd, say 2m + 1
27
Hence n term of given series Tn = 2n - 1
th
In this case, the number of positive terms
= 2 ]n + 1g = 2 ]2m + 1 + 1g = ]m + 1g
27 27 10 1 1
So, T9 = 2 # 9 - 1 = 17 = 1 17 .
and the number of negative terms
log3 2, log3 ^2 x - 5h and log3 b2 x - 2 l are in A.P.
7
10.
= ]2m + 1g - ]m + 1g = m

& 2 log3 ^2 x - 5h = log3 ;]2 gb2 x - 2 lE


7 Then sum = [1 + 3 + 5 +... upto (m + 1) terms]

& ^2 x - 5h2 = 2 x + 1 - 7 & 22x - 12.2 x + 32 = 0 - [2 + 4 + 6... upto m terms]

= 2 ]m + 1g62 + ]m + 1 - 1g2@ - 2 64 + ]m - 1g2@


& x = 2, 3 1 m

But x = 2 does not hold, hence x = 3 . = ]m + 1g]m + 1 - mg = m + 1 = 2 ]n + 1g.


1

11. Suppose that first term and common difference of


Case II. If n is even
A.P.’s are and D respectively.
Sum = b1 + 3 + 5... upto 2 terms l
n
Now, p term = A + ^ p - 1h D = a …..(i)
th

- b2 + 4 + 6... upto 2 terms l


n
qth term = A ^q - 1h D = b

and rth term = A + ]r - 1g D = c …..(iii) = 2 . 2 ;2 + b 2 - 1 l 2E - 2 . 2 ;4 + b 2 - 1 l 2E


1 n n 1 n n

So, a ^q - r h + b ^r - ph + c ^ p - q h = 4 n 6n - ]n + 2g@ =- 2 .
1 n

= a& D 0 + b& D 0 + c& D 0


b-c c-a a-b
Trick: Put n = 3, 4 S1 = 2, S3 =- 2,

= D ]ab - ac + bc - ab + ca - bcg = 0
1 Which the option (a) and (c) give for n = 3,4
Sequences and Series 3.7
16. We have first term A = a ......(i) if p, q, r in A.P., then p , q , r terms of a G.P. are
th th th

Second term A + d = b ......(ii) always in G.P., therefore, a,b,c will be in G.P. i.e.

and last term l = 2a ......(iii) b2 = ac.

From (i), (ii) and (iii), d = ]b - ag and n = b - a 21. Given that first term a = 5 and common ratio r =- 5
b

Then sum Suppose that nth term is 3125, then

S = 2 5a + l? = ]
n b 5a + 2a? = 3ab ar n - 1 = 3125 & 5 ]- 5gn - 1 = 3125 & ]- 5gn - 1 = 5 4
2 b - ag 2 ]b - ag
Trick : Let a = 2, b = 3 then the sum = 9 which is Hence n = 5.

given by option (c). 22. Suppose that the added number be x

17. Let SEven = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + ...upto n terms …..(i) then x + 2, x + 14, x + 62 be in G.P.

and SOdd = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + ...upto n terms ....(ii) Therefore ]x + 14g2 = ]x + 2g]x + 62g

Sum SE = 2 64 + ]n - 1g2@ = 2 52n + 2? = 2 2 ]n + 1g


n n n
& x2 + 196 + 28x = x2 + 64x + 124

and SO = 2 62 + ]n - 1g2@ = 2 ]2ng


n n & 36x = 72 & x = 2.
]n + 1g
or SE: SO = ]n + 1g: n.
S Trick : (a) Let 1 is added, then the numbers will be
Now SE = n
O

18. As given a2 - a1 = a3 - a2 = ... = an - an - 1 = d 3, 15, 63 which are obviously not in G.P.

Where d is the common difference of the given A.P. (b) Let 2 is added, then the numbers will be 4, 16, 64
Also an = a1 + ]n - 1gd. Then by rationalising each
which are obviously in G.P.
1 1 1
term, + + ... + 23. Given that m = ar p + q - 1 and n = ar p - q - 1
a2 + a1 a3 + a2 an + an - 1

m 1/^2qh
rp+q-1-p+q+1 = n & r = b n l
a2 - a1 a3 - a2 an - an - 1 m
= a2 - a2 + a3 - a2 + ... + an - an - 1

= d " a2 - a1 + a3 - a2 + ... + an - an - 1 ,
1 m
and a = ^ p + q - 1 h/2q
bml
n
= d " an - a1 , = d d n
1 1 an - a1
^ p - 1 h/2q
an + a1 Now pth term = ar p - 1 =
m
^ p + q - 1 h/2q
bml
bml
n
1 ]n - 1gd 2
= d(
n-1 n
=
an + a1 an + a1
m ^ p - 1h/2q - ^ p + q - 1h/^2qh
= mb n l = mb n l
m -1/2
Geometric progession
19. Given sequence is 2 , 10 , 50 ,... common ratio = m1 - 1/2 n1/2 = m1/2 n1/2 = mn .
r = 5 , first term a = 2 , then 7 th term
Aliter : As we know each term in a G.P. is geometric
t7 = 2 ^ 5 h = 2 ^ 5 h = 2 ]5 g3 = 125 2 .
7-1 6

mean of the terms equidistant from it. Here (p + q)th


20. Let first term of G.P. = A and common ratio = r
and ^ p - q h terms are equidistant from pth term i.e
th
We know that nth term of G.P. = Ar n - 1
Now t4 = a = Ar3, t7 = b = Ar6 and t10 = c = Ar9 at a distance of q. Therefore, pth term will be G.M. of
Relation b = ac is true because b = ] Ar g = A r
2 2 6 2 2 12

^ p + q hth and ^ p - q hth i.e


and ac = ] Ar3g] Ar9g = A2 r12 . Aliter : As we know,
mn .
3.8 Mathematics

& ab- a l + bb- a l + cb- a l + d = 0


24. x, y, z are in G.P., then y2 = x.z . Now d d 2/3 d 1/3

a x = b y = c z = m & x log e a = y log e b = z log e c = log e m


& b b a l = c b a l & b 3 2 = c 3 a & b 3 d = c 3 a.
d 2/3 d 1/3 d2 d
a
& x = log a m, y = log b m, z = log c m
9 1
31. Series is a G.P. with a = 0.9 = 10 and r = 10 = 0.1
y z
Again as x, y, z are in G.P., so x = y
JK 1 NO
KK 1 - 100 OO
` S100 = a b 1 - r l = 10 K
100
log b m log c m 1 - r 9 K 10 OO = 1 - 1100
& log m = log m & log b a = log c b KK 1 - 1 OO 10
a b
L 10 P
25. Let AR p - 1 = a …..(i)
o o = 0.2343434...
32. 0.234
AR q - 1 = b ..(ii) and AR r - 1 = c ....(iii)
= 0.2 + 0.034 + 0.00034 + 0.0000034 + ...
So a q-r r-p
b c p-q
= " AR ,
p-1 q-r
" AR ,
q-1 r-p
" AR ,
r-1 p-q
34 34 34
= 0.2 + 1000 + 100000 + 10000000 + ...3
= A^q - r + r - p + p - qh R^ pq - pr - q + r + qr - pq - r + p + pr - rq - p + qh
= 10 + 34 ; 3 + 5 + 7 + ...3E
2 1 1 1
= A 0 R 0 = 1. Note : Such type of questions i.e. 10 10 10

= 10 + 34 < F = 10
containing terms of powers in cyclic order associated 2 1/103 2 1 100
+ 34 # 1000 # 99
1 - 1/100
with negative sign, reduce to 1 mostly.
2 34 232
= 10 + 990 = 990 .
26. The given series 2 # 4 + 4 # 6 + 6 # 8... nth terms
33. Let three terms in G.P. are a, ar, ar2 . Then
Tn = 2n.2 ]n + 1g = 4n ]n + 1g
a + ar + ar2 = 19 & a 61 + r + r2@ = 19 …..(i)
Putting n = 20 , we get T20 = 4.20(20 + 1) = 1680.
a.ar.ar2 = 216 & a3 r3 = 216 & ar = 6 ....(ii)
27. a = AR p - 1, b = AR q - 1, c = AR r - 1
Dividing (ii) by (i),
`bbl bal b c l =c
c p b r a q AR r - 1 mp c AR q - 1 mr c AR p - 1 mq
AR q - 1 AR p - 1 AR r - 1 6 6 6 2 6
^ r - q hp + ^q - p hr + ^ p - r hq 0 r + r r + r r = 19 & r + 6 + 6r = 19
=R = R = 1.
13 3
log l - log a & r2 - 6 r + 1 = 0 Hence r = 2 .
l
28. l = ar n-1
& a = rn - 1 & log r +1 = n
34. Given series 6 + 66 + 666 + ...+ upto n terms
29. Obviously ^a x/2h = log x a. log b x = log b a
2

6
= 9 (9 + 99 + 999 + ... upto n terms)
& a x = log b a & x = log a ^log b a h
2
= 3 (10 + 102 + 103 + ...+ upto n terms - n)
& x = log a d n = log a ^log e a h - log a ^log e bh .
log e a
2 10 ^10 n - 1h
log e b
= 3c m = 1 620 ^10 n - 1h - 18n@
A 10 - 1 - n 27
30. Let R , A, AR be the roots of the equation
2 ^10 n + 1 - 9n - 10h
= .
ax + bx + cx + d = 0 then A = Product of the
3 2 3
27
3/4 4 7
roots =- a & A =- b a l Since A is a root of the 35. According to condition 1 - r = 3 & r = 16 .
d d 1/3

a
equation. ` aA3 + bA2 + cA + d = 0 36. S3 = 1 - r where - 1 < r < 1 i.e. r < 1.
Sequences and Series 3.9
37. Since the series are G.P., therefore 1 1 1 2 3
41. Series, 2, 2 2 , 3 3 , ... are in H.P. & 2 , 5 , 10 , ...
1 x-1 1 y-1
x = 1 - a & a = x and y = 1 - b & b = y 1
will be in A.P. Now first term a = 2 and common
1
` 1 + ab + a2 b2 + ...3 = 1 - ab 1
difference d =- 10 So, 5th term of the A.P.
1 xy
= = x+y-1 = 2 + ]5 - 1gb - 10 l = 10 Hence 5th term in H.P. is 10
1 1 1
x-1 y-1
1- x . y
42. Since a1, a2, a3, ..., an are in H.P.
38. 41/3 .41/9 .41/27 ...3
1 1 1 1
Therefore a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., an will be in A.P. Which
` S = 41/3 + 1/9 + 1/27 ...3
1 1 1 1 1 1
gives a2 - a1 = a3 - a2 = ... = an - an - 1 = d
& S = 4d 1 - 1/3 n = 4 1 - 1/3 & S = 41/2 & S = 2.
1/ 3 1/3

a -a a -a a -a
& 1a1 a2 2 = a3 2 a3 2 = ... = an -n 1- 1 an n = d
Harmonic progession
39. Given Tm = n, Tn = m for H.P. Therefore for the & a1 - a2 = da1 a2 a2 - a3 = da2 a3
...............
1 1 ...............
corresponding A.P. mth term = n , n th term = m
and an - 1 - an = dan an - 1
Let a and d be the first term and common difference
Adding these, we get
of this A.P., then a + ]m - 1g d = n
1
d ]a1 a2 + a2 a3 + ... + an an - 1g
…..(i)

a + ]n - 1gd = m
1
…..(ii) = ]a1 + a2 + ... + an - 1g - ]a2 + a3 + ... + ang
1 1
Solving these, we get a = mn , d = mn = a1 - an ...(i)

Now, rth term of corresponding A.P. Also nth term of this A.P. is given by

= a + ]r - 1g d = mn + ]r - 1g mn = mn
an = a1 + ]n - 1gd & d = a1 an ]n - 1g
1 1 1+r-1 1 1 a1 - an

r Substituting this value of d in (i)


= mn . Therefore rth term of corresponding H.P. is

]a1 - ang = a1 - an
]a1 a2 + a2 a3 + ... + an an - 1g
a1 an ]n - 1g
mn
r . Note : Students should remember this question
]a1 a2 + a2 a3 + ... + an an - 1g = a1 an ]n - 1g.
as a fact.
2xz
40. Suppose that x to be added then numbers 13, 15, 19 43. If x,y,z are in H.P., then y = x + z

so that new numbers x + 13, 15 + x, 19 + x will be in Now, log e ]x + zg + log e ^ x - 2y + zh

2 ]x + 13g]19 + xg = log e "]x + zg^ x - 2y + zh,


H.P. & ]15 + xg = x + 13 + x + 19

= log e ;]x + zgb x + z - x + z lE


4xz
& x2 + 31x + 240 = x2 + 32x + 247 & x =- 7

Trick : Such type of questions should be checked = log e 6]x + zg2 - 4xz@ = log e ]x - zg2 =

with the options. 2 log e ]x - zg.


3.10 Mathematics
44. Here first term of A.P. be 7 and second be 9, then AM, GM AND HM
1 ]n + 1g
12th term will be 7 + 11 # 2 = 29.
49. A.M. =
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n
= 2n n+1
= 2
n n
1
Hence 12th term of the H.P. be 29 . 50. The sum of n arithmetic mean between a and b
= 2 ]a + bg . Aliter: As we know
n
1 1 1 1 1
45. We have a , b , c are in A.P. Let a = p - q, b = q
a+b
A1 + A2 + ... + An = nA where A = 2 .
1
and c = p + q , where p, q > 0 and p > q . Now,
51. Suppose that required numbers a and b.Therefore
3a + 2b 3c + 2b
substitute these values in 2a - b + 2c - b then it 1
according to the conditions a = b
14q2 a + b 13 13
reduces to 10 + which is obviously greater and 2 = 12 & a + b = 6
p2 - q2
1 13
than 10(as p > q > 0) & a + a = 6 & 6a2 - 13a + 6 = 0

& b a - 2 lb a - 3 l = 0 & a = 2 and b = 3


1 1 3 2 3 2
Trick : Put a = 1, b = 2 , c = 3 .
2 3
or a = 3 and b = 2 .
The expression has the value

3+1 1+1 8 Trick: Find the A.M. of option (a), (b), (c), (d) one by
1 + 2 1 = 3 + 12 > 10. one.
2- 2 3-2
52. The resulting progression will have n + 2 terms with
46. Since a,b,c,d are in H.P., therefore b is the H.M. of a
2 as the first term and 38 as the last term.Therefore
2ac
and c i.e. b = a + c and c is the H.M. of b and d i.e.,
the sum of the progression
c = b + d , ` ]a + cg]b + dg = b . c
2bd 2ac 2bd
n + 2 ]2 + 38g
= 2 = 20 ]n + 2g
& ab + ad + bc + cd = 4ad & ab + bc + cd = 3ad. By hypothesis, 20 ]n + 2g = 200 & n = 8
1 1 1
Trick : Check for a = 1, b = 2 , c = 3 , d = 4 . 53. If n geometric means g1, g2, ..., gn are to be inserted

1 between two positive real numbers a and b, then


47. Obviously,7th term of corresponding A.P. is 8 and

1 1 1
8th term will be 7 .a + 6d = 8 and a + 7d = 7 a, g1, g2,....gn, b are in G.P. Then

1 1 g1 = ar, g2 = ar2 ...gn = ar n


Solving these, we get d = 56 and a = 56
b 1/]n + 1g
Therefore 15th term of this A.P. So b = ar n + 1 & r = b a l

b n/]n + 1g
1 1 15
= 56 + 14 # 56 = 56 Now nth geometric mean ^ gnh = ar n = a b a l .

56 Aliter: As we have the mth G.M. is given by


Hence the required 15th term of the H.P. is 15 .
m

Gm = a b a l
2pq b n+1
48. As given H = p + q

H H 2q 2p 2^ p + qh Now replace m by n we get the required result.


` p + q = p + q + p + q = p + q = 2.
Sequences and Series 3.11

= ]abg1/2
a n+1
+b n+1
62. Let three number a,b and c in G.P., then b = ac 2
54. As given
an + bn
& 2 log e b = log e a + log e c
& a n + 1 - a n + 1/2 b1/2 + b n + 1 - a1/2 b n + 1/2 = 0

& ^a n + 1/2 - b n + 1/2h^a1/2 - b1/2h = 0


log e a + log e c
or log e b = 2
& a n + 1/2 - b n + 1/2 = 0 ^a a ! b & a1/2 ! b1/2 h Thus their logarithms are in A.P.

& a n + 1/2 - b n + 1/2 = 0 ^a a ! b & a1/2 ! b1/2 h 63. If a and d be the first term and common difference of

&bbl = 1 = b b l & n + 2 = 0 & n =- 2 .


n + 1/2 0
a a 1 1
the A.P. Then Tp = a + ^ p - 1h d, Tq = a + ^q - 1h d

55. 2, g1, g2, g3, 32 where and Tr = a + ]r - 1g d. If Tp, Tq, Tr are in G.P.

a = 2, ar = g1, ar2 = g2, ar3 = g3 and ar 4 = 32 Tq T Tq - Tr


Then its common ratio R = T = Tr = T - T
Now 2 # r 4 = 32 & r 4 = 16 = ]2 g4 & r = 2.
p q p q

6a + ^q - 1h d@ - 6a + ]r - 1gd@ q - r
6a + ^ p - 1h d@ - 6a + ^q - 1h d@ p - q
= =
Then third geometric mean = ar = 2 # 2 = 16.3 3

q-r r-s
Similarly, we can show that R = p - q = q - r
Aliter: By formula, G3 = 2. b 2 l
3/4
32
= 2.8 = 16.
Hence ^ p - qh, ^q - r h, ]r - sg be in G.P.
56. Let G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 be the G.M.’s are inserted
64. We know that A > G > H. Where A is arithmetic
between 486 and 2/3. So total terms are 7.
Tn = ar n - 1 & 2/3 = 486 ] r g6 & r = 1/3 mean, G is geometric mean and H is harmonic mean,
Hence 4th G.M. will be, T5 = ar 4 = 486 ^1/3h = 6.
4
then A > G
a+b
57. 2 = 7 & a + b = 14
a+b ]a + bg > 2 ab . .
& 2 > ab or
1 1
a+b 65. Given that b2, a2, c2 are in A.P.
7 a+b
2 = 2 & =7
ab
Therefore a2 - b2 = c2 - a2
2
ab = 2. Hence, QE: x - 14x + 2 = 0
2ab 11 # 12 11 & ]a - bg]a + bg = ]c - ag]c + ag
58. Let roots be a, b then H.M. = = 10 = 5
a+b
a-b c-a b-a+c-c a+b-b-c
& c+a = a+b & ]
c + ag]b + cg ]b + cg]a + bg
=
Relation between ap, gp and hp
59. It is a fundamental concept. 1 1 1 1
& b+c - a+b = c+a - b+c
a+b 2ab
60. Let A = 2 , G = ab and H = a + b . 1 1 1
& a + b , b + c , c + a are in A.P.
Then G2 = ab .....(i)
Hence ]a + bg, ]b + cg, ]c + ag are in H.P.
and AH = b 2 l . a + b = ab
a + b 2ab
.....(ii)
a+c
66. As given b = 2 …..(i)
From (i) and (ii), we have G = AH . 2

and b2 = ac …..(ii)
61. Given that a,b,c in A.P. and b,c,d in H.P.
2bd & ]a + cg2 = 4ac & ]a - cg2 = 0 & a = c
So, 2b = a + c and c = b + d

& c ]b + dg = 2bd = ]a + cgd & bc = ad.


Putting a = c in (i), we get b = c; ` a = b = c.
3.12 Mathematics
67. a2, b2, c2 are in A.P. Therefore a2 + ]ab + bc + cag, ^ a + bh 3
2
a+ b 3
^ a - bh
& 2 = 1 & = 1
a- b
b2 + ]ab + bc + cag , c2 + ]ab + bc + cag will be in 2

& b =e o
a 3 +1
A.P.
3 -1
& "a ]a + bg + c ]a + bg, , "b ]b + ag + c ]b + ag, ,
or a: b = ^2 + 3 h: ^2 - 3 h
a 2+ 3
& b =
c ]c + bg + a ]b + cg will be in A.P.
2- 3
72. x + y + z = 15 , if 9, x, y, z, a are in A.P.
& ]a + bg]a + cg, ]b + ag]b + cg, ]c + ag]c + bg will
Sum = 9 + 15 + a = 2 ]9 + ag & 24 + a = 2 ]9 + ag
5 5
1 1 1
be in A.P. & b + c , c + a , a + b will be in A.P.
& 48 + 2a = 45 + 5a & 3a = 3 & a = 1 ....(i)
{Dividing each term by ]a + bg]b + cg]c + ag }
1 1 1 5
and x + y + z = 3 , if 9, x, y, z, a are in H.P.
68. a, b, c are in A.P.
Sum = 9 + 3 + a = 2 : 9 + a D & a = 1.
1 5 1 5 1 1
1 1 1
& bc , ca , ab will be in A.P.
Arithmetico geometric progession
{Dividing each term by abc} 73. This is an A.G.P.
1 1 1
69. Clearly x = 1 - a , y = 1 - b , z = 1 - c Let S = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + ...3

Since a,b,c are in A.P. & x.S = x + 2x2 + ...3

& 1 - a, 1 - b, 1 - c are also in A.P. Subtracting ]1 - xgS = 1 + x + x2 + ...3 = 1 - x


1

1 1 1
& 1 - a , 1 - b , 1 - c are in H.P. 1
]1 - xg2
`S= .
` x, y, z are in H.P.
Aliter: Use S = :1 + 1 - r # diff. of A.P.D 1 - r
r 1

70. Let a x = b y = c z = d u = k (say)


74. It is an arithmetico-geometric series
Then a = k , b = k , c = k , d = k
1/x 1/y 1/z 1/u
a dr 1 2 2 2
]1 - rg2 1 - 1 b
S3 = 1 - r + = + = 1 + 1
1 l2
Since a,b,c are in G.P., therefore 2 1 - 2 2 4

b2 = ac & k2/y = k1/x .k1/z = k1/x + 1/z = 4 + 8 = 12.

2 1 1 1 1 1 75. Let the sum to infinity of the arithmetico-geometric


& y = x + z & x , y , z are in A.P.
1 1 1
& x, y, z are in H.P. series be S = 1 + 4. 5 + 7. 2 + 10. 3 + ...
5 5

Similarly it can be shown that y, z, u are also in H.P. 1 1 1 1


& 5 S = 5 + 4. 2 + 7. 3 + ...
5 5
` x, y, z and u are in H.P. Subtracting b1 - 5 l S = 1 + 3. 5 + 3. 2 + . 3 + ...
1 1 1 1
5 5
71. Given A.M. = 2(G.M.) or 2 ]a + bg = 2 ab
1
= 1 + 3 c 5 + 2 + ... m
1 1
5
a+b 2 a + b + 2 ab 2 + 1 3 1
or
& 5 S = 1 + 3. 5 f 1 - 1 p = 1 + 4 = 4 & S = 16 .
=1 & = = 4 1 3 7 35
2 ab a + b - 2 ab 2 - 1 1
5
Sequences and Series 3.13
ab dbr 2 3 4 n
]1 - rg2
Aliter: Use direct formula S3 = 1 - r + 78. Given series, let Sn = 1 + 5 + 2 + 3 + ... + n - 1
5 5 5
1 1 1 2 3 n
Here a = 1, b = 1, d = 3, r = 5 , therefore 5 Sn = 5 + 52 + 53 + ... + 5 n Subtracting,

1 3#1# 5
1
5
3
5 15 35 b1 - 1 l Sn = 1 + 1 + 12 + 13 + ... + upto n terms
S3 = 5 5 5 5 5
1 + 2 = 4 + 16 = 4 + 16 = 16 .
1- 5 b1 - 1 l 25 n
5 -
5n
Aliter: Use S = :1 + 1 - r # diff. of A.P.D 1 - r
r 1
1
4 1- n n 25 4n + 5
5
& 5 Sn = 4 - n & Sn = 16 - .
76. Let S = 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 10x3 + ...3 5 16 # 5 n - 1
5

& x.S = x + 3x2 + 6x3 + ...3 79. 21/4 .41/8 .81/16 .161/32 ...3

Subtracting S ]1 - xg = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ...3 = 21/4 + 2/8 + 3/16 + ... = 2 S ,where S is given by

& x ]1 - xgS = x + 2x2 + 3x3 + ...3 1 1 1 1


S = 4 + 2 8 + 3 16 + 4 32 + ...3 ......(i)
Again subtracting, 1 1 2 3 4
& 2 S = 8 + 16 + 32 + 64 + ...3 ......(ii)
& S 6]1 - xg - x ]1 - xg@ = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ...3
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get S = 1.
& S 6]1 - xg]1 - xg@ = 1 - x &
1 1
]1 - xg3 Hence required product = 21 = 2.

77. Let Tn be the nth term and S the sum upto n terms. Special series
1 :1 - 1 D
S = 1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + 31 + ... + Tn 80. Tn = ]n + 1g = 2 n n + 1
: n D
2
Again S = 1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + ... + Tn - 1 + Tn
Put n = 1, 2, 3, ..., ]n + 1g
Subtracting, we get
T1 = 2 : 1 - 2 D, T2 = 2 : 2 - 3 D, ...,
1 1 1 1
0 = 1 + "2 + 4 + 8 + ... ]Tn - Tn - 1g, - Tn
Tn + 1 = 2 : n + 1 - n + 2 D
1 1
` Tn = 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + ... upto n terms

1 ]2 n - 1g Hence sum of ]n + 1g terms =


n+1

/ / n / / Tk
2 - 1 = 2 - 1 Now S = Tn = 2 - 1
n
= k=1

2 ]n + 1g
= ]2 + 22 + 23 + ... + 2 ng - n & Sn + 1 = 2 :1 - n + 2 D & Sn + 1 = ]
1
n + 2g
.

= 2 b 22 --11 l - n = 2 n + 1 - 2 - n. 81. Let Tn be the nth term of the series Tn = 2 / n - / 1


n

Aliter : 1 + 3 + 7 + ... + Tn 2n ]n + 1g
& Tn = 2 - n = n2

/ ^k2h = n]n + 1g6]2n + 1g


n
= 2 - 1 + 22 - 1 + 23 - 1 + ... + 2 n - 1 ` Sn =

= ]2 + 2 n + ... + 2 ng - n = 2 n + 1 - 2 - n.
k=1

Hence sum of ]n - 1g terms

Trick : Check the options for n = 1, 2. ]n - 1gn ]2n - 1g


Sn - 1 = 6 .
3.14 Mathematics
82. When n is odd, the last term. ie., the nth term will
= b 2n + 12n 6+ 10n - 84 l, where n = 3,4,5....
3 2

be n2 in this case n - 1 is even and so the sum of


Trick: S1 = 18, S2 = 46
the first n - 1 terms of the series is obtained by
Now put in options ]n - 2g = 1, 2 i.e. n = 3,4
replacing n by n - 1 in the given formula and so is
Obviously (b) gives the values.
1 ]n - 1g 2
2 n . Hence the sum of the n terms 87. Let S = 3 + 7 + 13 + 21 + ... + Tn & Tn = n2 + n + 1
= (the sum of n - 1 terms) + the nth term Let Tr = cot -1 ]r2 + r + 1g = tan -1 ]r + 1g - tan -1 r.

= 2 ]n - 1gn2 + n2 = 2 ]n + 1gn2 .
1 1
Put r = 1, 2 ,...,n and add, we get the required sum

tan -1 ]n + 1g - tan -1 1 = tan -1 b n + 2 l =


Trick: Check for n = 1,3. n

Here S1 = 1, S3 = 18 which gives (b).


cot -1 b n l .
n+2
n ]n + 1g
83. Here Tn = 2 Therefore 88. / n2 = 330 + / n
n ]n + 1g]n + 2g n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g n ]n + 1g
Sn = 2 # / n2 + / n - =
1
6 . & = 330 +
6 2
84. Sn = 1 ]1!g + 2 ]2!g + 3 ]3!g + ... + n ]n!g n ]n + 1g : 2n + 1
& D
3 - 1 = 330
2
= ]2 - 1g]1!g + ]3 - 1g]2!g + ]4 - 1g]3!g + ... +
n ]n + 1g 2 ]n - 1g
& . = 330
6^]n + 1g - 1h]n!g@
2 3
& n ]n + 1g]n - 1g = 990 & n = 10 .
= ]2.1! - 1!g + ]3.2! - 2!g + ]4.3! - 3!g + ... + 89. tn = 4 ]n + 2g]n + 3g, then t1 + t2 + t3 + ... + t2003
1 1 1 1 1


6]n + 1g]n!g - ]n!g@
= 4 ; 3.4 + 4.5 + 5.6 + ... + ]2005g . ]2006g E
1 1 1 1

= ]2! - 1!g + ]3! - 2!g + ]4! - 3!g + ... +


= 4 : 3 - 2006 D = 4. ]
1 1 2003 4006
3 2006g 3009
= .
6]n + 1g ! - ]ng !@ = ]n + 1g ! - 1!
13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + ... + 123
90.
85. b 1 - 1 l + b 1 - 1 l + b 1 - 1 l + ... + b 1n - 1 l 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + ... + 122
1 2 2 3 3 4 n+1
e / n3 o
12

n ]n + 1g D2 #
1 n
=:
= 1- n+1 = n+1. 6
n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g
n=1
86. S = 3.6 + 4.7 + ... upto n - 2 terms = 2
e / n2 o
12

n=1

3 n ]n + 1g 3 12.13 234
= (1.4 + 2.5 + 3.6 + 4.7 + ... upto n terms) – 14
= 2.]
2n + 1g 2 25
= . = 25 ,
= / n ]n + 3g - 14 = 6 ^2n3 + 12n + 10nh - 14
1
[Putting n = 12].
Sequences and Series 3.15

EXERCISE - 2
Arithmetic progession
4. We get series 3, 6, 9, 12, ........ 99.
Tm = a + ]m - 1g d = n and
1
1.
99
Here n = 3 = 33, a = 3, d = 3 ,therefore
Tn = a + ]n - 1gd = m
1

S = 2 "2 # 3 + ]33 - 1g3 ,


33
1 1
On solving a = mn and d = mn
33
` Tmn = a + ]mn - 1gd = mn + ]mn - 1g mn = 1
1 1 = 2 # 102 = 33 # 51 = 1683.

5. As given d = a2 - a1 = a3 - a2 = ... = an - an - 1
2. The given number are in A.P.
` sin d "cosec a1 cosec a2 + ... + cosec an - 1 cosec an ,
` 2 log9 ^31 - x + 2h = log3 ^4.3 x - 1h + 1
sin ]a2 - a1g sin ]an - an - 1g
& 2 log3 ^31 - x + 2h = log3 ^4.3 x - 1h + log3 3
2 = sin a . sin a + ... + sin a sin a
1 2 n-1 n

& 2 log3 ^31 - x + 2h = log3 63 ^4.3 x - 1h@


2 = ]cot a1 - cot a2g + ]cot a2 - cot a3g + ...

& 31 - x + 2 = 3 ^4.3 x - 1h + ]cot an - 1 - cot ang = cot a1 - cot an .

Skn ^ kn/2h"2a + ]kn - 1gd , ]2a - dg + knd


3
' 1
& y + 2 = 12y - 3,
Sn = ^n/2h"2a + ]n - 1gd , = k ]2a - dg + nd
6.
where y = 3 x & 12y2 - 5y - 3 = 0
k2 nd
i.e., if 2a - d = 0 , then this becomes nd = k
2
-1
y= 3
3 -1 which is obviously independent of n.
or 4 & 3 x = 3
3 7. Let S = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 100
or 3 x = 4
= 2 ]1 + 100g = 50 ]101g = 5050
100
x = log3 ^3/4h & x = 1 - log3 4
Let S1 = 3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + ... + 99
3. Let the number of sides of the polygon be n.Then the
= 3 ]1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + 33g
sum of interior angles of the polygon
= 3. 2 ]1 + 33g = 99 # 17 = 1683
33
= ]2n - 4g 2 = ]n - 2g r
r
Let S2 = 5 + 10 + 15 + ... + 100
°
Since the angles are in A.P. and a = 120 , d = 5 ,
= 5 ]1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 20g
therefore 2 62 # 120 + ]n - 1g5@ = ]n - 2g180
n
= 5. 2 ]1 + 20g = 50 # 21 = 1050
20

& n2 - 25n + 144 = 0 & ]n - 9g]n - 16g = 0


Let S3 = 15 + 30 + 45 + ... + 90
& n = 9, 16 . But n = 16 gives = 15 ]1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 6g
T16 = a + 15d = 120° + 15.5° = 195°, = 15. 2 ]1 + 6g = 45 # 7 = 315
6

which is impossible as interior angle cannot be ` Required sum = S - S1 - S2 + S3

greater than 180° .Hence n = 9. = 5050 - 1683 - 1050 + 315 = 2632.


3.16 Mathematics

S2n - Sn = 2 "2a + ]2n - 1gd , - 2 "2a + ]n - 1g d , 12. Let the sides of the triangle be a - d, a, a + d, then
8. 2n n

= 2 !4a + 4nd - 2d - 2a - nd + d + hypotenuse being the greatest side i.e. a + d ,


n

So, ]a + dg2 = a2 + ]a - dg2


= 2 "2a + ]3n - 1gd ,
n

& a2 + d2 + 2ad = a2 + a2 - 2ad + d2 & a = 4d


= 3 . 2 "2a + ]3n - 1gd , = 3 S3n .
1 3n 1

Therefore ratio of the side s = a - d : a : a + d


9. log 3 x + log 3 x + log 3 x + ... + log
4 6 16
3 x = 36
= ]4d - dg : 4d : ]4d + dg = 3 : 4 : 5
1 1 1 1
& + + 6
+ ... +
4
log x 3 log x 3 log x 3 log x 16 3
13. Let four arithmetic means are A1, A2, A3 and A4 .
= 36
So 3, A1, A2, A3, A4, 23 & T6 = 23 = a + 5d & d = 4
1 1 1
^1/2h log x 3 ^1/4h log x 3 ^1/6h log x 3
& + + + ...
Thus A1 = 3 + 4 = 7, A2 = 7 + 4 = 11
1
^1/16h log x 3
... + = 36
A3 = 11 + 4 = 15, A4 = 15 + 4 = 19
& ^log3 x h]2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 16g = 36 1 1 1
14. Since p + q , r + q and q + r are in A.P.
& ^log3 x h 2 52 + 16? = 36 & log3 x = 2
8 1
1 1 1 1
` r+q - p+q = q+r - r+p
& x = 31/2 & x = 3 .
p+q-r-p r+p-q-r
^r + ph^ p + qh ^q + r h^r + ph
& =
10. Since a1, a2, a3, ..., an form an A.P.
q-r p-p
& p + q = q + r or q2 - r2 = p2 - q2
therefore, a2 - a1 = a4 - a3 = ... = a2n - a2n - 1 = d
` 2q2 = r2 + p2 Therefore p2, q2, r2 are in A.P.
Here a - a + a - a + ... + a
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
2n - 1 -a 2
2n

15. Let d be the common difference then


= ]a1 - a2g]a1 + a2g + ]a3 - a4g]a3 + a4g + ...
log y x = 1 + d & x = y1 + d
... + ]a2n - 1 - a2ng]a2n - 1 + a2ng
log z y = 1 + 2d & y = z1 + 2d
=- d ]a1 + a2 + ... + a2ng =- d & 2 ]a1 + a2ng0
2n
and - 15 log x z = 1 + 3d & z = x -]1 + 3dg/15
Also we know a2n = a1 + ]2n - 1gd & d = 22nn - 11
a -a
` x = y1 + d = z]1 + 2dg]1 + dg = x -]1 + dg]1 + 2dg]1 + 3dg/15
a -a
&- d = 21n - 12n
& ]1 + dg]1 + 2dg]1 + 3dg =- 15
` Therefore the sum is
& 6d3 + 11d2 + 6d + 16 = 0
n ]a1 - a2ng. ]a1 + a2ng
= 2n - 1 ^a12 - a22nh
n
= 2n - 1 & ]d + 2g^6d2 - d + 8h = 0 & d =- 2
11. Obviously [Note that 6d2 - d + 8 = 0 has complex roots]
164 = ^3m2 + 5mh - "3 ]m - 1g2 + 5 ]m - 1g, ` x = y1 + d = y -1, y = z1 - 4 = z -3
= ^3m2 + 5mh - 3m2 + 6m - 3 - 5m + 5 ` x = ^ z -3h 1 = z3 .
-

& 164 = 6m + 2 & m = 27


Also x = y -1 = z3 .
Sequences and Series 3.17
16. -1 -1
2 tan y = tan x + tan z -1
20. 1 + ]1 + xg + ^1 + x + x h + ... +
2

^1 + x + x2 + x3 + ... + x n - 1h x + ...
& tan -1 e o = tan -1 b x + z l
2y
1 - y2 1 - xz
Required sum = ]1 - xg "]1 - xg + ^1 - x2h + ^1 - x3h,
1
2y x+z
& = But 2y = x + z
1 - y2 1 - xz
+^1 - x 4h + ... upto n terms}
` 1 - y2 = 1 - xz & y2 = xz
1
]1 - xg [n - {x + x + x + ... upto n terms}]
2 3
=
a xyz are both in G.P. and A.P. ` x = y = z.
1 ; x ^1 - x nh E n ]1 - xg - x ^1 - x nh
Geometric progession =
]1 - xg n - 1-x
=
]1 - xg2
17. Let first term and common ratio of G.P. are
21. ` n th term of series = ar n - 1 = a ]3 gn - 1 = 486 ....(i)
respectively a and r, then under condition,
and sum of n terms of series.
Tn = Tn - 1 + Tn - 2 & ar n - 1 = ar n - 2 + ar n - 3
a ^3 n - 1h
Sn = ]a r > 1g …..(ii)
3 - 1 = 728
& ar n - 1 = ar n - 1 r -1 + ar n - 1 r -2
From (i), a b 33 l = 486
n

1 1
& 1 = r + 2 & r2 - r - 1 = 0
r
or a.3 n = 3 # 486 = 1458
1! 1+4 1+ 5
&r= 2 = 2
From (ii), a.3 n - a = 728 # 2 or a3 n - a = 1456
Taking only (+) sign ]a r > 1g
1458 - a = 1456 & a = 2
18. Given a + ar = 1 and r = 2
22. Given x1 x2 x3 ...xn = 1 a A.M. $ G.M.
1
therefore a + 2a = 1 & a = 3 . x1 + x2 + x3 + ... + xn l ]x .x .x ...x g1n
`b n $ 1 2 3 n
a ]r n - 1 g
] g
= ]1 gn = 1
19. Given that r - 1 = 255 a r > 1 …..(i)
1

ar n - 1 = 128 ..(ii) and common ratio r = 2 ….(iii)


` x1 + x2 + x3 + ... + xn $ n
From (iii), (i) and (ii)
` x1 + x2 + x3 + ... + xn can never be less than n.
we get a ]2 g n-1
= 128 …..(iv)
23. S = 1 + 10 + 102 + ... + 1090 (91 terms)
a ]2 n - 1g
and 2 - 1 = 255 .....(v) 1. ^1091 - 1h ^1013h7 - 1 1013 - 1
= 10 - 1 = 1013 - 1
#
10 - 1
Dividing (v) by (iv) we get
= 7^1013h6 + ^1013h5 + ^1013h4 + ...1A
2 n - 1 255 255
2n - 1
= 128 & 2 - 2 -n + 1 = 128 ^1012 + 1011 + ... + 1h

& 2 -n = 2 -8 & n = 8 It is the product of two integers and hence not prime.

Putting n = 8 in equation (iv), we have 24. Let a and b be the roots of equation

a.27 = 128 = 27 x2 - 18x + 9 = 0

or a = 1. ` G.M. of a and b = ab = 9 = 3.
3.18 Mathematics
25. a = 3, r = 3 a
30. We have 1 - r = x …..(i)

G.M. = ^3.32 .33 ...3 nh1/n = ^31 + 2 + 3... + nh1/n a2 a a


and = . = y …..(ii)
1 - r2 1 - r 1 + r
]n + 1g
= _3 i
n]n + 1g 1/n
2 =3 2 . a x ]1 - rg y 1-r
& y = x. 1 + r = x. 1 + r & 2 = 1 + r
x
26. A = 1 + r z + r2z + r3z + ...3 ]
& y = 1 - r & y ]1 - rg = 1 + r
x2 1 + r x2
A = 1 + [r + r + r + ...3 ]
z 2z 3z

& r ;1 + xy E =- 1 + y & r = 2
We know that sum of infinite G.P. is
2
x2 x2 - y
.
x +y
S3 = 1 - r ]- 1 < r < 1g
a
31. Let the first series be a + ar + ar2 + ... then the

Therefore, A = 1 + ;
rz E 1 - rz + rz
z & A = second series is a2 + a2 r2 + a2 r 4 + ... their sums are
1-r 1 - rz
given as 3. So, we have 1 - r = 3 or a = 3 ]1 - rg
1 1 A-1 a
&A= & 1 - rz = A & rz = A
1 - rz

= 3 or a2 = 3 ]1 - r2g
a2
Hence r = : A D .
1/z
A-1 and
1 - r2
o o = 0.4232323...
27. We have 0.423 Eliminating a, "3 ]1 - rg,2 = 3 ]1 - r2g

= 0.4 + 0.023 + 0.00023 + 0.0000023 + ...3 & 3 ]1 - rg = ]1 + rg, "a r ! 1 ,

4 23 23 23 1
= 10 + 3 + 5 + 7 ...3 & 4r = 2 or r = 2
10 10 10
Harmonic progession
= 10 + 3 ;1 + 2 + 4 + ...3E
4 23 1 1
10 10 10 32. Let a be the first term and d be the common difference
1
= 10 + 1000 f 1 - 1 p = 10 + 990 = 990
4 23 4 23 419 of the corresponding A.P.
2
10
p th term of A.P. ^Tp h = a + ^ p - 1 h d = q ....(i)
1
28. 2 3
y = x - x + x - x + ...3 4

q th term of A.P. ^Tqh = a + ^q - 1h d = p ....(ii)


1
then xy = x2 - x3 + x 4 - ...3

From (i) - (ii), ^ p - q h d = q - p = pq & d = pq


1 1 p-q 1
Adding, y + xy = x + 0 + 0... + 0

& x - xy = y & x ^1 - y h = y & x = 1 - y . From (i), a + ^ p - 1h pq = q & a = pq


y 1 1 1

` Tpq = a + ^ pq - 1 h d = pq + ^ pq - 1 h pq = 1.
x x 1 1
1 - ]- xg
Aliter: y = & y = 1+x
y Therefore pq th term is 1.
& y + yx = x & x = 1 - y
3 5
29. We have x = / an = 1 -1 a & a = x-1 33. a + 3d = 3 and a + 7d = 3
n=0
x
2 1
/ bn = 1 -1 b & b = y -y 1 Solving, a = 3 , d = 3
3
y=
n=0
2 5 7
3
6th term of A.P. = a + 5d = 3 + 3 = 3
z= / an bn = 1 -1 ab & ab = z -z 1
n=0
3
x-1 y-1 z-1 & 6th term of H.P. = 7 .
` x . y = z & xy + z = zx + yz
Sequences and Series 3.19
2ab 1 1 Now, G.M > H.M so that ac > b & ac > b2 …..(i)
34. Putting H = a + b , we have H - a + H - b

1 1 a+b a+b Again a,b,c,d are in H.P. So c is H.M.


+ = 2 +
b 2 ab l b 2 ab l ab - a ab - b2
a+b -a a+b -b between b and d. Therefore bd > c2 ...(ii)

= b b - a lb a - b l = b b - a lb ab l = ab
a+b 1 1 a+b b-a a+b Multiplying (i) and (ii), we get abcd > b2c2 or

1 1 ad > bc. Hence answer (b) is true.


= a +b.
Now A.M. between a and c = 2 ]a + cg
1
2c
a2 m
1 - a2 b2 2a 2
35. H.M. = a a = 2 a = a. Now as A.M. > H.M. so here & a + c > 2b ....(iii)
1 - ab + 1 + ab
And c is H.M. between b and d & b + d > 2c .....(iv)
]n + 1gab
36. xn = na + b
Adding (iii) and (iv), we get

sixth H.M x6 =
7.3.6/13 126 63
= 240 = 120 . ]a + cg + ]b + dg > 2 ]b + cg & a + d > b + c
b6.3 + l6
13
Hence answer (a) is true. So both (a) and (b) are
2ab
37. Putting H = a + b
correct.
H+a H+b 2 ^ H - abh 2

H - a + H - b = ] H - ag] H - bg = AP,GP,HP AND AGP


2 1 1
40. As given b2 = ac and c - a = b - c + a - b
2 ; ] + g2 - abE
4ab
a b
= 2. & 2 ]b - cg]a - bg =- ]a - cg2
; 2 - abE
4ab
]a + bg & 2 ^ab - ac - b2 + bch =- "^ a + c h^ a - c h,
2

1 1
& 2 ^ab - 2b2 + bch =- ^ a - c h ^ a + c h
Trick: Let a = 1, H = 2 and b = 3 , then 2 2

H+a H+b 3/2 5/6 & 2b ^ a - c h =- ^ a - c h ^ a + c h


2 2 2
H - a + H - b = - 1/2 + 1/6 = 2.
38. From the section of inequality, we know that & 2b =- ^a + c + 2 ac h, ^a a - c ! 0 h =

A.M. of nth powers > nth power of A.M. - ]a + c + 2bg

& a + b + c =- 3b =- 3 ac is not independent of


i.e., 2 ^a n + c nh > b 2 ]a + cgl
n
1 1
a,b and c.
Considering two quantities a and c
41. a,b,c are in A.P. then 2b = a + c ......(i)
or 2 ^a n + c nh > ] Agn or 2 ^a n + c nh > ] H gn
1 1
b,c,d are in G.P. then c2 = bd
Since A.M. > H.M.
2ce
c,d,e are in H.P. then d = c + e ....(iii)
1^ n n
h ]b gn & a n + c n > 2b n
2 a +c >
From (ii), c2 = bd = b 2 lb c + e l
a + c 2ce
Putting n = 2, we have a + c > 2b .
2 2 2

ace + c2 e
39. As a,b,c,d are in H.P. So b is H.M. between a and c. & c2 = 3 2 2
c + e & c + c e = ace + c e
& c3 = ace & c2 = ae Hence a,c,e will be in G.P.
Also G.M. between a and c = ac .
3.20 Mathematics
42. Let A j, H j, where j = 1,2,3,...9 denote the 9 A.M.’s = ^ p - q h x - ^ p - q h]r - 1g d

and H.M.’s between 2 and 3. Then 2, A1, A2,...A9, 3 = ^ p - q h x - ^ p - q h d + ^rp - rq h d ......(iii)

are in A.P. Let d be the common difference of this


Similarly, b c l = ^ R q - r h1/a = R n, where n = a
b 1/a q-r

1
A.P. Then 3 = 2 + 10d & d = 10 & n = ^q - r h # " x + ^ p - 1h d ,
If A denotes the jth arithmetic mean, then
& n = ^q - r h x - ^q - r h d + ^ pq - pr h d .....(iv)
A = 2 + jd = 2 + c m
j
and b d l = ^ R r - ph1/b = R m
10 c 1/b

Again 2, H1, H2, ..., H9, 3 will be in H.P.


Where m = b = ^r - p h" x + ^q - 1 h d ,
r-p

1 1 1 1 1
i.e., 2 , H , H , ... H , 3 will be in A.P.
1 2 9 = ^r - ph x - ^r - p h d + ^rq - qph d .....(v)

Hence b b l b c l b a l = R k R m R n = R m + n + k
Let D be the common difference of this A.P. a 1/c b 1/a c 1/b

1 1 1
Then 3 = 2 + 10D & D =- 60 = R 0 = 1 {since k + m + n = 0}, Adding (iii), (iv), (v)

If H be the jth harmonic mean, then Taking logarithm of both sides, we get

1 1 1 j 1 ^log a - log bh 1 ^log b - log ch


+a
H = 2 + jD = 2 - 60
e e e e
c

+ b ^log e c - log e a h = log e ]1 g


1
` A + H = 2 + 10 + 6 c 1 - m= 5+
6 j j j j
2 60 10 - 10 = 5.
m ]3 - 2g m & b c - b l log e a + b a - c l log e b + b b - a l log e c = 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
Aliter: As we know Am = 2 + 9 + 1 = 2 + 10
& b bc l log e a + b ac l log e b + b ab l log e c = 0
b-c c-a a-b
1 1 m ]2 - 3g 1 m
2 # 3 ]9 + 1g 2 60
and H = 2 +
& a ]b - cg log e a + b ]c - ag log e b + c ]a - bg log e c = 0
= -
m

1 6 m m
` Am + 6 # H i.e. A + H = 2 + 10 + 3 - 10 = 5.
m
Note: Such type of questions i.e. containing term
43. Let A and R be the first term and common ratio of the with cyclic coefficient associated with negative sign
G.P. Then a = AR p - 1, b = AR q - 1 and c = AR r - 1 ..(i) reduce to 0 mostly.
2ab
Again if x and d be the first and common difference H.M. 12 12
44. Given that G.M. 13 & + b = 13
= a
ab
of the A.P. corresponding to the given H.P. a+b 13
or =
2 ab 12
Then a = x + ^ p - 1h d, b = x + ^q - 1h d.
1 1
]a + bg + 2 ab 13 + 12 25
]a + bg - 2 ab 13 - 12
& = = 1

c = x + ]r - 1 g d
1
..........(ii)
^ a + bh
2
52 a+ b 5
^ a - bh
a & 2 = 1 & =1
From (i) , b = R p - q a- b
^ a + bh+^ a - bh 5 + 1
or b b l = ^ R p - qh1/c = R k , where k = c ^ a + bh-^ a - bh 5 - 1
a 1/c p-q & =

From (ii), k = ^ p - q h" x + ]r - 1g d , = 4 & b b l = 4 & a: b = 9: 4


2 a 6 a 1/2 6
&
2 b
Sequences and Series 3.21
45. Let a, b be the first and ]2n - 1g terms of the A.P.,
th
47.
a+b b+c
1 - ab , b, 1 - bc are in A.P.
the G.P. and the H.P. respectively. Then we have a+b b+c
& b - 1 - ab = 1 - bc - b

For A.P.: b = a + ]2n - 2gd & d = 2n - 2


b-a
a ^b2 + 1h c ^b2 + 1h
& 1 - ab = 1 - bc & - b a l = c
1 - ab 1 - bc

nth term = a = a + ]n - 1gd = 2 ^a + bh .....(i)


1
1 1 1 1
& - a + b = c - b & 2b = a + c
1

Again for G.P.: b = a.r2n - 2 & r = b


b l2n - 2 1
a & a, b , c are in H.P.
n-1 1

` n th term = b = ar n - 1 = a b
b l2n - 2
= ab l
b 2 a + bx b + cx c + dx
48. a - bx = b - cx = c - dx
a a
or b = ^abh Applying componendo and dividendo, we get
1/2
= ab ....(ii)
2a 2b 2c
= + ]2n - 2gd' 2bx = 2cx = 2dx & b = ac and c = bd
2 2
1 1
Again for H.P:
b a
& a, b, c and b, c, d are in G.P.
& c = a + ]n - 1gd' = a +
1 1 1 a-b a+b
=
2ab 2ab
Therefore, a, b, c, d are in G.P.
2ab
....(iii)
49. (A.M.) (H.M.) = ab = ]G.M g2
&c=
a+b

& 9.36 = ]G.M g2 & G.M. = 18.


Now, more than one of the alternative answers may
be correct. We try for (a) :
50. Let a and b two numbers respectively.Sum of n
a+b 1^ h
2
a-b = 2 - ab = 2 a - b $ 0 & a $ b
A.M.’s = n # single A.M.
^a + b - 2 ab h
2ab ab
& A1 + A2 = 2 # b 2 l = a + b
b - c = ab - = a+b
a+b a+b

^ a - bh $ 0 & b $ c
ab 2 Product of n G.M.’s = (Single G.M.)n
^a + bh
=

& G1 .G2 = ^ ab h = ab
2
`a$b$c ......(iv)
1 1 1 1
a , H1 , H2 , b are in A.P.
a + b 2ab
Now we try for (c) : ac = 2 . a + b = ab = b
2

1 1 1 1 a+b H H2 GG
` ac - b2 = 0 ......(v) & H + H = a + b = ab & H 1+ H = A 1+ A2
1 2 1 2 1 2

Obviously it can be seen that a + c ! b .....(vi) GG H +H


& H1 H2 # A1 + A 2 = 1
1 2 1 2

Hence (a) and (c) both hold good. Special series


1 1 a2 + b2
51.
^abh2
46. Let a and b be the same first and last terms of the a+b = 2 + 2 =
a b

three progressions, each having (2n + 1) terms. Then ^a + bh2 - 2ab


............(i)
^abh2
=
a+b a + b =- b/a and ab = c/a
the middle term of the A.P. is 2 .The middle
Putting these value in (i)
term of the G.P. is ab .The middle term of the H.P.
& b a lc 2 m = 2 - a
- b c2 b2 2c
a a
2ab
is a + b .Obviously, these terms are in G.P. or - bc2 = ab2 - 2ca2 or 2ca2 = ab2 + bc2
3.22 Mathematics
52. Let nth term of series is Tn then 55. 22 + 42 + 62 + ... + ]2ng2
Sn = 12 + 16 + 24 + 40 + ... + Tn = 22 ^12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n2h
Again Sn = 12 + 16 + 24 + ... + Tn
4n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g 2n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g
On subtraction = 6 = 3 .

0 = ( 12 + 4 + 8 + 16 + ... + upto n terms) – Tn 56. Tn = n2 + n & Sn = / Tn = / n2 + / n

or Tn = 12 + 64 + 8 + 16 + ... + upto ]n - 1g terms@ n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g n ]n + 1g


= +
4 ]2 n - 1 - 1g
6 2
= 12 + = 2n + 1 + 8 n ]n + 1g ! n ]n + 1g]n + 2g
2-1 = 2n + 1 + 3 + =
6 3
On putting n = 1,2,3 .....
57. Tn = n ]n + 1g]n + 2g = n ^n2 + 3n + 2h
T1 = 2 + 8, T2 = 2 + 8, T3 = 2 + 8.... etc
2 3 4

= n3 + 3n2 + 2n
Sn = T1 + T2 + T3 + ... + Tn
` Sn = / ^n3h + / ^3n2h + / ]2ng
= ^2 + 2 + 2 + ... upto n terms h
2 3 4

n ]n + 1g D2 3.n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g 2.n ]n + 1g


Sn = : + +
+ (8 + 8 + 8 +... upto n terms) 2 6 6

22 ]2 n - 1g Sn = 4 n ]n + 1g]n + 2g]n + 3g
1
= 2 - 1 + 8n = 4 ]2 n - 1g + 8n
Tn = 2 ^n2 - n + 2h , this is the first term of nth
1
53. Let Sn be the sum of the given series to n terms, then 58.

Sn = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ... + nx n - 1 …..(i) row. Also, the terms of nth row form an A.P. with its
xSn = x + 2x2 + 3x2 + ... + nx n …..(ii)
first term as 2 ^n2 - n + 2h and a common difference
1
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
of 1. Hence the sum of the terms in the nth row is
]1 - xgSn = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ... to n terms - nx n
n :2. 1 ^n2 - n + 2h + ]n - 1g1D n ^ 2
^1 - x nh = 2 n + 1h .
=d n - nx n
]1 - xg
2 2

^1 - x nh - nx n ]1 - xg 1 - ]n + 1gx n + nx n + 1
1 1+2 1+2+3
59. Given series 1 + 2 + 3 + ...
]1 - xg ]1 - xg2
& Sn = 2 =
So nth term of series is given by
54. The sum of the first n terms is
1 ]n + 1g
Sn = b1 - 2 l + c1 - 2 m + c1 - 3 m + c1 - 4 m
1 1 1 1
Tn =
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n
= 2n n+1
= 2
2 2 2 n n

+ ... + b1 - 2 n l
1 60. Here Tn of the A.P. 1,2,3, .... = n

and Tn of the A.P. 3,5,7,... = 2n + 1


= n - ' 2 + 2 + ... + 2 n 1
1 1 1
2
JK NO ` Tn of given series n ]2n + 1g2 = 4n3 + 4n2 + n
1
KK 1 - 2 n OO
OO = n - b1 - 1n l = n - 1 + 2 -n .
20 20 20 20
= n - 1 KK Hence S = / Tn = 4 / n3 + 4 / n2 + / n
KK 1 - 1 OO 2
L 2 P
1 1 1 1

1 1 1
1 5 = 4 $ 4 202 $ 212 + 4 $ 6 20 $ 21 $ 41 + 2 20 $ 21
Trick: Check for n = 1, 2 i.e., S1 = 2 , S2 = 4 and
= 188090.
1 5
(c) & S1 = 2 and S2 = 2 + 2 -2 - 1 = 4
Sequences and Series 3.23

EXERCISE - 3

Numerical Type ` Given equation 2 ]a - bg + k ]b - cg2 + ]c - ag3


] g 2 ]k + 1 g 2 ]a - dg + ]b - dg2 + ]c - dg3
1. :k k + 1 D - k 2 = 1980 =
2
becomes - 2D + kD2 + ]2Dg3 =- 6D + 4D2 - D3
k ]k + 1 g : k ]k + 1 g
- 1D = 1980
& 9D2 + ]k - 4g D + 4 = 0
or 2 2
or k ]k + 1g^ k2 + k - 2h = 1980 # 4 Since D is real, we have ]k - 4g2 - 4 ]4g]9 g $ 0

or ]k - 1gk ]k + 1g]k + 2g = 8 # 9 # 10 # 11 or k2 - 8k - 128 $ 0 or ]k - 16g]k + 8g $ 0


` k ! (- 3, - 8] , [16, 3)
` k-1 = 8 & k = 9
a a
2. Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio of 5. 1 - r1 = r1 and 1 - r2 = r2
a ]1 - r201g a
Hence, r1 and r2 are the roots of 1 - r = r
G.P. Then 1-r = 625 (1)
& r2 - r + a = 0 & r1 + r2 = 1
ai = b a1 + a2 + ... + a201 l
20
/ 1 1 1 1
Now,
i=1 a
6. Let r , a, ar be the roots. Then
1 1 1
= a + ar + ... + 200
1 bb 1 l ar
- 1l (1)
201
a3 =- 216
a r
=
b 1 - 1l
a2
Again r + a2 r + a2 = b
r
a2 b1 + r + r l = b
1
(2)
= a b 11--rr l 200
201
1 1
and a b1 + r + r l =- a
r 1
(3)
1 625 1
= a # a # 200 [from (1)]
r On dividing (2) by (3), we get
625 625 625
]a101g2
b3
^ar100h2
= = = 625 = 1 b
a =- a or a3 =- 3 (4)
a
3. Let a, ar, ar2, ar3, ... are in G.P. From (1) and (4),
Now ar 4 = 7! and ar7 = 8! b b l = 216 or b = 6
3

a a
On dividing, we get r3 = 8 or r = 2
7. Let a1 = a - d; a2 = a; a3 = a + d
Hence a # 2 4 = 5040
` 3a = 18 or a = 6
5040
or a = 16 = 315 So 315, 630, 1260, ... are in G.P. Hence, the number in A.P.

` S3 = 2205 & n = 3 6 - d, 6, 6 + d

4. Since a,b,c,d are in A.P.., we have a1 + 1, a2, a3 + 2 in G.P. i.e., 7 - d, 6, 8 + d in G.P.


b - a = c - b = d - c = D (let common difference) ` 36 = ]7 - dg]8 + dg
or d = a + 3D & a - d =- 3D and d = b + 2D 36 = 56 - d - d2 d2 + d - 20 = 0
Hence, the sum of all possible common different is
or b - d =- 2D Also c = a + 2D or c - a = 2D
- 1 .
3.24 Mathematics
a+c 11. 417 = 17 + ]n - 1g4 & 400 = 4 ]n - 1g & n = 101
8. a, b, c are in A.P. & b = (1)
Similarly 466 = 16 + ]m - 1g5 & 450 = 5 ]m - 1g
2

b, c, d are in G.P. & c = bd 2
(2)
& m = 91
2e
Let Tn is common to both for some n for which m is
and c, d, e are in H.P. & d = c + e (3)

an integer
Now c2 = bd or c2 = b 2 lb c + e l
a + c 2ce
17 + ]n - 1g4 = 16 + ]m - 1g5

[using (1) and (3)] ` c2 + ce = ae + ce or c2 = ce
1 + 4n - 4 = 5m - 5

5m = 4n + 2
Now given a = 2 and e = 18

hence n = 2, 7, 12, ..., 97 " 20
` c = ae or c = 2 # 18 = 36 & c = 6 or - 6
2 2

12. & 2 / r ]- 1gr + / ]- 1gr


50 50

a r=0 r=0

& 2 5- 1 + 2 - 3 + 4... - 49 + 50? + 1


9. Let r , a, ar be three terms in G.P.

` Product of terms = a =- 1 (Given) 3
= 2 51 + 1 + ... + 1? + 1 = 2.25 + 1 = 51

]a + 1g + ]a + 1g + b + b + b
$ 6]a + 1g2 b3@
1 /5
a 13 13. 5
& a =- 1 Now, sum of terms = r + a + ar = 12

2a + 3b + 2 $ 15
-1 13
(Given) & r - 1 - r = 12
` It assumes its least value if a + 1 = b = 3

or 12r2 + 25r + 12 = 0 a
` +b = 3+2 = 5

14. 8 = 3 + 4 ]3 + d g + 2 ]3 + 2d g + ... + upto 3


1 1
or ]3r + 4g]4r + 3g = 0 4
8 3 3+d
-4 -3 -4
or r = 3 , 4 But r ! 3 4 = 4 + 4 2 + ...3
--------------
a
-1 -1 -4 4 d d d
` S = 1 - r = - b -3 l = 1 + 3 = 7 = 7 8 - 2 = 3 + 4 + 2 + 3 + ...3
1 4 4
4 4
d
10. a + ar + ar 2 + ...ar 23 = 2 & 6 = 3+ 41 & d = 9
a ]1 - r 24g 1- 4
& 1-r = 2 ...(1)
1 1 1 1 1
+ ar + 2 + 3 + ... 23 = 1 15. p 2 = 2p 7 p 2 - 14A
a ar ar ar
p = 2 _ p 2 - 14 i & 2p 2 - p - 28 = 0
c1 - b 1 l m
24

1 6 -7
=1
& p = 4, 2 & p = 4
a 1
1- r
p, 3p, 6p, 10p, ...
1 r 24 - 1
=1 n ]n + 1g

Tn = .p
ar 24 r - 1 2
r 50 # 51 #
T ` 50 = 2 4 & 5100
1 2
. =1 3 6
ar 23 a 16. A = G + 2 , G = H + 5
15
& a 2 r 23 = 2 ...(2) Using G 2 = AH we get G = 6, A = 2 and
Also, ]ag]arg]ar g... ]ar g = 2 n
2 23
H= 5
24
23 # 24
a 24 .r 2 = 2n Hence, a + b = 15 and ab = 36
a 24 .r12 # 23 = 2 n ...(3)
a = 12, b = 3 or a = 3, b = 12

From (2) and (3) n = 12 a 2 - b 2 = 135.  


Sequences and Series 3.25
k ]k + 1g D - k ]k + 1g =
17. : 2
2 7 13 19
1980 21. S = + + + ...
2 2 2 5 2 5 2 8 2 8 2 11 2
k ]k + 1g : k ]k + 1g
2 2 - 1D = 1980
3S =
21
+
39
+
57
+ ...
2 2 5 2 5 2 8 2 8 2 11 2
k ]k + 1g]k 2 + k - 2g = 1980 # 4
/ ]3]3rr+-21gg2-]3]3rr+-21g2g
10 2 2

3S =
]k - 1gk ]k + 1g]k + 2g = 8 $ 9 $ 10 $ 11
r=1

/ c ]3r 1- 1g2 - ]3r 1+ 2g2 m


10
k
` - 1 = 8 & k = 9
3S =
r=1
18. 2c = a + d and a + b + c = 9 & c = 3
1 1

3S = -

acd = 24 & c = 3, d = 4, a = 2 2 2 210
1 1 1 1 12 28 - 1

a a, , c, are in A.P. & b = 5
3S =
b d 210
P ] xg
] xg = 5 ^ x - bh = 7
85 m
S = 1024 = n .
Q
"13 + 33 + 53 + ... ]2k - 1g3 , + "23 + 43 + ... ]2k g3 , 441
19.
23 + 43 + ... ]2k g3
= 242 Hence, ]n - 12mg = 4

dP = R &
P+Q R+S n / 1 + n4n- 2n2 = 14 / ]]nn ++ 11gg2 #- ]]nn -- 11gg2
3 3 2 2
22.
Q S Q = S n=2 n=2

& 2k ]2k + 1g 0
2

]21g2
1 / c ]n -1 1g2 - ]n +1 1g2 m = 165
3
2
= 4
k ]k + 1g 0 2 ]11g2
2 =
8&
n=2

2 k
/ d 72 2+ 1 n
3
23. S = k

2k + 1 21 k k=0

& k + 1 = 11 & k = 10 & 5 = 2
20 21 22 23

S= + 2 1 + 4 + 8 + ....
20. a1, a2, ..., a10, are in A.P. 7 +1 7 +1 7 +1 7 +1

= c7-1 - 2 m + c 2 2 - 42 m +

h1, h2, ..., h10 are in H.P. 1 2 2

7 -1 7 -1 7 -1
1 1 1
c 42 - 82 m + ...

` h , h , ..., h are in A.P. 2 3

1 2 10
7 -1 7 -1
a
` 10 = a1 + 9d 1 1

S= 6 & S =6

3 = 2 + 9d 3n ]n + 1g
24. 3 + 6 + 9 + ... + n terms =
2 > 900
`d= 9
1 & + n - 600 > 0 & ]n - 24g]n + 25g > 0
n 2

1 1 1 1 1 n
& > 24 or n < - 25

and h = h + 9D; 3 = 2 + 9D; - 6 = 9D;
10 1

` Least integral value of n is 25
1
D
` =- 54
Hence k = 25 & k = 5
1 7
25. We have A1 + A2 + ... + An = n b
a
` 4 = a1 + 3d = 2 + 3 = 3 7 + 49 l =
2 364

1 1 1 1 #b 1 l n
& = 13
h7 = h1 + 6D & h7 = 2 + 6 - 54
1 1 1 1 7
Hence 49 = 7 + 14d & d = 3

& h = 2 - 9 & h = 18
7 7
` A1 = 7 + 3 = 10, A2 = 13, A3 = 16, ..., A6 = 25
18

` h7 = 7 ;
& k = 16.25 = 20.
7 18
a
` 4 h7 = 3 # 7 = 6
3.26 Mathematics

EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct
S3n = 2 62a + ]3n - 1gd@
3n
1. Suppose the work is completed in n days when the 3.

workers stopped working. Four workers stopped n - 1 62a + ]n - 2gd@


Sn - 1 = 2
working everyday except the first day. Therefore, the
& S3n - Sn - 1 = 2 62a ]3n - n + 1g@ + 2
1 d
total number of workers who worked all the n days is
63n ]3n - 1g - ]n - 1g]n - 2g@
the sum of n terms of an A.P. with first term 150 and
= 2 62a ]2n + 1g + d ^8n2 - 2h@
1
common difference - 4 , i.e.,
n 62 # 150 + ]n - 1g # - 4@
= n ]152 - 2ng = a ]2n + 1g + d ^4n2 - 1h
2
Had the workers not stopped working, then the work = ]2n + 1g6a + ]2n - 1gd@

would have finished in ]n - 8g days with 150 S2n - S2n - 1 = T2n = a + ]2n - 1gd

workers working on each day. Therefore, the & S 3n - S n - 1 = ]2n + 1g


S -S
2n 2n - 1

total number of workers who would have


S3n - Sn - 1
Given, S2n - S2n - 1 = 31 & n = 15
worked all the n days is 150 ]n - 8g . Therefore,
4.
n ]152 - 2ng = 150 ]n - 8g
2b = a + c

& 8b3 = ]a + cg3 = a3 + c3 + 3ac ]a + cg.


or n2 - n - 600 = 0

or ]n - 25g]n + 24g = 0 or 8b3 = a3 + c3 + 3ac ]2bg

or n = 25 or a3 + c3 - 8b3 =- 6abc

2. Given, S p = 0. Therefore, 5. If tr be the rth term of the A.P., then

6 ^ p - 1h d@ = 0 or d = p - 1 ......(1)
p - 2a tr = Sr - Sr - 1
2 2a +
= cr ]r - 1g - c ]r - 1g]r - 2g
Sum of next q terms is sum of an A.P. whose first
= c ]r - 1g]r - r + 2g = 2c ]r - 1g
term will be Tp + 1 = a + pd.
We have,
` S = 2 62 ^a + pdh + ^q - 1h d@
q
t12 + t22 + ... + t n2 = 4c2 ^02 + 12 + 22 + ... + ]n - 1g2h
= 2 62a + ^ p - 1 h d + ^ p + q h d@
q
]n - 1gn ]2n - 1g
= 4c 2 6
= 2 ;0 - ^ p + q h p - 1 E
q 2a
= 3 c2 n ]n - 1g]2n - 1g
2

^ p + qhq
=- a p - 1
............[Using (1)]
Sequences and Series 3.27
6. Given that a3 + a5 + a8 = 11 = 1 - a 61 + b + b2 + ...3@ - 1 - a 61 + ab + ]abg2 ...3@
1 a

& a + 2d + a + 4d + a + 7d = 1
1 1 a
or 3a + 13d = 11 (1) = 1-a # 1-b -
]1 - ag]1 - abg
Given, a4 + a2 =- 2 1
=
]1 - abg]1 - bg
& a + 3d + a + d =- 2
or a =- 1 - 2d (2) 10. Highest degree of x on L.H.S is 1 + 2 + 4 + ... + 128

Putting value of a from (2) in (1), we get 28 - 1


= 1 + 2 + 22 + ... + 27 = 2 - 1 = 255
3 ]- 1 - 2dg + 13d = 11 & 7d = 14 & d = 2 and
1
a =- 5 & a1 + a6 + a7 = 7 11. We have S = 1 =2
1- 2
nx 62a + ]n - 1gd@
7.
Snx 2 ^1 - 1/2 n h
Sx = x 62a + ]x - 1gd@ = 2 b1 - 2 n l = 2 - n - 1
1 1
^1 - 1/2h
Sn =
2 2

n 6]2a - dg + nxd@ 1 1 1
]2a - dg + xd
= ` S - Sn < 1000 & n - 1 < 1000
2
S
For Sxn to be independent of x, 2a - d = 0 or & 2 n - 1 > 1000 & n - 1 $ 10 & n $ 11
x

2a = d Now, S p = 2 62a + ^ p - 1h d@ = p a
p 2
Hence the least value of n is 11.

8. We know that - 1 # cos x # 1 & | cos x | # 1 12. Initially the ball falls from a height of 120m. After

But, x ! S & x ! ^0, rh & | cos x | < 1 striking the floor, it rebounds and goes to a height

of 5 # ]120g m. Now, it falls from a height of


4
Now, 81 +| cos x |+ cos x +| cos x | + ... to 3 = 43
2 3

1
& 81/^1 -| cos x |h = 82 or 1 -| cos x |
=2 4 # ]120g
5 m and after rebounding goes to a height
1 1
or | cos x | = 2 or cos x = ! 2
of 5 b 5 ]120gl m. This process is continued till the
4 4

or x = r/3, 2r/3 & S = "r/3, 2r/3 ,


ball comes to rest. Hence, the total distance traveled
9. We have
120 + 2 ; 54 ]120g + b 5 l ]120g + ...3E
4 2
1 + ]1 + agb + ^1 + a + a2h b2 + ^1 + a + a2 + a3h
is
RS 4 V
b3 + ...3 SS ]120g WWW
/ ^1 + a + a2 + ... + an - 1hbn - 1
3
5
= 120 + 2 SS W = 1080 m
= SS 1 - 4 WWW
n=1 S 5 W
T X
/ b 11--aa lbn - 1
3 3 n-1 3
n
/ 1b- a - / an bn - 1
= = 1-a
n=1 n-1 n=1
3.28 Mathematics
13. Let a be the first term and r the common ratio of the 100
b= / a2n - 1 & b = a1 + a3 + ... + a199
G.P. Then, the sum is given by n=1

a = a + ar2 + ... + ar198


1 - r = 57 ....................(1)
= a ]1 + r2 + ... + r198g
Sum of the cubes is 9747. Hence,
Clearly, a/b = r.
a3 + a3 r3 + a3 r6 + ... = 9747
16. Let P = 0.cababab...
a3
& = 9747 ....................(2)
1 - r3
& 10P = c.ababab... and 1000P = cab.ababab...
Dividing the cube of (1) by (2), we get
Subtracting Eq.(1) from Eq. (2), we have
a 3
]1 - r g ]57g
3 3

]1 - rg3 a3
= 9747 990P = cab - c or
3 2
1-r 1+r+r
or ]1 - rg3 or ]1 - rg2
= 19 = 19 100c + 10a + b - c 99c + 10a + b
P= 990 = 990

or 18r2 - 39r + 18 = 0 a a ]1 - r ng
17. S3 = 1 - r = 162 Sn =1 - r = 160
or ]3r - 2g]6r - 9g = 0 160 80
Dividing, 1 - r n = 162 = 81

or 1 - 81 = r n or r n = 81 or b r l = 81
or r = 2/3 or 3/2 = 2/3 [ a r ! 3/2, 80 1 1 n

because 0 < | r | < 1 for an infinite G.P.] Now, it is given that 1/r is an integer and n is also an
integer. Hence, the relation (1) implies that 1/r = 3, 9
14. a2 + b2, ab + bc, b2 + c2 are in G.P.
or 81 so that n = 4, 2 or 1.
& ]ab + bcg2 = ^a2 + b2h^b2 + c2h
` a = 162 b1 - 3 l or 162 b1 - 9 l or 162 b1 - 81 l
1 1 1

or a2 b2 + b2 c2 + 2ab2 c = a2 b2 + a2 c2 + b2 c2 + b 4 = 108 or 144 or 160

or b 4 + a2 c2 - 2ab2 c = 0

or ^b2 - ach2 = 0 or b2 = ac

Hence, a,b and c are in G.P.


18.
15. Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio of r 7^r22 - r12h + ^r 42 - r32h + ... + ^r100
2
- r992h@

the given G.P. Then, = r 6r1 + r2 + r3 + r4 + ... + r100@


]a r2 - r1 = r4 - r3 = ... = r100 - r99 = 1g
100
a= / a2n & a = a2 + a4 + ... + a200
n=1
= r 61 + 2 + 3 + ... + r100@
= ar + ar3 + ... + ar199
= 5050 rsq.cm
= ar ]1 + r2 + r 4 + ... + r198g 1 1 1
19. S p = 1 - r p , s p = 1 + r p , S2p = 1 - r2p
2
Clearly, S p + s p = 1 - r2p = 2S2p
Sequences and Series 3.29
1 1 1 24. Consider the first product
20. a1, a2, ..., an are in H.P. & a1 , a2 , ..., an are in A.P.
P = b1 + 3 lc1 + 2 mc1 + 4 mc1 + 8 m ... c1 + 2 m
1 1 1 1 1 n
3 3 3 3
a + a2 + a3 + ... + an a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an
& 1 , ,...,
a1 a2 b1 - 1 lb1 + 1 lc1 + mc1 + 4 mc1 + 8 m ... c1 + 2 m
1 1 1 1 n
3 3 32 3 3 3
=
a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an b1 - 1 l
an are in A.P. 3

c1 - mc1 + 2 mc1 + 4 mc1 + 8 m ... c1 + 2 m


1 1 1 1 1 n
a + a3 + ... + an
& 1+ 2
a + a3 + ... + an
,1 + 1 ,..., 32 3 3 3 3
=
b1 - 1 l
a1 a2
3
a1 + a2 + ... + an - 1
c1 - mc1 + 4 mc1 + 8 m ... c1 + 2 m
1+ an are in A.P. 1 1 1 1 n
34 3 3 3
=
&
a2 + a3 + ... + an a1 + a3 + ... + an
, ,..., b1 - 1 l
a1 a2 3

c1 - b 1 l m
n+1
2
1
=
= 2 c1 - b 13 l m
a1 + a2 + ... + an - 1
b1 - 1 l
n+1
2
3 3
an are in A.P. 3

& b1 + 3 lc1 + 2 mc1 + 4 mc1 + 8 m ... infinity


a a 1 1 1 1
& a2 + a3 +1 ... + an , a1 + a3 +2 ... + an ,..., 3 3 3
an
a1 + a2 + ...an - 1 are in H.P = lim 2 c1 - b 13 l m = 2
n+1
2
3 3
n$3
a3 + a1
21. a2 = 2 25. The general term can be given by
2a a a -a
a4 = a3 +3 a55 tr + 1 = a22nn ++ 11 -- rr + arr ++ 11 , r = 0, 1, 2, ..., n - 1

a32 = a2 a4 a1 + ]2n - rgd - !a1 + rd + ]n - rgd


]a3 + a1g]2a3 a5g a1 + ]2n - rgd + !a1 + rd + = a1 + nd
=
2 ]a3 + a5g
a32 =
Therefore, the required sum is
& a3 ]a3 + a5g = ]a3 + a1ga5 n-1 n-1
]n - rgd
Sn = / tr + 1 = / a + nd
& a32 = a1 a5 & a1 a3 a5 are in GP. r=0 r=0 1

n + ]n - 1g + ]n - 2g + ... + 1 E
1 1 1
+ + + + ...
1 =; a1 + nd d
22. 12 32 52 72
n ]n + 1gd
= c 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ... m -
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2an + 1
c 2 + 2 + 2 + ... m
1 1 1 n ]n + 1g a2 - a1 6 @
2 4 6 = 2 an + 1 a d = a2 - a1
= 6 - 4 c 2 + 2 + 2 + ... m
r2 1 1 1 1 26. Series is a, a + 2, a + 4,... + a + 4n, ]a + 4ng0.5,
1 2 3
r2 1 b r2 l r2 ]a + 4ng]0.5g2, ..., ]a + 4ng]0.5g2n - 1
6 -4 6 = 8
The middle term of A.P. and G.P. are equal
23. I ]2ng = 1 4 + 2 4 + 3 4 + ... + ]2n - 1g4 + ]2ng4
& a + 2n = ]a + 4ng]0.5gn
= 7^1 4 + 3 4 + 5 4 + ... + ]2n - 1h4A +
& a $ 2 n + 2 n + 1 n = a + 4n
2 ^1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ...n h
4 4 4 4 4 4
4n - n2 n + 1
&a=
2n - 1
/ ]2r - 1g4 + 16 # I]ng
n
=
r=1 ` Middle term of entire sequence

/ ]2r - 1g4 = I]2ng - 16I]ng


n

= ]a + 4ng0.5 = c 4 n 2 + 4n m 2 = n
& n - n n+1 1 n $ 2n + 1
r=1
2 -1 2 -1
3.30 Mathematics
27. Here, number of factors is 50. Sn = ]- 1g61 + 2 + ... upto 2m terms@
]- 1g]2mg]2m + 1g
Therefore, the coefficient of x 49 is S2m = 2 =- m ]2m + 1g

- 1 - 3 - 5 - : : : - 99 =- 2 ]1 + 99g =- 2500
50 Case 2: If n is odd, n = 2m - 1
S2m - 1 = ]- 1g61 + 2 + ... upto 2m - 2 terms@
28. We have ]OMn - 1g2 = ]OPng2 + ] Pn Mn - 1g2 + ]2m - 1g2
]2m - 2g]2m - 1g
= 2 ]OPng2 = 2a2n ^say h = ]2m - 1g2 - 2
= m ]2m - 1g Clearly (a), (c), (d) are true
Also, ]OPn - 1g2 = ]OMn - 1g2 + ] Pn - 1 Mn - 1g2

1 32. ^a2 + b2 + c2h p2 - 2 ]ab + bc + cdg p + ^b2 + c2 + d2h # 0


& a n - 12 = 2a2n + 2 a n - 12
& ^ap - bh + ^bp - ch + ^cp - dh # 0
2 2 2
1
& an = 2 an - 1
& ap = b , bp = c , cp = d
& OPn = a n = 2 a n - 1 = 2 a n - 1 = ... = n = b 2 l
1 1 1 1 n
2 2
^12 - t1h + ^22 - t2h + ... + ^n2 - tnh = 1 n ^n2 - 1h
b c d
&p= a = b = c
29. 3
& a, b, c, d are in GP and ad = bc.
& 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n2

t1 + t2 + ... + t100 = S100 = 2 52a + 99d? =- 1


100
33.
- "t1 + t2 + ... + tn , = 3 n ^n2 - 1h
1

= 2 62 ]a + dg + 49 ]2dg@ = 1
and t2 + t4 + ... + t100 = S50 50
n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g
'

- Sn = 3 n ^n2 - 1h
1
&
& 50 ]2a + 99dg =- 1 and 25 ]2a + 100dg = 1
6

n ]n + 1g 6
& Sn = 6 2n + 1 - 2 ]n - 1g@ 2a + 99d
& a + 50d =- 1

n ]n + 1g
= 6
52n + 1 - 2n + 2? & 2a + 99d =- a - 50d

n ]n + 1g n ]n - 1g
& 3a + 149d = 0
= 2 & Sn - 1 = 2
- 149d
&a= 3
& Tn = Sn - Sn - 1 = n
& 50 b l
- 298d
30. x, y, z are in G.P. , y2 = xz 3 + 99d =- 1
& 50 ]- 298d + 297dg =- 3
, x is a factor of y (not possible)
3
Taking x = 3, y = 5, z = 7, we have x, y, z are in &- 50d =- 3 & d = 50

- 149 # 3 - 149
A.P. Thus x, y, z may be in A.P. but not in G.P. a= 3 50 = 50

Multiple Option Correct - 149 99 # 3


T100 = a + 99d = 50 + 50
- 149 + 297 148 74
31. Sn = 1 2 - 2 2 + 3 2 - 4 2 + ... upto n terms = 50 = 50 = 25
= ]1 - 2g]1 + 2g + ]3 - 4g]3 + 4g + ....
a 47/25 47 50
= ]- 1g61 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... upto n terms@
S3 = 1 - r = = 25 # 47 = 2
1 - 3/50
Case 1: If n is even, n = 2m
Sequences and Series 3.31
34. Let the first term and common difference of the GP
36.
be x and y.
Then, Tp = a = xy p - 1 Tq = b = xy q - 1 Roots are in HP
2ac
& a+c = b
Tr = c = xy r - 1
log a = log x + ^ p - 1h log y & ab + bc = 2ac

log b = log x + ^q - 1h log y


& ab + bc + ac = 3ac ......(1)
-1
log c = log x + ]r - 1g log y Also, ab + bc + ca = abc = a ......(2)

& ^q - r + r - p + p - qh log x + [^q - r h^ p - 1h + ^r - ph^q - 1h From (1) and (2), b = 3

+ ^ p - qh]r - 1g] log y = 0


& One of the roots is 3 & 27a + 9b = 2 ......(3)
Also, ] x - 3g is a factor of ax3 + bx 2 - x + 1
35. a, b are roots of ax + bx + c = 0 and c, d are
2

On dividing, ax3 + bx 2 - x + 1 with ] x - 3g , we get


2 1
roots of px2 + qx + r = 0 a, b, c, d are in HP ax 2 + 9 x - 3 . As all the roots are real, discriminant
2 1
-q of ax 2 + 9 x - 3 = 0 must be positive
-b c r
a + b = a , ab = a , c + d = p , cd = p and
&D>0
& b 9 l - 4 ]agb 3 l > 0
2 2 -1
1 1 1 1
a , b , c , d are in AP. -1 1
& a > 27 & From (3), b < 3
2 q2 - 4pr
Now, a - b = b -a 4ac and c - d = p 37. a = 1 + n + n 2 ... + n63

n64 - 1 ]n - 1g]n + 1g
32 32
& b2 - 4ac = a a - b and q2 - 4pr = p c - d = n-1 = n-1
]n16 - 1g]n16 + 1g]n32 + 1g
b2 - 4ac a2 # ^a - bh
2
= n-1
^c - dh
& 2 = 2 2

]n - 1g]n + 1g]n16 + 1g]n32 + 1g


q - 4pr p 8 8

1 1 1 1 a-b c-d = n-1


Also, - = - & =
b a d r ab cd
/ r]r + 1g]2r + 3g
n
38.
^a - bh2 ^abh2 c2 /a2 r=1

^c - dh ^cdh = / r ]2r 2 + 5r + 3g
& 2 = 2 = 2
r /p2
= / ]2r3 + 5r 2 + 3r g
2
b2 - 4ac a2 # c2 # p c2
Hence 2 = 2 2 2 = 2 .
q - 4pr p a r r
]n + 1g l2 5n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g 3n ]n + 1g
1 1 1 1 = 2b n 2 + 6 + 2
Also, Let a , , c , be in A.P. with common
]n + 1g l 5 ]n + ng]2n + 1g 3 ]n 2 + ng
b d
= 2b n
2 2 2
+ +
difference ‘d’, then 4 c b - m
1 q 4 6 2
c r 1 8 9 7
& a = 2 ,b = 3 ,c = 2 ,d = 3
= 4 d b/a - n
1 q/p
c/a r/p
a+b
1 -^a + bh ^c + dh F
39. G1 G2 = ab ; A1 + A2 = 2
= 4< +
ab cd 1 a + 2b 1 2a + b
H1 = 3ab : H2 = 3ab
= 4 ;c - a + - E
1 1 1 1 1
d b Substitute the values in options to get ]ag, ]b g, ]c g
1 52d + 2d ?
= 4 =d

1 1 1 1
= - = -
b a d c
3.32 Mathematics

(a) ]0.25glog b 2 l = 4
1/3 1 1 Putting a = 2 in (1), we get
40. S = 1 - 1/3 = 2 2

(b) ]0.008glog b 2 l = ]0.008g- log 2 2 + 2 # r n - 1 = 66 or r n - 1 = 32


1
5 5

= 125 log 2 = 2 log 125 = 8


5 5
Putting a = 64 in (1), we get

Comprehension Type 1
64 + 64r n - 1 = 66 or r n - 1 = 32
Passage - 1 (Question 41 - 43)
For an increasing G.P., r > 1. Now, Sn = 126
41. a,b,c are in G.P. Hence, a, ar, ar2 are in G.P. So,

& 2 b rr --11 l = 126


n
a2 + a2 r2 + a2 r 4 t2 1
^a + ar + ar h2 2 = =
a2 t2 a2
rn - 1 rn - 1 # r - 1
2
r +r+1 r +r+1 2 or r - 1 = 63 or r-1 = 63
a2 = Let a2 = y. ` y = 2
r2 - r + 1 r -r+1
32r - 1
^y - 1 h r 2 - r ^y + 1 h + ^y - 1 h = 0 or r - 1 = 63 or r = 2

Fo real r, ^y + 1 h - 4 ^y - 1 h $ 0
2 2 ` r n - 1 = 32 & 2 n - 1 = 32 = 25 & n - 1 = 5 & n = 6

& 3 # y # 3 But y ! 1/3, 1, 3 ^a r ! 1, - 1, 0h For decreasing G.P., a = 64 and r = 1/2. Hence,


1

the sum of infinite terms is 64/ "1 - ^1/2h, = 128.


` 3 < y < 3 and y ! 1 a2 ! b 3 , 3 l - !1 +
1 1
For a = 2, r = 2, terms are 2,4,8,16,32,64. For

S ! ^- 3, - 2h , ^2, 3h
1 a = 64, r = 1/2 terms are 64,32,16,8,4,2. Hence,
42. S = r+ r
difference is 62.
43. Let b = ar, c = ar2, and r > 0.
As the sum of two sides is more than the third side, Passage - 3 (Question 47 - 49)
5 - 1 5 + 1 m !1 +
we have r ! c - G1 G2 gGn = ^ 1 # 1024 h = 25n
2 , 2
n
47.

& r + r - 1 ! ^1, 5 - 1 h
1
Given, 25n = 2 45 & n = 9
r2 + r + 1 2
As a2 = 2 = 1+
Hence, r = ]1024g9 + 1 = 2 & G1 = 2, r = 2
r -r+1 1 1
r+ r -1
2 # ]29 - 1g
` a2 ! c
5 +3 m & G1 + G2 + g + G9 = = 1024 - 2
2 ,3 2-1

Passage - 2 (Question 44 - 46) = 1022


Let a be the first term and r the common ratio of the 48. A1 + A2 + A3 + gAm - 1 + Am = 1025 # 771
given G.P. Further, let there be n terms in the given
& mb
- 2 + 1027 l
2 = 1025 # 171 or m = 342
G.P. Then a1 + an = 66 & a + ar n - 1 = 66
49. We have A171 + A172 =- 2 + 1027 = 1025
n-2
a2 # an - 1 = 128 & ar # ar = 128
2A171 + 2A172
or 2 = 1025 . Also, G5 = 1 # 25 = 32
or a2 r n - 1 = 128 or a # ^ar n - 1h = 128 or
& G52 = 1024 or G52 + 1 = 1025
128
ar n - 1 = a Putting this value of ar n - 1 in (1),
Hence, 2A171, G52 + 1, 2A172 are in A.P.
128
we get a + a = 66 or a2 - 66a + 128 = 0

or ]a - 2g]a - 64g = 0 or a = 2, 64
Sequences and Series 3.33
Passage - 4 (Question 50 - 52) Matching Column Type
50. Clearly, here the difference between the successive 53. (a) a, b, c are in G.P. Hence, b2 = ac

terms are 7 - 3, 14 - 7, 24 - 14,..., i.e., 4,7,10,... & 2 log10 b = log10 a + log10 c

which are in A.P. Thus, we have 3 = a + b + c 2 1 1


& log 10 = log 10 + log 10
b a c

7 = 4a + 2b + c 14 = 9a + 3b + c 2 1 1
& y = x+z
Solving, we get a = 3/2, b =- 1/2, c = 2. Hence,
Hence x, y, z are in H.P.

Tn = 2 ^3n2 - n + 4h ` Sn = 2 73 / n2 - / n + 4nA
1 1 a + be x b + ce x c + de x
(b) = =
a - be x b - ce x c - de x
1 n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g n ]n + 1g
= 2 ;3 6 - 2 + 4nE or
2a
-1 =
2b
-1 =
2c
-1
a - be x b - ce x c - de x
= 2 ^n 2 + n + 4 h
n a - be x b - ce x c - de x
or a = b = c
& S20 = 4240 b x c x d
or 1 - a e = 1 - b e = 1 - e e x

51. The first difference are 5,14,50,194,770,... b c d


& a = b = c Hence, a, b, c, d are in G.P.
The second difference are 9,36,144,576,... (c) Given, 2b = a + c, x2 = ab, y2 = bc. Now,

x2 + y2 = b ]a + cg = b2b = 2b2
They are in G.P. whose nth term is ar n - 1 = a4 n - 1 .

Therefore, Tn of the given series will be of the form


or x2 + y2 = 2b2 Hence, x2, b2, y2 are in A.P.
Tn = a4 n - 1 + bn + c T1 = a + b + c = 3
54. (a) / n = 210 & n ]n + 1g = 420
T2 = 4a + 2b + c = 8 T3 = 16a + 3b + c = 22
& ]n - 20g]n + 21g = 0 & n = 20
Solving, we have a = 1, b = 2, c = 0.

` Tn = 4 n - 1 + 2n & T100 = 499 + 200 Hence, / n2 = n6 ]n + 1g]2n + 1g


= 2198 + 23 # 25 = 8 ^2195 + 25h = 6 ]21g]41g
20
= ]10g]7 g]41g
(which is divisible by 8)
Hence, the greatest prime number by which / n2 is
52. Given series is 2 + 12 + 36 + 80 + 150 + 252 + ...
divisible is 41.
The first difference are 10, 24, 44, 70, 102, ....
The second difference are 14, 20, 26, 32, ... Which (b) 4, G1, G2, ..., Gn + 1, ..., G2n, G2n + 1, 2916 Gn + 1 will be

are in A.P. Hence, general term of the series is the middle mean of ]2n + 1g odd means and it will

be equidistant from the first and last terms. Hence,


Tn = an3 + bn2 + cn + d & 2 = a + b + c + d
4, Gn + 1, 2916 will also be in G.P. so,
12 = 8a + 4b + 2c + d 36 = 27a + 9b + 3c + d
G n2 + 1 = 4 # 2916 = 4 # 9 # 324
80 = 64a + 16b + 4c + d
= 4 # 9 # 4 # 81 or Gn + 1 = 2 # 3 # 2 # 9 = 108
Solving for a, we get a = 1
Hence, the greatest odd number by which Gn + 1 is
` lim n3 = lim c1 + n + 2 + 3 m = 1
T b c d
n$3n n$3 n n divisible is 27.
3.34 Mathematics
1 1 1
(c) Terms are 40,30,24,20. Now, 30 - 40 = 120 & p = ^ar 4h9 = 29
1 1 6 1 p 29
& 24 - 30 = 24 # 30 = 120 and 64 = 26 = 8
1 1 4 1 a"p
20 - 24 = 20 # 24 = 120 1 3
Hence, 1/30, 1/24, 1/20 are in A.P. with common 4x+ 2 + 4 2 -x 1 1 3
(b) 4 $ 2 4x+ 2 $ 4 2 -x
difference d = 1/120.Hence, the next term is 1/20
+ 1/120 = 7/120. Therefore, the next term of given 1 1 1
= 2 4 2 $ 43/2 = 2 # 4 = 2.
120 1
series is 7 = 17 7 . Hence, the integral part of
1 b"r
17 7 is 17.
(c) Let x = y - d and z = y + d
Then ^ x + 2y - zh^2y + z - x h^ z + x - yh = kxyz
4 7 10
(d) S = 1 + 5 + 2 + 3 + ...3
5 5
& ^y - d + 2y - y - d h^2y + y + d - y + d h
1 1 4 7
& 5 S = 5 + 2 + 3 + ...
5 5 ^y + d + y - d - y h = k ^y - d h y ^y + d h
& ^2y - 2d h^2y + 2d h y = k ^y - d h y ^y + d h
& S b1 - 5 l = 1 + 3 ; 5 + 2 + 3 + ...3E
1 1 1 1
5 5
&k=4 c"q
or 5 S = 1 + 3 < F= 1+ 3 = 7
1/5
(d) a = 7 ^ar + ar2 + ar3 + ...h
4
1 - 1/5 4 4
35 1 r
or S = 16 & a = 35 and b = 16 & 7 = r + r2 + r3 + ... = 1 - r
& a - b = 19 1
& 1 - r = 7r & r = 8 & r -1 = 8
55. (a) T5 = ar 4 = 2
d"p
T1 $ T2 gTa = a $ ar $ ar2 gar8 = a9 r36 = p

Numerical Type 1 b 1 - r 4 l 65

& = 18 .....(ii)
1 5 19 65 ar3 1 - r
1. 3 + 9 + 27 + 81 + ...
divide (i) by (ii)
b1 - 2 l + b1 - 4 l + b1 - 8 l + b1 - 16 l ....100 term 3
3 9 27 81 & 2 r3 = 2 ......(iii)
a
100 - ; 3 + b 3 l + ....E
2 2 2
also given that the product of the first three terms 1,
2c 2 100 m
3 1 -b 3 l
& a.ar.ar 2 = 1

100 - 2 & a3 .r3 = 1 .....(iv)

1- 3
divide (iv) by (iii)
100 - 2 c1 - b 32 l m
100
a3 r3 2
2 3 = 3
a r
S = 98 + 2 b 3 l
2 100
2
a
& =3
& [S] = 98
put in (iv)
1. Let number are a, ar, ar 2, ar3 8
& 27 .r3 = 1
65
a + ar + ar 2, ar3 = 12 27
& 3= 8
r
a (r 4 - 1) 65
& r - 1 = 12 .....(i) 3
r
& = 2
also given that So, the third term is
1 1 1 1 65
& a + ar + 2 + 3 = 18 a = ar 2
ar ar
1 c 1 - 1m 2 9

a= 3 #4
a r4 65
& 1 = 18 3
r -1
&a= 2
Sequences and Series 3.35

2a = 3 . 1 1 1 1

& 1 - 1 + x + y - xy = z
2. First common term = 23
1 1 1 1
common difference = 7 × 4 = 28
& x + y - xy = z
Last term ≤ 407 y+x-1 1

& xy = z
& 23 + (n –1) × 28 ≤ 407
& (n –1) × 28 ≤ 384 & + xz - z = xy
yz
& n ≤ 13.71 + 1 & y + x) z = xy + z
(
& n ≤ 14.71 4. Let terms be a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d , a + 2d.

So n = 14 sum = 25 & 5a = 25 & a = 5
Single Options Correct
Product = 2520

& (5 – 2d) (5 – d) 5(5 + d) (5 + 2d) = 2520
3. S = 1 $ 3 0 + 2 $ 31 + 3 $ 3 2 + ..... + 10 $ 39
& (25– 4d 2 ) (25– d 2 ) = 504

3S = 1 $ 3 + 2 $ 3 .......... + 9 # 39 + 10 # 310
1 2

& 625 –100 d 2 –25 d 2 + 4 d 4 = 504



- 2S = (1 $ 3 0 + 31 + 3 2 .....39) - 10 $ 310

& 4d 4 – 125 d 2 + 625 –504 = 0

S = 5 # 310 - b 3 4- 1 l
10

& 4d 4 – 125 d 2 + 121 = 0

20 $ 310 - 310 + 1 19.310 + 1

S= 4 = 4 & 4d 4 – 121 d 2 –4 d 2 +121 = 0

3. Given that & ( d 2 –1) (4 d 2 – 121) = 0
3
x=
/ cos2n i d & =! 1 , d =!
11
n=0
2
-1
& x = 1 + cos 2 i + cos 4 i + cos6 i + ......3
d = ! 1 does not give as a term
2
1 11
&x=
d ` =
1 - cos 2 i 2
1 ` Largest term = 5 + 2d = 5 + 11 = 16
&x=

sin 2 i
1
1 5. T10 = = a + 9d …………..(i)
& 2 i = x .....(i)
sin 20
Also given that 1
T20 = = a + 19d …………..(ii)
3 10
y=
/ sin2n z 1 1
n=0 & a= ,d =
& y = 1 + sin 2 z + sin 4 z + sin6 z + ......3
200 200
200 2 199 201 1
&y=

1 & S200 = < + F= = 100
1 - sin 2 z 2 200 200 2 2
&y=

1 6. Let d is the common difference of the A.P.
cos 2 z
6 @
30

2 1 S
` = / ai = 30
2 a1 + a30
cos
& z = y .....(ii) i=1

3 = 15(a1 + a1 + 29d) = 15(2a1 + 29d)


& z = / cos2n i. sin2n z 15
n=0 Also, T = / a]2i - 1g = a1 + a3 + ... + a29
i=1
& z = 1 + cos 2 i. sin 2 z + cos 4 i. sin 4 z + .....3
= a1 + (a1 + 2d) + ... + (a1 + 28d)
1
&z=
1 - cos 2 i. sin 2 z = 15a1 + 2d(1 + 2 + ... + 14) = 15a1 + 210d
1 Now, S – 2T = 75
& 1 - cos 2 i. sin 2 z = z .....(iii)
from (i), (ii) & (iii) ⇒15(2a1 + 29d) – 2(15a1 + 210d) = 75 ⇒ d = 5
a a5 = 27 ⇒ a1 + 4d = 27 ⇒ a1 = 7
& 1 - b1 - 1x l # c1 - 1y m = z
1

Now, a10 = a1 + 9d = 7 + 9(5) = 52
3.36 Mathematics
b
7. Since a, b and c are in G.P. so a = r and c = br. A = 61 2 + 3 2 + 5 2 + ...10 term@ +

62 2 + 4 2 + ... + 10 term@

We have, a + b + c = xb
b ]10g]19g]21g 2 2 6]10g]11g]21g@
⇒ r + b + br = xb
A= 3 + 2 . 6
[a a, b, c are in G.P. where, |r| ≠ 1]
A = 70 # 19 + 70 # 44
b & b 1r + 1 + r l = xb
= 70 [19 + 44]
70
= # 63 = 4410
⇒ x – 1 > 2 or x – 1 < –2 [Using A.M. > G.M.]
B = 61 2 + 3 2 + ... 20 term@ + 2 62 2 + 4 2 + ... 20 term@

]20g]39g]41g
⇒ x > 3 or x < – 1. Hence, x cannot be 2.
]20g]21g]41g

B= 3 + 2.2 2 : 6
D
8. We have, a = A + 6d; b = A + 10d; c = A + 12d
Since, a, b and c are in G.P.
B = 260 # 41 + 560 # 41
∴⇒ (A + 10d)2 = (A + 6d) (A + 12d)
= 10660 + 22960 = 33620
⇒ A2 + 100d2 + 20Ad = A2 + 18Ad + 72d2 B - 2A = 100λ = 33620 - ]4410 # 2g = 100λ

A
⇒ 2Ad = –28d2 ⇒ d = −14 24800
= = 100λ λ = 248
[ a d ≠ 0 as A.P. is non constant] 12. a1 + a3 + a9 + ... + a49 = 416
]a4 + 8d g + ]a4 + 42d g = 66
A
a A + 6d +6 - 14 + 6
Now, c = A + 12d = Ad = - 14 + 12 = 4

2a4 + 50d = 66
d + 12

a4 + 25d = 33 ....(1)
9. The nth term of given expression is
13a4 + 4 51 + 2 + ... + 12?d = 416
^3 + ]n - 1g 3h]12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n2g

Tn = ]2n + 1g 12 ]13g D =
13 4 + 4 :
a 2 d 416
n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g
3n 6 n2 ]n + 1g a4 + 24d = 32 ....(2)
=
2n + 1 = 2
(2) - (1)
Now, s15 = 2 / ]n3 + n2g
15
1
d =! 1
n=1

a4 = ! 8
]15 + 1g l2 15 # 16 # 31 E
= 2 ;b 15
1
+ 6 8 2 + 9 2 + 10 2 + ... + 24 2 = 140m

2
]1 2 + ... + 24 2g - ]1 2 + 2 2 + ... + 7 2g = 140m

= 2 6]120g2 + 1240@ = 7820
1

]24g]25g]49g ]7 g]8 g]15g
6 - 6 = 140m
10. Sum of all 2-digit numbers which when divided by 7

29400 - 840 = 6 # 140m
yield 2 as remainder is
28560 = 140 # 6m m = 34
/ ^7q + 2h = 7 / q + 2 # 12
13 13
b1 3 l + b2 2 l + b3 1 l + 42 + ... upto 10 terms
2 2 2

q=2 q=2
13. 5 5 5
= # b 13 2 14 - 1 l + 24 = 7 × 90 + 24 = 654
#
= b 5 l + b 5 l + b 5 l + b 5 l + ... upto 10 terms
7 8 2 12 2 16 2 20 2


Again, sum of all 2-digit numbers which when
/ b 4r 5+ 4 l = 25 / ]r + 1g2
10 2 10
16
=
divided by 7 yield 5 as remainder is r=1 r=1

= 25 ^22 + 32 + ... + 112h


16
/ ^7q + 5h = 7 / q + 5 # 13
13 13

q=1 q=1

= 25 612 + 22 + 32 + ... + 112 - 1@


16
7
= # 91 + 65 = 702
= 25 : 11 12 - 1D = 25 # 505 = 5 # 101
16 # # 23 16 16
∴Required sum = 654 + 702 =1356 6
] g] g
11. a 1 2 + 3 2 + ...n 2 = n 2n - 1 2n + 1 14. a3 = a + 2d , a7 = a + 6d , a11 = a + 10d
3
Sequences and Series 3.37
a15 = a + 14d. = 12! - 2! - 2 ]11! - 1!g
a3 + a7 + a11 + a15 = 4a + 32d = 72
= 12! - 2! - 2 # 11! + 2 = 12 # 11! - 2 # 11!
& a + 8d = 18.
Now, a1 + a2 + ... + a17 = 2 52a + 16d? = 2 # 36
17 17 = 10 # 11!
= 306 16. a1, a2, a3, ... are in H.P.

/ ] r 2 + 1 g r! = ?
10 1 1 1
15. & a1 , a2 , a3 , ... are in A.P.

& an = a1 + ]n - 1gd < 0, where


r=1
1 1
Now 6]r + 2g]r + 1g - ]r + 1g@ r!
= ]r + 2g ! - ]r + 1g ! = ]r2 + 2r + 1gr!
1 5
25 - 25 = d = b - 4 l
& ]r2 + 1gr! = ]r + 2g ! - ]r + 1g ! - 2r $ r! 19 19 # 25
1 ]n - 1gb - 4 l
& ]r2 + 1gr! = ]r + 2g ! - ]r + 1g ! - 2 6]r + 1g - 1@ r! &5+ 19 # 25 < 0
& ]r2 + 1gr! = ]r + 2g ! - ]r + 1g ! - 2 6]r + 1g ! - r!@ 4 ]n - 1g 19 # 5
or 19 # 5 > 1 or n - 1 > 4
/ ]r2 + 1gr! = / 6]r + 2g! - ]r + 1g!@ - 2 / 6]r + 1g! - r!@
10 10 10
&
19 # 5
r=1 r=1 r=1
or n > 4 + 1 or n $ 25.

Single option correct T20 = 1504


T30 = 3454
30
1. a2, a3,..., a50 are Arithmetic means and b2, b3, ..., b50
/ Tk = 35615
are Geometric means between a1 ]= b1g and k=1

a51 ]= b51g . Hence b2 < a2 , b3 < a3 ...


20
/ Tk = 10510
k=1
&t<S
4. Clearly we have a + b = 1 & ab = – 1
Also a1 , a51 , a101 is an Arithmetic progression and
b1 , b51 , b101 is a Geometric progession Since a1 = b1 1± 5

a, b = 2
and a51 = b51 & b101 > a101

As bn = an–1 + an+1
sin cb 6 + 4 l - b]k - 1g 6 + 4 lm
kr r r r
13
2. We have,S = 2 $ / an - 1 - bn - 1 an + 1 - b n + 1

sin b 4 + ]k - 1g 6 l sin b 4 + 6 l
r r r kr = +
k=1 a-b a-b
a n - 1 ]1 + a2g - b n - 1 ^1 + b2 h
= 2 / c cot b]k - 1g 6 + 4 l - cot b 6 + 4 lm
13
r r kr r
=
a-b
a n - 1 ]a + 2g - b n - 1 ^b + 2h
k=1

= 2 ;cot 4 - cot b 6 + 4 lE = 2 b1 - cot b 12 ll


r 13r r 5r =
a-b
= 2 ^1 - ^2 - 3 hh = 2 ^ 3 - 1 h
an - 1 c
5+ 5 m
- bn - 1 c
5- 5 m
Multiple Option Correct 2 2

=
a-b
3. a1 = 7, d = 8
5 ^a n + b n h
Tn + 1 - Tn = an 6n $ 1

= = a n + b n: As a - b = 5
a-b
Sn = T1 + T2 + T3 + ... + Tn - 1 + Tn
n n
/ 10ann = / ^aa- -bhb10n
3 3

(d)
Sn =
T1 + T2 + T3 + .... + Tn - 1 + Tn n=1 n=1

on subtraction a b
Tn = T1 + a1 + a2 + …. + an - 1
10 - 10
a
1 - 10 1 - b
Tn = 3 + ]n - 1g]4n - 1g
10

^a - bh
=
Tn = 4n 2 - 5n + 4

n a ^10 - bh - b ]10 - ag 10
/ Tk = 4 / n2 - 5 / n + 4n
=
]10 - ag^10 - bh^a - bh 89
=
k=1
3.38 Mathematics

+c m
a b 1
3
b 3
an + bn 10 10 2n - 1 + 1
(a) / n = /n
= a +
10 10 n 1 - 10 1 - b
n=1 n=1 1 2 4 2n - 1 1
10 > 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + n - n
2 2
a ^10 - bh + b ]10 - ag
]10 - ag^10 - bh

n-1
= 1 2 4 2 1
> 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + n - n
2 2
10 ^a + bh - 2ab
= 1 + b 2 + 2 + 2 + ... + 2 l - n
12 1 1 1 1 1

100 - ^a + bh 10 + ab 89
= =
2
= 1 + 2 - n = b1 - 2 n l + 2
n n r r
n 1 1 n

(c) a1 + a2 + a3 + f + a n = / ar = / aa -- bb 2
r=1 r=1

a ]1 - a g b ^1 - b h Thus, a > c1 - 200 m + 2 > 100


n n 1 200
1-a - 1-b 2

=
a-b i.e., a ]200g > 100
^a - abh]1 - a g - b ]1 - ag^1 - b h
n n Comprehension Type
^a - bh]1 - ag^1 - bh

=
Passage - 1 (Questions 7 – 8)
^a - bh - a n ]1 + ag + b n ^1 + bh 1 1

=
-^a - bh 7. a an = and Sn = 2 d1 -
n
2 n-1 2n
^a - bh - a n + 2 + b n + 2
For circles Cn to be inside M.
; As 1 + x = x2
-^a - bh
=
1025
an + 2 - bn + 2
Sn - 1 + an <

=- 1 + =- 1 + a n + 2 513
a-b 1025
S
& n<
]k + 1 g 513
/ ]- 1gk
4n
5. Sn = 2 k2 1 1025 1
k=1 1
& - n < = 1-
]n - 1g 2 1026 1026
= / (]4r + 4g2 + ]4r + 3g2 - ]4r + 2g2 - ]4r + 1g2) & n < 1026
2
r=0
]n - 1g
n
& # 10
= / (2]8r + 6g + 2]8r + 4g)
` Number of circles inside be 10 = K
r=0

Clearly alternate circles do not intersect each other
]n - 1g i.e., C1, C3, C5, C7, C9 do not intersect each other as
= / ]32r + 20g = 16 ]n - 1gn + 20n well as C2, C4, C6, C8 and C10 do not intersect each
r=0
other hence maximum 5 set of circles do not intersect
= 4n ]4n + 1g = )
1056 for n = 8 each other, ` I = 5
1332 for n = 9 ` 3K + 2I = 40
We have a ]ng = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ... + n
1 1 1 1 1 ` Option (D) is correct
6.
2 -1
(2199 - 1) 2
= 1 +b2 + 3 l+b 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 l
1 1 1 1 1 1
8. r =
2198
+ b 8 + ... + 15 l + ... + n - 1
1 1 1 2199 - 1
2
Now, 2 Sn - 1 + an 1 e o 2
2198
= 1 +c 2 + 2 m+c 2 + 5 + 6 + 3 m
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2199 - 1
2 $ 2 e1 - o+ <e o.
2 -1 2 2 -1

+c 3 + ... + 4 m + ... < 1 + 1 + .. + 1 = n
1 1 2n - 1 2n - 1 2198
2 2 -1
2 2
Thus a ]100g < 100
1
2
` 2- + <2 2-
Also, 2n - 2 2n - 1 2198

a ]ng = 1 + 2 + b 3 + 4 l + b 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 l + ... +
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
n - 2 d - 2 n < - 198
1 2 2 2
2n - 1
2 2 -1 2
n - 2 > 198
= 1 + 2 +c 1 + m+c 2 + ... + 3 m + ...
1 1 1 1 1
2 + 1 22 2 +1 2 2$2 2
Sequences and Series 3.39
1 13. Since Qr + 1 - Qr = 6 ]r + 1g + 5 - 6r - 5 (constant),
2n - 2 < f 2 -
p 2197 ` n # 199
2 therefore, Q1, Q2, Q3, ... are in A.P. with common

` Number of circles = 199 difference 6.

Option (B) is correct.
Passage - 4 (Question 14 - 16)
Passage - 2 (Question 9 -10) a+b 2ab
14. Given, A1 = 2 , G1 = ab , H1 = a + b
9. As an = bn + cn i.e., an = 1...... ]1 or 0g
A +H
& an = an - 1 + an - 2 = 1 1 = an - 1 Also, An = n - 1 2 n - 1
14444444244444443
]n - 1g places
Gn = An - 1 Hn - 1
=1 1 0 = an - 2
or 1444442444443 2A # H
Hn = A n - 1+ H n - 1
]n - 2g places
n-1 n-1
& an = an - 1 + an - 2
` a17 = a16 + a15 & G n2 = An Hn & An Hn = An - 1 Hn - 1
Simliarly, we can prove
10. b6 = Six digit number ending with 1.
An Hn = An - 1 Hn - 1 = An - 2 Hn - 2 = ... = A1 H1
1 1 & An Hn = ab
Now, the four places are to be filled. & G12 = G22 = G32 = ... = G n2 = ab
Case I. _ _ _ 1 or G1 = G2 = G3 = ... = ab
Case II. _ _ _ 0
An - 1 + Hn - 1
Case I 1 1 1 15. We have An = 2
for places, all 1’s are used = 1 way A +H
` An - An - 1 = n - 1 2 n - 1 - An - 1
one zero is used = 3 C1 = 3
= n - 1 2 n - 1 < 0 ]a An - 1 > Hn - 1g
two zeros are used = 1 way 0 1 0 1 ........ H -A
Total = 5 ways
Case II 1 0 1 & An < An - 1 or An - 1 > An
Hence, we can conclude that A1 > A2 > A3 > ...
for 3 places, all 1’s are used = 1 way
one zero is used = 2 ways ab
16. We have An Hn = ab or Hn = A
n
& Total = 8 ways
1 1
Passage - 3 (Question 11 - 13) An - 1 < An & Hn - 1 < Hn
n ` H1 < H2 < H3 < ...
11. V1 + V2 + ... + Vn = / Vr Numerical Type
r=1

17. A51 - A50 = 1000 & l51 w51 - l50 w50 = 1000
/ b 2r ^2r + ]r - 1g]2r - 1ghl
n
=
& _l1 + 50d1 i_ w1 + 50d2 i - _l1 + 49d1 i_ w1 + 49d2 i
r=1

= / b r - r2 + 2r l
n 2
3
= 1000

& _l1 d2 + w1 d1 i = 10 .... (1)
r=1

/ n - /2n + /2 n
2
_ As d1 d2 = 10 i
3

n2 ]n + 1g2 n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g n ]n + 1g ` A100 - A90 = l100 w100 - l90 w90

= - +
= _l1 + 99d1 i_ w1 + 99d2 i - _l1 + 89d1 i_ w1 + 89d2 i
4 12 4

n ]n + 1g : ]n + 1g 2n + 1
= 4 n - 3 + 1D = 10 _l1 d2 + w1 d1 i + ]99 2 - 89 2gd1 d2

n ]n + 1g^3n2 + n + 2h = 10 ]10g + ]99 - 89g]99 + 89g]10g

= ABBBBBBBB
= 10
C
12
_ As, d1 d2 = 10 i

Tr = r + ]r - 1g]2r - 1g = ]r + 1g]3r - 1g
= 100 ]1 + 188g = 100 ]189g
12.

For each r, Tr has two different factors other than = 18900

1 and itself. Therefore, Tr is always a composite 3 y + 3 y + 3 y 6 _ y + y + y i@13
1 2 3

18. 3 $ 3 1 2 3

number.
y y y
& + 3 + 3 $ 34
3 1 2 3
3.40 Mathematics
log
& ] y + 3y + 3y g $ 4
3 3
1 2 3 23. Clearly, 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n - 2 # 1224 # 3 + 4 + ...n
]n - 2g]n - 1g ]n - 2g
m
& =4 & # 1224 # ]3 + ng
x +x +x 2 2
Also, 1 32 3 $ 3 x1 x2 x3
& n2 - 3n - 2446 # 0 and n2 + n - 2454 $ 0
x
& 1 x2 x3 # 27 & 49 < n < 51 & n = 50
log
& 3 x1
+ log3 x2 + log3 x3 # 3 & M = 3 n ]n + 1g ] + g
- 2k 1 = 1224
Thus, log 2 ]m3g + log3 ] M 2g = 6 + 2 = 8
` 2

or k = 25 or k - 20 = 5
19. Given 2 _a1 + a2 + ... + an i = b1 + b2 + ... + bn
24. a1, a2, a3, ..., a100 is an A.P.
& 2 # 2 ^2c + ]n - 1g2h = c b 22 -- 11 l
n n
p
a1 = 3, S p = / ai, 1 # p # 100
& 2n 2 - 2n = c ]2 n - 1 - 2ng
i=1

5n ^6 + ]5n - 1gdh
2n 2 - 2n Sm S5n
c
& = n- - !N 2
2 1 2n Sn = Sn = n ]6 - d + ndg
2 n

So, 2n - 2n $ 2 - 1 - 2n 2
Sm
& 2n 2 + 1 $ 2 n & n < 7
Sn is independent of n of 6 - d = 0 & d = 6.

& n can be 1, 2, 3, ....,

Checking c against these values of n 25. Using AM $ GM

we get c = 12 (when n = 3) a -5 + a -4 + a -3 + a -3 + a -3 + 1 + a8 + a10
Hence number of such c = 1 8
$ ^a -5 $ a -4 $ a -3 $ a -3 $ a -3 $ 1 $ a8 $ a10h8
1
20. First series is {1, 4, 7, 10, 13,……..}
Second series is {2, 7, 12, 17, …….} & a -5 + a -4 + 3a -3 + 1 + a8 + a10 $ 8 $ 1
Third series is {3, 10, 17, 24, ………} ` Minimum value is 8.
See the least number in the third series which leaves k-1
remainder 1 on dividing by 3 and leaves 1
Sk = k! 1 = ]
1g !
26.
remainder 2 on dividing by 5. 1- k k -
& 52 is the least number of third series which leaves
/ ^k2 - 3k + 1h ]k -1 1g!
100
remainder 1 on dividing by 3 and leaves
remainder 2 on dividing by 5 k=2

Now, A = 52
100
]k - 1g2 - k
/ ]k - 1 g !
D is L.C. M. of (3, 5, 7) = 105 k=2

& A + D = 52 + 105 = 157 k-1 k


= / ]k - 2 g ! - ]k - 1 g !
21. P = {1, 6, 11, .........}
Q = {9, 16, 21, .........} 1 2 2 3 3 4
= 0! - 1! + 1! - 2! + 2! - 3! + ...
Common terms : 16, 51, 86
tp = 16 + (p - 1) 35 = 35p - 19 < 10086 ⇒ p < 288.7 2 1 2 3 3 4 99 100
= 1! - 0! + 1! - 2! + 2! - 3! + ... + 98! - 99!
\ n(P j Q) = n(P) + n(Q) - n (P j Q)
= 2018 + 2018 - 288 = 3748 100
= 3 - 99!
b c
22. According to the question c = a 27. ak = 2ak - 1 - ak - 2 & a1, a2,...a11 are in A.P.
b2 a+b+c a12 + a22 + ... + a112 11a2 + 35 # 11d2 + 110ad
& b2 = ac & c = a Also given 3 = b+2 ` 11 = 11 = 90
& a + b + c = 3b + 6 & a - 2b + c = 6 & 225 + 35d2 + 150d = 90
2 2
b 2b b 6
& a - 2b + a = 6 & 1 - a + 2 = a 35d2 + 150d + 135 = 0 & - 3, - 9/7
a
& b a - 1 l = a ba a is an integer l
2
b 6 b 27
given a2 < 2 , we get d =- 3
a1 + a2 + ... + a11 11 6
& a = 6 only &
a2 + a - 14
=4 & 11 = 2 30 - 10 # 3@ = 0
a+1
4 Trigonometric Ratios and Identities
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 4.1

Chapter

INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1. 2
2 sin i + 3 cos i 2
8. ]1 + cot A - cosec Ag]1 + tan A + sec Ag

= 2 - 2 cos2 i + 3 cos2 i = b1 + sin A - sin A lb1 + cos A + cos A l


cos A 1 sin A 1

= 2 + cos2 i $ 2 ]sin A + cos A - 1g]sin A + cos A + 1g


= sin A cos A
2. 9 tan2 i + 4 cot2 i $ 2 9 tan2 i $ 4 cot2 i = 12
]sin A + cos Ag2 - 1 2 sin A cos A
= sin A cos A = sin A cos A = 2
3. - 1 # cos x # 1
]sin i + cosec ig2 + ]cos i + sec ig2
- sin 1 # sin ]cos xg # sin 1.
9.

1 1
4. 0 # cos x # 1 & 0 # 2 cos x # 2 = sin2 i + cos2 i + + +4
sin2 i cos2 i
& - 3 # 2 cos x - 3 # - 1 1 4
= 5+ = 5+ $ 5+4 = 9
sin2 i cos2 i sin2 2i
1 -1
&- 1 # # 3 .
c m cos2 A sin2 A
2 cos x - 3 1 1
10. +
sec2 A - cos2 A cosec2 A - sin2 A
5. sin2 5° + sin2 10° + ... + sin2 85° + sin2 90°
=c
cos2 A sin2 A m 2
+ cos A sin2 A
2 ° 2 ° 2
= sin 5 + sin 10 + ... + sin 40 + sin 45 + sin 50 ° 2 ° 2 ° 1 - cos A 1 - sin 4 A
4

=< F cos2 A sin2 A


cos2 A sin2 A
sin A ^1 + cos Ah cos A ^1 + sin2 Ah
+ ... + sin2 85° + 1 2 2 + 2

1 cos 4 A sin 4
= sin2 5° + sin2 10° + ... + sin2 40° + 2 + cos2 40° = +
1 + cos A 1 + sin2 A
2

+ ... + cos2 5° + 1 = 9.5 cos 4 A + sin 4 A + cos 4 A sin2 A + sin 4 A cos2 A


=
1 + sin2 A + cos2 A + sin2 A cos2 A
6. tan 1° tan 2° ... tan 89° = tan 1° tan 2° ... tan 44° tan 45°
^cos2 A + sin2 Ah2 - 2 cos2 A sin2 A + cos2 A sin2 A ^cos2 A + sin2 Ah
=
2 + sin2 A cos2 A
cot 44° ... cot 2° cot 1° = 1
1 - cos2 A sin2 A
=
7. cos6 A + sin6 A = ^cos2 A + sin2 Ah - 3 cos2 A sin2 A 2 + cos2 A sin2 A
3

^cos2 A + sin2 Ah = 1 - 3 cos2 A sin2 A So, k = 3


INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
° ° ° °
1. tan 720 - cos 270 - sin 150 cos 120 3. cos a cos 2a cos 3a cos 4a cos 5a cos 6a

= 0 - 0 - sin 30° ^- cos 60°h r 2r 4r 5r


= cos 3 cos 3 cos r cos 3 cos 3 cos 2r
1
= 2 # b 2 l # ]- 1g # b 2 l # 2 # 1
= 4. 1 -1 -1 1

2. sin 780° sin 480° + cos 120° sin 150° -1


= 16
= sin 60° sin 120° + cos 120° sin 150°
= tan ]45 + 10g°
cos 10° + sin 10° 1 + tan 10°
4. =
cos 10° - sin 10° 1 - tan 10°
= 2 # 2 + b 2 lb 2 l
3 3 -1 1 3 1 1
= 4 -4 = 2.
= tan 55°
4.2 Mathematics
5. cos A cos ] B - Ag - sin A sin ] B - Ag 9.
A
1 + tan A tan 2
= cos ] A + B - Ag
A A
cos A cos 2 + sin A sin 2
= cos B = A
cos A cos 2
6. sin ] A + Bg + sin ^360° - A - B h
cos b A - 2 l
A
= sin ] A + Bg - sin ] A + Bg = A = sec A
cos A cos 2
=0
10. tan 2A = tan 6] A + Bg + ] A - Bg@
1
7. tan i tan z = 3
tan ] A + Bg + tan ] A - Bg
1 - tan ] A + Bg tan ] A - Bg
=
sin i sin z 1
& =
cos i cos z 3
Now sin ] A - Bg =
1 -r r
and 4 < A - B < 4
sin i sin z - cos i cos z 1 - 3 10
& =
but since sin ] A - Bg > 0 , 0 < A - B < 4
sin i sin z + cos i cos z 1 + 3 r
- cos ^i + zh - 2
cos ^i - zh & tan ] A - Bg > 0 and tan ] A - Bg = 3
& = 4 1

cos ^i - zh
cos ^i + zh Also, A + B ! b 0, 2 l , hence tan ] A + Bg > 0
& =2 r

8. tan ] A + Bg = 1
and tan ] A + Bg = 2 .
5
& tan A + tan B = 1 - tan A tan B
5 1
& tan A + tan B + tan A tan B + 1 = 2
Thus tan 2A = 2 + 3 = 15 + 2 = 17
5 1 6-5
& ]1 + tan Ag]1 + tan Bg = 2
1- 2 $ 3

INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
sin 2A 2 sin A cos A 4. cos 18° = 1 - sin2 18°
1. 1 - cos 2A = 2 sin2 A

1 -c
5 -1m
2
= cot A =
4
cos A sin A
2. cot A - tan A = sin A - cos A 6-2 5 10 + 2 5
= 1- 16 = 4
cos2 A - sin2 A cos 2A
= sin A cos A = 1 sin A = 2 cot 2A sin2 A - sin2 B
2 5. sin A cos A - sin B cos B
2

3. tan 3A tan 2A tan A + tan 2A sin ] A + Bg sin ] A - Bg


= 1 5sin 2A - sin 2B?
2
= tan 2A ]1 + tan A tan 3Ag
sin ] A + Bg sin ] A - Bg
= tan ] A + Bg
sin ] A - Bg cos ] A + Bg
=
= tan 2A : tan 3A - tan A D # ]tan 3A - tan Ag
1 + tan A tan 3A
sin A - sin 5A + sin 9A - sin 13A
6.
= tan 2A # tan 2A # ]tan 3A - tan Ag
1 cos A - cos 5A - cos 9A + cos 13A
- 2 sin 2A cos 3A - 2 sin 2A cos 11A
= 2 sin 2A sin 3A - 2 sin 2A sin 11A
= tan 3A - tan A
cos 3A + cos 11A 2 cos 7A cos 4A
= sin 11A - sin 3A = 2 sin 4A cos 7A = cot 4A
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 4.3
7. cot ^ A + 15 h - tan ^ A - 15 h
° °
1 - cos A + cos B - cos ] A + Bg
1 + cos A - cos B - cos ] A + Bg
9.
cos ^ A + 15°h sin ^ A - 15°h 1 - cos ] A + Bg + cos B - cos A
sin ^ A + 15°h cos ^ A - 15°h
= -
1 - cos ] A + Bg + cos A - cos B
=
cos ^ A + 15°h cos ^ A - 15°h - sin ^ A - 15°h sin ^ A + 15°h
2 sin2 b
A+Bl A-B B+A
sin ^ A + 15°h cos ^ A - 15°h
= + 2 sin 2 sin 2
2
=
cos ^ A + 15° + A - 15°h 2 sin2 b 2 l + 2 sin 2 sin 2
A+B B-A A+B
= 16 °
@
2 sin 2A + sin 30 A+B A-B
cos 2A 4 cos 2A sin
2 + sin 2
= = =
1 b sin 2A + 1 l 1 + 2 sin 2A A+B A-B
sin 2 - sin 2
2 2

8. Given expression A B
2 sin 2 cos 2 A B
= A B = tan 2 cot 2
= 2 [sin ^a + b - r - dh + sin ^- a + b - r + dh
1 2 cos 2 sin 2

+ sin ^- a + b + r - dh + sin ^- a - b + r + dh 10. sin 25° cos 115°

+ sin ^a - b + r - dh + sin ^a - b - r + dh] = 2 ^sin 140° + sin ^- 90°hh


1

= 2 ^sin 40° - 1h ` k = 2
=0 1 1

INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
3 sin x + cos x = 2 c m
3 1 - 5 # 3 sin i - 2 # 1
1.
2 sin x + 2 cos x
0 # ]3 sin i - 2g2 # 25
= 2 b sin x cos 3 + cos x sin 3 l
r r
- 25 # - ]3 sin i - 2g2 # 0

= 2 sin b x + 3 l # 2
r - 21 # 4 - ]3 sin i - 2g2 # 4
4. cos2 i - 6 sin i cos i + 3 sin2 i + 2
1 + sin b i + 4 l + cos b i - 4 l
r r
2. = 3 + 2 sin2 i - 6 sin i cos i
r r r r = 3 + 1 - cos 2i - 3 sin 2i
= 1 + sin i cos 4 + cos i sin 4 + cos i cos 4 + sin i sin 4
= 4 - 3 sin 2i - cos 2i
= 1 + 2 ]sin i + cos ig
- 10 # 3 sin 2i + cos 2i # 10
- 2 # sin i + cos i # 2 - 10 # - ]3 sin 2i + cos 2ig # 10

& - 2 # 2 ]sin i + cos ig # 2


4 - 10 # 4 - 3 sin 2i - cos 2i # 4 + 10
5. a2 tan2 i + b2 cot2 i
& 1 + 2 ]sin i + cos ig = 6- 1, 3@ = ]a tan i - b cot ig2 + 2ab $ 2ab
r 3r 5r 7r 9r
6. cos 11 + cos 11 + cos 11 + cos 11 + cos 11
3. 12 sin i - 9 sin2 i
r 9r
=-^9 sin2 i - 12 sin ih sin 11 cos f 11 + 11 p
5r
2
=- 6]3 sin i - 2g2 - 4@
= r
sin 11
= 4 - ]3 sin i - 2g2 , - 1 # sin i # 1 5r 5r
sin 11 cos 11
= r
- 3 # 3 sin i # 3 sin 11
4.4 Mathematics

= 2 ;4 + 2 sin 2 b cos 2 - cos 2 lE


10r 1 C A-B A+B
1 # sin 11 1
=2 r =2
sin 11
= 2 ;4 + 2 sin 2 b2 sin 2 sin 2 lE
1 C B A
r 3r 9r
Aliter: S = cos 11 + cos 11 + ... + cos 11
A B C
= 2 + 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2
S b 2 sin 11 l = 2 sin 11 . cos 11 + 2 sin 11 . cos 11
r r r r 3r
A B C A B C
r 9r ` cos2 2 + cos2 2 + cos2 2 - 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2
+ .....2 sin 11 . cos 11
=2
S b 2 sin 11 l = sin 11 - 0
r 2r
9. sin 6° sin 42° sin 66° sin 78°
4r 2r 6r 4r
+ sin 11 - sin 11 + sin 11 - sin 11
sin 6° sin ^60° + 6°h sin ^60° - 6°h sin 42° sin 78°
10r 8r sin ^60° - 6°h
=
+ sin 11 - sin 11
1
S b 2 sin 11 l = sin 11
r 10r sin 18° sin 42° sin 78°
= 4
sin 54°
sin b 11 l
10r
1 sin 18 sin ^60 - 18 h sin ^60 + 18 h
° ° ° ° °
1 =4#
S= =2 °
2 sin b 11 l
r sin 54
1 1 sin 54°
=4#4
sin 54°
7. sin 2° + sin 4° + sin 6° + ... + sin 180°
1
= 16
sin 90° sin b 180 2+ 2 l
° °

= A B C
sin 1° 10. tan2 2 + tan2 2 + tan2 2

sin 91° cos 1°


= b tan 2 + tan 2 + tan 2 l
= = = cot 1° A B C 2
sin 1° sin 1°

- 2 b tan 2 tan 2 + tan 2 tan 2 + tan 2 tan 2 l


A B C A B B C C A
8. cos2 2 + cos2 2 + cos2 2

= 2 51 + cos A + 1 + cos B + 1 + cos C ?


1
= b tan 2 + tan 2 + tan 2 l - 2
A B C 2

= 2 53 + cos A + cos B + cos C ?


1 A B C
tan 2 + tan 2 + tan 2 is minimum

= 2 :3 + 2 cos 2 cos 2 + cos CD


1 A+B A-B A B C r
when 2 = 2 = 2 = 6 (by symmetry)

= 2 ;3 + 2 cos b 2 - 2 l cos b 2 l + 1 - 2 sin2 2 E


1 r C A-B C
` least value = b3 tan 6 l - 2
r 2

= 2 ;3 + 2 sin 2 cos b 2 l + 1 - 2 sin2 2 E


1 C A-B C
= d3 # n -2 =1
1 2
3
= 2 ;4 + 2 sin 2 b cos 2 - sin 2 lE
1 C A-B C
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 4.5

EXERCISE - 1
Basic Identities and Allied Angle Formulae
satisfy the given conditions with the values given in
1. tan1 is positive
tan 2 is negative the options. Here a = 45° and b = 15° satisfy both
°
2. The true relation is sin 1 > sin 1
the conditions.
Since value of sin i is increasing :0 $ 2 D.
r
10. cosec i - cot i = q .......(i)
3. tan 1° tan 2° ... tan 89°
` cosec i = 2 c q + q m
1 1 1
` cosec i + cot i = q
= ^tan 1° tan 89°h^tan 2° tan 88°h .. = 1 # 1 # 1.. = 1
(on addition)
4. We have,
1
11. cos i + sin i = 5
2
sin i + cosec i = 2 & sin i + 1 = 2 sin i
1
& 1 + tan i = 5 sec i (dividing by cos i)
& sin2 i - 2 sin i + 1 = 0
& 25 + 50 tan i + 25 tan2 i = sec2 i
& ]sin i - 1g = 0 & sin i = 1 Required value of
2

or 12 tan2 i + 25 tan i + 12 = 0
sin10 i + cosec10 i = ]1 g10 +
1
]1 g10
= 2.
or 12 tan2 i + 16 tan i + 9 tan i + 12 = 0
5. n ^m - 1h = ]sec i + cosec ig.2 sin i cos i
2

or ]4 tan i + 3g]3 tan i + 4g = 0


^a m = 1 + 2 sin i cos ih
2
3 4
& tan i =- 4 or tan i =- 3
sin i + cos i 3 4
= .2 sin i cos i = 2m. tan i =- 4 is rejectedas then cos i =- 5 and
sin i. cos i
24 -7 - 24
6. sin i = 25 & cos i = 25 , tan i = 7 3 1
sin i = 5 for which cos i + sin i =- 5
- 25 - 24 4
` sec i + tan i = 7 + 7 =- 7 Hence, tan i =- 3
11 2
7. cosec A + cot A = 2 & cosec A - cot A = 11 12. We have sin A, cos A and tan A are in G.P.

117 44 sin2 A
Therefore 2 cot A = 22 & tan A = 117 . cos2 A = sin A tan A = cos A & cos3 A - sin2 A = 0

1 - b 25 l = 25
- 24 2 7 Hence cos3 A + cos2 A = sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
8. cos x = 1 - sin2 x =

b 1 sin i l + b 1 sin i l is the sum of two


sin x - 24 - +
& tan x = cos x = 7 (considering x is in 4th 13. 1 + sin i 1 - sin i
quadrant) positive quantities and hence the result must be

sin ^a - bh = 2 = sin 30° & a - b = 30°


1 r
9. …..(i) positive. But for 2 < i < r, we have the sum equal

and cos ^a + bh = 2 & a + b = 60°


1 1 - sin i + 1 + sin i 2
…..(ii) to =
1 - sin 2 i cos i
Solving (i) and (ii), we get a = 45° and b = 15° .
2
= =- 2 sec i (because cos i is negative for
- cos i
Trick: In such type of problems, students should
i lying in 2nd quadrant)
4.6 Mathematics

14. We have cos i - sin i = 2 sin i & a2 ^cos2 i + sin2 ih + b2 ^cos2 i + sin2 ih

& cos i = ^ 2 + 1 h sin i & ^ 2 - 1 h cos i = sin i + 2ab ]cos i sin i - sin i cos ig = m2 + n2

& 2 cos i - cos i = sin i & sin i + cos i = 2 cos i Hence, a2 + b2 = m2 + n2 . Trick:Here we can guess

1 that the value of a2 + b2 is independent of i , so put


15. x + x = 2 cos i
r
On solving quadratic equation we get any suitable value of i i.e. 2 so that b = m and

x = cos i + i sin i a = n Hence a2 + b2 = m2 + n2 .


1
x = cos i - i sin i
(Also check for other value of i ).
x n = ]cos i + i sin ign
x n = cos ]nig + i sin ]nig Using Demoivre's
1
21. As given + tan i = m & 1 + tan2 i = m tan i
4
tan i
= cos ]nig - i sin ]nig
1 Theorem
xn & sec2 i = m tan i …..(i)

x n + n = 2 cos ]nig
1
x and sec i - cos i = n & sec2 i - 1 = n sec i

16. Given that cos i = 2 b x + x l & x + x = 2 cos i


1 1 1
& tan2 i = n sec i
1 b
2 = x+ xl -2
1 2
We know that x2 + & tan 4 i = n2 sec2 i = n2 .m tan i {by (i)}
x
= ]2 cos ig2 - 2 = 4 cos2 i - 2 = 2 cos 2i & tan3 i = n2 m ^a tan i ! 0h

` 2 c x + 2 m = 2 # 2 cos 2i = cos 2i
1 2 1 1 & tan i = ^n2 mh …..(ii)
1/3

x
17. We have e log 10 tan 1° + log10 tan 2° + log10 tan 3° + ... + log10 tan 89°
Also, sec2 i = m tan i = m ^n2 mh1/3 {by (i) and (ii)}

]tan 1° tan 2° tan 3° ... tan 89°g ` Using the identity sec2 i - tan2 i = 1
= e log
10
= e log 1 = e° = 1
10

18. The expression can be written as & m ^mn2h1/3 - ^n2 mh2/3 = 1

1 + cos y - sin2 y ^1 - cos2 y i - sin2 y & m ^mn2h1/3 - n ^nm2h1/3 = 1.


sin y ^1 - cos y h
1 + cos y +
22. ^sin2 i + cos2 ih3 = ]1 g3
cos y ^1 + cos yh
= 1 + cos y + 0 = cos y & sin6 i + cos6 i + 3 sin2 i cos2 i = 1
19. tan A + cot A = 4 and sin 4 i + cos 4 i + 2 sin2 i cos2 i = 1
& tan2 A + cot2 A + 2 tan A cot A = 16 Both given, 2^sin6 i + cos6 ih - 3^sin 4 i + cos 4 ih + 1 = 0
& tan2 A + cot2 A = 14 & tan 4 A + cot 4 A + 2 = 196 23. We know that one of the factor of the given expression
& tan 4 A + cot 4 A = 194. is cos 90° = 0.
20. Given that a cos i + b sin i = m Therefore cos 1° . cos 2° . cos 3° ... cos 179° = 0.

and a sin i - b cos i = n Squaring and adding, 24. Since sin 190° =- sin 10°, sin 200° =- sin 20°,
we get ]a cos i + b sin ig2 + ]a sin i - b cos ig2 = m2 + n2 sin 210° =- sin 30°, sin 360° = sin 180° = 0 etc.
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 4.7
25. ^cos 1 + cos 179 h + ^cos 2 + cos 178 h + ...
° ° ° °
sin ^720 - 60 h tan ^1080 - 30 h sec ^360 + 60°h
° ° ° ° °

cos ^180° + 45°h cosec ^360° - 45°h cos ^540° - 30°h


=-
+^cos 89° + cos 91°h + cos 90° + cos 180° =- 1 ^- sin 60°h^- tan 30°h^sec 60°h
^- cos 45°h^- cosec 45°h^- cos 30°h
=-
26. cos 105° + sin 105° = cos ^90° + 15°h + sin ^90° + 15°h
3
# 1 #2
3 +1 3 -1 2 1 2 3 2
= cos 15° - sin 15° = - = = . = =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 # 3 3
2# 2
27. cos A + sin ^270° + Ah - sin ^270° - Ah 2
34. 180° < i < 270°
+ cos ^180° + Ah
i
& 90° < 2 < 135°
= cos A - cos A + cos A - cos A = 0.
-3 -4
Now, sin i = 5 & cos i = 5 .
28. tan A + cot ^180° + Ah + cot ^90° + Ah + cot ^360° - Ah
i
cos i = 2 cos2 2 - 1
= tan A + cot A - tan A - cot A = 0 .

tan ^- 945°h = tan 6-^945°h@


4
29. i 1 + cos i 1 - 5 1
& cos2 2 = 2 = 2 = 10
=- tan 6^2 # 360° + 225°h@ i -1 i
& cos 2 = (since 2 ! second quadrant)
10
=- tan 6225°@ =- tan 45° =- 1
/ cos2 b]2k - 1g 12
rl
3
35.
30. cos ]270 + ig cos ]90 - ig - sin ]270 - ig cos i k=1

r 3r 5r
= cos2 12 + cos2 12 + cos2 12
= sin i. sin i + cos i. cos i = 1.

= cos2 12 + cos2 4 + cos2 b 2 - 12 l


r r r r
31. sin 120° cos 150° - cos 240° sin 330°

= sin ^180° - 60°h cos ^180° - 30°h - cos ^180° + 60°h


r 1 r
= cos2 12 + 2 + sin2 12

sin ^360° - 30°h 1 3


= 2 +1 = 2

= sin 60° ^- cos 30°h - ^- cos 60°h^- sin 30°h Trigonometric Ratio of Compound Angles
36. We know that sin ] A + Bg = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
=-^sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60°h
1 1 1 1
= 1- 5 + 1 - 10
=- sin 90° =- 1 10 5

32. cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D 1 4 1 9 1 ]2 + 3g 5 1


= 5 + 5 10 = 50 = =
10 50 2
= cos A + cos B + cos ^180° - Ah + cos ^180° - B h & sin ] A + Bg = sin 4
r

= cos A + cos B - cos A - cos B r


Hence, A + B = 4 .

2 tan ] A - Bg = 2 b 1 + tan A tan B l


=0 tan A - tan B
37.
sin ^- 660°h tan ^1050°h sec ^- 420°h
33. ]2 tan B + cot B - tan Bg
cos ^225°h cosec ^315°h cos ^510°h
tan B + cot B
1 + ]2 tan B + cot B g tan B 2 ^1 + tan2 B h
=2 =2
sin 660° tan 1050° sec 420°
=- cot B ^tan2 B + 1h
cos 225° cosec 315° cos 510°
^1 + tan2 B h
= = cot B.

4.8 Mathematics
sin A + sin B C
38. As given cos A + cos B = D Trick : As a + b is independent of m, therefore put

1 1
A+B
2 sin
A-B
. cos 2 m = 1, then tan a = 2 and tan b = 3 .
2 C A+B C
& A - B = D & tan 2 = D
^1/2h + ^1/3h
A+B
Therefore, tan ^a + bh =
2 cos 2 . cos 2
= 1. Hence
1 - ^1/6h
A+B
2 tan 2
Thus, sin ] A + Bg = A+B
r
a + b = 4 . (Also check for other values of m).
1 + tan2 2

43. We know that tan ^20° + 40°h =


tan 20° + tan 40°
C 1 - tan 20° tan 40°
2D 2CD
^C2 + D2h
= = .
C2
1+ 2 tan 20° + tan 40°
& 3=
D 1 - tan 20° tan 40°
39. cos2 A - sin2 B = cos ] A + Bg . cos ] A - Bg & 3 - 3 tan 20° tan 40° = tan 20° + tan 40°
& tan 20° + tan 40° + 3 tan 20° tan 40° = 3
` cos2 48° - sin2 12° = cos 60° . cos 36°
44. We have cos ^a + bh = 5
4

= 2c
1 5 +1m 5 +1
and sin ^a - bh = 13
= 5
4 8 .

A - B = 4 & tan ] A - Bg = tan 4 & sin ^a + bh = 5


r r 3
40.

and cos ^a - bh = 13
tan A - tan B 12
& 1 + tan A tan B = 1
3 5
& 2a = sin -1 5 + sin -1 13
& tan A - tan B - tan A tan B = 1
= sin -1 : 5 1 - 169 + 13 1 - 25 D
3 25 5 9
& tan A - tan B - tan A tan B + 1 = 2
& 2a = sin -1 b 65 l & sin 2a = 65
56 56
& ]1 + tan Ag]1 - tan Bg = 2 & y = 2
sin 2a 56/65 56
Now, tan 2a = cos 2a = = .
Hence, ^y + 1 h = ]2 + 1g2 + 1 = ]3 g3 = 27. 33/65 33
y+1

Aliter cos ^a + bh = 5 & tan ^a + bh = 4


4 3
r
Trick : Put suitable A and B as A - B = 4
sin ^a - bh = 13 & tan ^a - bh = 12
5 5

i.e., A = r4 , B = 0 ` b1 + tan 4 l^1 - tan 0°h = 2]1 g = 2. tan ]2ag = tan ^^a + bh + ^a - bhh
r

41. sin 75° = sin ^90° - 15°h = cos 15° = cos ^45° - 30°h tan ^a + bh + tan ^a - bh
1 - tan ^a + bh tan ^a - bh
=

3 +1 3 5
= . + 36 + 20 56
2 2 = 4 3 125 = 48 - 15 = 33
m 1 1 - 4 . 12
42. We have, tan a = m + 1 and tan b = 2m + 1
tan x + tan b 3 + x l + tan b 3 + x l
r 2r
45.
We know tan ^a + bh =
tan a + tan b
1 - tan a tan b tan x + 3 tan x - 3
= tan x + +
m 1 1 - 3 tan x 1 + 3 tan x
m + 1 + 2m + 1 2m2 + m + m + 1
= m 1 =
2m 2 + m + 2m + 1 - m 8 tan x 3 ^3 tan x - tan2 xh
1- ]
m + 1g ]2m + 1g
= tan x + 2 =
1 - 3 tan x 1 - 3 tan2 x

= 1 & tan ^a + bh = tan 4


2m2 + 2m + 1 r = 3 tan 3x
=
2m2 + 2m + 1 Therefore, the given equation is
r
Hence, a + b = 4 . 3 tan 3x = 3 & tan 3x = 1.
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 4.9

sin ]i + ag = a & cos ]i + ag = 1 - a 2


° ° °
46. 50. cos 52 + cos 68 + cos 172

sin ^i + bh = b & cos ^i + bh = 1 - b 2 = ^cos 52° + cos 172°h + cos 68°

a - b = ]i + ag - ^i + bh = 2 cos 112° cos 60° + cos 68°

cos ^a - bh = cos ^]i + ag - ^i + bhh = cos 112° + cos 68° = 2 cos ^90°h cos 22° = 0

= cos ]i + ag . cos ^i + bh - sin ]i + ag . sin ^i + bh


51. Divided by cos 17° in numerator and denominator,

cos 17° + sin 17°


cos ^a - bh = 1 - a 2 . 1 - b 2 - ab we get,
cos 17° - sin 17°

Now, cos 2 ^a - bh - 4ab cos ^a - bh =


1 + tan 17°
° =
tan 45° + tan 17°
= tan 62° .
1 - tan 17 1 - tan 45° tan 17°
= 2 cos2 ^a - bh - 1 - 4ab cos ^a - bh 52. cos ] A - Bg = 5
3

= 2 ^ 1 - a2 1 - b2 + ab h
2
` 5 cos A cos B + 5 sin A sin B = 3 …..(i)

- 4ab ^ 1 - a2 1 - b2 + ab h - 1 From 2nd relation,

= 2 "^1 - a2h^1 - b2h + a2 b2 + 2ab 1 - a2 1 - b2 , sin A sin B = 2 cos A cos B .....(ii)

- 4ab ^ 1 - a2 1 - b2 + ab h ` cos A cos B = 5 and 5 b 2 + 1 l sin A sin B = 3.


1 1

= 2 ^1 - b2 - a2 + a2 b2h + 2a2 b2 - 4a2 b2 - 1 15 12


53. Given, sin a = 17 , tan b = 5
= 2 ^1 - a2 - b2h - 1 = 1 - 2a2 - 2b2
-8 - 12 5
& cos a = 17 , sin b = 13 and cos b =- 13
47. cos 15° - sin 15° = 2 . cos ^45° + 15°h = 2 . cos 60°
3r 5
& r < b < 2 , ` cos b =- 13
1 1
= 2.2 = .
sin ^b - ah = sin b cos a - cos b sin a = 221 .
2 171

48. We have 5x = 3x + 2x & tan 5x = tan ]3x + 2xg 54. S = sin i + sin 2i + sin 3i + ... + sin ni

tan 3x + tan 2x
& tan 5x = 1 - tan 3x tan 2x We know, sin i + sin ^i + bh + sin ^i + 2bh + ... n
nb
sin 2 i + i + ]n - 1gb E
sin ;
& tan 5x - tan 5x tan 3x tan 2x = tan 3x + tan 2x terms =
b 2
sin 2
& tan 5x tan 3x tan 2x = tan 5x - tan 3x - tan 2x.
ni i ]n + 1g
sin 2 . sin 2
49. ° ° °
cos 12 + cos 84 + cos 156 + cos 132 °
Put b = i , then S = .
i
sin 2
= ^cos 12° + cos 132°h + ^cos 84° + cos 156°h
r 9r 3r 5r
55. 2 cos 13 . cos 13 + cos 3 + cos 13
= 2 cos 72° cos 60° + 2 cos 120° cos 36°
r 9r 4r r
= 2 cos 13 . cos 13 + 2 cos 13 cos 13
= 2 :cos 72 # 2 - 2 # cos 36°D
° 1 1

= 2 cos 13 :cos 13 + cos 13 D


r 9r 4r
= 6cos 72° - cos 36°@ = ;
5 -1 5 + 1 E -1
= 2 .
4 - 4
= 2 cos 13 :2 cos 2 . cos 26 D = 0, :a cos 2 = 0D.
r r 5r r
4.10 Mathematics

cot ] A - Bg =
1 1 + tan A tan B 5
tan ] A - Bg
56. = tan A - tan B 62. Given that sec i = 4

1 tan A tan B 1 1
= tan A - tan B + tan A - tan B = x + y . 1 + tan2 ^i/2h 5 1 + tan2 ^i/2h
1 - tan2 ^i/2h 1 - tan2 ^i/2h
sec i = &4 =

57. tan 9° - tan 27° - tan 63° + tan 81°
& 5 - 5 tan2 ^i/2h = 4 + 4 tan2 ^i/2h
= tan 9° - tan 27° - cot 27° + cot 9°
& 9 tan2 ^i/2h = 1 & tan ^i/2h = 3 .
1
= ^tan 9° + cot 9°h - ^tan 27° + cot 27°h
A 3
cos ^9° - 9°h cos ^27° - 27°h 2 2 63. Given that tan 2 = 2 .
= - = -
sin 9° cos 9° sin 27° . cos 27° sin 18° sin 54°
2 A
1 + cos A 2 cos 2
= 2'
sin 54° - sin 18° 1 2. cos 36° . sin 18° 2 A
b2 l = 4 .
2
° ° = 2. =4 = = cot =
sin 18 sin 54 sin 18° . sin 54° 1 - cos A A
2 sin2 2
2 3 9

sin 3i + sin 5i + sin 7i + sin 9i
58.
cos 3i + cos 5i + cos 7i + cos 9i 3
64. We have cos A = 2 & A = 30°
]sin 3i + sin 9ig + ]sin 5i + sin 7ig
]cos 3i + cos 9ig + ]cos 5i + cos 7ig
=
& tan 3A = tan 90° = 3.
2 sin 6i cos 3i + 2 sin 6i cos i
=
2 cos 6i cos 3i + 2 cos 6i cos i 65. sin 4i = 2 sin 2i cos 2i
2 sin 6i ]cos 3i + cos ig
= 2.2 sin i cos i ^1 - 2 sin2 ih
2 cos 6i ]cos 3i + cos ig
= = tan 6i

59. cos A + cos ^240° + Ah + cos ^240° - Ah = 4 sin i ^1 - 2 sin2 ih 1 - sin2 i

= cos A + 2 cos 240° cos A b


66. Given that tan i = a .
= cos A "1 + 2 cos ^180° + 60°h, = cos A '1 + 2 b - 2 l1
1
Now, a cos 2i + b sin 2i = a c 1 - tan2 i m + bc 2 tan i2 m
2

1 + tan i 1 + tan i
= 0.
cos2 a + cos2 ^a + 120°h + cos2 ^a - 120°h
b
60. Putting tan i = a , we get

= cos2 a + "cos ^a + 120°h + cos ^a - 120°h, JK


2 2 N J N
KK 1 - b 2 OOO KK 2 b OO
2 O = ac 2
K a O KK a OO a2 - b2 m c 2ba m
= a KK 2 O + bK +b 2
- 2 cos ^a + 120°h cos ^a - 120°h
O b
KK 1 + b 2 OO KK 1 + 2 OO a + b2 a + b2
a P L a P
L
= cos2 a + "2 cos a cos 120° ,2 - 2 "cos2 a - sin2 120° , 1 "a3 - ab2 + 2ab2 , =
^a + b 2 h
= 2
= cos2 a + cos2 a - 2 cos2 a + 2 sin2 120° a ^a 2 + b 2 h
= a.
a2 + b2
3 3
= 2 sin2 120° = 2 # 4 = 2 .
67. b sin 2A lb cos A l
1 + cos 2A 1 + cos A
Trigonometrical Ratios of Multiple And Sub-Multiple
Angles 2 sin A cos A cos A sin A A
= = = tan 2 .
cos2 15° 2 cos2 A 1 + cos A 1 + cos A
° -1
61.
2
cot 15 - 1
= sin2 15° 68.
1 1
cot2 15° + 1 cos2 15° tan 3A - tan A - cot 3A - cot A
+1
sin2 15° 1 tan A tan 3A 1
= tan 3A - tan A + tan 3A - tan A = tan 2A
= cos ^30°h = 2 .
° °
2 2
cos 15 - sin 15 3
=
cos2 15° + sin2 15° = cot 2A
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 4.11

69.
1
cosec A - 2 cot 2A cos A = sin A -
2 cos A cos 2A 77. Given cos ]i - ag, cos i and cos ]i + ag are in H.P.
sin 2A
1 1 1
cos ]i - ag cos i cos ]i + ag
1 2 cos A cos 2A 1 - cos 2A 2 sin2 A & , , will be in A.P.
= sin A - 2 sin A cos A = sin A = sin A
2 1 1
cos i cos ]i - ag cos ]i + ag
= 2 sin A. Hence, = +

cos ]a + ig + cos ]i - ag
70. 2 + 2 + 2 cos 4i = 2 + 2.2 cos2 2i =
cos2 i - sin2 a
2 2 cos i cos a
= 2 + 2 cos 2i = 4 cos2 i = 2 cos i. & =
cos i cos2 i - sin2 a

1 - 2 sin2 b 4 + i l = cos b 2 + 2i l =- sin 2i


r r & cos2 i - sin2 a = cos2 i cos a
71.
& cos2 i ]1 - cos ag = sin2 a
sin 3A - cos b 2 - A l
r
& cos2 i b2 sin2 2 l = 4 sin2 2 cos2 2
sin 3A - sin A
cos A + cos ]r + 3Ag
72. = cos A - cos 3A a a a

2 cos 2A sin A cos 2A a a


= 2 sin 2A sin A = sin 2A = cot 2A. cos2 i sec2 2 = 2 & cos i sec 2 = ! 2 .

1 78. tan 15° = tan ^45° - 30°h


73. We have tan A = 2

1 1 1 - 1/ 3 3 -1 3 -1
= = # = 2- 3.
3 tan A - tan3 A 3. 2 - 8 1 + 1/ 3 3 +1 3 -1
& tan 3A = = 1
1 - tan2 A 1 - 3. 4 1 - t2 24
79. cos 2a = = {Here t = tan a }
1 + t2 25
12 - 1 11
= & cos 2b = 5 "T = tan b ,
= 2 = 2 . 2T 3 4
sin 2b =
1 + T2 5
1 + sin x + 1 - sin x 3 4 24
74. = ` sin 4b = 2 sin 2b cos 2b = 2. 5 . 5 = 25 = cos 2a
1 + sin x - 1 - sin x
cos A ]1 + sin Ag ]1 + sin Ag
x x x x
cos 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 - cos 2 cos A
80. 1 - sin A = = cos A
x x x x cos2 A
cos 2 + sin 2 - sin 2 + cos 2
b cot A + sin A l
2
A A
2 2 cos 2 + sin 2
x = =
b cos A + sin A lb cos A - sin A l cos 2A - sin 2A
= tan 2 .
2 2 2 2
75. 2 sin A cos3 A - 2 sin3 A cos A
A
1 + tan 2
= 2 sin A cos A ^cos2 A - sin2 Ah b y y Al
= A , Dividing N and D by cos 2
1 - tan 2
1
= 2 sin A cos A cos 2A = sin 2A cos 2A = 2 sin 4A.
= tan b 4 + 2 l .
r A
1 1
76. Since sin b = & tan b = 3
10 Maximum & Minimum Values of Trigonometric
2 tan b Functions, Conditional Trigonometrical Identities
3
& tan 2b = =
1 - tan2 b 4
a cos i + b sin i = a2 + b2 d n
a cos i b sin i
1 3 81. +
+ a2 + b2 a2 + b2
` tan ^a + 2bh = 7 1 43 = 25 = 1
25
1- 7.4 = a2 + b2 sin ^i + zh

r 3
Now, 0 < b < 2 and tan 2b = 4 > 0 both Since, - 1 < sin ^i + zh < 1,

r
& 0 < 2b < 2 . Then - a2 + b2 < sin ^i + zh < a2 + b2 .
4.12 Mathematics
82. Let 3 = r cos a, 4 = r sin a, so r = 5 88. A.M. $ G.M.

f ]ig = r. ]cos a cos i + sin a sin ig = 5. cos ]i - ag &


9 tan2 i + 4 cot2 i
$ 4 cot2 i.9 tan2 i
2
` The maximum value of f ]ig = 5.1 = 5 & 9 tan2 i + 4 cot2 i $ 12 Therefore, the minimum
{Since the maximum value of cos ]i - ag = 1 }. value is 12.
Aliter : As we know that, the maximum value of 89. The greatest value of 3 sin x + cos x is 2

a sin i + b cos i is + a2 + b2 and the minimum and obviously it will be at x = 60° .

value is - a2 + b2 .
Aliter : 2 c
3 1 m = 2 sin b x + r l
2 sin x + 2 cos x 6
Therefore, the maximum value
r
As sin x is maximum at x = 2 ,
is ]3 cos i + 4 sin ig =+ 32 + ]- 4g2 = 5 and the
r r r
so x + 6 = 2 or x = 3 .
minimum value is – 5.
1 sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C
90. L.H.S. = 2 = 2.
83. Let f ]ig = 5 sin i + 4 cos i = 4 + sin i
2 2 2 sin A sin B sin C
91. We know that A + B + C = 180°
` f ]0g $ 4 + 0
(in DABC )
^a sin2 i $ 0h
Now, sin 2A + sin 2B + sin C
` The minimum value of f ]ig is 4.
= 2 sin ] A + Bg cos ] A - Bg + 2 sin C cos C
84. We know that b x - x l $ 0 & x2 + 2 - 2 $ 0
1 2 1
x = 2 sin ]r - C g cos ] A - Bg + 2 sin C cos ]r - A + B g
Put x = tan i & tan i + cot i $ 2.
2 2

= 2 sin C cos ] A - Bg - 2 sin C cos ] A + Bg


85. Let f ]xg = sin x cos x = 2 sin 2x
1
= 2 sin C "cos ] A - Bg - cos ] A + Bg,

= 2 sin C !2 sin A sin B + = 4 sin A sin B sin C.


1 1 1
We know - 1 # sin 2x # 1 & - 2 # 2 sin 2x # 2

Thus the greatest and least value of f ]xg are 2 92. L.H.S. = 2 cos ] A + Bg cos ] A - Bg + ^2 cos2 C - 1h
1

1
and - 2 respectively. =- 1 - 2 cos C cos ] A - Bg + 2 cos2 C

=- 1 - 2 cos C 6cos ] A - Bg + cos ] A + Bg@


86. Let f ]xg = cos i + sin i = 2 cos b i - 4 l
r

=- 1 - 4 cos A cos B cos C .


Since - 1 # cos b i - 4 l # 1
r
A B C
93. Here D r = 4 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 and
& - 2 # 2 cos b i - 4 l # 2
r
N r = 4 sin A sin B sin C
Thus, the minimum value of f ]xg is - 2 .
Nr
` L.H.S =
Dr
2 cos b x + 6 - 4 l = 2 cos b x - 12 l .
r r r
87.
A A
and sin A = 2 sin 2 cos 2 .
r
Hence maximum value will be at x = 12 .
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 4.13
94. 2 2
sin A + sin B + sin C2 95. cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C

= 1 - cos2 A + 1 - cos2 B + sin2 C = 2 cos ] A + Bg cos ] A - Bg + cos 2C

= 2 - cos2 A - cos ] B + C g cos ] B - C g = 2 cos b 2 - C l cos ] A - Bg + cos 2C


3r

=- 2 sin C cos ] A - Bg + 1 - 2 sin2 C


= 2 - cos A 6cos A - cos ] B - C g@
= 1 - 2 sin C "cos ] A - Bg + sin C ,
= 2 - cos A 6- cos ] B + C g - cos ] B - C g@
= 1 - 2 sin C 'cos ] A - Bg + sin b 2 - ] A + Bgl1
3r

= 2 + cos A.2 cos B cos C = 1 - 2 sin C "cos ] A - Bg - cos ] A + Bg,

` sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C - 2 cos A cos B cos C = 2. = 1 - 4 sin A sin B sin C.


r
Trick : Check by assuming A = B = C = 2 .

EXERCISE - 2
Basic Identities and Allied Angle Formulae 5. 2 sec 2i = tan z + cot z
x2 + y2
1. Now, sin2 i = 2xy ` x, y have same sign
2 sin2 z + cos2 z
or =
x2 + y2 1 cos 2i sin z cos z
= n + 2G $ 1
2xy = 2 d
x y 2
Now
y - x 2 1
or =
2 2 cos 2i sin z cos z
x +y
But sin2 i # 1. Therefore, 2xy = 1 & x = y. r
or cos 2i = sin 2z or i + z = 4
2. Since 0 < x < r. Therefore, sin x > 0
6. sin x + cosec x = 2
We have 1 + sin x + sin x + ...3 = 4 + 2 3
or ]sin x - 1g2 = 0 or sin x = 1, cosec x = 1
2

1
& 1 - sin x = 4 + 2 3 (sum of infinite G.P.) & sin n x + cosec n x = 1 + 1 = 2

1 3+2 3 3 1 1 4
or sin x = 1 - = = 2 7. sec2 i + cosec2 i = + = $4
4+2 3 4+2 3 cos2 i sin2 i sin2 2i
r 2r 4
& x = 3 or 3 Also, sec2 i cosec2 i = $4
sin2 2i
1 ak cos x tan x 1 sin x Hence, the only equation which can have roots
3. bc + ck + 1 + bk = + tan x + 1 + cos x
k2
sin x cos x ]1 + cos xg + sin2 x cosec2 i and sec2 i is x2 - 5x + 5 = 0
sin x ]1 + cos xg
= +
k2
8. We have
a cos x ]1 + cos xg + ^1 - cos xh
2

sin x ]1 + cos xg
= k+ r 2r 3r 4r 5r
cos 7 + cos 7 + cos 7 + cos 7 + cos 7
a 1 a 1 6r 7r
= k + sin x = k + ak + cos 7 + cos 7

2 sin 2 cosec 2 b sin 2 - cos 2 cos 2 l - cos A = b cos 7 + cos 7 l + b cos 7 + cos 7 l
A B C A B r 6r 2r 5r
4.

= 2 sin 2 cosec 2 # b cos 2 - cos 2 cos 2 l - cos A + b cos 7 + cos 7 l + cos r


A B A+B A B 3r 4r

= 2 sin 2 cosec 2 b - sin 2 sin 2 l - cos A


A B A B
= b cos 7 - cos 7 l + b cos 7 - cos 7 l
r r 2r 2r

A
=- 2 sin2 2 - cos A =- 1 + b cos 7 - cos 7 l + cos r = cos r =- 1
3r 3r
4.14 Mathematics
9. Since 0 # sin2n x # sin2 x or
1 + 2 sin a cos a
= p2
sin2 a cos2 a
0 # cos2n x # cos2 x 2
1+ q
4 2 2 2 4
[as sin x = sin x sin x # sin x, sin x # sin x 2
or 1 = p2
q2
and so on]
or q2 c1 + q m = p2
2
& 0 # sin2n x + cos2n x # sin2 x + cos2 x = 1

& 0 # sin2n x + cos2n x # 1 or q ^q + 2 h = p2

10. 2 cot a +
1
= 2 cot a + cosec2 a 14. We have sin x + sin2 x = 1
sin2 a
or sin x = 1 - sin2 x
= 2 cot a + 1 + cot2 a
or sin x = cos2 x
= 1 + cot a =- 1 - cot a
Now cos12 x + 3 cos10 x + 3 cos8 x + cos6 x - 2
[since cot a < - 1 when 3r/4 < a < r, ]
Trigonometric Ratios for Compound Angles, Multiple = sin6 x + 3 sin5 x + 3 sin 4 x + sin3 x - 2
and Sub-Multiple Angles
= ^sin2 xh3 + 3 ^sin2 xh2 sin x + 3 ^sin2 xh]sin xg2
11. Squaring the given relation and putting tan i = t,
+ ]sin xg3 - 2
]m + 2g t + 2 ]m + 2g]2m - 1gt + ]2m - 1g
2 2 2

= ^sin2 x + sin xh3 - 2 = ]1 g3 - 2 =- 1


= ]2m + 1g ^1 + t h2 2

cos ] A - Bg = 5
3
15.
& 3 ^1 - m2h t2 + ^4m2 + 6m - 4h t - 8m = 0
or 5 cos A cos B + 5 sin A sin B = 3 ....(i)
& ]3t - 4g6^1 - m2h t + 2m@ = 0,
From the second relation, we have
4 2m
which is true if t = tan i = 3 or tan i = 2 .
m -1
sin A sin B = 2 cos A cos B .....(ii)
12. We have sin x + sin y = 3 ^cos y - cos x h
1
& cos A cos B = 5
& sin x + 3 cos x = 3 cos y - sin y …..(i)
2
& r cos ]x - ag = r cos ^y + ah,
and sin A sin B = 5

16. 1^ ° °
h 1 ° ° °
1
where r = 10 , tan a = 3 4 3 cos 23 - sin 23 = 2 (cos 30 cos 23 - sin 30

sin 23°) = 2 cos ^30° + 23°h = 2 cos 53°


1 1
& x - a = ! ^y + ah & x =- y

tan b
i1 - i2 l
tan b 1 2 2 l
i +i
or x + y = 2a 17. 2
Clearly, x =- y satisfies (i);
2 sin b
i1 + i2 l b i1 - i2 l
2 sin 2
=
2 cos b 2 l cos b 2 l
sin 3x - sin 3y i1 + i2 i1 - i2
` sin 3y = sin 3y =- 1.

13. sec a + cosec a = p, sec a cosec a = q =


cos i2 - cos i1 - 1
= 3
cos i1 + cos i2
sin a + cos a 1
or sin a cos a = p and sin a cos a = q
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 4.15

;3 + cos 80° cos 20° E


° °
r 2 sin ^i/2h2
where i = a - 4 =
18.
sin 80 sin 20 2 sin ^i/2h cos ^i/2h
; cos 80° + cos 20° E
° °

= tan 2 = tan b 2 - 8 l
i a r
sin 80 sin 20
62 sin 80° sin 20° + ^cos 80° cos 20° + sin 80° sin 20°h@
= 1 + sin 2x ]sin x + cos xg2 b 1 + tan x l2
sin 20° cos 80° + cos 20° sin 80° 23. 1 - sin 2x = ]sin x - cos xg2 = 1 - tan x
- cos 100° + cos 60° + cos 60°
= b tan b 4 + x ll = tan2 b 4 + x l
2
= r r
sin 100°
1 - cos 100°
= cot2 b 2 + 4 + x l = cot2 b 4 + x l & a = 4
°
= r r 3r 3r
sin 100 = tan 50
19. 3 sin A cos B = sin B cos A 21
24. We have sin a + sin b =- 65 ........(i)
3
& cos A sin B = 4 27
cos a + cos b =- 65 .........(ii)
& sin ] A + Bg = 1
Squaring Eq.(i), we get
r r
sin2 a + sin2 b + 2 sin a sin b = b 65 l
& C = 2 ,B = 2 - A 21 2
......(iii)
& 3 tan A = tan b 2 - A l
r
Squaring Eq.(ii), we get
& 3 = cot2 A
cos2 a + cos2 b + 2 cos a cos b = b 65 l ......(iv)
27 2

tan ^100° + 125°h =


tan 100° + tan 125°
20. Adding Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
1 - tan 100° tan 125°
tan 100° + tan 125° 1 6]27g2 ]21g2@
` tan 225° = 2 + 2 cos ^a - bh =
]65g2
1 - tan 100° tan 125° +

i.e., 1 =
tan 100° + tan 125° 1 ]729 + 441g 1 ]1170g 18
]65g2 ]65g2
1 - tan 100° tan 125° = = = 65

i.e., tan 100° + tan 125° + tan 100° tan 125° = 1 or 1 + cos ^a - bh = 65
9

21. We know that a-b 9


or 2 cos2 2 = 65
tan ^20° + 40°h =
tan 20° + tan 40°
1 - tan 20° tan 40° a-b 3
or cos 2 =- 130
tan 20° + tan 40°
& 3=
1 - tan 20° tan 40° SRS r a - b 3r W
V
SSa r < a - b < 3r & 2 < 2 < 2 WWW
& 3 - 3 tan 20° tan 40° = tan 20° + tan 40° SS WW
b l
SS a-b W
& tan 20° + tan 40° + 3 tan 20° tan 40° = 3 S & cos < 0WW
2
T X
2 - sin a - cos a sin ^ x + y h a + b
sin ^ x - y h a - b
22. 25. =
sin a - cos a
sin ^ x + y h + sin ^ x - y h ]a + bg + ]a - bg
2 - 2d cos a n
1 1
sin ^ x + y h - sin ^ x - y h ]a + bg - ]a - bg
sin a + & =
2 2
=
2d cos a n
1 1
sin a - 2 sin x cos y 2a
2 2 & 2 cos x sin y = 2b
2 - 2 cos b a - 4 l
r
tan x a
= & tan y = b
2 sin b a - 4 l
r
4.16 Mathematics

26.
sin 3i + sin 5i + sin 7i + sin 90 cos 70° + 4 sin 70° cos 70°
33. cot 70° + 4 cos 70° =
cos 3i + cos 5i + cos 7i + cos 9i sin 70°
]sin 3i + sin 9ig + ]sin 5i + sin 7ig cos 70° + 2 sin 140°
]cos 3i + cos 9ig + ]cos 5i + cos 7ig
= =
sin 70°

=
2 sin 6i cos 3i + 2 sin 6i cos i cos 70° + 2 sin ^180° - 40°h
2 cos 6i cos 3i + 2 cos 6i cos i =
sin 70°
2 sin 6i ]cos 3i + cos ig sin 20° + sin 40° + sin 40°
2 cos 6i ]cos 3i + cos ig
= = tan 6i =
sin 70°
27. 2 sin 30° cos 10° + sin 40°
=
2 cos b 2 l sin b z l sin 70°
x+z x-z
sin x - sin z sin 80° + sin 40°
=
cos z - cos x = sin 70°
2 sin b z l sin b z l
x+z x-z
2 sin 60° cos 20°
= = 3
= cot b 2 l = cot ^ y h sin 70°
x+z
28. cos 50 = cos2 25° - sin2 25° = ^cos 25° + sin 25°h
°
1 - tan2 i
34. tan i = n & cos 2i = =
1 + tan2 i
^cos 25° - sin 25°h = p ^cos 25° - sin 25°h (i) 1-n
1 + n = rational.
Now
^cos 25° - sin 25°h2 + ^cos 25° + sin 25°h2 = 1 + 1 sin 8 = sin b r - 8 l = sin 8 ; sin 8
7r r r 5r
35.

` cos 25° - sin 25° = 2 - p2 (ii) = sin b r - 8 l = sin 8


3r 3r

We have taken +ve sign as cos 25° > sin 25°, Therefore, the given value
= 2 :sin2 8 + sin2 8 D = 2 :sin2 8 + cos2 8 D
r 3r r r
therefore cos 50° = p 2 - p2 , by Eqs.(i) and (ii).

2 sin ] A + Bg sin ] A - Bg = 2 ]1 g = 2 ;a sin 8 = sin b 2 - 8 l = cos 8 E


3r r r r
sin2 A - sin2 B
29. sin A cos A - sin B cos B = sin 2A - sin 2B
2 sin ] A + Bg sin ] A - Bg Maxima-Minima, Conditional Identities and
= tan ] A + Bg
2 sin ] A - Bg cos ] A + Bg
= Trigonometric Series

1 - cos B 2 sin2 ^ B/2h B 36. 2 sin2 i + 3 cos2 i = 2 ^sin2 i + cos2 ih + cos2 i =


30.
2 sin ^ B/2h cos ^ B/2h
tan A = sin B = = tan 2
2 + cos2 i $ 2 6a cos2 i > 0@
& tan 2A = tan B
37. sin 4 i + cos 4 i = ^sin2 i + cos2 ih - 2 sin2 i cos2 i
° ° ° °
31. 2
cos 10 - cos 10 cos 50 + cos 50 2

= 1 - 2 sin2 i cos2 i # 1
= 2 61 + cos 20° - ^cos 60° + cos 40°h + ^1 + cos 100°h@
1
38. We have f ]xg = cos2 i + sec2 i = ]cos i - sec ig
2

= 2 :1 + cos 20° - 2 - cos 40° + 1 - cos 80°D + 2 cos i sec i = 2 + ]cos i - sec ig2 $ 2
1 1

= 2 : 2 + cos 20° - ^2 cos 60° cos 20°hD = 4


1 3 3 39. f ]xg = 3 cos x + 5 sin ^ x - r/6h
1 3
32. tan 20° tan 80° cot 50° = tan 20° tan 80° tan 40° = 2 cos x + 5 # 2 sin x

Then, - b 12 l + c 5 3 m # f ]xg # b1 l +c5 3 m


2 2 2 2

= tan 20 tan ^60 - 20 h tan ^60 + 20 h


° ° ° ° °
2 2 2
& - 19 # f ]xg # 19
= tan 60° = 3
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 4.17
40. 1 - cos 2x + sin 2x = 2k 45. We have cos A + cos B - ^1 - cos C h = 0
2 2 2

& sin 2x - cos 2x = 2k - 1 & cos2 A + cos2 B - sin2 C = 0


& sin ]2x - ag =
2k - 1
2 & cos2 A + cos ] B + C g cos ] B - C g = 0
2k - 1
&- 1 # #1 & 2 cos A cos B cos C = 0
2
1- 2 1+ 2 Hence, eiher A or B or C is 90° .
& 2 #k# 2
46. In a triangle, tan A+ tan B + tan C = tan A tanB tanC
41. Applying A.M $ G.M in 6 tan2 z, 54 cot2 z, 18 , we
& 6 = 2 tan C & tan C = 3
get 6 tan z + 543 cot z + 18 $ ]6 # 54 # 18g1/3 $ 18
2 2

Also tan A + tan B = 6 - 3 = 3


This is true if 6 tan2 z = 54 cot2 z = 18
& tan A and tan B are roots x3 - 3x + 2 = 0 by
& tan z = 3 and cot z = 1/3
2 2

Eqs. (i) and (ii). & tan A, tan B = 2, 1 or tan C = 3.


Therefore, I and II are correct.
47. A + B + C = r & tan A + tan B + tan C =
f ]ig = 5 cos i + 3 cos b i + 3 l + 3 = 5 cos i +
r
42.
tan A tan B tan C
3 3 3 13 3 3
2 cos i - 2 sin i + 3 = 2 cos i - 2 sin i + 3 Now, A.M. $ G.M.

= b 169 + 27 l sin ]i - ag + 3. &


tan A + tan B + tan C ]tan A tan B tan C g1/3
$
4 4 3
Thus, the range of f ]ig is 6- 4, 10@ tan A + tan B + tan C ]tan A tan B tan C g1/3
& 3 $
sin2 A - sin2 B + sin2 C = sin ] A + Bg sin ] A - Bg
& ]tan A tan B tan C g2/3 $ 3
43.

+ sin2 C = sin C ]sin A - Bg + sin C)


&bK l $3
1 2/3
= sin C ^sin (A - B h + sin ] A + Bg) = 2 sin A cos B sin C
1
&K#
44. r
D = sin A + sin B - sin C 3 3
48. N r = 2 [^sin 1° + sin 89°h + ^sin 2° + sin 88°h + ... +
A+B A-B C C
= 2 sin 2 cos 2 - 2 sin 2 cos 2
^sin 44° + sin 46°h + sin 45°]

= 2 cos 2 ;cos b 2 l - sin 2 E


C A-B C
= 2 <2 # F
1 1 1 1
cos 44° + 2 # cos 43° + ... + 2 # cos 1° +
2 2 2 2
= 2 cos 2 :cos 2 - cos 2 D
C A-B A+B
= 2 < 2 ^cos 1 + cos 2 + ... + cos 44 h + F
° ° ° 1
2
= 2 cos 2 :2 sin 2 sin 2 D
C A B
= 2 62 ^cos 1° + cos 2° + ... + cos 44°h + 1@
A B C
= 4 sin 2 sin 2 cos 2
= 2 Dr
A B C
Also sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 Nr
& = 2
Dr
sin A + sin B + sin C A B
& sin A + sin B - sin C = cot 2 cot 2
4.18 Mathematics
49. We have sin a sec x1 sec x2 + sin a sec x2 sec x3 + ... + 1 < sin ^1 - 0 h sin ]2° - 1°g sin ^3 - 2 h
° ° ° °
50. ° ° + +
sin 1° cos 0 cos 1 cos 1° cos 2° cos 2° cos 3°
sin a sec xn - 1 sec xn
sin ^45° - 44°h
sin ]x2 - x1g sin ]x3 - x2g sin ]xn - xn - 1g + ... + F
= cos x cos x + cos x cos x + ... + cos x - cos x cos 44° cos 45°
1 2 2 3 n 1 n

[tan 1° + (tan 2° - tan 1°) + ^tan 3° - tan 2°h


1
= ]tan x2 - tan x1g + ]tan x3 - tan x2g + ... + =
sin 1°

]tan xn - tan xn - 1g +^tan 4° - tan 3°h + ... + ^tan 45° - tan 44°h]

sin ]xn - x1g sin ]n - 1ga 1 1


= tan xn - tan x1 = cos x cos x = cos x cos x = = x
n 1 n 1 sin 1°
6a xn = x1 + ]n - 1g a@

EXERCISE - 3
Numerical Type 5 tan b 3 tan a
or = ...........(i)
1 + tan2 b 1 + tan2 a
1. ^1 + tan 5°h^1 + tan 10°h ... ^1 + tan 40°h^1 + tan 45°h
Substituting tan b = 3 tan a, we have
= ^1 + tan 5°h^1 + tan 10°h ... ^1 + tan 35°h^1 + tan 40°h # 2
5 # 3 tan a 3 tan a
=
Now, tan 45 = 1 = tan ^5 + 40 h = tan 5 + °tan 40 °
° ° °
° °
1 + 9 tan2 a 1 + tan2 a
1 - tan 5 tan 40
° ° ° °
or 5 + 5 tan2 a = 1 + 9 tan2 a
& tan 5 + tan 40 = 1 - tan 5 tan 40
or 4 tan2 a = 4
& tan 5° + tan 40° + tan 5° tan 40° + 1 = 2

& ^1 + tan 5°h^1 + tan 40°h = 2 or tan a = 1, i.e., tan b = 3

Similarly, ^1 + tan 10°h^1 + tan 35°h = 2 and so on. ` tan a + tan b = 4


So, the given expression = 2 & k = 5
5
r r
5. Let i = 16 or 8i = 2
2. cot x + cot y = 49
y = tan i + tan 5i + tan 9i + tan 13i
1 1
or tan x + tan y = 49
` y = ]tan i - cot ig + ]tan 5i - cot 5ig
tan y + tan x
or tan x tan y = 49
[As tan 13i = tan ]8i + 5ig =- cot 5i and
tan x + tan y 42 6
or tan x tan y =
tan 9i = tan ]8i + ig =- cot i]
49 = 49 = 7

` tan ^ x + y h =
42 42
1 - ^6/7h 1/7 = ]tan i - cot ig + ]cot 3i - tan 3ig
= = 294

which is divisible by 2,3 and 7 but not by 5.


sin2 i - cos2 i cos2 3i - sin2 3i
= +
3. Since cos A + cos B = 0 sin i cos i sin 3i cos 3i

& y = 2 ; sin 6i - sin 2i E


& A+B = r ` B = r-A cos 6i cos 2i

& sin A + sin ]r - Ag = 1 = sin A = 2


1
= 2;
sin 2i cos 6i - cos 2i sin 6i E
° ° °
& A = 30° and B = 150 or A = 150 and B = 30 sin 6i sin 2i
& 12 cos 60° + 4 cos 300° = 8
=- 2 ; cos 2i sin 2i E =- 4 ba 6i = r - 2i l
sin 4i
2
2 tan b 2 tan a
4. 5# = 3# Hence, absolute value is 4.
1 + tan2 b 1 + tan2 a
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 4.19
° ° ° ° °
6. cos 290 = sin 20 ; sin 250 =- sin 70 =- cos 20 ° °
2 sin 4 cos 3 + 2 sin 4 cos 1 ° °
10.
cos 1° cos 2° sin 4°
1 1
2 sin 4° 6cos 3° + cos 1°@
& -
sin 20° 3 cos 20° =
cos 1° cos 2° sin 4°
3 cos 20° - sin 20°
= 4 cos 2° cos 1°
2 6sin - sin 20° cos 60°@
° °
3 sin
6020
°
coscos
2020
° = =4
= cos 1° cos 2°
3 sin 20° cos 20°
3
11. 4 sin3 x cos 3x + 4 cos3 x sin 3x = 2
4 sin 40° 4 3
= = 3
3 sin 40°
or
Hence, the greatest integer less than or equal to is 2.
]3 sin x - sin 3xg cos 3x + ]3 cos x + cos 3xg sin 3x = 3
4 4
sin t + cos t - 1 2
7. 9
or 3 5sin x cos 3x + cos x sin 3x? = 2
sin6 t + cos6 t - 1 3
^sin t + cot th - 2 sin t cos t - 1
2 2 2 2 2

^sin t + cos2 th3 - 3 sin2 t cos2 t ^sin2 t + cos2 th - 1


=9 2 1
or sin 4x = 2
1 - 2 sin2 t cos2 t - 1
=9 y = 5x2 + 2x + 3
1 - 3 sin2 t cos2 t - 1
2
= 9# 3 = 6
y 2 sin x
8. In DABC , tan A + tan B + tan C = tanAtanBtanC
−π π

& x + x + 1 + 1 - x = x ]1 + xg]1 - xg
2 − 3π 3π 2
2 2 2 2

12. 2

or 2 + x = x - x or x =- 2 & x =- 2
3 3 1/3

Clearly, 2 sin x ! 6- 2, 2@ and 5x2 + 2x + 3 $ 2.8


& tan A = x < 0 & A is obtuse
& tan B = x + 1 = 1 - 21/3 < 0 Number of points of intersection = 0

Hence, A and B are obtuse, which is not possible in a


x = cot 8 = cot b r + 8 l = cot 8
11r 3r 3r
13.
triangle. Hence, no such triangle can exist.
r
= tan 8 = 2 - 1
Given log10 b
sin 2x l
9.
& ]x + 1g2 = 2 & x2 + 2x = 1
2 =- 1

sin 2x 1
or 2 = 10 Now, x 4 + 4x3 + 2x2 - 4x + 7

= ^ x2 + 2x - 1h^ x2 + 2x - 1h + 6
1
or sin 2x = 5 ...........(i)

log10 b 10 l
n = 0+6 = 6
Also log10 ]sin x + cos xg = 2
1 - cos 8i 1 + cos 8i
Thus A = 6. +
or log10 ]sin x + cos xg = log10 b 10 l
2 n tan2 4i cot2 4i
2 sin2 4i 2 cos2 4i
^sin 4i/ cos 4ih ^cos 4i/ sin2 4ih
n = 2 2 + 2
or 1 + sin 2x = 10
= 2 cos2 4i + 2 sin2 4i = 2
1 n
or 1 + 5 = 10
AB 6 # 2
Thus 6 = 6 = 2
6 n
or 5 = 10
n
or 3 = 4
4.20 Mathematics
14. 12 sin x + 5 cos x = 2y2 - 8y + 21 17. tan ]60° - 5°g $ tan ]60° + 5°g $ tan 75°

Now, 12 sin x + 5 cos x ! 6- 13, 13@


=
3 -t
#
3 +t
# tan 75° [Let t = tan 5° ]
1+ 3 $t 1- 3 $t
168 - 64
and 2y2 - 8y + 21 $ 8 = 13.
3 - t2 # 3t - t3 # tan 75°

= 2 tan 75° = t
1 - 3t 1 - 3t 2
So equality happens iff
tan 15° $ tan 75°

=
tan 5°
2
12 sin x + 5 cos x = 2y - 8y + 21 = 13.

&y=2 cot
= 5° & x = 5
18. If A + B = 45°, then ]cot B - 1g]cot A - 1g = 2
Now 12 cot c m = 12 cot b x # 2 l = 12 cot x
xy
2 2
sin 3x - sin 2x 3 sin x - 4 sin3 x - 2 sin x cos x
19. sin x = sin x
we have 12 sin x + 5 cos x = 13 2

= 3 - 4 sin x - 2 cos x
& 12 + 5 cot x = 13 cosec x = 3 - 4 ]1 - cos 2 xg - 2 cos x

& ]12 + 5 cot xg2 = 169 cosec2 x = 4 cos 2 x - 2 cos x - 1


= b 2 cos x - 2 l - 4
1 2 5

& 144 + 120 cot x + 25 cot2 x = 169 ^1 + cot2 xh
Range is ;- 4 , 5 l
5
& 144 cot2 x - 120 cot x + 25 = 0
& ]12 cot x - 5g2 = 0 & cot x = 12
5
5 is not include a cos x = 1 is not possible otherwise
sin x = 0
Thus 12 cot x = 5

` number of integers in the range is 6.
15. tan x = tan ^ x + 10 h tan ^ x + 20 h tan ^ x + 30 h
° ° ° ° ° ° °
20. 2 cos 2i - 4 cos i + 6 = 2 ]2 cos 2 i - 1g - 4 cos i
& tan x° cot ^ x + 30°h = tan ^ x° + 10°h tan ^ x° + 20°h
+6 = 4
sin x cos ^ x + 30 h sin ^ x + 10 h sin ^ x + 20 h
cos 2 i - 4 cos i + 4 = ]2 cos i - 1g2 + 3
° ° ° ° ° °

cos x° sin ^ x + 30°h cos ^ x° + 10°h cos ^ x° + 20°h
& =

By applying C and D, - 3 # ]2 cos i - 1g # 1



sin ^2x° + 30°h cos ^- 10°h & 0 # ]2 cos i - 1g2 # 9

sin ^- 30 h - cos ^2x° + 30°h
& ° =
& 3 # ]2 cos i - 1g2 + 3 # 12

& 2 sin ^2x° + 30°h cos ^2x° + 30°h = cos 10°
1 1 1
]2 cos i - 1g2 + 3 3

& 12 # #
& sin ^4x + 60 h = sin 80
° ° °
&x=5
16. L = 9 + 16 + 9 tan 2 x + 16 cot 2 x 1
M 3
1 = 4
= 25 + ]3 tan x - 4 cot xg2 + 24 m =

12
4
% c1 - cos ]cos
60 + r g
` = 49 when tan 2 x = 3
L
m
59 ° °
21. Given I =
M = 1 - cos 2 x + 8 cos x - 7
r=1 r°
=-6cos x - 8 cos x + 6@
2 59
sin ]30 + r°g
°
=%

cos r°
=- 6]cos x - 4g2 - 10@

r=1

sin 31° $ sin 32° ... sin 89°


= 10 - ]4 - cos xg2

=
cos 1° $ cos 2... cos 59°
= 1

M
` = 10 - 9 = 1
L
` + M = 49 + 1 = 50  
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 4.21
1 1 4
cos a sin a 4
22. & 1 + sin i + cos i + 26. Given: + =1
2 2 cos 2 b sin 2 b
2d
1 1

cos i + sin i n cos 2 a sin 2 a
2 2
Let: = cos i = sin i
cos b sin b
& 1 +d
1
+ 2 n sin i + d
1
+ 2 n cos i cos 2 a = cos b cos i
sin 2 a = sin b sin i
2 2

& Maximum value is 1 = cos ^b - ih & b = i + 2nr

2
3 2 3 2 cos a = cos 2 b and sin 2 a = sin 2 b
d n +d n +1 = 9 9 `
2 2 2 + 2 +1 = 4 cos 4 b sin 4 b

` + = cos 2 b + sin 2 b = 1
23. a +A = 100° & +B = +C = 40° cos 2 a sin 2 a
Now, _ x 2 + y 2 i = 6]sin A + sin B + sin C g2
2 2 8
27. tan x + cot x = = 3
+ ] A + cos B + cos C g2@
cos
sin 2x -4 = 3

a ]sin x + cos xg2 = 4 & 1 + sin 2x = 4



= 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 sin A sin B + 2 sin B sin C + 2 sin C 1 1


sin A + 2 cos A cos B + 2 cos B cos C + 2 cos C cos

A 28. ]cos 2 i + sin 2 ig3 - 3 sin 2 i cos 2 i
= 3 + 2 {(cos A cos B + sin A sin B) + (cos B cos C
1 - 4 sin 2 2i = 1 - 8 51 - cos 4i? = 8 + 8 cos 4i
3 3 5 3

+ sin B sin C) + (cos A cos C + sin A sin C)}
= 3 + 2 "cos 60° + cos 0° + cos ]- 60°g,
& 0 a1 = 8 # 8 = 64 = n & ]m + ng = 79
a
5 3 15 m

= + 2& 2 + 1 + 2 0 = 7
1 1
3 sin a cos c sin a - sin b cos c - cos d
29. = & =
sin b cos d sin b cos d
2 tan b 2 tan a
24. 2. = 3.
1 + tan 2 b 1 + tan 2 a
(using dividendo)
6 tan b 3 tan a
2 cos b l sin b a - b l

& = a+b
1 + 9 tan 2 b 1 + tan 2 a 2 2

&
& 1 = 7 tan 2 a
sin b

2 sin b l sin b d - c l
2 7 c+d
cos ` a= 8 2 2

=
25. Consider, cos d
sin 3x cos 3x sin 3x cos x - cos 3x sin x 30. 2y cos i = x sin i
sin x - cos x = sin x cos x

& 2y cosec i = x sec i
sin 2x sin 2x

= sin x cos x = 2. sin 2x = 2

Now, 2x sec i + y cosec i = 5
sin 3x 1

so sin x - 3 = 2
& 5y cosec i = 5
sin 3x 1 7

or sin x = 2 + 3 = 3
& y cosec i = 1

y = sin i, x = 2 cos i
x 2 + 4y 2 = 4 cos 2 i + 4 sin 2 i = 4

EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct
1 c1 + 1 m3
a = tan i ^1 + tan2 ih3 +
1. Given tan i = tan i tan2 i
b
a b a + b l3
ab a l
b a+b 3
Now sin i sec7 i + cos i cosec7 i = tan i sec6 i + = b b +

cot i cosec6 i ]a + bg3 ^a 4 + b 4h


]abg7/2
= .
4.22 Mathematics
sin2 20° 2 °
6. In the adjoining figure
2 ° 22 ° ° - sin 20
tan 20 - sin 20 cos 20
2. =
tan2 20° . sin2 20° sin2 20° # 2 °
sin 20
cos2 20°
sin2 20° ^1 - cos2 20°h sin 4 20° r θ
= = = 1.
sin 4 20° sin 4 20° 2
a
Area of DABC = 4 ]4g2 = 4 3
3
3.
a i i
r = sin 2 or r = a cosec 2
Area of Upper half of DABC
i
1 r rr 2 Hence Area = ra2 cosec2 2
= Area of smaller sector = 2 r2 3 = 6
= ra2 b1 + cot2 2 l .
i
Area of Lower half of DABC
7. cos2 73° + cos2 47° - sin2 43° + sin2 107°
= Area of D ABC - Area of upper half of D ABC
= cos2 73° + cos2 47° - sin2 ^90° - 47°h +
rr 2
=4 3- 6
sin2 ^180° - 73°h
Given Area of Upper half = Area of lower half
= cos2 73° + cos2 47 - cos2 47° + sin2 73° = 1
2r r 2 12 3
&4 3= 6 & r . sin 2a - sin 3a + sin 4a 2 sin 3a cos a - sin 3a
8. cos 2a - cos 3a + cos 4a = 2 cos 3a cos a - cos 3a
sin 3a ]2 cos a - 1g
cos 3a ]2 cos a - 1g
A = = tan 3a.
r °
9. In the adjoining figure

B C r 1
4 15°

4. 2 cos 10° + sin 100° + sin 1000° + sin 10000°


= 2 cos 10° + sin ^90° + 10°h + sin ^3 # 360° - 80°h
+ sin ^28 # 360° - 80°h 1 °
r = sin 15
= 2 cos 10° + cos 10° - sin 80° - sin 80°
1
i.e. r =
°
= 3 cos 10 - 2 cos 10 = cos 10 . ° ° sin 15°

]sin x + cosec xg2 + ]cos x + sec xg2 - ]tan x + cot xg2


2 2
5. &r= or r = 6 + 2 .
3 -1
= sin2 x + cosec2 x + 2 + cos2 x + sec2 x + 2 - tan2 x tan 27° + tan 18°
10. tan 45° =
1 - tan 27° tan 18°
- cot2 x - 2
& tan 27° + tan 18° = 1 - tan 27° tan 18°
2 2 2 2 2
= sin x + cos x + cosec x - cot x + sec x -
& tan 27° + tan 18° + tan 27° tan 18° = 1.
tan x + 2 = 5.
2
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 4.23
11. sin 75 - cos 75 = ^sin 75 - cos 75 h
8 ° 8 ° 2 ° 2 ° 1
2# 3
1 1 3
15. sin b = & tan b = 3 & tan 2b = 1 =4
^sin2 75° + cos2 75°h^sin 4 75° + cos 4 75°h 10 1- 9

=- cos 150° ^(sin2 75° + cos2 75° h - 2 sin2 75° cos2 75°)
Now tan ^a + 2bh =
2
tan a + tan 2b
1 - tan a tan 2b
=- cos 150° b1 - sin 2150 l
2 °
1 3
+
& tan ^a + 2bh = 7 1 4 3 = 1
sin2 ^90° + 60°h m
=- cos ^90° + 60°hc1 -
1- 7 # 4
2
r
` a + 2b = 4 .
= sin 60° b1 - cos260 l = 2 b1 - 8 l = 16 .
°
2
3 1 7 3

12. Given tan A = 3, tan B = 2 Hence 16. Pn - Pn - 2 = cos n i + sin n i - cos n - 2 i - sin n - 2 i

tan ] A - Bg = 1 + tan A tan B & tan ] A - Bg =


tan A - tan B
& Pn - Pn - 2 =- cos n - 2 i sin2 i - sin n - 2 i cos2 i

3-2 1
Now & Pn - Pn - 2 =- cos2 i sin2 i ^cos n - 4 i + sin n - 4 ih
1+2#3 = 7
2 tan ] A - Bg
sin 2 ] A - Bg = & sin 2 ] A - Bg =
& Pn - Pn - 2 =- cos2 i sin2 iPn - 4
1 + tan2 ] A - Bg
& k =- cos2 i sin2 i.
2b 7 l
1
17. Given AB2 = AC # BD
1 + b- 7 l
1 2

Now AC2 + BD2 = 4AB2 and


& sin 2 ] A - Bg = 25
7
BD
tan i = AC
13. tan A + tan B = a and
& AC2 + BD2 = 4AC # BD & b AC l + 1 = 4 b AC l
BD 2 BD
tan A tan B = b & tan ] A + Bg = 1 - b
a

2 tan i 1
& sec2 ] A + Bg = 1 + b 1 - b l
a 2 & tan2 i + 1 = 4 tan i & =
tan2 i + 1 2
1
& sin2 ] A + Bg = 1 -
1 & sin 2i = 2 & i = 15° .
1 +b1 - b l
2
a

& sin2 ] A + Bg =
a2
]1 - bg2 + a2
.

n sin A cos A n tan A


14. tan B = & tan B =
1 - n cos2 A 1 - n + tan2 A
n tan A
tan A +
Now tan ] A + Bg = 1 - n + tan2 A
n tan2 A
1-
1 - n + tan2 A

& tan ] A + Bg = ]
tan A
1 - ng
.
4.24 Mathematics
18. cos 50° = cos2 25° - sin2 25° = ^cos 25° + sin 25°h 22. cos 2 ^i + zh + 4 cos ^i + zh sin i sin z + 2 sin2 z
^cos 25° - sin 25°h = p ^cos 25° - sin 25°h (i) = cos 2 ^i + zh + 2 cos ^i + zh6cos ^i - zh - cos ^i + zh@
Now + 2 sin2 z
^cos 25° - sin 25°h2 + ^cos 25° + sin 25°h2 = 1 + 1 = cos 2 ^i + zh + 2 ^cos2 i - sin2 z h - 2 cos2 ^i + zh + 2 sin2 z
` cos 25° - sin 25° = 2 - p2 (ii) = 2 cos2 ^i + zh - 1 + 2 cos2 i - 2 sin2 z - 2 cos2 ^i + zh + 2 sin2 z

We have taken +ve sign as cos 25° > sin 25°, = 2 cos2 i - 1 = cos 2i , independent of z

therefore cos 50° = p 2 - p2 , by Eqs.(i) and (ii). tan2 a tan2 b


23. sin2 a + sin2 b + sin2 c = + +
1 + tan a 1 + tan2 b
2

19. a cos x + b sin x = c


tan2 c
a b1 - tan2 2 l
x x 1 + tan2 c
2b tan 2
& x y z
x + x =c = 1+x + 1+y + 1+z
1 + tan2 2 1 + tan2 2
7where x = tan2 a, y = tan2 b, z = tan2 cA
& ]c + ag tan2 2 - 2b tan 2 + c - a = 0
x x

^ x + y + zh + ^ xy + yz + zx + 2xyzh + xy + yz + zx + xyz
]1 + xg^1 + yh]1 + zg
x x 2b =
& tan 21 + tan 22 = c + a and
x x c-a 1 + x + y + z + xy + yz + zx + xyz
]1 + xg^1 + yh]1 + zg
tan 21 tan 22 = c + a = =1

2b 6a xy + yz + zx + 2xyz = 1@
& tan b
x1 + x2 l c + a = 2b = b
=
^a - bh = ^i - bh - ]i - ag
2 c-a 2a a
1- c+a 24.

& cos ^a - bh = cos ^i - bh cos ]i - ag +


4 cos2 b 4 - 2 l + 4 sin 4 x + sin2 2x =
r x
20.
sin ^i - bh sin ]i - ag
4 cos b 4 - 2 l + 4 sin2 x ^cos2 x + sin2 xh
2 r x
y x x2 y2
= b#a+ 1- 1-
a2 b2
= 2 b1 + cos b 2 - x ll + 2 sin x
r
&; ^a - bhE = c1 - 2 md1 - 2 n
xy 2
x2 y2
- cos
= 2 + 2 sin x - 2 sin x as x ! b r, 2 l
3r ab a b

+ cos2 ^a - bh - ab cos ^a - bh
= 2. x2 y2 2xy
or
a2 b2
21. cos3 x sin 2x = cos2 x cos x sin 2x
y2 x2 x2 y2
=b
1 - cos 2x lb 2 sin 2x cos x l = 1- - +
b2 a2 a2 b2
2 2
1 ]1 - cos 2xg]sin 3x + sin xg
2 + 2 - ab cos ^a - b h = sin ^a - b h
2
x2 y 2xy
=4 or 2
a b
= 4 :sin 3x + sin x - 2 ]2 sin 3x cos 2xg 25. Let u = cos i "sin i + sin2 i + sin2 a ,
1 1

- 2 ]2 cos 2x sin xg@ or ]u - sin i cos ig2 = cos2 i ^sin2 i + sin2 ah


1

= 4 :sin 3x + sin x - 2 ]sin 5x + sin xg


1 1
or u2 tan2 i - 2u tan i + u2 - sin2 a = 0
- 2 ]sin 3x - sin xg@
1
Since tan i is real, we have
= 4 :sin x + 2 sin 3x - 2 sin 5xD
1 1 1
4u2 - 4u2 ^u2 - sin2 ah $ 0
& a1 = 1/4, a3 = 1/8, n = 5
or u2 # 1 + sin2 a or u # 1 + sin2 a
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 4.25

^a 2 - b 2 h
3
3 tan i - tan i
26. Since tan 3i =
1 - 3 tan2 i = ^a 2 + b 2 h + 2 a2 b2 + 4 sin2 2i
r
Putting i = 9 , we get ^a2 - b2h2
Max. u2 = ^a2 + b2h = 2 a2 b2 + 4
r 3 r
r 3 tan 9 - tan 9 Min. u2 = ^a2 + b2h + 2ab
tan 3 = r
1 - 3 tan2 9
Therefore,the difference
or 3 b1 - 3 tan2 9 l = b3 tan 9 - tan3 9 l
2 2
r r r
^a2 - b2h2
=2 a2 b2 + 4 - 2ab =
r r r
or tan6 9 - 33 tan 4 9 + 27 tan2 9 = 3
4a2 b2 + a 4 + b 4 - 2a2 b2 - 2ab
cos x + cos y - cos ^ x + yh = 2
3
27.
= ^a2 + b2h2 - 2ab = a2 + b2 - 2ab = ]a - bg2
or
29. cot 4 x - 2 ^1 + cot2 xh + a2 = 0
2 cos c m cos c m - 2 cos2 c m+ 1 = 3
x+y x-y x+y
2 2 2 2 or cot 4 x - 2 cot2 x + a2 - 2 = 0
or
or ^cot2 x - 1h2 = 3 - a2

2 cos2 c m - 2 cos c m cos c m+ 1 = 0


x+y x+y x-y
2 2 2 2 To have at least one solution, 3 - a2 $ 0

Now cos c
x+y
m is always real, then discriminant or a2 - 3 # 0 a ! 7- 3 , 3 A
2
Integeral values are - 1, 0, 1; therefore, the sum is 0.
$ 0. Thus, 4 cos2 c m- 4 $ 0
x-y
2
30. From figure
or cos2 c m $ 1 or cos2 c m= 1
x-y x-y
2 2 L1
B
x-y
or 2 =0 x

or x = y A 30° + θ
L2
C
28. u2 = ^a2 cos2 i + b2 sin2 ih + ^a2 sin2 i + b2 sin2 ih 60° − θ
x cos ^i + 30°h = d .....(i)
= a2 + b2 + 2 a2 cos2 i + b2 sin2 i
and x sin i = 1 - d ......(ii)
a2 sin2 i + b2 cos2 i = a2 + b2 + 2 1+d
Dividing 3 cot i = 1 - d ,
sin2 i cos2 i ^a 4 + b 4h + a2 b2 ^sin 4 i + cos 4 ih
squaring Eq.(ii) and Putting the value of cot i ,

we get x2 = 3 ^4d2 - 4d + 4h
2
= a +b +2 2 1

a2 b2 ^1 - 2 sin2 i cos2 ih + ^a 4 + b 4h sin2 i cos2 i x=2


d2 - d + 1
3
= ^a2 + b2h + 2 a2 b2 + ^a2 - b2h2 sin2 i cos2 i
4.26 Mathematics
Multiple Options Correct cos 2a
=
2 tan b 4 - a l cos2 b 4 - a l
° ° °
sin 22 cos 8 + cos 158 cos 98 ° r r
31.
sin 23° cos 7° + cos 157° cos 97°
cos 2a cos 2a
1^
sin 30° + sin 14° + cos 256° + cos 60°h
= =
2 sin b 4 - a l cos b 4 - a l sin b2 b 4 - a ll
r r r
2
= 1
^ ° ° ° °
h
2 sin 30 + sin 16 + cos 254 + cos 60 =
cos 2a cos 2a
= cos 2a = 1
° °1
sin 30 = cos 60 = 2 b r
sin 2 - 2a l

sin ]r - ag
cos 254° = cos ^270° - 16°h =- sin 16° (b) a + cos ]r - ag
sin a - cos a tan 2
cos 256° = cos ^270° - 14°h =- sin 14°
sin a
= - cos a
1 b 1 + sin 14° - sin 14° + 1 l b sin a cos a - cos a sin a l
2 2
2 2 2 a
`=
1 b 1 + sin 16° - sin 16° + 1 l cos 2
2 2 2
a
sin a cos 2
sec ]- 100rg = 1 .........(A) = - cos a
sin b a - 2 l
a

cosec b 2 l = cosec b 2 l = 1
- 3r r
.........(B)
b2 sin a cos a l cos a
2 2 2
= - cos a
sin b 2 l = sin b 2 l =- 1 ! 1
7r 3r a
sin 2
a
cot b 4 l = 1
5r = 2 cos2 2 - cos a = 1 + cos a - cos a = 1
.............(D)
^1 - tan2 ah2
= b 1 2-tan
tan2 a l = cot2 2a
2

32.
1 - sin A sin A 1 1 - sin A (c)
1 + sin A + cos A = cos A & a
2
1 + sin A 4 tan a

= b 1 - sin A lb 1 + sin A l 1
= cosec2 2a
1 + sin A 1 + sin A 4 sin2 a cos2 a
1 - sin2 A cos2 A ` cosec2 2a - cot2 2a = 1
]1 + sin Ag2 ]1 + sin Ag2
= =

cos A (d) 1 + sin 2a = ]sin a + cos ag2


= 1 + sin A now 1 + sin A is always positive
1 + sin 2a
cos A ]1 - sin Ag `
]cos a + sin ag2
=1
1 + sin Ag ]1 - sin Ag
= ]
3 sin ^a + bh - cos ^a + bh
2
cos A ]1 - sin Ag 1 - sin A cos b 6 l
r
^1 - sin2 Ah
= = cos A
34. sin a
1 - sin A sin A 1
& L.H.S = + cos A = cos A
3 sin ^a + bh - cos ^a + bh
cos A 4
3
1 - sin A 1 - sin A = sin a
= cos A
cos A
sin b = 5 If b ! b 0, 2 l and tan b > 0 then
& sin A = 1or cos A = cos A 4 r

cos A = cos A means cos A is positive i.e. 1st and 4th


cos b = 5 sin ^a + bh = sin a cos b + cos a sin b
3
Quadrant
3 4
= 5 sin a + 5 cos a
33. (a)
1 - 2 sin2 a cos ^a + bh = cos a cos b - sin a sin b
2 cot b 4 + a l cos2 b 4 - a l
r r 3 4
= 5 cos a - 5 sin a
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 4.27

=
1 ^3 sin ^a + bh - 4 cos ^a + bhh y sin i = k - x cos i
3 sin a
square
=
1 b 9 sin a + 12 cos a - 12 cos a + 16 sin a l y2 sin2 i = ]k - x cos ig2
3 sin a 5 5 5 5
y2 ^1 - cos2 ih = k2 + x2 cos2 i - 2kx cos i
1 b 25 sin a l = 5
^ x2 + y2 i cos2 i - 2kx cos i + k2 - y2 = 0
=
3 sin a 5 3
-3 2kx
(a) and (b) true For tan b < 0 cos b = 5 cos A + cos B =
x2 + y2

& sin ^a + bh = 5 sin a + 5 cos a


-3 4 k2 - y2
cos A cos B =
x2 + y2
& cos ^a + bh = 5 cos a - 5 sin a
-3 4
2 sin 2° + 4 sin 4° + ... + 180 sin 180°
37. 90 =A
L.H.S =
1 ^3 sin ^a + bh - 4 cos ^a + bhh ^2 sin 2° + 4 sin 4° + ... + 176 sin 176° + 178 sin 178°h
3 sin a A= 90
=
1 b - 9 sin a + 12 cos a + 12 cos a + 16 sin a l Supplementary angles have the same sign value
3 sin a 5 5 5 5
sin 2° = sin 178° sin 4° = sin 176° etc
=
1 b 24 cos a + 7 sin a l 90A = ^2 sin 2° + 178 sin 178°h + (4 sin 4° + 176 sin
3 sin a 5 5
176°) + ... + ^88 sin 88° + 92 sin 92°h + 90 sin 90°
=d n = ] + g
24 cos a + 7 sin a 3
5 3 sin a 15 24 cot a 7 = ^2 sin 2° + 178 sin 2°h + ^4 sin 4° + 176 sin 176°h

` ]Ag]Bg]Cg + ... + ^88 sin 88° + 92 sin 88°h + 90


= ^180 sin 2° + 180 sin 4° + ... + 180 sin 88°h + 90
90A = 180 ^sin 2° + sin 4° + ... + sin 88°h + 90
° ° ° °
35. cos 20 + cos 40 + cos 60 + ... + cos 140
= ^cos 40 + cos 140 h + ^cos 60 + cos 120 h + ... +
° ° ° °
sin 2° + sin 4° + ... + sin 88°
^cos 80 + cos 100 h + cos 20
° ° °
sin ]44°g sin ^45°h
As cos ]r - ig =- cos i
=
sin 1°
` cos ]r - ig + cos i = 0 sin 44° sin 45°
90A = 180 + 90
L.H.S = 0 + cos 20° (A) sin 1°

= 90 c + 1m
= cos 20° = sin 70° (D) 2 sin 44° sin 45°
sin 1°
= cos 20° = cos ^30° - 10°h
= 90 c + 1m
cos 1° - cos 89°
= 2 cos 10° + 2 sin 10° ]Cg
3 1 sin 1°

= 90 c cot 1° - + 1m
cos 89°
36. x cos i + y sin i = K where sin 1°
i = A, B are roots of this equation cos 89° = sin 1°
x cos i = k - y sin i ` 90A = 90 ^cot 1° - 1 + 1h
square x2 cos2 i = ^k - y sin i h
2
= 90 cot 1°
x ^1 - sin ih = k + y sin i - 2ky sin i
2 2 2 2 2
A = cot 1° (a)
cos ^31°h cos 1°
2 2 2 2 2 2
x - x sin i = k + y sin i - 2ky sin i
0 = ^ x + y i sin i - 2ky sin i + ^ k - x h
(b) is tan 1° (c) =
2 2 2 2
sin 51° sin 1°

cos2 A - sin2 B = cos ] A + Bg cos ] A - Bg


quadratic in sin i roots are sin A, sin B

sin A sin B =
k2 - x2 sin2 A - sin2 B = sin ] A + Bg sin ] A - Bg
x2 + y2
cos 39° = sin 51° = cot 1°
2ky
sin A + sin B = 2 (c) is true (d) is tan 1°
x + y2
4.28 Mathematics

2 tan b 2 l
1 a+b 2
38. sin i + cos i =- 5
sin ]a + bg =
3 3
= 1 = 2
1 + tan b 2 l 1 + 3
2 a+b
i i
2 tan 2 1 - tan2 2 -1
+ = 5
2 i 2 i
1 + tan 2 1 + tan 2
sin ]a + bg = 2
3
(a)
i
Let tan 2 = x sin A cos A
40. sin B = p, cos B = q
2x + 1 - x2 - 1 ^
= 5 5 2x + 1 - x2h + 1 ^1 + x2h = 0 tan A p
Dividing we get tan B = q
1 + x2
Now sin A = p sin B ..........(1)
10x + 5 - 5x2 + 1 + x2 = 0 6 + 10x - 4x2 = 0
cos A = q cos B ............(2)
2x2 - 5x - 3 = 0 (c)
2 2
sin A + cos A = 1
5 ! 25 + 4 ]2 g]3 g p2 sin2 B + q2 cos2 B = 1
x= 4
p2 sin2 B + q2 ^1 - sin2 B h = 1
5!7 -1
= 4 = 3, 2 ^ p2 - q2 h sin2 B = 1 - q2
i
Now question is value of tan 2 is a root of which
sin2 B = e o
1 - q2
equation. If we see the other equations putting p2 - q2
-1
cos2 B = 1 - sin2 B = e o
x = 2 or 3 will satisfy them. So All (a)(b)(c)(d). p2 - 1
p2 - q2
-1
Have roots either 2 or 3.
tan2 B = e o
1 - q2 q2 - 1
= (c)
p2 - 1 1 - p2
1
39. sin a + sin b = ...........(1)
2 From (1) and (2)
sin2 A = p2 sin2 B = p2 e o
1 - q2
3
cos a + cos b = ............(2) p2 - q2
2
cos2 A = q2 e o
square and add the equations we get p2 - 1
p2 - q2
1 3
p2 ^1 - q2 h
2 + 2 cos a cos b + 2 sin a sin b = 2 + 2
q2 ^ p2 - 1 h
tan2 A = (a)
` 2 cos ]a - bg = 0 cos ]a - bg = 0
2 cos2 b 2 l - 1 = 0 cos2 b 2 l = 2
a-b a-b 1 41.
2
0 # i # r 81 sin i + 81 cos i = 30
2

81 sin i + 811 - sin i = 30 Let 81 sin i = x


2 2 2

sec2 b 2 l = 2 tan2 b 2 l = 1
a-b a-b
81
x + x = 30 x2 + 81 = 30x

` cot2 b 2 l = 1 ........(c)
a-b x2 - 30x + 81 = 0 x = 27 or 3
2 2
` 81 sin i = 27, 3 3 4 sin i = 33, 31
1 3 1
sin a + sin b = ` 4 sin2 i = 3, 1 sin2 i = 4 , 4
2

2 sin b 2 l cos b 2 l =
a+b a-b 1 3 1
sin i = ! 2 , ! 2
2
for 0 # i # r i = 30°, 60°, 120°, 150°
3
cos a + cos b =
2
sin b 12 l sin b 12 l
11r 5r
42.
2 cos b 2 l cos b 2 l =
a+b a-b 3

= 2 b cos b 12 l - cos b 12 ll
2 1 6r 16r

Hence tan b 2 l =
a+b 1
.......(d)
= 2 c 0 - cos b 3 lm
1 4r
3
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 4.29
(c)
= 2 b+ 2 l = 4
1 1 1
..........(a)
cos a + cos 3a - cos 2a = 2 cos 2a cos 2a - cos 2a

cosec b 10 l sec b 5 l = cos 2a ]2 cos a - 1g = cos b 7 lb2 cos 7 - 1 l


9r 4r 2r r

1 1 r
sin 7
= cos b 7 lb2 cos 7 - 1 l
= = 2r r
sin 10 cos b 5 l ]- 1gc 1 mc 5 + 1 m
r r 5 - r
4 4 sin 7

= ]- 1g]4g .........(b)
JK r r rN
KK 2 sin 7 cos 7 - sin 7 OOO
= cos b 7 lKK
2r OO
sin 4 i + cos 4 i KK r OO
sin 7
= 1 - 2 sin2 i cos2 i L P
cos b 7 l
2 r
sin2 2i
r b sin 7 - sin 7 l
r 2r r
= 1- 2 i= 8 =
r sin 7
sin2 4
cos b 7 lb2 sin 14 lb cos 14 l
= 1- 2 2r r 3r
1 = r r
2 sin 14 cos 14
= 1 - 22
3r 2r
3 cos 14 cos 7
=4 .............(c) =
b cos r l
b1 + cos 2r lb1 + cos 4r lb1 + cos 8r l
14
9 9 9
r 2r 4r b2 cos b 314
rl
sin 14 l
3r
sin b 14 l
6r
= 2 cos2 9 # 2 cos2 9 # 2 cos2 9 1 1
=2 r =2 r
cos 14 cos 14
= 8 b cos 9 cos 9 cos 9 l
r 2r 4r 2
6r r 1# 1
14 , 14 are complementary ` L.H.S = 2 1 = 2
KK sin b 9 l OOO
JK 8r N2
1 44. cot a - tan a = 2 cot 2a ..........(a)
= 8 KK O
KK 8 sin r OOO (a) is true
L 9 P
8 1 tan a + cot a = 2 cosec 2a .........(d)
= 64 = 8 ..............(d)
(d) is wrong
43. (a)
tan a tan 2a tan 3a = tan 3a - tan 2a - tan a tan ^45° + ah - tan ^45° - ah
Is true for all angles Hint: 2a + a = 3a ` take tan = cot ^45° - ah - tan ^45° - ah
= 2 cot ^2 ^45° - ahh = 2 cot ^90 - 2ah
on both sides to get the answer °
(b) cosec 2a + cosec 4a - cosec a
1 1 1 = 2 tan 2a (b) (c) wrong
= 2r + sin 4r - sin r
sin 7
45. a. For x ! b 0, 4 l, tan x < cot x
7 7 r
2 sin b 7 l cos b 7 l
3r r
= -
1 Also ln ]sin xg < 0
;2 sin b l cos b lE sin
r
& ]tan xgln]sin xg > ]cot xgln]sin xg
r r 4r sin
7 7 7 7
b. For x ! b 0, 2 l, cosec x $ 1
r
:sin 37r = sin 47r why ??D
& ln ]cosec xg $ 0 & 4 ln]cosec xg < 5 ln]cosec xg
1 1
c. x ! b 0, 2 l & cos x ! ^0, 1h & ln ]cos xg < 0
= r = r =0 r
sin 7 sin 7
(d) 8 cos a cos 2a cos 4a 1 ln]cos xg b 1 lln]cos xg
also 2 > 3 & b 2 l
1 1
8r < 3
sin 8a sin 7
= sin a = r =- 1 d. For x ! b 0, 2 l
r
sin 7
4.30 Mathematics
Since sin x < tan x, we get ln ]sin xg < ln ]tan xg
cos 6 = cos b3r - 6 l =- cos 6 = 2
17r r r - 3
ln]sin xg ln]tan xg
&2 <2 50. sin x cos 20 + cos x sin 20 = 2 sin x cos 40°
° °

46. log1/3 log7 ]sin x + ag > 0 or sin 20° cos x = sin x ^2 cos 40° - cos 20°h
or 0 < log7 ]sin x + ag < 1 or tan x =
sin 20°
or 1 < ]sin x + ag < 7, 6 x ! R
2 cos 40° - cos 20°

or 1 - sin x < a < 7 - sin x sin 20°


=
cos 40 + cos 40° - cos 20°
°

It is found that a should be less than the minimum


value of ]7 - sin xg and a must be greater than the sin 20°
cos 40 + 2 sin 30° sin ^- 10°h
=
maximum value of ]1 - sin xg. Thus, & 2 < a < 6.
°

sin 20° sin 20°


= ° ° =
47. Using property of angle bisector, we get sin 50 - sin 10 2 cos 30° sin 20°
OB OC sec i x 1
= or x = 30°
AB = AC & tan i = 1 - x 3
B
Comprehesion Type
sec PASSAGE - 1 (Question 51 - 53)
We have tan b i + 4 l = 3 tan 3i
r
tan
1 + tan i 3 tan i - tan3 i
or = 3#
O
1 x 1 - tan i 1 - 3 tan2 i
A
C
& 1 - t = 3c m
1+t 3t - t2
(putting t = tan i )
1 - 3t2
or 3t 4 - 6t2 + 8t - 1 = 0 Hence,
sec i S1 = sum of roots = t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 = 0
or x =
sec i + tan i S2 = sum of products of roots taken two at a time
= sec i ]sec i - tan ig =
1 1 - sin i =- 2
=
1 + sin i cos2 i S3 = sum of products of roots taken three at a time
48. log b sin t = x or sin t = b x =- 8/3
S4 = product of all roots =- 1/3
Let log b ]cos tg = y, then b y = cos t / t1 t2 t3 - 8/3
1 1 1 1
or b2y = cos2 t = 1 - sin2 t = 1 - b2x t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 = t1 t2 t3 t4 = - 1/3 = 8
or 2y = log b ^1 - b2xh PASSAGE - 2 (Question 54 - 56)
or y = 2 log b ^1 - b2xh = log b 1 - b2x
1 1
sin a + sin b = 4 ..........(i)

& 2 sin b l cos b l = 14


a+b a-b
3 - 3 ......(ii)
49. 3
x - 4x= 8 2 2
1
- 3 & cos a + cos b = 3 .......(iii)
& 4x3 - 3x = 2
& 2 cos b l cos b l = 13
a+b a-b
Let x = cos i .....(iv)
2 2
- 3 Dividing Eq.(ii) by Eq.(iv), we have
Then 4 cos3 i - 3 cos i = 2
tan b l = 34
a+b
- 3 2
& cos 3i = 2
2 tan b l
a+b
Now cos 6 = cos b r - 6 l =- cos 6 = 2
r - 3
& sin ^a + bh =
5r r 2
1 + tan2 b l
a+b
cos 6 = cos b r + 6 l =- cos 6 = 2
7r r r - 3 2
3
2# 4 24
= 2 = 25
cos 6 = cos b 4r - 6 l = cos 6 = 2 . 1 +b 4 l
23r r r 3 3
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 4.31

` cos ^a + bh = 25 and tan ^a + bh = 7 & cos2 x b cosa x - a 1+ b l = sin2 x b a 1+ b - sinb x l


7 24 2 2

& cos2 x c
PASSAGE - 3 (Question 57 - 59) b cos2 x - a sin2 x m c b cos x - a sin x m
2 2

a ]a + bg b ]a + bg
2
= sin x
Angles BEC , ABD , ABE and BAC are in A.P.
cos2 x sin2 x 1 - sin2 x sin2 x
Let +BEC = a - 3b, +ABD = a - b, +ABE = a + b & a = b & a = b
and +BAC = a + 3b b a
& sin2 x = a + b and cos2 x = a + b
sin8 x cos8 x b4 a4
b ]a + bg a ]a + bg4
` 3 + 3 = 3 4 + 3
b a
1
]a + bg3
=
3 3
Matching Column Type
r
From DABD, a - b + a + 3b = 2
i 7i ]3n - 2gi
cos 2 + cos 2i + cos 2 + ... + cos
r
& 2a + 2b = 2 & a + b = 4
r 63. fn ]ig = 2
]3n - 2gi
i 7i
sin 2 + sin 2i + sin 2 + ... + sin
Now, a - 3b = ^a + 3bh + ^a + bh
2

sin b 4 l i ]3n - 2gi


3n i
& a =- 7b [using exterior angle theorem] cos > 2 + 2 H
sin b 4 l
3i 2
r 7r =
` b =- 24 , a = 24
sin b 4 l i ]3n - 2gi
3ni
sin > 2 + 2 H
sin b 4 l
3 i 2

]3n - 1gi
3
1/2
2
= cot 4
π/3
π /6

(a) f3 b 16 l = cot c
3r 8 # 3r/16 m 3r
= cot 4 = 2 - 1.
4
(b) f5 b r l = cot c 14 # r/28 m = cot r = 2 + 1 = 3 + 2 2 .
28 4 8

f7 b 60 l = cot c
(c) r 20 # r/60 m r
` +B = 2 ^a + bh = 2 , +A = 6 , +C = 3
r r r 4
= cot 12 = 2 + 3 = 7 + 4 3

(d) f1 b 2 l = cot c
r 2 # r/2 m r
= cot 4 = 1
& ABC is a 30° - 90° - 60° triangle. 4
Hence, a-r , b-q , c-d , d-p
57. Area of the circle circumscribing

DABC = r b 2 l = 4 . 64. (a) sin2 35° + sin2 65° + sin2 80° - 2 cos 35° cos 65° cos 80° = ?
1 2 r
Here 35° + 65° + 80° = 180° . and we know that in a
triangle ABC,
58. DBOC is equilateral
sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C - 2 cos A cos B cos C = 2
b l
3 1 2
D 2 2 1 Thus sin2 35° + sin2 65° + sin2 80° - 2 cos 35° cos 65° cos 80°
&r= s = = =2
1b3l 4 3
2 2 (b) Similarly, we know that in a triangle ABC,
r 1 r 3 A B C
59. BD = OB sin 3 = 2 sin 3 = 4 cos A + cos B - cos C - 4 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 =- 1
3 & cos 20° + cos 60° - cos 100° - 4 cos 10° cos 30°
` BB' = 2BD = 2
sin 50° =- 1
PASSAGE - 4 (Question 60 - 62)
(c) 3 ^tan 10° + tan 70° - tan 50°h
cos 4 x sin 4 x 1 cos2 x + sin2 x = 3 6tan 10° + tan ^60° + 10°h + tan ^10° - 60°h@
We have, a + b = a+b = a+b
= 3 # 3 tan ^3 # 10°h = 3 # 3 #
1
= 3.
3
4.32 Mathematics
(d) tan 6° tan 42° tan 66° tan 78°
& - 1 # 5/4 - ^cos2 i + 1/2 h # 1
2

6tan 6 tan ^60° + 6°h tan ^60° - 6°h@ tan 42° tan 78°
°
= (d) A = tan2 i + 2 cot2 i
tan 54°
= ^tan i - 2 cot i h + 2 2 $ 2 2
2
tan 18° tan 42° tan 78°
=
tan 54°
66. (a) 9 + 16 + 24 sin ] A + Bg = 37
tan 18° tan ^60° - 18°h tan ^60° + 18°h
= (on squaring and adding)
tan 54°
24 sin ] A + Bg = 12
tan 54°
= = 1 . Thus, a-q , b-s , c-p , d-r
sin ] A + Bg = 2 & sin C = 2
tan 54° 1 1

65. (a) A = sin2 i + cos 4 i C = 30° or 150°


1 - cos2 i + cos 4 i & C = 30°

= ^cos2 i - 1/2 h + 3/4


2 (b) ]sin A + sin Bg2 - sin2 C = 3 sin A sin B
or sin2 A - sin2 C + sin2 B = sin A sin B
0 # cos2 i # 1
or sin ] A + C g sin ] A - C g + sin2 B = sin A sin B
or sin B 6sin ] A - C g + sin ] A + C g@ = sin A sin B
& - 1/2 # cos2 i - 1/2 # 1/2
& 0 # ^cos2 i - 1/2 h # 1/4
2
or 2 sin A cos C = sin A (as sin B ! 0)
& 3/4 # ^cos i - 1/2 h + 3/4 # 1
2 2
or cos C = 1/2 or C = 60°
(b) 3 cos2 i + sin 4 i (c) 2 sin x cos x 64 cos 4 x - 4 sin 4 x@ = 1

= 3 - 3 sin2 i + sin 4 i or ]sin 2xg62 ^cos2 x + sin2 xh@62 cos2 x - 2 sin2 x@ = 1


or ]sin 2xg2 # 2 cos 2x = 1
= ^sin2 i - 3/2 h + 3/4
2

or 2 sin 4x = 1
0 # sin2 i # 1 1
or sin 4x = 2
& - 3/2 # sin2 i - 3/2 # - 1/2
or 4x = 30°
& 1/4 # ^sin2 i - 3/2 h # 9/4
2
or x = 7.5°
& 1 # ^sin2 i - 3/2 h + 3/4 # 3
2
(d) Obviously, AEOD is a cyclic quadrilateral, we
have +COD = 120° + 45° = 165°
(c) A = sin2 i - cos 4 i A
2 4
= 1 - cos i - cos i 60°

= 5/4 - ^cos2 i + 1/2 h


2
0 # cos2 i # 1 2x
E r
O
& 1/2 # cos2 i + 1/2 # 3/2 °

& 1/4 # ^cos2 i + 1/2 h # 9/4


°
°
2 B
C
x 3

& - 9/4 # - ^cos2 i + 1/2 h # - 1/4


2

= 32 ]sin 30c - sin 10c - sin 10cg


Numerical Type
1
1. sin 10c b 2 $ 2 sin 20c sin 40c l $ sin 10c sin ]60c - 10cg
1
= 32 b 2 - 2 sin 10c l
1 1

sin ]60c + 10cg
= 64 ]1 - 4 sin 10cg
1

sin 10c 2 ]cos 20c - cos 60cg $ 4 sin 30c
1 1

1 1
= 64 - 16 sin 10c

1 1 1 b 1l
2 $ 4 $ 2 $ sin 10c cos 20c - 2 1
Hence a = 64
= 32 ]2 sin 10c cos 20c - sin 10cg
1

16 + a -1 = 80
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 4.33
r
2 sin a 1 2 sin b 1
also given that 0 < x < 2
2. = and =
2 cos a 7 2 10 cot
& x= 3
1 x
& = 6
r
tan
& a=
7 r

Put x = 6 in the required value
1

and sin b = r
10 2 sin x 2 sin 6
=
1 sin x + 3 cos x sin r + 3 cos r
tan
& b= 6 6
3 1
2# 2
1 2
=
2. 1 3
3 3 3

& tan 2b = = = 2+ 3# 2
1 8 4
1- 1
9 9
= 1 3
1 3 2+2
+ 1
7 4 tan a + tan 2b
= 2

tan (a + 2b) = =
1 - tan a tan 2b 1 3
1- .
7 4 5. 15 sin 4 a + 10 cos 4 a = 6
4 + 21 & 15 sin 4 a + 10 cos 4 a = 6 (sin 2 a + cos 2 a) 2

28
=1 & 3 sin 2 a - 2 cos 2 a) 2 = 0
(
25
2 2
28 tan
& a = 3
Single Options Correct 2 3
cot
& a= 2
5 3 4 Now 27 sec6 a + 8 cosec6 a

3. cot a = 1, sec b =- 3 , cos b =- 5 , tan b =- 3
= 27 (sec6 a) 3 + 8 (cosec 6 a) 3

4
1- 3 1 = 27 (1 + tan 2 a) 3 + 8 (1 + cot 2 a) 3

tan (a + b) = 4 # =- 7
1+ 3 1 250
=

6. cos3 <4 cos3 - 3 cos F +


r r r
4. The given expression is
8 8 8
E = e(cos x + cos x + cos x + ......3) log 2

2 4 6
e

<3 sin - 4 sin3 F


r r r
& = 2(cos x + cos x + cos x + ........3) log e
E
2 4 6
e
sin3

8 8 8
& = 2(cos x + cos x + cos x + ........3)
E
2 4 6

r r r r
= 4 cos6 - 4 sin6 - 3 cos 4 + 3 sin 4


use the formula for the sum of infinite terms of a 8 8 8 8
G.P.
= 4 =d cos 2 - sin 2 nG
r r

& = 2_ i
cos2 x

E 1 - cos2 x
8 8
& = 2_ i
=d sin 4 + cos 4 + sin 2 cos 2 nG
r r r r
2

E
cos x
sin2 x

& = 2 cot x
E
2
.....(i) 8 8 8 8

- 3 =d cos 2 - sin 2 nG

Now given quadratic equation is r r

t 2 - 9t + 8 = 0
.....(ii) 8 8

=4 d1 - sin 2 cos 2 n - 3G
(
& t - 1) (t - 8) = 0 r r r
cos
=
4 8 8
t
& = 1 or t = 8
1 1 1

As given that E satisfies the equation (ii)
= <1 - F =
2 2 2 2
cot2 x 2

&2 = 1 or 2 cot x = 8
& cot x = 20 or 2cot x = 2cot x = 23
2
2 2 2
7. Given, 3(sin q – cos q)4 + 6(sin q + cos q)2 + 4sin6 q
cot
& 2
x = 0 or cot 2 x = 23 = 3((sin2q + cos2q – 2sinq cosq)2) + 6(sin2q + cos2q
cot
& x = 0 or cot x = ! 3 + 2sin q cos q) + 4sin6 q
4.34 Mathematics
= 3((1 – sin2q)2) + 6(1 + sin2q) + 4sin6q
2 # 4 - b cos 2x + 2 l # 4
17 1 2 17
= 3(1 + sin22q – 2sin2q) + 6 + 6 sin2q + 4sin6 q
= 9 + 12sin2 q ∙ cos2 q + 4(1 – cos2 q)3
17 17 9
= 9 + 12(1 – cos2 q) cos2 q m = 2, M = 4 & M - n = 4 - 2 = 4
+ 4(1 – cos6 q– 3cos2q+ 3cos4q)
a+b
= 13 – 4cos6 q 11. i= 2
8. P = "i: sin i - cos i = 2 cos i , 3
cos a + cos b = 2
1
sin a + sin b = 2
& sin i = ^ 2 + 1 h cos i
sin ^a + bh + cos ^a + bh = ?
& tan i = 2 + 1
3r
& i = nr + 8 , n ! Z a+b a-b 3
2 cos 2 cos 2 = 2
Q = "i: sin i + cos i = 2 sin i , a+b a-b 1
& ^ 2 - 1 h sin i = cos i
2 sin 2 cos 2 = 2

Dividing, we have tan b l = 13


1 a+b
& tan i = = 2 +1 2
2 -1
2 tan b l
3r a+b 2
& a = nr + 8 , n ! Z P=Q
sin ^a + bh =
2
= 31
9. A+B = 6
r 1 + tan b
2 a+b
l 1+ 9
2
tan A + tan B will attain minimum when 2 9 3
r = 3 # 10 = 5
A = B = 12 .
1 - tan2 b l
a+b
` Minimum value
cos ^a + bh =
2 1 - 1/9 4
r = = 5.
= 2 tan 12 = 2 tan 15° 1 + tan b2 a+b
l 1 + 1/9
2 ^1 - 1/ 3 h
2
= 2 tan ^45° - 30°h =
` sin ^a + bh + cos ^a + bh = 4 + 5 = 5
3 4 7
1 + 1/ 3
2^ 3 - 1h
= ^ 3 - 1h = 4 - 2 3 .
2
= r
3 +1 12. 2 cos i + sin i = 1 , i ! 2

10.
1
4 + 2 sin2 2x - 2 cos 4 x & ]2 cos ig2 = ]1 - sin ig2
& 4 ^1 - sin2 ih = ]1 - sin ig2
= 4 + 2 sin2 2x - 2 ^2 cos2 xh2
1 1
& 4 ]1 + sin ig = 1 - sin i 6since sin i ! 1@
= 4 + 2 sin2 2x - 2 ]1 + cos 2xg2
1 1 -3
& sin i = 5

= 4 + 2 ^sin2 2x - cos2 2xh - 2 - cos 2x


1 1 1 - sin i 1 + 3/5 4
cos i = 2 = 2 =5
7 1 7 # 4 6 # 3 10
= 2 - 2 cos 4x - cos 2x 7 cos i + 6 sin i = 5 - 5 = 5 = 2
= 2 67 - 2 cos2 2x + 1 - 2 cos 2x@
1
13. 2 sin3 a - 7 sin2 a + 7 sin a - 2 = 0
= 2 62 cos2 2x + 2 cos 2x - 8@ & - 2 ^1 - sin3 ah + 7 sin a ]1 - sin ag = 0
-1

= - 6cos2 2x + cos 2x - 4@ & ]1 - sin ag6- 2 ^1 + sin a + sin2 ah + 7 sin a@ = 0


& sin a = 1
=- ;b cos 2x + 2 l - 4 - 14 E
1 2
or - 2 sin2 a + 5 sin a - 2 = 0
= 4 - b cos 2x + 2 l
17 1 2 & sin a = 1
-1 1 3 or 2 sin2 a - 5 sin a + 2 = 0
Now, - 1 # cos 2x # 1 2 # cos 2x + 2 # 2 1
& sin a = 1, 2, 2 .
0 # b cos 2x + 2 l # 4
1 2 9
1
& sin a = 1, 2 .
-9 b 1 l2 r r 5r
& a = 2 , 6 , 6 , three values.
4 # - cos 2x + 2 # 0
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 4.35

/ cosec bi + ]m 4- 1g r l cosec bi + m4r l = 4


Single Option Correct 6
6. 2
2 2 m=1
2 sec i + 4 sec i - 4 - 2 tan i - 4 tan i + 4
1. a1 = 2 b2 = 2 SRS sin ^i + r/4 - ih WVW
^ h
SS WW
"a a 2 > b 2 ,
SS sin i . sin i + r / 4 WW
1 SS sin (^i + r/2h - ^i + r/4h) WW
sin ^r/4h SS sin ^i + r/4h . sin ^i + r/2h
& S + WW = 4 2
a1 = sec i + tan i "a a1 > b1 , b2 =- tan i - sec i SS WW
SS+ ... + sin ((i + 3r/2) - (i + 5r/4)) WWW
a1 = sec i - tan i c a i ! b - 6 , - 12 lm
r r S sin (i + 3r/2) . sin (i + 5r/4) W
RT SS sin ^i + r/4h cos i - cos ^i + r/4h sin i WW VX
sin i. sin ^i + r/4h
SS WW
a1 + b2 =- 2 tan i SS WW
SS sin ^i + r/2h cos ^i + r/4h WW
SS WW
1 ^ h
SS - cos i + r/2 sin i + r/4 ^ h WW
sin cb 6 + 4 l - b]k - 1g 6 + 4 lm sin ^r/4h SSS sin ^i + r/4h . sin ^i + r/2h
kr r r r = + WW = 4 2
2. We have, = 2 $ /
13
SS sin ^i + 3r/2h cos ^i + 5r/4h WW
WW
sin b 4 + ]k - 1g 6 l sin b 4 + 6 l
r r r kr SS
k=1
SS - cos ^i + 3r/2h sin ^i + 5r/4h WW
WW
SS+ ... sin ^i + 3r/2h . sin ^i + 5r/4h W
= 2 / c cot b]k - 1g 6 + 4 l - cot b 6 + 4 lm
13
r r kr r T X
k=1 & 2 [cot i - cot ^i + r/4h + cot ^i + r/4h -
= 2 ;cot 4 - cot b 6 + 4 lE = 2 b1 - cot b 12 ll
r 13r r 5r cot ^i + r/2h + ... + cot ^i + 5r/4h -
cot ^i + 3r/2h] = 4 2
= 2 ^1 - ^2 - 3 hh = 2 ^ 3 - 1 h & tan i + cot i = 4
Multiple Option Correct & tan i = 2 ! 3
r
3. 2 ^cos b - cos ah + cos a cos b - 1 = 0 $ ]1 g & i = 12
5r
b a or 12
1 - tan2 2 1 - tan2 2 in (1)
use cos b = and cos a = a Numerical Type
b 1 + tan2
1 + tan2 2 2
a ! b0, 4 l, b ! b - 4 , 0 l & a + b ! b - 4 , 4 l
r r r r
7.

2 = 3 tan b 2 l & tan 2 + 3 tan 2 = 0


Weget tan2 b a l 2 b
bal
b
sin ^a + bh = 3 , cos ^a - bh = 3
1 2

or tan b 2 l - 3 tan b l = 0 Hence (ab)


a b 2
d sin a + cos a + n
cos b sin b
2 +
cos b sin b sin a cos a
For i ! b 0, 4 l , b 4 , 2 l
r r r cos ^a - bh cos ^b - ah
2
4. d
+ sin a cos a n
cos b sin b
1 1 + cos 4i 2
= 4 cos 2 ^a - bhc + sin 2a m
Let cos 4i = 3 & cos 2i = ! =! 1 1 2
2 3
sin 2b
f ]cos 4ig =
2 cos2 i
2 sin ^a + bh cos ^a - bh
2 1
= = 1+
2 - sec i 2 cos2 i - 1 = 4 cos 2 ^a - bhd n
2
cos 2i ...(1)
sin 2a sin 2b
& fb 3 l = 1 -
1 3 3
2 or 1 + 2 16 cos 4 ^a - bh sin 2 ^a + bh # 4

^cos 2 ^a - bh - cos 2 ^a + bhh2
=
sin 4 x cos 4 x 1
5. 2 + 3 =5 64 cos 4 ^a - bh sin 2 ^a + bh
^2 cos 2 ^a - bh - 1 - 1 + 2 sin 2 ^a + bhh2

=
3 sin 4 x + 2 ^1 - sin2 xh2 = 5
6
16 1 1
= 64 # 81 # 9

b2 # - 1 - 1 + 2 l
4 2
& 25 sin 4 x - 20 sin2 x + 4 = 0 9 9
2 3 64 # 16 81 16
& sin2 x = 5 ` cos2 x = 5
= 81 # 9 $ 64 = 9
2 sin8 x cos8 x 1
` tan2 x = 3 and 8 + 27 = 125 :16 D = 1 Ans.
9
5
Trigonometric Equations 5.1

Chapter Trigonometric Equations


INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
tan b 3 l = 3
2i
1.
7. ]1 + tan ig^1 + tan zh = 2
2i r
& 3 = nr + 3 , n ! I & 1 + tan i + tan z + tan i tan z = 2
3nr r
& i = 2 + 2 ,n ! I & tan i + tan z = 1 - tan i tan z

2
& tan ^i + zh =
2. sec i = tan i + tan z
3 =1
1 - tan i tan z
r
& i = 2nr ! 6 , n ! I & i + z = 45°

cos b 2 l = 0
-i 8.
3. tan i + tan 4i + tan 7i

& 2 = ]2n + 1g 2 , n ! I
-i r = tan i tan 4i tan 7i

& tan ]i + 4i + 7ig = 0


& i is of the form ]2n + 1g r, n ! I
& tan 12i = 0 and tan i, tan 4i, tan 7i must be
4. 2 sin x + tan x = 0

& sin x b2 + cos x l = 0 well defined.


1
1
-1
& sin x = 0 or cos x = 2 and cos x ! 0 9. sin2 i - 2 cos i + 4 = 0

2r 1
& x = nr or 2kr ! 3 ; n, k ! I. & 1 - cos2 i - 2 cos i + 4 = 0

5. ]2 cos x - 1g]3 + 2 cos xg = 0 & 4 cos2 i + 8 cos i - 5 = 0

1 -3 & ]2 cos i + 5g]2 cos i - 1g = 0


& cos x = 2 or 2
1
& cos i = 2
-3
2 is rejected r
& i = 2nr ! 3 , n ! Z
1
So cos x = 2 , 0 # x # 2r
10. 2 3 tan i = 1 - tan2 i
r 5r
&x= 3, 3 2 tan i 1
& tan 2i = =
1 - tan2 i 3
6. cos2 i = 1 r
& 2i = nr + 6 , n ! I
& sin i = 0
nr r
& i = 2 + 12 , n ! I
& i = n r, n ! I
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
1. & tan a ! ^- 3, - 1h , ^0, 1h
3
tan a > tan a ......(1)
& tan a ]tan a - 1g]tan a + 1g < 0
Now, for a ! ^0, r h, the values that satisfy (1) are
a ! b 0, 4 l , b 2 , 4 l
r r 3r
5.2 Mathematics
2. 4 sin x + 2 < 6 Clearly the graph of y = x + 1 and

y = tan x intersect in b 4 , 2 l
r r
&- 6 < 4 sin x + 2 < 6
- 6- 2 6- 2 2r 2r
& < sin x < 7. x+y = 3 & y = 3 -x
4 4
cos x + cos b 3 - x l = 2
2r 3
&- e o < sin x <
3 +1 3 -1
.
2 2 2 2
cos x 3 3
& x ! b 12 , 12 l or x ! b 24 , 24 l cos x - 2 + 2 sin x = 2
- 5r r - 10r 2r

Hence, a =- 10, b = 2 cos x 3 sin x 3


2 + 2 = 2
a-b
& 3 = 4. & cos x + 3 sin x = 3

3. x, y ! 60, 2r@ But LHS # 2, , hence no solution


sin x cos y = 1
8. Let ecosx = t & t ! :1e , eD
& sin x = cos y = 1 or sin x = cos y =- 1
1
r 3r & t = t +4
& x = 2 , y = 0, 2r or x = 2 , y = r
& t 2 - 4t - 1 = 0
& ^ x, yh = b 2 , 0 l, b 2 , 2r l, b 2 , r l .
r r 3r

& t = 2! 5
Hence there are three ordered pairs.
x But t ! :1e , eD
4. 1 + sin x. sin 2 2 = 0
x 1
sin x. sin 2 2 =- 1 2 + 5 > e and 2 - 5 < e
x
& sin x =- 1 and sin 2 2 =1 & No solution
& x = ]4n - 1g 2 and
r x
sin 2 = ! 1
1 - cos2 x
9.
& x = ]4n - 1g 2 and x = ]2n + 1g r
r sin y = sin x - sin x = sin x

1 - sin2 x
&x!z and cos y = cos x - cos x = cos x

5. x sin x = 1 & sin x sin y =- cos2 x and cos x cos y =- sin2 x


1
& sin x = x
Adding, cos ^ x - yh =- 1
1
The graph of sin x and x intersects at infinite
& x - y = ]2n + 1g r, n ! Z ....(i)
number of points & number of roots = infinte.
Subtracting, cos ^ x + y h = cos 2x
6.
y x 1
& 2x = 2kr ! ^ x + y h, k ! Z

3x + y = 2kr
& 4k ! Z
or x - y = 2kr
But x - y = 2kr is rejected due to (1).
π π
4 2 Thus, 3x + y = 2kr and x - y = ]2n + 1g r

2k + 2n + 1 2k - 6n - 3
&x= 4 r, y = 4 r, n, k ! Z
Trigonometric Equations 5.3
10. sin x = ] x + 1g + 1
2

Here, LHS # 1 and RHS $ 1

& by boundedness, sin x = ] x + 1g2 + 1 = 1

r
& x = 2 and x =- 1

which is not possible. Hence no solution.

EXERCISE - 1
1 1 1 6. Given, sin x tan 4x = cos x
1. sin i + cos i = 1 & sin i + cos i =
2 2 2
& tan 4x = cot x
Dividing by 12 + 12 = 2 ,
& tan 4x = tan b 2 - x l
r
we get sin b i + 4 l =
r 1 r
= sin 4 r
2 & 4x = nr + 2 - x n ! I

& i + 4 = nr + ]- 1gn 4 & i = nr + ]- 1gn 4 - 4 . & x = ]2n + 1g 10 For x ! ^0, rh n ! I


r r r r r

2. Given, 2 cos 2x = 3 ^2 cos2 xh - 4 ]2n + 1g < 10


9
& 2 cos 2x = 3 ]cos 2x + 1g - 4
n < 2 & n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

& Number of solutions is 5


& cos 2x = 1 & 2x = 2nr ; n ! I
1
7. 1 - cos2 i - 2 cos i + 4 = 0
& x = nr ; n ! I
5
cos2 i = 4 = cos2 b 6 l & i = nr ! 6 .
3 r r & cos2 i + 2 cos i - 4 = 0
3.
-2 ! 4 + 5 3
4. Given, 4 sin i cos i - 2 cos i - 2 3 sin i + 3 = 0 & cos i = 2 =- 1 ! 2
3
& 2 cos i ]2 sin i - 1g - 3 ]2 sin i - 1g = 0
since cos i # 1, hence cos i =- 1 - 2 is ruled

& ]2 sin i - 1g^2 cos i - 3 h = 0 out. & cos i =- 1 + 23 = 12 = cos b r l r


3 & i = 2n r ! 3 .

1 8. Given, sin 7x + sin 4x + sin x = 0


& sin i = 2
& sin 7x + sin x + sin 4x = 0
3
or cos i = 2
& 2 sin 4x cos 3x + sin 4x = 0
i = nr + ]- 1g 6 ; i = 2mr ! 6
r r
& sin 4x ]2 cos 3x + 1g = 0
n

so sin 4x = 0 & 4x = nr n ! I, x ! :0, 2 D


r 5r r 11r r
i = 6 , 6 ! [0, 2r); i = 6 , 6 ! [0, 2r)
nr r r 1
r 5r 11r
`i= 6, 6 , 6 m, n ! I x= 4 ` x = 0, 4 , 2 or cos 3x =- 2

3x = 2mr ! 3 & x = ]6m ! 2g 9 m ! I


2r r
5. On simplification, it reduces to cos 2i = sin 2i
` x = 9 , 9 a x ! :0, 2 D
2r 4r r
r r nr r
& tan 2i = tan 4 & 2i = nr + 4 & i = 2 + 8 .
Number of solutions is 5.
5.4 Mathematics

2 sin i + tan i = 0; sin i b2 + cos i l = 0


1 n = 0, 1, 2, 3
9.
x ! [0, 2r)
i.e., sin i = 0 & i = nr

=- 2 & cos i =- 2 & i = 2nr ! b 3 l .
or 1 1 2r
cos i 8
10. Given, cos 2i + 3 cos i = 0 π
8
& 2 cos2 i + 3 cos i - 1 = 0

-3 ! 9 + 8 - 3 ! 17
& cos i = 4 = 4 9π 13π
8 8
- 3 - 17
cos i = 4 is rejected
r 5r 9r 13r
x= 4, 8 , 8 , 8
Let cos i = cos a
& i = 2nr ! a, where a = cos -1 c
- 3 + 17 m 5r 9r
4 For x = 8 and x = 8 , cos x will give negative

11. 3 tan 2i + 3 tan 3i + tan 2i tan 3i = 1 r 13r


value x = 8 , 8
tan 2i + tan 3i 1 r
&
1 - tan 2i tan 3i
= & tan 5i = tan 6 13. tan2 i - tan i - 3 tan i + 3 = 0
3

& 5i = n r + 6 & i = b n + 6 l 5 .
r 1 r & tan i ]tan i - 1g - 3 ]tan i - 1g = 0

12. Given 2 cos x = 2 + 2 sin 2x ; x ! [0, 2r) & ^tan i - 3 h]tan i - 1g = 0

r r
& 4 cos2 x = 2 + 2 sin 2x & i = n r + 3 , nr + 4 .

& 2 cos2 x - 1 = sin 2x 14. tan x + sec x = 2 cos x

& cos 2x = sin 2x & 1 + sin x = 2 ^1 - sin2 xh

& cos 2x = cos b 2 - 2x l


r & 2 sin2 x + sin x - 1 = 0

1
& 2x = 2nr ! b 2 - 2x l
r & sin x =- 1, + 2

r r ` In interval [0, 2r)


& 2x = 2nr + 2 - 2x and 2x = 2nr - 2 + 2x
Total number of solution is 3
(not possible) ` 4x = b
4n + 1 l
2 r
15. It is obvious.
& x = b 8 lr
4n + 1
16. tan 5i = cot 2i
sin 5i cos 2i
` 0#b
4n + 1 l & =
8 r < 2r cos 5i sin 2i

4n + 1 & cos 5i. cos 2i - sin 5i sin 2i = 0


&0# 8 <2
& cos ]7ig = 0
1 n 1
&- 8 # 2 < 2 - 8
nr r
& i = 7 + 14 ; n ! I
1 15
&- 4 # n < 4
Trigonometric Equations 5.5

tan 5i = tan b 2 - 2i l & 5i = nr + 2 - 2i


pr r r
tan mi = tan ni & mi = pr + ni & i = ]
m - ng
17. 23.
r r nr r
Hence different value of i are in A.P. with m - n & 7i = nr + 2 & i = 7 + 14 .

as common difference. tan 3x - tan 2x


24. Given 1 + tan 3x # tan 2x = 1
18. 2 sin2 x + 5 sin x - 3 = 0 & tan ]3x - 2xg = 1

- 5 ! 25 + 24 r
& sin x = & tan x = 1 = tan 4
4
1 r
& sin x =- 3 (impossible) and sin x = 2 & x = nr + 4 n ! I

1 But at this value of x, tan 2x = 3 which is not


For sin x = 2
acceptable ` x ! z
Total number of solution in interval [0, 3r] = 4

sin 2i = cos 3i & 3i = 2nr ! b 2 - 2i l


r
19. tan i - 2 sec i = 3 & sin i - 3 cos i = 2 25.

& sin b i - 3 l = sin 4 & i = nr + ]- 1gn 4 + 3 .


r r r r 2nr r r
& i = 5 + 10 or i = 2nr - 2 .

1 r 5 -1
20. cos x + sin x = 2 Since i is acute & i = 10 & sin i = 4 .
x x 13
1 - tan2 2 2 tan 2 1 26. 2 + 7 tan 2 i = 4 sec 2 i
& + =2
2 x 2 x
1 + tan 2 1 + tan 2
8 + 28 tan 2 i = 13 sec 2 i

8 + 28 ]sec 2 i - 1g = 13 sec 2 i
x x
& 3 tan2 2 - 4 tan 2 - 1 = 0

x 4 ! 28 4
& tan 2 = 6 sec 2 i = 3
x r
2 tan 2 cos 2 i = cos 2 6
` tan x = x
1 - tan2 2 r
& i = nr ! 6
- ^4 + 7 h
& tan x = & 4 solutions
3
21. The given equation can be written as i
27. We have, 1 - cos i = sin i. sin 2

sin2 i i i i i
& + 3 tan i = 0 & tan i sin i + 3 tan i = 0 & 2 sin2 2 = 2 sin 2 . cos 2 . sin 2
cos i
tan i ^sin i + 3 h = 0 & tan i = 0
& 2 sin2 2 :1 - cos 2 D = 0 & sin 2 = 0 or
i i i

& i = n r, n ! Z .
i
2 sin2 4 = 0
22. 1 - cos x ! 0 & cos x ! 1
i i i
& sin 2 = 0 or sin 4 = 0 & 2 = kr
sec x 1
1 - cos x = 1 - cos x i
or 4 = kr.
& sec x = 1 & cos x = 1
Hence, i = 2kr or i = 4kr, k ! I.
But cos x ! 1, hence no solution
5.6 Mathematics
28. sin 2x + cos 4x = 2 33. cosec i + 2 = 0

& sin 2x = 1 and cos 4x = 1 1


& sin i =- 2 & i = 210° or 330° .
r 5r r 3r
& x = 4 , 4 and x = 2 , r, 2 sin i =- 2 = sin b - 6 l = sin b r + 6 l
1 r r
34.
& no common solution.
= tan b 6 l = tan b r + 6 l & i = b r + 6 l
1 r r r
tan i =
3
29. 2 - 2 sin2 x + 3 sin x - 3 = 0 7r
Hence general value of i is 2nr + 6 .
& ]2 sin x - 1g]sin x - 1g = 0 & sin x = 2 or
1
sin ] A + Bg = 1 and cos ] A - Bg = 2
3
35.
sin x = 1
r r r r
& A + B = 2 and A - B = 6 & A = 3 , B = 6 .
r 5r r
& x = 6 , 6 , 2 i.e., 30°, 150°, 90° .
36. cot i = sin 2i, ^i ! nrh & 2 sin2 i cos i = cos i
30. 7 cos 2 x + sin x cos x - 3 = 0
& cos i = 0 or sin2 i = 2 = sin2 b 4 l
1 r
2
Multiplying by sec x,
& i = ]2n + 1g 2 or i = nr ! 4
r r
7 + tan x - 3 sec 2 x = 0
& i = 90° and 45°
7 + tan x - 3 ]1 + tan 2 xg = 0

cos A sin b A - 6 l = 2 ;sin b2A - 6 l - sin 6 E


r 1 r r
3 tan 2 x - tan x - 4 = 0 37.

]3 tan x - 4g]tan x + 1g = 0 But sin b2A - 6 l - 2 attain maximum value at


r 1

4 r r r
2A - 6 = 2 & A = 3 .
tan x = 3 or tan x =- 1
38. Here cos i = 1 - 2 cos2 40° =-^2 cos2 40° - 1h
& x = kr + tan -1 b 3 l, nr + 4
4 3r
=- cos ^2 # 40°h =- cos 80°
= cos ^180° + 80°h = cos ^180° - 80°h
31. Given relation is
Hence, cos 260° and cos 100°
tan i + tan 2i + 3 tan i tan 2i = 3
i.e., i = 100° and 260° .
& tan i + tan 2i = 3 ]1 - tan i tan 2ig
= 1 & cos b x + 4 l =- 1
1 1 r
39. sin x - cos x
= 3 & tan 3i = tan ^r/3h
tan i + tan 2i 2 2
&
1 - tan i tan 2i r 3r 5r
& x + 4 = 2nr ! r & 2nr + 4 or 2nr - 4 .
& 3i = nr + 3 & i = ]3n + 1g 9 .
r r
1
40. Given equation is, cos x - sin x =
tan ] A + Bg = 1 - tan A tan B
tan A + tan B 2
32.
1 1 1
Dividing equation by 2, cos x - sin x = 2
tan ] A + Bg =
2 2 2
1 - ]- 1g
=1
cos b 4 + x l = cos 3 . Hence, 4 + x = 2nr ! 3
r r r r
& sin ] A + Bg =
1
2 r r r
x = 2nr + 3 - 4 = 2nr + 12
& sin 2 ] A + Bg = 2
1
r r 7r
or x = 2nr - 3 - 4 = 2nr - 12 .
Trigonometric Equations 5.7
41. Given sin x + sin y + sin z =- 3 is satisfied only ]sin x + cos xg = 12 + 12 = 2 . Hence there is no
‘ x ’ satisfying sin x + cos x = 2.
when x = y = z = 2 , for x, y, z ! 60, 2r@.
3r
44. Given equation is 3 sin x + cos x = 4 which is of
5 x + 5 -x
42. We know 2 $ 1, (using A.M. $ G.M.)
the form a sin x + b cos x = c with
But since cos ^e xh # 1
a = 3 , b = 1, c = 4.
So, there does not exist any solution.
Here a2 + b2 = 3 + 1 = 4 < c2,
43. No solution as sin x # 1, cos x # 1 and both of
therefore the given equation has no solution.
them do not attain their maximum value for the same
angle. Aliter: Since the maximum value of 45. sin x cos x = 2 or sin 2x = 4, which is impossible.

EXERCISE - 2

1 - ^1 - 2 sin2 ih Given sin ]2A + Bg = 2


1
1 - cos 2i 6.
1.
1 + ^2 cos2 i - 1h
=3& =3
1 + cos 2i
& sin ]2A + Bg = sin 6 or sin 6
r r 5r
& tan2 i = 3 & i = nr ! 3 .
r
2. Given, 2 sin i + tan i = 0 But 2A + B = 6 is not possible

sin i
& 2 sin i + =0 5r
cos i ` 2A + B = 6 ...(i) Given that
& sin i ]2 cos i + 1g = 0 6a cos i ! 0@
2B = A + C ...(ii) We know
1
& sin i = 0 or cos i =- 2
A + B + C = r ...(iii)
2r
i = nr or i = 2mr ! 3 n, m ! I
r
From (ii) and (iii) 3B = r & B = 3
5
3. sec2 i + tan2 i = 3 , also sec2 i - tan2 i = 1
5r r r
From (i) 2A = 6 - 3 & A = 4
& tan i = 3 = tan2 b 6 l & i = nr ! 6 .
2 1 r r

4. Given, 2 cos2 ]r + xg + 3 sin ]r + xg = 0 From (iii) C = r - ] A + Bg

= r - b 3 + 4 l & C = 12
& 2 cos2 x - 3 sin x = 0 r r 5r

4 - 4 cos2 i + 2 ^ 3 + 1 h cos i = 4 + 3
& 2 - 2 sin2 x - 3 sin x = 0
7.
& ]2 sin x - 1g]sin x + 2g = 0
& 4 cos2 i - 2 ^ 3 + 1 h cos i + 3 = 0
1 r 5r
2 ^ 3 + 1 h ! 4 ^ 3 + 1 h - 16 3
& sin x = 2 or sin x =- 2 ` i = 6 , 6 2

& cos i =
sin 4i = cos i - cos 7i & sin 4i = 2 sin ]4ig sin ]3ig
8
5.
3 r
& cos i = 2 or 1/2 & i = 2nr ! 6
& sin 4i = 0 & 4i = nr or sin 3i = 2 = sin b 6 l
1 r

or 2nr ! r/3.
& 3i = nr + ]- 1gn 6 & i = 4 , 3 + ]- 1gn 18 .
r nr nr r
5.8 Mathematics
sin 3i 1 r
8. Given, = Trick: Since i = 4 satisfies the equation and
2 cos 2i + 1 2
r
3 sin i - 4 sin3 i 1 therefore the general value should be 2nr ! 4 .
& =2
2 - 4 sin2 i + 1
12. 4 cosec 2 ^r ]a + xgh + a 2 - 4a = 0
& 2 sin i 63 - 4 sin i@ = ^3 - 4 sin ih
2 2

sin 2 ^r ]a + xgh =
4
& ]2 sin i - 1g^3 - 4 sin2 ih = 0 4a - a 2
0 # sin 2 ^r ]a + xgh # 1
` sin i = 2 & i = nr + ]- 1gn 6 , n ! I
1 r
4
&0# #1
3 r 4a - a 2
or sin i = 4 & i = nr ! 3 , m ! I
2

4
which does not satisfy the given equation #1
4a - a 2
4
9. tan i + tan 2i + tan 3i = tan i tan 2i tan 3i & -1 # 0
4a - a 2
tan i + tan 2i + tan 3i - tan i tan 2i tan 3i 4 - 4a + a 2
tan 6i =
1 - / tan i tan 2i 4a - a 2
#0
= 0, (from the given condition) ]a - 2g2 1
# 0 & a = 2 and #0 ...(1)
4a - a 2 4a - a 2
& 6i = nr & i = nr/6.
4 1
Also, $0& $ 0 ...(2)
Trick: In such type of problems, the general value of 4a - a 2 4a - a 2
nr From (1) and (2) a a = 2
i is given by . So the general
sum of number of i
2nr
nr nr
value of i is 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 . 13. cos pi = cos qi & pi = 2nr ! qi & i = p ! q .

10. Given sin 3i = 4 sin i. sin 2i sin 4i, where 14. tan2 x - sec10 x + 1 = 0

0#i#r & sec2 x - 1 - sec10 x + 1 = 0

& sec2 x ^1 - sec8 xh = 0


& 3 sin i - 4 sin3 i - 4 sin i sin 2i sin 4i = 0
& sin i 63 - 4 sin i - 4 sin 2i sin 4i@
2

& sin i 53 - 2 + 2 cos 2i - 2 cos 2i + 2 cos 6i?


& sec8 x = 1 & cos x = ! 1

& sin i 51 + 2 cos 6i? = 0 & x = r, 2r, 3r


1
& sin i = 0 or cos 6i =- 2 15. We have r r r
4 cot i = 2 - 4 tan i & tan i + cot i = 2
total number of solutions in i ! 60, r@ r r
& sin 2i = 1 = sin 2 & i = nr + 4 .
=2+6=8
16. ]cos i + cos 2ig3 = cos3 i + cos3 2i
^ 2 + 1h
11. 2 cos i - ^ 2 + 1 h cos i - 1 +
& 3 cos i cos 2i ]cos i + cos 2ig = 0
2
=0
2
3i i
& 6 cos i cos 2i cos 2 cos 2 = 0
^ 2 + 1h ! ^ 2 + 1h - 8
2

& i = ]2n + 1g 2 , i = ]2m + 1g 4 ,


2 r r
& cos i = 4
i = ^2p + 1h 3 , i = ^2q + 1h r
r
& cos i = cos b 4 l & i = 2nr ! 4 .
r r
r
` least positive value is 4 .
Trigonometric Equations 5.9
17. Let 3 + 1 = r cos a and 3 - 1 = r sin a. 22. sin x = cos x & cos x > 0

Then r = ^ 3 + 1 h + ^ 3 - 1 h = 2 2
2 2 & sin 2 x = cos 2 x

& cos 2x = 0
3 - 1 1 - ^1/ 3 h
= tan b 4 - 6 l & a = 12
r r r
3 + 1 1 + ^1/ 3 h
tan a = = r
& x = nr ! 4 , But cos x > 0
The given equation reduces to r
& x = 2nr ! 4
2 2 cos ]i - ag = 2 & cos b i - 12 l = cos 4
r r
23. sin x = cos 3x x ! 6- 2r, 2r@
r r r r
& i - 12 = 2nr ! 4 & i = 2nr ! 4 + 12 . Case (I): sin x = cos 3x

18. cos ]sin xg = 0


cos b 2 - x l = cos 3x
r
r
& sin x = 2nr ! 2
3x = 2nr ! b 2 - x l, n ! I
r

But - 1 # sin x # 1
r r
3 x = 2 nr + 2 - x & 3 x = 2 nr - 2 + x
Hence, x ! z
4x = ]4n + 1g 2 ; 2x = ]4n - 1g 2
r r
19. On expanding determinant,
x = ]4n + 1g 8 ; x = ]4n - 1g 4
r r

cos2 ] A + Bg + sin2 ] A + Bg + cos 2B = 0 4n + 1 4n - 1


-2 # 8 # 2; -2 # 4 # 2
1 + cos 2B = 0 17 15 7 9
- 4 #n# 4 ; -4 #n# 4

or cos 2B = cos r n =- 4, - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3; n =- 1, 0, 1, 2

or 2B = 2nr + r no. of sol. 8 no. of. sol. 4.

or B = ]2n + 1g 2 , n ! Z.
r Case (II) : - sin x = cos 3x

cos b 2 + x l = cos 3x
r
20.
2 2
2 sin x + 4.2 cos x = 6

3x = 2nr ! b 2 + x l;
r
Let 2 sin x = t
2
n!I

r r
` t + t = 6 & ]t - 4g]t - 2g = 0 3 x = 2 nr + 2 + x & 3 x = 2 nr - 2 - x
8

]4n + 1gr ]4n - 1gr


2 sin x = 4 & 2 sin x = 2
2 2
x= 4 & x= 8
4n + 1 4n - 1
& sin x = ! 2 (reject) and sin x = ! 1 -2 # 4 #2 -2 # 8 #2

` in ^- 2r, 2r h there are 4 solutions.


9 7 - 15 17
-4 #n# 4 4 #n# 4

21. After solving the determinant 2 cos i = 0 n =- 2, - 1, 0, 1 n =- 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

r Number of sol. 4 Number of sol. 8


& i = 2nr ! 2 .

Total number of solution is = 8 + 4 + 4 + 8 = 24



5.10 Mathematics
x x - 9... # 2k # 7...
24. We have 2 + tan x. cot 2 + cot x. tan 2 = 0
x x - 4... # k # 3...
sin x cos 2 cos x sin 2
& 2 + cos x . x + sin x . x =0
sin 2 cos 2 k =- 4, 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3
x x x x
2. sin 2 . cos 2 . cos 2 cos x. sin 2
& 2+ x + x x x =0
Number of value of k = 8
cos x. sin 2 2. sin 2 . cos 2 . cos 2
27.
b2 cos2 x l
sin 7i + sin i - sin 4i = 0
2 cos x
& 2 + cos x + =0
b2. cos2 x l & 2 sin 4i cos 3i - sin 4i = 0
2
& sin 4i ]2 cos 3i - 1g = 0 & sin 4i = 0, cos 3i = 2
1
& 2 + b cos x l + b 1 + cos x l = 0
1 + cos x cos x
r
1 cos x Now sin 4i = 0 & 4i = r & i = 4 .
& 3 + cos x + 1 + cos x = 0
1 r r
& 3. cos x ]1 + cos xg + ]1 + cos xg + cos2 x = 0
and cos 3i = 2 & 3i = 3 & i = 9 .

& 4 cos2 x + 4 cos x + 1 = 0 & ]2 cos x + 1g2 = 0


28. tan2 a + 2 3 tan a = 1
& 2 3 tan a = ^1 - tan2 ah
-1 2r
& cos x = 2 & cos x = cos 3
& 3c m= 1
2 tan a
1 - tan2 a
2r
& x = 2n r ! 3 , n ! I 1 r
& tan 2a = = tan 6
x x 3
Aliter: Let tan x. cot 2 + cot x. tan 2 = P r
& 2a = nr + 6 ; n ! I
1
& a = 2 + 12 = ]6n + 1g 12 ; n ! I
So, equation is P + P =- 2 nr r r
x
& P =- 1 & tan x. cot 2 =- 1
29. We have, cos2 i + sin i + 1 = 0

& tan x + tan 2 = 0 & sin b 2 l = 0


x 3x
& 1 - sin2 i + sin i + 1 = 0
3x
& 2 = nr, n ! I (But keep domain in mind) & sin2 i - sin i - 2 = 0 & ]sin i + 1g]sin i - 2g = 0

2nr
` x = 3 ,n ! I sin i = 2, which is not possible and sin i =- 1.

25. cos 6i + cos 4i + cos 2i + 1 = 0 Therefore, solution of given equation lies in the

interval b 4 , 4 l .
5r 7r
& 2 cos2 3i + 2 cos 3i. cos i = 0

& 4 cos 3i cos 2i cos i = 0 30. Given cos x = cos x - 2 sin x

& 3i = ]2n + 1g 2 ; 2i = ]2n + 1g 2 and i = ]2n + 1g 2


r r r Case-I : if cos x $ 0, then cos x = cos x - 2 sin x

& i = 30°, 90°, 150°, 45°, 135° . & sin x = 0

26. 7 cos x + 5 sin x = 2k + 1 k ! I & x = nr but cos x $ 0

- 72 + 52 # 2k + 1 # 72 + 52 so only even integral multiple of r is acceptable

- 74 - 1 # 2k # 74 - 1 ` x = 2nr ; n ! I
Trigonometric Equations 5.11
Case-II : If cos x < 0, then - cos x = cos x - 2 sin x 0 # n # 50 or 60, 100r@

- 2 cos x =- 2 sin x x = 0, 2r, 4r, 6r, ..., 100r

& tan x = 1 2r 50 + 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 50?


A.M. = 51
r
& x = nr + 4 (x can be in I & III quadrant) 2r 50 # 51
= 51 2 = 50r
But cos x < 0 So x will be in III quadrant s.t.n
33. The given determinant
should be odd integer
(Applying R1 $ R1 - R3 and R2 $ R2 - R3)
x = ]2m + 1gr + 4 , m ! I
r
1 0 -1
31. 2 sin2 x + sin2 2x = 2 ...(i) reduces to 0 1 -1 =0
sin2 i cos2 i 1 + 4 sin 4i
and sin 2x + cos 2x = tan x ...(ii)
& 1 + 4 sin 4i + cos2 i + sin2 i = 0
solving (i), sin2 2x = 2 cos2 x
(By expanding along R1) )
& 2 cos2 x cos 2x = 0 & x = ]2n + 1g 2 or x = ]2n + 1g r
r
4 -1
& 4 sin 4i =- 2 & sin 4i = 2
2 tan x + 1 - tan2 x
Solving (ii), = tan x
& 4i = 6 or 6 , ]0 < 4i < 2rg
1 + tan2 x 7r 11r

& tan3 x + tan2 x - tan x - 1 = 0


r 7r 11r
Since, 0 < i < 2 & 0 < 4i < 2r & i = 24 , 24 .
& ^tan2 x - 1h]tan x + 1g = 0 & x = mr ! 4
r
34. Given tan x + tan b x + 3 l + tan b x + 3 l = 3
r 2r
` Common roots are ]2n + 1g 4
r
tan x + 3 tan x - 3
r & tan x + + =3
Trick: For n = 0, option(a) gives i =- 2 which 1 - 3 tan x 1 + 3 tan x
tan x - 3 tan3 x + tan x + 3 tan2 x + 3 + 3 tan x + tan x - 3 tan2 x - 3 + 3 tan x
satisfies the equation (i) but does not satisfy the (ii). &
1 - 3 tan2 x
=3

r Upon solving we get


Now option (b) gives i = 4 which satisfies both
9 tan x - 3 tan3 x 3 tan x - tan3 x
the equations. & 2 =3& =1
1 - 3 tan x 1 - 3 tan2 x
32. Given 4 cos3 x - 4 cos2 x - cos ]r + xg - 1 = 0
r
& tan 3x = 1 & 3x = nr + 4 n!I

& 4 cos3 x - 4 cos2 x + cos x - 1 = 0 nr r


& x = 3 + 12 n!I

A.M. of roots x ! 60, 315@ 35. tan ]r cos ig = tan b 2 - r sin i l


r

& 4 cos2 x ]cos x - 1g + ]cos x - 1g = 0


` sin i + cos i = 2 & cos b i - 4 l =
1 r 1
.
2 2
& ]cos x - 1g^4 cos2 x + 1h = 0

1 36. sin2 i + sin i - 2 = 0 & ]sin i - 1g]sin i + 2g = 0


& cos x = 1 or cos2 x =- 4 (not possible)
& sin i ! - 2 , ` sin i = 1 = sin r/2
x = 2nr, n ! I
& i = nr + ]- 1gn 2 .
r
0 # 2n # 100 x ! [0, 315]
5.12 Mathematics

f ]xg = cos x - x + 2 , f ]0g = 2 > 0


1 3 12 cosec2 i - 16 cosec i - 15 cosec i + 20 = 0
37.
]4 cosec i - 5g]3 cosec i - 4g = 0
f b 2 l = 0 - 2 + 2 = 2 < 0, ba r = 7 nearly l
r r 1 1-r 22

5 4 4 3
` One root lies in the interval :0, 2 D.
r cosec i = 4 , 3 ; ` sin i = 5 , 4 .

40. Since A.M. $ G.M. 2 ]2 sin x + 2 cos xg $ 2 sin x .2 cos x


1
38. sec x cos 5x =- 1 & cos 5x =- cos x

]2n + 1gr ]2n - 1gr


sin x + cos x

& 5x = 2nr ! ]r - xg & x = or


& 2 sin x + 2 cos x $ 2.2 2
6 4
sin x + cos x
r r 3r 5r 5r 7r 7r 9r 11r
Hence x = 4 , 2 4 , 6 , 4 , 6 , 4 , 6 , 6 . & 2 sin x + 2 cos x $ 21 + 2

39. 12 cot2 i - 31 cosec i + 32 = 0 and we know that sin x + cos x $ - 2

12 ^cosec2 i - 1h - 31 cosec i + 32 = 0 ` 2 sin x + 2 cos x $ 21 - ^1/ 2 h, for x = 4 .


5r

12 cosec2 i - 31 cosec i + 20 = 0

EXERCISE - 3
Numerical Type
but only tan x ! d , 1 n as x ! b 0, r l
1
1. cos x = ]tan x + cot xg 3 2
]tan x + cot xg $ 2 or tan x + cot x # - 2 & x ! b 6 , 4 l & a = 6 ,b = 4
r r r r

cos x $ 2 or cos x #- 2
& r ]b - ag = 3
36
Not possible, Number of solutions is zero.
sin x sin 3x sin 9x
4. cos 3x + cos 9x + cos 27x = 0
2. sin x cos x + tan x + cot x = 3
or 22cos
sin x cos x 2 sin 3x cos 3x 2 sin 9x cos 9x
3x cos x + 2 cos 9x cos 3x + 2 cos 27x cos 9x = 0
1
& sin x cos x + = 3
sin x cos x
]3x - xg sin ]9x - 3xg sin ]27x - 9xg
1 or 2sin
cos 3x cos x + 2 cos 9x cos 3x + 2 cos 27x cos 9x = 0
sin x cos x + $2
sin x cos x
or ]tan 3x - tan xg + ]tan 9x - tan 3xg
Hence, there is no solution.
+ ]tan 27x - tan 9xg = 0
3. tan x tan 3x < - 1
or tan 27x - tan x = 0
tan c m < - 1 & 1 - tan 2x < 0
3 tan x - tan3 x 4
2
1 - 3 tan x 1 - 3 tan x
or tan x = tan 27x
Let tan x = t
& 27x = nr + x, n ! I
]1 - tg]1 + tg
& <0 nr
1 - 3t2 or x = 26 , n ! I.

& t ! d - 1, n,d ,1n


-1 1
r 2r 3r 4r 5r 6r
3 3 or x = 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26 , 26

Hence, there are six solutions.


Trigonometric Equations 5.13
sin3 i sin i ^1 - cos ih 2
]cos x - 1g^2 cos x + 3 h = 0
5. x= 2 =
cos i cos2 i
- 3
cos x = 1 or cos x = 2
sin i cos i
x= - sin i, y = - cos i
cos2 i sin2 i
From (ii) sin 3x = 2 sin x
^sin3 i + cos 3 ih 1 3 sin x - 4 sin3 x = 2 sin x
x+y = 2 2 -2
cos i sin i
1 ]1 - sin i cos ig sin x = 0 or 3 - 4 sin2 x = 2
^ x + yh = 2 1
]sin 2ig2
-2
4 sin2 x = 1
4
1
sin x = ! 2
2 b1 - 2 l
sin 2i
common solution in 60, 5r@ is
1
-2
sin2 2i
1 3 5r 7r 17r 19r 29r
given that sin i + cos i = 2 & sin 2i =- 4 0, 2r, 4r, 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6

2 b1 + 8 l x ! ; 6 + nr, 2 + nr l
3 1 r r
1 44 1 If tan x $ ;
& -2 & 9 -2 3
9
then common solution ; x ! & 6 , 6 0
16 7r 19r

79 p
& 18 = q & p + q = 97 8. 2 sin i = r 4 - 2r3 + 3

sin2 b x - 4 l 1 ]sin x - cos xg2 2 sin i = ]r2 - 1g2 + 2


r
&
6. = 2
cos 2x cos2 x - sin2 x
This is possible only when sin i = 1 and r2 = 1
- 2 ]sin x - cos xg
1
=- 2 tan b x - 4 l
1 r
= cos x + sin x or r = ! 1. So, i = r/2 , 5r/2 , 9r/2

Given equation reduces to ` Number of values of the pair ^r, ih = 6

2 tanb x - 4 l - 2 ]0.25g- 2 tanb x - 4 l + 1 = 0


r 1 r

c 5 -1m 1 +
10 + 2 5 1
9. sin x 4 $ cos x cos x = 2
4
& 2 tanb x - 4 l = 1
r
sin 18° cos 18°
& sin x + cos x = 2
& x = r/4, which is not
& sin ^ x + 18°h = 2 sin x cos x = sin 2x
possible as cos 2x = 0 for this value of x, which is
& 2x = x + 18° or 180° - 2x = x + 18°
not defending the original equation.
` sum of all values of x ! b 0, 2 l
r
7. From (i) 2 cos x - 1 + 1 - 3 = ^2 - 3 h cos x
2

4r
= 18° + 54° = 72° = 10 `k=4
2 cos x - ^2 - 3 h cos x - 3 = 0
2

2 cos x ]cos x - 1g + 3 ]cos x - 1g = 0


5.14 Mathematics
r r
10. Given 2 < 3x - 2 # r 13. 2 cos 2 2x - 7 cos 2x + 5 = 0
cos
& 2x = 1 & x = nr
& 2 < b3x - 2 l # r or - r # b3x - 2 l < 2
r r r -r

k = 1 + 2 + ...99
3r -r 99 # 100
& r < 3x # 2 or 6 # x < 0
= 2 = 4950

` x ! ; 6 , 0l , c 3 , 2 D
-r r r
14. Given, 4y 2 + 2 cos 2 x = 4y - sin 2 x
Now, 1 + cos x + cos 2x + sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x = 0 & 4y 2 - 4y + 1 + cos 2


x=0
& 2 cos2 x + cos x + sin 2x + 2 sin 2x cos x = 0
& ^2y - 1 h + cos 2 x = 0
2

& cos x ]2 cos x + 1g + sin 2x ]2 cos x + 1g = 0
1 r 3r
y
` = 2 and cos x = 0 & x = 2 , 2
& ]cos x + sin 2xg]2 cos x + 1g = 0
So, two ordered pairs are possible i.e., b 2 , 2 l
r 1

& cos x ]1 + 2 sin xg]2 cos x + 1g = 0
and b 2 , 2 l
3r 1
-1
& cos x = 0 or sin x = 2
15. tan 2i = tan 6i
(as for given interval, cos x > 0)
& sin ]4ig = 0 & i = 4 , n ! I
sin 2i sin 6i nr
& =
r -r cos 2i cos 6i
& x = 2 or x = 6 r 3r 5r 7r 9r 11r

But i = 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 (Rejected)
Hence, there are 2 solutions.
So, possible solutions are
11. We have sin 3i = sin 7i - sin i r 3r 5r

i = 2 , r, 2 , 2r, 2 .
sin
& 3i = 2 cos 4i sin 3i
16. Squaring both sides;
sin
& 3i ]2 cos 4i - 1g = 0

2 + cos 2x = 1 + sin 2x

& either sin 3i = 0 or cos 4i

cos 2x - sin 2x + 1 = 0
1

= 2
sin 4x = 0
r r 5r

` Solutions are 3 , 12 , 12 .
4x = nr; n ! I
12. sin 2x cos y = ]a 2 - 1g2 + 1
nr

x= 4
& 2 - 1 = 0 & a2 - 1 = 0
a
n =- 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
& 2=1
a
but n = 1 and 2

cos 2x sin y = a + 1 & a # 0
only acceptable.

17. b 2 sin x l cos 2 2x =



from (i) and (ii) a =- 1 2 sin x - 1 2 sin 2 x - 3 sin x + 1
sin x
sin
]2 sin x - 1g]sin x - 1g
` 2x cos y = 1 and cos 2x sin y = 0

= sin x

On solving we get 2 ordered pair.
1 1
b r , 0 l and b 3r , r l
sin
& x = 2 or 2 cos 2 2x = sin x - 1
4 4
0 $0 #0

4 solution Hence no solution
Trigonometric Equations 5.15
2
18. sec x - 4 tan x < 0 19. The equation is possible only when

& 1 + tan 2 x - 4 tan x < 0



cos 3 x = 1 and cos 5 x = 1
2nr 2mr

x= and x = , m, n ! I
5 3 5
12
x = 0 is the only common value.

x 4 + 1 ^2 sin y cos yh
2
0    20. =
8x 2 4
12 2
1
& x 2 + 2 = 2 sin 2 2y

x

L. H. S $ 2 and R. H. S # 2

& 2 - 3 < tan x < 2 + 3
r 5r
L. H. S = R. H. S will hold only if

& nr + 12 < x < 12 + nr, n ! I

only if L. H. S = 2 = R. H. S.
r 5r 13r 17r 25r 29r

& 12 < x < 12 , 12 < x < 12 , 12 < x < 12

` Integral values of x can be 1, 4 and 7.

EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct 1
& x = n - 4 ,n ! I
1. 2 ]2 cos 2x - 1g + 3 - 4 cos 2x + ^2 cos2 2x - 1h = 2
Now, Sum = b1 - 4 l + b2 - 4 l + ... + b100 - 4 l
1 1 1
2 ]2 cos 2x - 1g + 2 ]1 - cos 2xg = 2
2

= ]1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 100g - 4
100
2 cos 2x - 1 + 1 - cos 2x = 1
= 5050 - 25 = 5025
cos 2x = 1
5. tan 4 x + cot 4 x + 1
2x = 2nr
= ]tan 2 x - cot 2 xg2 + 3 $ 3 and 3 sin 2y # 3
` x = nr ; n ! I

sin x cos x ]sin x - cos xg + 2 ^1 - ]sin x - cos xg2h


& tan 2 x = cot 2 x and sin 2y = 1
2.

- 4 ]sin x - cos xg - 2 = 0
& tan 2 x = 1 and sin 2y = 1

r r
& ]sin x - cos xg^sin x cos x - 2 ]sin x - cos xg - 4h = 0 & x = nr ! 4 and y = nr + 4

& ]sin x - cos xg]sin x + 2g]cos x - 2g = 0 Also, x 2 + y 2 # 4

r r
& tan x = 1 & x = ! 4 and y = 4 & Two solutions.

y = x2 - 6x + 10 = ]x - 3g2 + 1 $ 1
r
& x = nr + 4 6.

i2 b sin2 + cos2 l = 4 & i = 2 ]a i > 0g


1 1 1
3. & sin x - cos x =
i i 2
4. We sin rx + cos rx = 0 1 1 1
sin x - cos x = 2
2 2
1 1
sin b x - 4 l = sin 6
& . sin rx + . cos rx = 0 r r
2 2

& sin b rx + 4 l = 0 & rx + 4 = nr, n ! I x = 4 + nr + ]- 1gn 6 , n ! I


r r r r
5.16 Mathematics
7. Given sin 7x + sin 4x + sin x = 0 10. 1 + log2 sin x + log2 sin 3x $ 0

& sin 7x + sin x + sin 4x = 0 & sin x, sin 3x > 0

& 2 sin 4x cos 3x + sin 4x = 0 & log2 ]2. sin x. sin 3xg $ 0

& sin 4x ]2 cos 3x + 1g = 0 & 2 sin x. sin 3x $ 1


so sin 4x = 0 & 4x = nr n ! I, x ! :0, 2 D
r
For sin x > 0 & x ! ^0, rh; sin 3x > 0
nr r r 1
& 3x ! ^0, rh , ^2r, 3rh
x= 4 ` x = 0, 4 , 2 or cos 3x =- 2

3x = 2mr ! 3 & x = ]6m ! 2g 9 m ! I


2r r
& x ! b 0, 3 l , b 3 , r l
r 2r
...(1)
` x = 9 , 9 a x ! :0, 2 D
2r 4r r
For 2 sin x. sin 3x $ 1
Number of solutions is 5
& 2 sin2 x ^3 - 4 sin2 xh $ 1
sec ^a - 2bh + sec ^a + 2bh
8. sec a = 2 & 8 sin 4 x - 6 sin2 + 1 # 0
cos ^a + 2bh + cos ^a - 2bh
& ^2 sin2 x - 1h^4 sin2 x - 1h # 0
2
cos a = cos ^a - 2bh cos ^a + 2bh
cos 2a + cos 4b = cos a ^2 cos a. cos 2bh
& d sin x - nd sin x + n
1 1
2 2
2 cos2 a - 1 + 2 cos2 2b - 1 = 2 cos2 a cos 2b
b sin x - 1 lb sin x + 1 l # 0
cos2 a ^1 - cos 2bh + ^cos 2b + 1h^cos 2b - 1h = 0 2 2

cos2 a = 2 cos2 b 1 1
& 2 # sin x #
2
1 - sin2 a = 2 ^1 - sin2 b h
x ! : 6 , 4 D , : 4 , 6 D
r r 3r 5r
...(2)
2 2
2 sin b - sin a = 1.
(1) + (2) given
9. Here the equation becomes
x ! :6 , 4 D,: 4 , 6 D
r r 3r 5r
cos d + n cos d - n=1
i i i i
2 2 2 2
i i 11. We have ^tan2 2x + cot2 2xh + 2 ]tan 2x + cot 2xg = 6
& cos2 - sin2 2 = 1
2
&c m + 2 b sin 2x + cos 2x l = 6
sin2 2x cos2 2x
6a cos ] A + Bg cos ] A - Bg = cos A - sin B@
2 2 +
cos2 2x sin2 2x cos 2x sin 2x

&c m + 2 b sin 2x + cos 2x l = 6


i i sin 4 2x + cos 4 2x 2 2
Since 0 # cos2 # 1 & cos2 = 1, and
2 2 2 2
sin 2x. cos 2x sin 2x. cos 2x
i
&c m + 2b l
sin2 2 = 0 1 - 2 sin2 2x. cos2 2x 1
sin2 2x. cos2 2x sin 2x. cos 2x = 6
& ^1 - 2 sin2 2x. cos2 2xh + 2 ]sin 2x. cos 2xg
i i i
& cos2 = 1 & cos =! 1 & = nr ...(i)
2 2 2
i i = 6. sin2 2x # cos2 2x
& sin2 2 = 0 & sin 2 = 0 & i = 2kr ...(ii)

(where n, k ! I ) & 1 + 2 sin 2x $ cos 2x = 8 $ sin2 2x $ cos2 2x


From (i) and (ii) only common solution is for & 1 + sin 4x = 2 $ sin2 4x
n = k = 0 i.e., i = 0 is the only solution.
& 2 $ sin2 4x - sin 4x - 1 = 0
Trigonometric Equations 5.17
1! 1+8 so L.H.S = R.H.S = 1
& sin 4x = 4
& sin19 x + cos21 x = 1 & if sin x = 0
1!3 1
& sin 4x = 4 = 1, - 2
& cos x = 1 & x = 0, 2r, - 2r
r
When, sin 4x = 1 = sin 2
3r r
& if sin x = 1 & cos x = 0 & - 2 , + 2 ...(1)
& 4x = nr + ]- 1gn 2 , n ! I
r
& 2 - cos7 x = 1 & cos7 x = 1
or x = 4 + ]- 1gn 8 , n ! I
nr r
& x =- 2r, 0, 2r ...(2)
When, sin 4x =- 2 & sin 4x = sin b - 6 l, n ! I
1 r
` From (1) and (2), solutions are 0, 2r and - 2r.

& 4x = nr + ]- 1gn b 6 l, n ! I
-r
14. The given equation is 1 + sin2 x i = cos i or

& x = 4 + ]- 1gn + 1 24 , n ! I
nr r
1 - cos i =- sin2 xi & 2 sin2 i/2 =- sin2 xi ...(i)

12. Given 20 sin2 i + 21 cos i - 24 = 0 & i = 0 is one solution. LHS has period 2r and
7r RHS has period r/x. The solution other than zero
4 < i < 2r
& 20 - 20 cos2 i + 21 cos i - 24 = 0 exist iff LCM of 2r and r/x exist. So x must be

& 20 cos2 i - 21 cos i + 4 = 0 a rational number.

& ]5 cos i - 4g]4 cos i - 1g = 0 15. Clearly, 0 <


- x 2 - 6x
! 1, sin 3x + sin x > 0 &
10
& cos i ! 4 a i ! b 4 , 2r l
1 7r sin 2x > 0

> 0 & x2 + 6x < 0 & x ]x + 6g < 0


- x2 - 6x
As, 10
4 i cos i + 1
cos i = 5 Now cos 2 = !
& x ! ^- 6, 0 h Now, ]sin 3x + sin xg = sin 2x
2
i 3
cos 2 = ! & 2 sin 2x. cos x = sin 2x
10
i
cos 2 =-
3
a 2 ! b 8 , rl
i 7r & sin 2x. ]2 cos x - 1g = 0
10
1
i 1 i & Either sin 2x = 0 or cos x = 2
sin 2 = & cot 2 =- 3
10
Now sin 2x = 0
13. We know that sin2 x $ sin19 x
& 2x = nr, n ! I (Rejected)
cos2 x $ cos21 x
As sin 2x > 0
2 2 19 21
& sin x + cos x $ sin x + cos x 1 r
Also, cos x = 2 & x = 2nr ! 3 , n ! I
& R.H.S sin19 x + cos21 x # 1 Put n =- 1, we get
r - 5r
x =- 2r + 3 &x= 3
but L.H.S. 2 - cos7 x $ 1
- 5r
Hence, x = 3 is the only solution.
5.18 Mathematics
16. Let a cosx = t & t + 1/t = 6 a ! ]a - 8g2
= 4
& t2 - 6t + 1 = 0 a ! ]a - 8g
& sin x = 4 ; - 1 # sin x # 1
6 ! 36 - 4
&t= = 3 ! 2:2 2a - 8
2 & sin x = 4 as sin x ! 2

& a cosx = 3 ! 2:2


a-4
&- 1 # 2 # 1 5a - 1 # sin x # 1?

a-4
& cos x = log a ^3 ! 2:2h &- 1 # 2 #1
&- 2 # a - 4 # 2

1 y = log a x &2#a#6 aa!I


y = log a 3 + 22
a = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (5 values)

19. 2 sin 2 x ]sin x + 3g - ]sin x + 3g = 0

1 y = log a 3 − 22 ]2 sin 2 x - 1g]sin x + 3g = 0


1
& sin 2 x = 2
Since for all the roots to be real, a > 1
Hence 4 solution (2)
So we must have log a ^3 ! 2:2h # 1 and
20. We are given the equation 4 sin x - 1 < 5
log a ^3 - 2:2h $ - 1,
&- 5 < 4 sin x - 1 < 5
Both are true for a $ 3 + 2:2
&- c
5 -1m
< sin x < c
5 +1m
4 4
17. sin x = 1
r r
& - sin 10 < sin x < cos 5
sin x = ! 1
& sin b - 10 l < sin x < sin b 2 - 5 l
r r r
r
& x = 2nr ! 2 & 4 solution

& sin b - 10 l < sin x < sin 10


3 1 r 3r
cos2 x - 2 cos x + 2 = 0

& x ! b - 10 , 10 l
1 r 3r
cos x = 1, 2
1
cos x = 1 or cos x = 2 21. L.H.S # 2 and R.H.S $ 2
r
Not possible or x = 2nr ! 3 4 solution. Hence equality will hold if both sides are equal to 2.
` Number of solution = 8 r2
` = 1 & x =!r
x2
18. cos 2x + a sin x = 2a - 7
If x = r ; L.H.S =- 2 and R.H.S. = 2 (reject)
& 1 - 2 sin2 x + a sin x = 2a - 7
If x =- r ; L.H.S = 2 and R.H.S. = 2
& 2 sin x - a sin x + ]2a - 8g = 0
2

a ! a2 + 4.2 ]8 - 2ag
& sin x = 4
Trigonometric Equations 5.19
Multiple Options Correct
26. Equation can be written as
22. sin b 3 x2 l = 1
r

sin b 12 l cos b 12 l
r r
r r
& 3 x 2 = 2 nr + 2 ; n ! I
sin x + cos x = 2
& 3 x2 = ]4n + 1g 2
r r
c a sin r = 6- 2 r
and cos 12 =
6+ 2m
12 4 4
` x2 = 2 ]4n + 1g; n ! I
3
sin b x + 12 l = sin 2x
r
Only n = 0 and n = 1 is possible.
r 11r
& x = 12 , 36
3 15
` x2 = 2 or x2 = 2
27. sin i + 3 cos i =- 2 - ^ x2 - 6x + 9h =- 2 - ]x - 3g2
3 15
2 or x = ! ` sin i + 3 cos i $ - 2 and - 2 - ]x - 3g2 # - 2
` x =! 2
& For each value of x, we will get 2 values of y. As a result, we have sin i + 3 cos i =- 2 and then

Hence 8 ordered pairs. x = 3.

Therefore, x = 3 and cos b i - 6 l =- 1


r
23. We have 4 sin 4 x + cos 4 x = 1

or 4 sin 4 x = 1 - cos 4 x r
i.e., i - 6 = r, 3r

= ^1 - cos2 xh^1 + cos2 xh 28. ^1 - tan2 xh^1 + tan2 xh + 2 tan x = 0


2

= sin2 x ^2 - sin2 xh 2
2 tan x = tan 4 x - 1
or sin2 x 65 sin2 x - 2@ = 0 or sin x = 0
Then 2m = m2 - 1
or sin x = ! 2/5
2 where m = tan2 x
& x = nr or x = nr ! sin -1 5,n ! Z
m=3
9
24. 5 sin x cos x + 2 cos2 x + 2 sin2 x = 2
& tan2 x = 3 & ^ 3 h = tan2 3 & i = ! 3
2 r r
5 9
& 2 + 2 sin 2x = 2
29. The given equation is
r
& sin 2x = 1 & 2x = 2nr + 2 , n ! I
2 ^sin x + sin yh - 2 cos ^ x - y h = 3
25. We have tan i = 1 - cos 2i = 2 sin i or
2 2
x+y x-y
2 2
& 2 # 2 sin 2 cos 2
cosec i tan i = 2
- 2 ;2 cos2 E= 3
x-y
or ^1 + cot2 ih tan2 i = 2 or tan2 i - 1 = 0 2 -1

or tan2 i = 1 or tan i = ! 1 or 4 cos2 c x - y m - 4 sin c x + y m cos c x - y m + 1 = 0


2 2 2
r
& i = nr ! 4 , n ! Z
4 sin c m! 16 sin2 c m - 16
x+y x+y
or cos c 2 m =
x-y 2 2
Moreover, tan2 i = 2 sin2 i 8

` sin2 c m$ 1
& sin2 i = 0 & i = nr x+y x+y
& sin 2 =! 1
2
Since x and y are smallest and positive, we have
5.20 Mathematics
x+y x+y r
sin 2 = 1 and 2 = 2 2 sin2 x - 3 sin x + 1 = 3 or
i.e., x + y = r ...(i) 2 sin2 x - 3 sin x + 1 = 0

Also, cos c m= 1
x-y 1
Hence, sin x = ! 2 or sin x = 1
2 2
2r 2r 33. The given inequality can be written as
& x - y = 3 or - 3 ...(ii)

2 cosec x ^y - 1 h + 1 # 2
2 2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

^ x = 5r/6, y = r/6 h or ^ x = r/6, y = 5r/6 h Since cosec2 x $ 1 for all real x, we have
30. Let t = ]sin x + cos xg 2 cosec x $ 2 ...(ii)
2

Also ^y - 1h + 1 $ 1
2
& sin 2x = ^t2 - 1h

&- ^ 6 + 2 h t + 2 ^t2 - 1h + 2 + 3 = 0 & ^y - 1 h + 1 $ 1 ...(iii)


2

& 2t2 - t ^ 6 + 2 h + 3 = 0
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get

2 cosec x ^y - 1h + 1 $ 2
2
...(iv)
2

& t + tc
2 6 2m 3
+ 2 =0
2 + 2 Therefore, from Eqs. (i) and (iv), equality holds only
3 1
&t= 2, 2 when 2 cosec x = 2 and ^y - 1 h2 + 1 = 1. Thus,
2

& ]sin x + cos xg =


3 1 cosec2 x = 1 and ^y - 1h + 1 = 1
2
2 or sin x + cos x = 2
& sin x = ! 1 and y = 1
& cos ^ x - 45°h = 2 or cos ^ x - 45°h = 2
3 1
r 3r
& x = 2 , 2 and y = 1
° ° ° ° °
& x - 45 =- 30 , 30 , 60 , 300
Hence, the solution of the given inequality is
& x = 15°, 75°, 105°, 345°
r 3r
x = 2 , 2 and y = 1.
31. tan x - tan x > 0 2

34. (a) No solution


or tan x ]tan x - 1g < 0 or 0 < tan x < 1
(b) Only x = 0 is the solution
or 0 < x < r/4 (c) No solution

& nr < x < nr + r/4, n ! Z (generalizing) (d) No solution


For (a), (c) and (d) plot the graph.
sin x < 1 &- 1 < sin x < 1
2 2 2
3x x
35. cos 3x + cos 2x = sin 2 + sin 2 , 0 < x < 2r
& - r/6 < x < r/6
5x x x
& - r/6 + nr < x < r/6 + nr, n ! Z (generalizing) or 2 cos 2 cos 2 = 2 sin x cos 2

or cos 2 :cos 2 - sin xD = 0


Then the common values are nr < x < nr + r/6. x 5x

32. 2]2 sin x - 3 sin x + 1g + 2]2 - 2 sin x + 3 sin xg = 9


2 2
x 5x
` cos 2 = 0 or cos 2 = sin x
Let 2]2 sin x - 3 sin x + 1g = k
2

` 2 = 2nr ! 2 or 2 = 2nr ! b 2 - x l, n ! Z
x r 5x r
8
k + k = 9 & k2 - 9k + 8 = 0 & k = 1 or k = 8
Trigonometric Equations 5.21

` 2 = ]4n ! 1g 2 or 2 = 2nr + 2 - x or
x r 5x r & f ]xg = A cos x - B sin x

5x r Now f ]x1g = f ]x2g = 0


2 = 2nr - 2 + x
3
A cos x1 - B sin x1 = 0
` x = ]4n ! 1g r or x = 7 + 7 or
4nr r &
A cos x2 - B sin x2 = 0
r r & tan x1 = tan x2
x = 4n 3 - 3

r 5r 9r 13r & x1 = nr + x2 & x1 - x2 = nr


0 < x < 2r & x = 7 , 7 , r, 7 , 7

36. a2 + 1 = sin i cos i + a. sin i + a. cos i 40. 2 - 1 # tan x # 2 + 1

a2 + ^sin2 i + cos2 ih = sin i cos i + a sin i + a cos i


r 3r
& nr + 8 # x # 8 + n r

& sin i = cos i = a Put n = 0, 1, - 1, - 2

1 1 Comprehension Type
& tan i = 1 & a = or a =-
2 2 Passage - 1 (Question 41 - 43)
& sum of possible values of ‘a’ is zero. tan i = 1
The given equation is: ]1 + ag cos x. cos ]2x - bg =

]1 + a cos 2xg cos ]x - bg


has 4 solution in [0, 4r] .

37. c cos2 x +
1
m^1 + tan2 2y i]3 + sin 3zg = 4 & ^cos x. cos ]2x - bg - cos ]x - bgh = a (cos 2x. cos
cos2 x
1 ]x - bg - cos x cos ]2x - bg)
Since cos2 x + $ 2 , 1 + tan2 2y $ 1
cos2 x
& cos ]3x - bg + cos ]x - bg - 2 cos ]x - bg = a (cos

]3x - bg + cos ]x + bg - cos ]3x - bg - cos ]x - bg)


and 2 # 3 + sin 3z # 4, the only posssibility is

cos2 x +
1
= 2, 1 + tan2 2y = 1, 3 + sin 3z = 2 & cos ]3x - bg - cos ]x - bg = a ^cos (x + bh - cos
cos2 x
^ x - b)h
Thus, cos x = ! 1 & x = nr ;
&- 2 sin ]2x - bg sin x =- 2a sin x sin b
mr
tan 2y = 0 & y = 2 and
& sin x ^sin (2x - bh - a sin b) = 0
sin 3z =- 1 & z = ]4k - 1g 6 ; m, n, k ! I
r
& sin x = 0 or sin ]2x - bg = a sin b

(i) S1 = n1 r, S2 = 2 ^nr + b + ]- 1gn sin -1 ]a sin bgh


38. 2 sin2 x + 1
= 3 + sec y 1

It is possible if sin2 x = 0 and sec y =- 1


(ii) S2 is non-empty if a sin b # 1
or sin2 x = 1 and sec y = 1
(iii) a = 0, and have to make sure that
& ^0, rh, ^r, r h, ^2r, r h,
0 < 2 ^nr + ]- 1gn sin -1 ]a sin bg + bh < r
1

b r , 0 lb r , 2r l, b 3r , 0 l, b 3r , 2r l nr b
&0< 2 +2 <r
2 2 2 2

f ]xg = c cos a1 + 2 + ... + 2 n - 1 m cos x


cos a2 cos an & - nr < b < 2r - nr
39.

& b ! ^- nr, 2r - nr h, n ! I
- c 1 + 2 + ... + n - 1 m sin x
sin a1 sin a2 sin an
2
5.22 Mathematics
Passage- 2 (Question 44 - 46) 48. Clearly, f ]c g = 0

& sin 2 c $ cos 2 c = b 3 + 2k l


44. 33 cos 2x .3 4 sin 2x 1+k

4 ]1 + k g 4 ]1 + k g
33 cos 2x + 4 sin 2x
& 4 sin 2 c $ cos 2 c = ]
3 + 2k g
& sin 2 2c = ]
3 + 2k g
minimum value of 3 cos 2x + 4 sin 2x is - 5
4 ]1 + k g
As, 0 # sin 2 2c # 1 so 0 # 3 + 2k # 1
1
so minimum value = 3 -5 = 243
45. When sin x = 1, cos x = 0
4 7
` On solving above inequality, we get
so in 60, 2r@, number of solution = 2
k ! :- 1, 2 D
-1

49. For k =- 0.7, if f ] xg = 0


when cos7 x = 1, sin 4 x = 0

So in 60, 2r@, number of solution = 2


4 ]1 - 0.7g 1.2 3
3 + 2 ]- 0.7g 1.6 4
& sin 2 2x = = =
Total number of solution = 4
r
` sin 2 2x = sin 2 3
46. Given cos ^ p sin xh = sin ^ p cos xh

d As, 3 = c 3 m n
2

& cos ^ p sin xh = cos b 2 - p cos x l


r 4 4

r r
& p sin x = 2 - p cos x ` 2x = nr ! 3 , n ! I

& p ]sin x + cos xg = 2 nr r


r
or x = 2 ! 6 , n ! I

then maximum value of ]sin x + cos xg will give Passage - 4 (Question 50 - 52)
minimum positive value of p
See given figure for the solution.
r r
so p # 2 = 2 , p =
2 2
Passage - 3 (Question 47 - 49)

47. We have
y sec
f ] xg = ]sin x + cos xg + k ]sin x + cos xg
6 6 4 4

y sec cos ec
= ]1 - 3 sin3 x $ cos 2 xg + k ]1 - 2 sin 2 x $ cos 2 xg

& f ] xg = ]1 + k g - ]3 + 2k g $ sin 2 x $ cos 2 x ,


π 3π 2
2 2 y cos ec

Clearly, f ] xg is constant for all x ! R, provided

]3 + 2k g

-3
=0&k= 2
y'

sec i + cosec i = a has solution where graphs of

y = a and y = sec i + cosec i intersect. ...(i)


Trigonometric Equations 5.23
Graphs of y = sec i, y = cosec i, and & 2 tan x - 1 = 1

y = sec i + cosec i are as shown in the figure. & tan x = 1

Clearly, Eq.(i) has two solution if & x = nr + r/4 ^ q h

-2 2 < y < 2 2 . 29
(d) sin10 x + cos10 x = 16 cos 4 2x

Equation (i) has four solutions if y #- 2 2 or


&b
1 - cos 2x l5 b 1 + cos 2x l5 29
2 + 2 = 16 cos 4 2x
y $ 2 2.
1 ^ 2 4
h 29 4
16 1 + 10 cos 2x + 5 cos 2x = 16 cos 2x
In any case, Eq. (i) has two roots always.
Matching Column Type & 24 cos 4 2x - 10 cos2 2x - 1 = 0
53. (a) cos 3x. cos3 x + sin 3x. sin3 x = 0
& ^12 cos2 2x + 1h^2 cos2 2x - 1h = 0
^4 cos 3 x - 3 cos xh cos3 x + ^3 sin x - 4 sin3 xh sin3 x = 0
1
& cos2 2x = 2
4 ^cos6 x - sin6 xh - 3 ^cos 4 x - sin 4 xh = 0
or cos2 2x = cos2 b 4 l
r
4 ^cos x - sin xh - 3 ^cos x - sin xh = 0
6 6 2 2

r
& 2x = nr ! 4
^cos2 x - sin2 xh^1 - 4 cos2 x sin2 xh = 0
or x = 2 ! 8 ] Rg
nr r
& cos 2x = 0 or sin 2x = 1 = sin r/2
2

54. (a) sin2 i = sec2 i


& 2x = 2nr ! r/2
& sin2 i cos2 i = 1
or 2x = nr ! r/2
& sin2 i ^1 - sin2 ih = 1
& x = nr ! r/4 or x = 2 ! 4 ] s g
nr r
& sin 4 i - sin2 i + 1 = 0
(b) sin 3a = 4 sin a sin ]x + ag sin ]x - ag
Let sin i = t
sin 3a = 4 sin a :
cos 2a - cos 2x D
2
` t2 - t + 1 = 0 ; D = 1 - 4 =- 3
3 sin a - 4 sin3 a = 4 sin a :
cos 2a - cos 2x D
2 Since D < 0, there is no real solution
^a sin a ! 0 if a ! nrh
(b) sin i + cos i = 1
2
` 3 - 4 sin a = 2 cos 2a - 2 cos 2x
If sin i = 0, then cos i = 1
& 3 - 2 ]1 - cos 2ag = 2 cos 2a - 2 cos 2x
` In 60, 2r@, Number of solution = 2
& 3 - 2 + 2 cos 2a = 2 cos 2a - 2 cos 2x
and if sin i = 1 then cos i = 0

` In 60, 2r@, Number of solution = 1


& cos 2x =- 1/2

x = nr ! 3 ^ p h
r
Total number of solution = 3
(c) 2 tan x - 1 + 2 cot x - 1 = 2

& sum of two positive quantities = 2


5.24 Mathematics
(c) tan i + sec i = 2 cos i (b) cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x + cos 4x + cos 5x = 5

1 5sin i + 1? & cos x = cos 2x = cos 3x = cos 4x = cos 5x = 1


& = 2 cos i
cos i
& 2 sin2 i + sin i - 1 = 0 & x = 2n1 r , x = n2 r,

-1 ! 3 r nr 2n r
& sin i = x = 2n3 3 , x = 24 , x = 55
4
` 2 real solutions & x = 0, 2r are common solutions.
1
(d) 3 sin2 i - 4 sin i + 1 = 0 (c) 2 1 - cosx = 4

If sin i = 1, In 60, 2r@ one solution and sin i = 3 ,


1 1 1
& = 2 & 1 - cos x = 2
1 - cos x
in 60, 2r@ , there are 2 solutions. 1 1
& cos x = 2 & cos x = ! 2

Total number of solution = 3 ` In ^- r, r h there are 4 solutions


m m m
55. (a) tan x = n & tan x = n and tan x =- n (d) tan i + tan 2i + tan 3i = tan i tan 2i tan 3i

In [0, 2r] it has 4 solutions & i + 2i + 3i = nr & i = nr/6

r 2r
& i = 3 , 3 satisfy equation only.

Numerical Type 1

sin 2x = !
2
1. 3 cos 2 2i + 6 cos 2i - 10 cos 2 i + 5 = 0
3 cos 2 2i + 6 cos 2i - 5 ^1 + cos 2ih + 5 = 0
1
3 cos 2 2i + cos 2i = 0
2

- 1 2
1
cos 2i = 0 OR cos 2i =- 3
2

i d 6- 4r, 4r@

Number of solution = 8.
2i = ]2n + 1g $ 2
r
Single Options Correct
4. cos b 3 + x l cos b 3 - x l = 4 cos 2 2x
r 3r 15r r r 1

` i = ! 4 $! 4 ........ ! 4
1
Similarly cos 2i =- 3 gives 16 solution
x d 6- 3r, 3r@

4 b 2 b 3 l - sin 2 x l = cos 2 2x
r
2. Given 3 (cos 2 x) = ( 3 - 1) cos x + 1 cos

4 b 4 - sin 2 x l = cos 2 2x
1
& 3 (cos x) 2 - 3 cos x + cos x - 1 = 0

(
& 3 cos x + 1) (cos x - 1) = 0 1 - 4 sin 2 x = cos 2 2x

cos
& x = 1 or cos x =-
1
(reject) 1 - 2 ^1 - cos 2xh = cos 2 2x

3
x
& = 0 only. let cos 2x = t

- 1 + 2 cos 2x = cos 2 2x
3. log1/2 ; sin x ;= 2 - log1/2 ; cos x ;
t 2 - 2t + 1 = 0

log1/2 ; sin x cos x ; = 2 ]t - 1g2 = 0

1 t=1

; sin x cos x ; = & cos 2x = 1
4
Trigonometric Equations 5.25

2x = 2nr Put ^1, 2h in Put ^sin i, cos i in

x = nr So, f
pf p> 0
given line given line)

n =- 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3
& ]1 + 2 - 1g]sin i + cos i - 1g > 0


(D) option is correct.
& sin i + cos i > 1 #' by 2 -

5. Given inequality is 1 1 1

& sin i + cos i >

sin 2i + tan 2i > 0 2 2 2
& bi + 4 l >
sin 2i r 1
sin
& 2i + >0 sin
cos 2i 2
sin 2i cos 2i + sin 2i r 3r

& >0
r
& 4 < i+ 4 < 4
cos 2i
sin 2i ]cos 2i + 1g

& >0 3 
cos 2i
4 4
use the formula 1 + cos 2i = 2 cos 2 i

sin 2i #

& (2 cos 2 i) > 0
cos 2i
& tan 2i (2 cos 2 i) > 0


as we know that

2 cos 2 i > 06i ! [0, 2r] - & 2 , 2 0, then
r 3r

r
tan
& 2i > 0
& 0<i< 2

Now sketch the graph of y = tan 2i 7. Given, sin x – sin 2x + sin 3x = 0


y ⇒ (sin x + sin 3x) – sin 2x = 0
⇒ 2sin 2x cos x – sin 2x = 0
⇒ sin 2x(2cos x – 1) = 0
1 r
O 
 3  5 3 7 2
x
⇒ sin 2x = 0 or cos x = 2 = cos 3
4
2 4 4 2 4
r
⇒ 2x = np, n ∈ Z or x = 2np ± 3 , n ∈ Z
r
⇒ x = 0, 3 ;a x ! ;0, r lE
3
y = tan 2

Clearly from the graph the solution of 3


8. Given, sin22q + cos42q = 4
tan 2i > 0 3
⇒ 1 – cos22q + cos42q = 4
& i ! b0, 4 l , b 2 , 4 l , b r, 4 l , b 2 , 4 l
r r 3r 5r 3r 7r
⇒ 4cos42q – 4cos22q + 1 = 0
Also cos 2i ! 0 1 r
r ⇒ (2cos22q – 1)2 = 0 ⇒ cos22 = 2 = cos2 4
& 2i ! (2n + 1) 2
r
r nr r
& i ! (2n + 1) 4 ⇒ 2q = np ± 4 , n ∈ Z q = 2 ± 8 , n ∈Z
which has already been considered.
r 3r
& i = 8, 8
;a i ! b0, r lE
6. Given that both points (1, 2) & ^sin i, cos ih lie on 2
same side of the line x + y - 1 = 0 r
∴ Sum of solutions is 2
)
9. 8 cos x &cos 2 6 - sin 2 x - 2 0 = 1
s
, c
o π 1
in x+y1=0
B(s
, 2)
8 cos x & 4 - 1 + cos 2 x - 2 0 = 1
A(1 3 1


5.26 Mathematics
13. ^ fogogof h]xg = sin2 ^sin x2h
8 cos x & 4 - 1 + cos 2 x 0 = 1
1

^ gogof h]xg = sin ^sin x2h
8 cos x &cos x - 4 0 = 1
32

` sin2 ^sin x2h = sin ^sin x2h
2 " 4 cos x - 3 cos x , = 1
3

1 & sin ^sin x2h6sin ^sin x2h - 1@ = 0


cos 3x = 2
& sin ^sin x2h = 0 or 1
3x = cos -1 b 2 l
1

r & sin x2 = nr or 2mr + r/2, where m, n ! I
= 2nr ! 3
2nr r & sin x2 = 0
x= 3 ! 9
π & x2 = nr & x = ! nr , n ! {0, 1, 2, ...} .
x1 = 9
14. 2 sin2 i - cos 2i = 0
2r r
x2 = 3 - 9
2r r 13π or 1 - 2 cos 2i = 0
x3 = 3 + 9 Sum = 9

10. 5 : t - tD = 2 ]2t - 1g + 9 {Let cos2 x = t}


1-t 1
or cos 2i = 2

& 5^1 - t - t2h = t ]4t + 7g r 5r 17r 11r


& 2i = 3 , 3 , 3 , 3
& 9t2 + 12t - 5 = 0
r 5r 7r 11r
or i = 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 (i)
& 9t2 + 15t - 3t - 5 = 0
& ]3t - 1g]3t + 5g = 0
where i ! 60, 2r@.
1 5
& t = 3 as t !- 3 .

cos 2x = 2 b 3 l - 1 =- 3
1 1 Also 2 cos2 i - 3 sin i = 0

cos 4x = 2 b - 3 l - 1 =- 9
1 2 7 or 2 sin2 i + 3 sin i - 2 = 0

or ]2 sin i - 1g]sin i + 2g = 0
11. 2 cos 2x cos x + 2 cos 3x cos x = 0
& 2 cos x (cos 2x + cos 3x) = 0

2 cos x2 cos 5x/2 cos x/2 = 0 or sin i = 1/2 6a sin i ! - 2@

r 3r r 3r 7r 9r
x = 2 , 2 , r, 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 7 Solutions & i = r/6, 5r/6, where i ! 60, 2r@ (ii)
12. sin x + 2 sin 2x - sin 3x = 3
r 5r
Combining Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get i = 6 , 6
3
& sin x + 4 sin x cos x - 3 sin x + 4 sin x = 3

& sin x 6- 2 + 4 cos x + 4 ^1 - cos2 xh@ = 3 Therefore, there are two solutions.

& sin x 62 - ^4 cos2 x - 4 cos x + 1h + 1@ = 3


15. 2 sin2 i - 5 sin i + 2 > 0
& 3 - ]2 cos x - 1g2 = 3 cosec x
Now R.H.S $ 3 But L.H.S # 3 or ]sin i - 2g]2 sin i - 1g > 0
Also, LHS & RHS are equal to 3 at different value of
or sin i < 1/2 5a - 1 # sin i # 1?
x. Hence, no solution.
Trigonometric Equations 5.27
a b-a 0
b a-b b-a = 0
b 0 a-b

or a ]a - bg2 - ]b - ag[b ]a - bg - b ]b - ag] = 0


π π π π 2π 5π 7 π 4π 3π 3π 5π 11π 2

6 6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 2 3 6

or a ]a - bg2 - 2b ]b - ag]a - bg = 0
0.5
1

From the graph x ! b 0, 6 l , b 6 , 2r l


r 5r or ]a - bg2 ]a - 2bg = 0

16. Given that cos ^a - bh = 1 and cos ^a + bh = 1/e or a = b or a = 2b

where a, b ! 6- r, r@
a a
or b = 1 or b = 2

Now cos ^a - bh = 1 & a - b = 0 or a = b & tan x = 1 or tan x = 2

` cos ^a + bh = 1/e & cos 2a = 1/e


r r
But we have - 4 # x # 4

a 0 < 1/e < 1 and 2a ! 6- 2r, 2r@ & tan b 4 l # tan x # tan b 4 l
-r r

There will be two values of 2a satisfying cos 2a & - 1 # tan x # 1

= 1/e in 60, 2r@ and two in 6- 2r, 0@ . Therefore, ` tan x = 1 & x = r/4

there will be four values of a in 6- r, r@ and Therefore, there is only one real root.

19. The given equation is 2 sin2 i - 3 sin i - 2 = 0


correspondingly four values of b. Hence, there are

or ]2 sin i + 1g]sin i - 2g = 0
four sets of ^a, bh .
1
17. We know that or sin =- 2 [ a sin i - 2 = 0 is not possible]

- a2 + b2 # a cos i + b sin i # a2 + b2 or sin i = sin ^- r/6h = sin ^7r/6h

& - 74 # 7 cos x + 5 sin x # 74 & i = nr + ]- 1gn ^- r/6h or

& - 74 # 2k + 1 # 74 i = nr + 6]- 1gn 7r/6@

& - 8 # 2k + 1 # 8 & - 4.5 # k # 3.5 Thus, i = nr + ]- 1gn 7r/6, n ! Z

Considering only integral values, which means k can

take eight integral values.

18. To simplify the determinant, let sin x = a ; cos x = b.

a b b
Then the equation becomes b a b = 0
b b a
Operating C2 $ C2 - C1 ; C3 $ C3 - C2 , weget
5.28 Mathematics

Single Option Correct ^a2, b2h =- tan i ! sec i Since a2 > b2

1.(I) & x ! :- 3 , 3 D :cos x + sin x = 1 0


2r 2r a2 =- tan i + sec i

cos x + sin x = 1 b2 =- tan i - sec i Hence, a1 + b2 =- 2 tan i


1 1 1
&
2
cos x +
2
sin x =
2 3. ^ 3 sin x + cos x h = 2 cos 2x
& cos b x - 4 l = cos 4 cos b x - 3 l = cos 2x
r r r

r r r
& x - 4 = 2nr ! 4 ; n ! Z x - 3 = 2nr ! 2x
r
& x = 2nr; x = 2nr + 2 ; n ! Z
r 5r r 7r
& x =- 3 , - 9 , 9 , 9
& x ! &0, 2 0 in given range has two solutions
r

& / xi = 0
(II) & x ! :- 18 , 18 D : 3 tan 3x = 1 0
5r 5r
Multiple Options Correct
1 r
2 cos i ^1 - sin {h =
3 tan 3x = 1 & tan 3x = & 3x = nr + 6 2 sin2 i
3 4. cos { - 1
sin i
& x = ]6n + 1g 18 ; n ! Z
r

= 2 sin i cos { - 1
& x ! & 18 , - 18 0 in given range has two solution
r 5r
` 2 cos i - 2 cos i sin { = 2 sin i cos { - 1
` 2 cos i + 1 = 2 sin ^i + {h
(III) & x ! :- 5 , 5 D0 : 2 cos ]2xg = 3
6r 6r
tan ]2r - ig > 0 & tan i < 0
2 cos 2x = 3

3
3 r and - 1 < sin i < -
& cos 2x = 2 = cos 6
2
& i ! b 2 , 3 l & 0 < cos i < 2
r 3r 5r 1
& 2x = 2nr ! 6 ; n ! Z

^i + {h < 1
r 1
& x = nr ! 12 ; n ! Z

2 < sin
x ! &! 12 , r ! 12 , - r ! 12 0
r r r

& 6 + 2r < sin ^i + {h < 6 + 2r
r 5r

Six solutions in given range
r 5r
(IV) & x ! :- 4 , 4 D :sin x - cos x = 1 0
7r 7r 2r + 6 - i max < { < 2r + 6 - i min
r 4r
cos x - sin x =- 1
& 2 <{< 3

& cos b x + 4 l =- / cosec bi + ]m 4- 1g r l cosec bi + m4r l = 4


r 1 3r 6
= cos 4
2 5. 2
m=1
r 3r
& x + 4 = 2nr ! 4 ; n ! Z

SS sin ^i + r/4 - ih
RS VW
WW
r SS sin i $ sin ^i + r/4h WW
& x = 2nr + 2 or x = 2nr - r; n ! Z

sin ^i + r/2h - ^i + r/4h)
SS WW
1 S WW = 4 2
& x ! & 2 , - 2 , r, - r 0 sin ^i + r/4h $ sin ^i + r/2h
SS +
3r sin ^r/4h S
r & WW
SS WW
SS sin (^i + 3 r / 2 h - ^i + 5r / 4 h) W
SS + ... + sin ^i + 3r/2h $ sin ^i + 5r/4h WWW

four solutions in given range T X
RS ^i + r/4h ^ h
^a1, b1 h = sec i ! tan i i + r /4 VW
2. SS sin cos i - cos sin i W
sin i $ sin ^i + r/4h
SS WW
WW
SSS sin ^i + r/2h cos ^i + r/4h WW
Since a1 > b1 SS WW
1 SS - cos ^i + r/2h sin ^i + r/4h WW
sin ^r/4h SS sin ^i + r/4h $ sin ^i + r/2h
& S + WW = 4 2
a1 = sec i - tan i WW
SS sin ^i + 3r/2h cos ^i + 5r/4h
SS WW
b1 = sec i + tan i SS - cos ^i + 3r/2h sin ^i + 5r/4h WW
SS+ WW
S sin ^i + 3r/2h $ sin ^i + 5r/4h WW
T X
Trigonometric Equations 5.29

& x ! :4 , 4D
1 5

& 2 [cot i - cot ^i + r/4h + cot ^i + r/4h

&b-a = 1
- cot ^i + r/2h + ... + cot ^i + 5r/4h - cot ^i + 3r/2h] = 4 2
3 ac
1 - t2 m
+ 2b c m = c, where t = tan x
2t
8. 2
1 + t2 1 + t2
& tan i + cot i = 4
3 a ]1 - t2g + 4bt = c ]1 + t2g
& tan i = 2 ! 3

t2 (c + 3 a) - 4bt + c - 3 a = 0
r 5r
& i = 12 or 12 a+b r
2 = 6
6. f ]xg = ]1 - xg2 sin2 x + x2 6x ! R
tan b l= 1
a+b
For statement P:
2 3
f ]xg + 2x = 2 ^1 + x2h (i) t +t 1

⇒ 1 1- t t2 =
& ]1 - xg2 sin2 x + x2 + 2x = 2 + 2x2 3
1 2

4b 1
& ]1 - xg2 sin2 x = x2 - 2x + 2 = ]x - 1g2 + 1

c+ 3a-c+ 3a
=
3
& ]1 - xg2 ^sin2 x - 1h = 1 b 1
a = 2
& - ]1 - xg2 cos2 x = 1
5
& ]1 - xg2 cos2 x =- 1
9. 2 4 4 6 6
4 cos 2x + cos x + sin x + cos x + sin x = 2
& 4 cos2 2x + ^sin2 x + cos2 xh2 - 2 sin2 x cos2 x + (sin2 x
5
So equation (i) will not have real solution. So, P is
wrong. For statement Q: + cos2 x) 3 - 3 sin2 x cos2 x ^sin2 x + cos2 xh = 2

2 ]1 - xg2 sin2 x + 2x2 + 1 = 2x + 2x2


5 1 3
(ii) & 4 cos2 2x + 1 - 2 sin2 2x + 1 - 4 sin2 2x = 2

2 ]1 - xg2 sin2 x = 2x - 1 & cos2 2x = sin2 2x


2x - 1
]1 - xg2
2 sin2 x = . & tan2 2x = 1
& tan 2x = ! 1
Let h ]xg =
2x - 1
]1 - xg2
- 2 sin2 x r
& 2x = nr ! 4 , n ! Z
Clearly, h ]0g =- 1 , lim h ]xg =+ 3
& x = ]4n ! 1g 8 , n ! Z
x $ 1-
r

So by IVT, equation (ii) will have solution. r 3r 5r 7r 9r 11r 13r 15r


&x= 8, 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8
So, Q is correct. So, number of solutions = 8.
Numerical Type
10. tan i = cot 5i
7. Let rx - 4 = i ! : 4 , 4 D
r - r 7r
& cos 6i = 0
So, b3 - sin b 2 + 2i ll sin i $ sin ]r + 3ig
r

& 4 cos3 2i - 3 cos 2i = 0
& ]3 - cos 2ig sin i $ - sin 3i

3
& cos 2i = 0 or ! 2 (i)
sin
& i 63 - 4 sin 2 i + 3 - cos 2i@ $ 0
sin
& i ^6 - 2 ]1 - cos 2ig - cos 2ih $ 0 sin 2i = cos 4i

sin
& i ]4 + cos 2ig $ 0 & 2 sin2 2i + sin 2i - 1 = 0

sin
& i$0 & ]2 sin 2i - 1g]sin 2i + 1g = 0
& i ! 60, r@ & 0 # rx - 4 # r
r
1
& sin 2i =- 1 or sin 2i = 2
5.30 Mathematics
f’(x) = 0 ⇒ – cos(p cosx) p sinx = 0
& cos 2i = 0 and sin 2i =- 1
⇒ sinx = 0 or cos(p cosx) = 0
r r ⇒ x = n3p or p cosx = (2n4 + 1) p/2
& 2i =- 2 & i =- 4

⇒ cos x = – ½, ½
3 1
⇒ x = n5p ± p/3
or cos 2i = ! 2 , sin 2i = 2
Y = & 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 ...... 0
r 2r 3r 4r 5 r 6 r

r 5r r 5r
& 2i = 6 , 6 & i = 12 , 12
g(x) = 0 ⇒ cos(2p sinx) = 0
r
r r 5r
` i =- 4 , 12 , 12 ⇒ 2p sinx = (2n6 + 1) 2
2n + 1 3 1 1 3
11. Let xyz = t ⇒ sin x = 64 =- 4 , - 4 , 4 , 4

⇒ Z = & x sin x = ± 4 , ± 4 , x > 0 0


t sin 3i - y cos 3i - z cos 3i = 0 (1) 1 3
t sin 3i - 2y sin 3i - 2z cos 3i = 0 (2)
t sin 3i - y ]cos 3i + sin 3ig - 2z cos 3i = 0 (3) g’(x) = 0 ⇒ – 2 p cosx sin(2p sinx) = 0
y0 $ z0 ! 0 hence homogeneous equation has cosx = 0 or sin(2p sinx) = 0
non-trival solution.
r
⇒ x = (2n7 + 1) 2 or 2p sinx = n8p
sin 3i - cos 3i - cos 3i 1 1
` D sin 3i - 2 sin 3i - 2 cos 3i = 0 ⇒ sinx = -1, - 2 , 0, 2 , 1
sin 3i -]cos 3i + sin 3ig - 2 cos 3i
W = & x sin x = ±1, ± 2 , 0, x > 0 0
1

& sin 3i cos 3i ]sin 3i - cos 3ig = 0

⇒ I – (P), (Q)
If sin 3i = 0, then from equation (2)
II – (Q), (T)
z = 0, which is not possible
III – (R)
If cos 3i = 0 and sin 3i ! 0, then
IV – (P), (R), (S)
t $ sin 3i = 0
14. We have 2 sin2 i + sin2 2i = 2
&t=0
& 2 sin2 i + 4 sin2 i cos2 i = 2
&x=0
& sin2 i + 2 sin2 i ^1 - sin2 ih = 1
From equation (2), y = 0 which is not possible
& 3 sin2 i - 2 sin 4 i - 1 = 0
If sin 3i - cos 3i = 0, then tan 3i = 1
1
& sin i = ! ,!1
r 2
& 3i = nr + 4 , n ! I
r r
nr r &i= 4,2 .
& i = 3 + 12 , n ! I
r 5r 9r
& i = 12 , 12 , 12 Note: Solutions of the remaining parts are given in
their respective chapters.
Hence, three solutions.
sin i = cos z & cos b 2 - i l = cos z
r
15.
Matching Column Type
Q. 12 - 13 r
2 - i = 2nr ! z, n ! Z
f(x) = 0 ⇒ sin(p cosx) = 0
r b i ! z - 2 l =- 2n, n ! Z
1 r
⇒ pcosx = n1p, n1 ∈ I

⇒ cosx = – 1, cosx = 0, cosx = 1 Thus, 0 and 2 are possible
n r Note: Solutions of the remaining parts are given in
⇒ x = 22 , n2 ! I
their respective chapters.
⇒ X = & 2 , r, 2 , 2r..... 0
r 3r
6
Solution of Triangles 6.1

Chapter Solution of Triangles


INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1.
sin A sin B
We have, a = b It is possible only when

b a 3 a
or, sin B = a sin A 2 - b = 0 and 2 - c = 0
3
since, a = 3, b = 4, sin A = 4 , & 3 a = 2b = 2c 3 = k ]letg

4 3 k k k
we get, sin B = 3 # 4 = 1 &a= ,b = 2 ,c =
3 2 3

` +B = 90° a b2 + c2 = a2

2. C = 180° - 120° = 60° ` +A = 90°

a b c 3
Use sine rule = = =k b
sin 75° sin 45° sin 60° ` sin B = a = 2

& ^b + c 2 h = k ^sin 45° + 2 sin 60° h +B = 60°, +C = 30°

=k
3 +1
= 2k
3 +1 s ]a + b + cg a b c
5. R = 2R = 2R + 2R + 2R
2 2 2
= 2k sin 75° = 2k sin A = 2a = sin A + sin B + sin C

3. Let a = 6 + 12 , b = 48 , c = 24 b2 - c2
6. 2aR
Here c is the smallest side.
4R2 ^sin2 B - sin2 C h
=
4R2 sin A
+C is the smallest angle of the triangle.
sin ] B + C g sin ] B - C g
2 2 2
= sin A
a +b -c
Now cos C =
6a sin ] B + C g = sin ]r - Ag = sin A@
2ab
^48 + 24 3 h + 48 - 24 3
=
4 ^3 + 3 h 4 3
= 2 = sin ] B - C g
so, +C = r/6 3 3a
7. We have, 3= 4 a2, s = 2
4. We have a2 + b2 + c2 = ca + ab 3
3 a
`r= s = ,
2 2 2
& a + b + c - ca - ab 3 = 0 2 3
abc a3 a
R = 43 = =
&c m + b a - cl = 0
2
a 3 2
3 a2 3
2 -b 2
3 3 /4a2 3
and r1 = s - a = = 2 a
a/2
a a 3
Hence, r: R: r1 = : : 2 a
2 3 3
= 1: 2: 3
6.2 Mathematics
1 1 1 10. If p1, p2, p3, are altitude from A,B,C respectively,
8. r1 , r2 , r3 are in A.P.
s-a s-b s-c then 1 1 1 23 23 23
3 = 2 ap1 = 2 bp2 = 2 cp3 & p1 = a , p2 = b , p3 = c
& 3 , 3 , 3 are in A.P.

& s - a, s - b, s - c are in A.P. By the law of sines

a b c ^ h
&- a, - b, - c are in A.P. sin A = sin B = sin C = k say
9. From the right angled 3 CAD, we have 23 23 23
2 2 2
` p1 = k sin A , p2 = k sin B , p3 = k sin C
b 2b a + b - c
cos C = & a = 2ab
a/2
Now, sin A, sin B, sin C are in A.P.
a2 + b2 - c2 = 4b2 & a2 - c2 = 3b2 .
& p1, p2, p3 are in H.P.

°
A − π/2

a/2 a/2
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
We have tan 2 = tan b90° - 2 l = cot 2
C A+B A+B Also, cos C = 1 - tan2 ^C/2h = 1 - 63/81 = 18 = 1
2
1.
1 + tan ^C/2h 1 + 63/81 144 8
cot ^ A/2h cot ^ B/2h - 1 c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C = 25 + 16 - 2.5.4 ^1/8h = 36 & c = 6
cot ^ A/2h + cot ^ B/2h
=

6 37 Hence (a) is the correct answer.


5 . - 1 222 - 100 122 2
= 6 20 37 = 120 + 185 = 305 = 5
3. Here BD: DC = c: b . But BD + DC = a;
5 + 20
c BD AD
]s - bg]s - cg ]s - ag]s - bg ` BD = b + c .a . In 3 ABD, A = sin B
Also tan 2A tan C
2 = s ]s - ag s ]s - cg sin 2

& 6 . 5 = s & 3 ]s - bg = s & 2s = 3b


5 2 s-b

& a + b + c = 3b & a + c = 2b

Which shows that a,b and c are in A.P.


A-B
1 - tan2
2. cos ] A - Bg = 2
ca sin B 23 A
2 A-B ` AD = b + c .
1 + tan 2 A = b + c cosec 2
sin 2
2 A-B
31 1 - tan 2 AI AB c b+c
ca/ ]b + cg
& 32 =
2 A-B
Also, ID = BD = = a
1 + tan 2
b+c 3 A
2 A-B A-B 1 & AI = a + b + c .AD = s cosec 2
& 63 tan 2 = 1 & tan 2 = 63
3 B 3 C
Now tan A - B a-b C 1 5-4 C Similarly BI = s cosec 2 , CI = s cosec 2
2 = a + b cot 2 & 63 = 5 + 4 cot 2
A B C
C 63 ` IA: IB: IC = cosec 2 : cosec 2 : cosec 2
& tan 2 = 9
Solution of Triangles 6.3
°
4.
2 2
AG = 3 AA1, BG = 3 BB1 6. Here b sin A = 8 sin 30

1 = 4 and a = 7
& AG = 3 2b2 + 2c2 - a2

1 Thus, we have b > a > b sin A


and BG = 3 2a2 + 2c2 - b2
Hence angle B has two solutions.

8. Let us say b,c and angle B are given in the ambiguous

B1 case. Both the triangles will have b and its opposite

b
angle as B. So sin B = 2R will be given for both the
A1 triangles. So their circumradii and therefore their
1 1
& AG = 3 a, BG = 3 b2 + 4c2 as a2 = b2 + c2 sizes will be same.
5 1 2
& AG = 3 , BG = 3 16 + 36 = 3 13 b2 + c2 - a2
9. cos A = 2bc
1
Also, AB = c = 3 and 3 GAB = 3 3 ABC = 2 & c2 - 2bc cos A + b2 - a2 = 0.

If 'R1 ' be the circumradius of triangle GAB then c1 + c2 = 2b cos A and c1 c2 = b2 - a2 .

] AG g] BG g] ABg 5 2 1 5 13 & c12 + c22 - 2c1 c2 cos 2A = ]c1 + c2g2 - 2c1 c2 ]1 + cos 2Ag
R1 = 4 3 GAB = 3 . 3 13 .3 4.2 = 12 units.

5.
r
AC = d, OA = OB = r, CD = BD = l, +COA = 3 = 4b2 cos2 A - 2 ^b2 - a2h 2 cos2 A = 4a2 cos2 A.

r 10. +C2 AC1 is bisected by AD.


` AC2 = OA2 + OC2 - 2OA.OC. cos 3

& In 3 AC2 D, cos b


1 A1 - A2 l AD c sin B
& d2 = 2r2 - 2r2 . 2 = r2 2 = AC = b
2

Hence proved.

A1 A 2

2r r
Also, +BOD = +COD = 3.2 = 3 C2 C1

r BD l
& tan 3 = OB = r & l = r 3 = d 3

Hence the correct answer is (c)


6.4 Mathematics

EXERCISE - 1
Relation Between Sides And Angles 9. a sin ] B - C g + b sin ]C - Ag + c sin ] A - Bg
]s - ag]s - bg
= 1 = tan b 4 l, from
C r
s ]s - cg
1.
= k ^/ sin A sin (B - C h = k # / sin ] B + C g sin ] B - C g-
tan 2 =
°
given data. Hence C = 90 .
= k & / 2 ]cos 2C - cos 2Bg0 = 0.
1
2. A, B, C are in A.P. then angle B = 60°,
°
Note: Students should note here that most of the
a2 + c2 - b2 )since A + B + C = 180 and 3
cos B = 2ac , expression containing the cyclic factor associating
A + C = 2B & B = 60°
with ' - ' reduces to 0.
1 a2 + c2 - b2
&2 = 2ac & a2 + c2 - b2 = ac
10. It is obvious. Trick: Obviously it is not an equilateral
2 2 2
& b = a + c - ac.
triangle because A = B = C = 60° does not satisfy
3. ]b + cg cos A + ]c + ag cos B + ]a + bg cos C = a + b + c
From expanding and collecting terms using the given condition. But B = 90° then sin2 B = 1

projection rule, a = b cos C + c cos B etc. and cos2 A + cos2 C = cos2 A + cos2 b 2 - A l
r

sin ] A - Bg sin A cos B - sin B cos A


sin ] A + Bg
4. = sin C = cos2 A + sin2 A = 1 . Hence this satisfy the

a b condition, so it is a right angle triangle but not


= c cos B - c cos A
a2 + c2 - b2 b2 + c2 - a2 necessarily isosceles.
But cos B = 2ac , cos A = 2bc
& c cos B - c cos A = 2 ^a2 + c2 - b2 - b2 - c2 + a2h
a b 1 A C
2c 11.
sin 2 sin 2 ac ]s - bg]s - cg]s - bg]s - ag s - b
2 2 B =
]s - ag]s - cgbc # ab = b
a -b sin 2
= .
c2
c2 + a2 - b2 1 r But a, b and c are in A.P. & 2b = a + c
5. cos B = 2ac & cos B = 2 i.e., B = 3 .
3b
-b 1
6. ^a2 + b2 - 2abh cos2 C + ^a2 + b2 + 2abh sin2 C s-b
Hence b = 2 b = 2.
2 2

= a2 + b2 + 2ab b sin2 2 - cos2 2 l


C C B-C A b-c
12. tan 2 = x cot 2 & x = b + c .
= a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C = a2 + b2 - ^a2 + b2 - c2h = c2 . 13. It is a fundamental property.(Projection formula).

7.
B
2s = a + b + c ; cos 2 =
30 # 6 3 14. / a2 ^cos2 B - cos2 C h = / a2 ^sin2 C - sin2 Bh
320 = 4 .
A B A B = k2 / a2 ^c2 - b2h = 0.
A B cos 2 cos 2 - sin 2 sin 2
8. 1 - tan 2 tan 2 = A B
cos 2 cos 2 15. Angles are x + 2x + 3x = 180° or 30°, 60° and 90°

therefore sides are ratio of sin 30°: sin 60°: sin 90°
cos b 2 + 2 l
A B C
sin 2
= A B = A B
cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 1 3
= 2 : 2 : 1 = 1 : 3 : 2.

]s - ag]s - bgbc.ac 1/2 c


=; E = s = +2c+ . Note: This is a fact. We have used it in so many
ab.s ]s - ags ]s - bg a b c
questions.
Solution of Triangles 6.5
16. Since the angles are in A.P., therefore B = 60 and °
(iv) - (ii) gives, b = 6m

b sin B 3 3 3 (iv) - (iii) gives, c = 5m


c = sin C = 2
= 2 sin C =
2
a2 + b2 - c2 ]7mg + ]6mg - ]5mg
2 2 2

2 # ]7mg # ]6mg
& C = 45° so that A = 180° - 60° - 45° = 75° . Now, cos C = 2ab =

17.
A-B a-b C a-b b A+Bl =
49m2 + 36m2 - 25m2 60m2 5
= = .
tan 2 = a + b cot 2 = a + b tan 2 84m2 84m2 7

& tan
A-B A+B a-b 23. Let a = 6, b = 10, c = 14
2 cot 2 = a + b .
cos A cos B cos C cos A cos B cos C a 2 + b 2 - c 2 36 + 100 - 96
18. cos c = = 2 # 6 # 10 < 0
a = b = c & k sin A = k sin B = k sin C 2ab

& cot A = cot B = cot C & A = B = C = 60° as cos c < 0

&3 ABC is equilateral. hence c & obtuse angle

3 24. It is obvious.
`3= 4 a2 = 3 .
25. ab2 cos A + ba2 cos B + ac2 cos A + ca2 cos C
19. Since cos 3A + cos 3B + cos 3C = 1
+ bc2 cos B + b2 c cos C
= ab ]b cos A + a cos Bg + ac ]c cos A + a cos C g
3A 3B 3C
& 4 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 = 0

3A 3B 3C + bc ]c cos B + b cos C g
Either 2 = 180° or 2 = 180° or 2 = 180°
= abc + abc + abc = 3abc.
Either A = 120° or B = 120° or C = 120° .
B-C B+C B-C
26. b - c sin B - sin C 2 sin 2 cos 2 sin 2
tan b 2 l sin 2 sin b 2 l
B B C-A a = sin A = A A = A
2 sin 2 cos 2 cos 2
20. We have, =
cos b 2 l cos 2 cos b 2 l
C-A B C-A
& ]b - cg cos 2 = a sin 2 .
A B-C

= sin C + sin A = kc + ka = c + a = 3a = 3 , !a c = 2a + .
sin C - sin A kc - ka c - a a 1
27. Here ] ABg2 = ]a - cg2 + ]b - dg2
A B
]OAg2 = ]a - 0g2 + ]b - 0g2 = a2 + b2 and
21. Trick: Take A = B = C = 60°, then cot 2 , cot 2

]OBg2 = c2 + d2
C
and cot 2 are in A.P. with common difference zero.

Now option (b) satisfies. B c,b


b+c c+a a+b ] g
22. 11 = 12 = 13 = m Let
` b + c = 11m ....(i)
A a,b
c + a = 12m ....(ii) Now from triangle

and a + b = 13m ....(iii) ]OAg2 + ]OBg2 - ] ABg2


AOB, cos i = 2OA.OB
From (i) + (ii) + (iii) , 2 ]a + b + cg = 36m, a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 - "]a - cg2 + ]b - dg2 ,
=
2 a2 + b2 . c2 + d2
` a + b + c = 18m ....(iv)
ac + bd
= .
^a2 + b2h^c2 + d2h
Now, (iv) - (i) gives, a = 7m
6.6 Mathematics
28. a sin 2C + c2 sin 2A = a2 ]2 sin C cos C g + c2 ]2 sin A cos Ag
2
abc 3
38. We have R = 4 3 and r = s
= 2a2 b ab cos C l + 2c2 b bc cos A l
23 23
R abc s abc
& r = 43.3 = ]
4 s - ag]s - bg]s - cg
ba3= 1 ab sin C = 1 bc sin A ,
2 2
Since a: b: c = 4: 5: 6; 4 = 5 = 6 = k ^say h
a b c
` sin C = ab , sin A = bc l
23 23

Thus R = ]4kg]5kg]6kg 16
= 43&
a cos C + c cos A 0
= 4 3bb l = 4 3 .
b = 7 .
4 b 2 - 4k lb 2 - 5k lb 2 - 6k l
r 15k 15k 15k
b
29. We have, a2 + b2 + c2 - ac - ab 3 = 0 39. a a = 2R sin A, b = 2R sin B, c = 2R sin C
2 2
a 2 3a 2
4 - ac + c + 4 + b - ab 3 = 0 ` a cos A + b cos B + c cos C

: a - cD + ; 3 a - bE = 0 = R 6]2 sin A cos Ag + ]2 sin B cos Bg + ]2 sin C cos C g@


2 2

2 2
i.e., a = 2c and 2b = 3 a i.e., b2 + c2 = a2 = R ]sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C g = 4R sin A sin B sin C.
Hence triangle is right angled.
40. Area of the triangle ABC ]3g = 2 sin A. From the
bc
sin B 2 ^c 2 + b 2 - a 2 h b
30. 2 cos A = sin C & 2bc = c
a
sine formula, a = 2R sin A or sin A = 2R .
& c 2 = a 2 & c = a.
1 a abc abc
32 + 52 - 72 &3= 2 bc. 2R = 4R or R = 4 3
31. cos C = 2 # 3 # 5 & C = 120° .
Circle And Triangle 41. In a 3 ABC, r1 < r2 < r3
sin A sin B sin C 1 a
32. a = b = c = 2R & sin A = 2R etc. 1 1 1 s-a s-b s-c
& r1 > r2 > r3 & 3 > 3 > 3
a b c
Therefore 2R2 sin A sin B sin C = 2R2 2R . 2R . 2R
& s - a > s - b > s - c & - a > - b > - c & a < b < c.
abc
= 4R = 3 .
42. Radius of circum-circle
33. a 5
cos A = 0 & 36 + 64 - a2 = 0 & a = 10 & R = 2 sin A = 1 .
] Rg = a b c
2 sin A = 2 sin B = 2 sin C
3 8
34. r= s = 7. b 2
R = 2 sin B = =2
2 sin 30°
35. a=b=c=2 3
Now, area of circle = rR2 = 4r.

3= c
3 a2 m abc
= 3 3 sq.cm, ` R = 4 3 = 2cm. Solution of Triangle
4
sin A sin B 3 sin B 21
36.
A B C
r = 4R sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 43. a = b & 4 # 5 = 7 & sin B = 20 ,

& r = 4R sin3 30°, "a A = B = C = 60° , which is not possible.

49 + 16.3 - 13
R
&r= 2 . 44. cos i = & i = 30° .
2.7.4 3

tan b = b + c cot 2 & tan b 90 l


45. B-Cl b-c A °
3 -1 A
37. a cot A + b cot B + c cot C 2 2 = cot 2
3 +1

= 2R ]sin A cot A + sin B cot B + sin C cot C g


& tan b 2 l =
A 3 -1 3+1-2 3
= = 2- 3
= 2R ]cos A + cos B + cos C g 3 +1 2
A
& 2 = 15° & A = 30° .
= 2R b1 + 4 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 l = 2R b1 + R l = 2 ] R + rg.
A B C r
Solution of Triangles 6.7
° ° ° ° ° °
2
b +c -a 2 2
53. B = 60 , C = 75 & A = 180 - 60 - 75 = 45
46. Use cos A = 2bc .
b a b 2
1 1 3 Now sin B = sin A & = & b = 6.
47. a+c = b+c = a+b+c sin 60° sin 45°
]a + b + 2cg 3 54.
sin B sin A b sin A 8 sin 30° 2
&]
a + cg]b + cg ]a + b + cg b = a & sin B = a =
= 6 = 3.

& ]a + b + 2cg]a + b + cg = 3 ]a + cg]b + cg 55. Using sine law in 3 ABC, we get


& ]a 2 + b 2 - c 2g = ab &
2 2 2
a +b -c 1
2ab =2
30°
1
` cos C = 2 & C = 60°

48. Let the fourth side be of ‘d length. 105° 45°

we know that AB2 + BC2 - 2AB.BC cos 60° = AC2 x 2


=
sin 105° sin 45°
= CD2 + DA2 - 2CD.DA cos 120° (by cosine rule) 2 cos 15° 2 2 $ ^ 3 + 1 h
&x= =
sin 45° 2 2

120 °
3 & AB = ^ 3 + 1 h

C-B c-b A
2 56. We have tan 2 = c + b cot 2
60°

` tan b
C-Bl 3 +1-2 1
2 = cot 15° =
3 +1+2 3
1
or 4 + 25 - 2.2.5. 2 = 9 + d2 + 3d C-B °
& 2 = 30 .
& d2 + 3d - 10 = 0 & d =- 5 or d = 2 ; ` d = 2.
57. Let A = 6 + 12 , b = 48 , c = 24 . Clearly, c is
^b + c - a h
2 2 2
49. cos A = 2bc the smallest side. Therefore, the smallest angle C is

1 9 + c2 - 16 3
& cos 60° = 2 = 2.3c & c 2 - 3c - 7 = 0 given by cos C =
a2 + b2 - c2 r
= 2 &C= 6.
2ab
a2 + b2 - c2 a b
50. cos C = =- 1 58.
2ab sin A = sin B
& +C = 180°, which is inadmissible in a triangle. ]b sin Ag ^4 3 sin 60° h 6
& sin B = a = 5 = 5 > 1,
51. Here b sin A = 8 sin 30° = 4, a = 7
which is inadmissible.
Thus, we have b > a > b sin A.
sin B sin C c
59. b = c & sin C = b sin B > 1
Hence angle B has two solutions.
]a b < c sin Bg, which is impossible.
52. Hence c sin B = 4 sin 3 = 2 3 > b ]= 3g
r
Hence no triangle is possible.
Thus, we have b < c sin B.
sin B sin A sin B 5/13
60. Applying sine rule, b = a or 8 = 3
Hence no triangle is possible i.e., the number of
40
triangles that can be constructed is nil. or sin B = 39 > 1, which is not possible. Hence no

triangle can be formed by the given conditions.


6.8 Mathematics

EXERCISE - 2
Relation Between Sides And Angles 1 1 1
5. C are in A.P.
]s - bg]s - cg
, ,
A 2 A 2 B
1. sin 2 = sin 2 sin 2 sin2 2
bc
1 1 1 1
& - = -
& bc sin2 2 = ]s - bg]s - cg Hence x = bc.
A 2 C 2 B 2 B A
sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin2 2
sin B sin B b ab ac
&]
2.
sin ] A + Bg sin C s - ag]s - bg ]s - ag]s - cg
= = c. -

cos B cos C ac bc
3. cot B + cot C - cot A = sin B + sin C - cot A =
]s - ag]s - cg - ]s - bg]s - cg
sin ] B + C g cos A b ]s - cg - c ]s - bg m b c lc a ]s - bg - b ]s - ag m
& b s - a lc ]
sin C cos B + cos C sin B a
s - bg]s - cg ]s - ag]s - bg
= - cot A = sin B sin C - sin A = s-c
sin B sin C

sin2 A - sin B sin C cos A a2 - bc cos A & abs - abc - acs + abc = acs - abc - bcs + abc
k ]abcg
= sin A sin B sin C =
& ab - ac = ac - bc & ab + bc = 2ac or
{Since a = b = c = k ^say h
sin A sin B sin C
1 1 2
c + a = b , i.e., a, b, c are in H.P.
and cos A = b +2cbc- a 0
2 2 2
Note: Students should remember this question as a
fact.
]b 2 + c 2 - a 2g
a 2 - bc 2bc sin A ]a - b cos C g
= ]abcg k 6.
sin C ]c - b cos Ag
^a 2 - a 2 h
= 0, & As b + c2 - a = 3a 2- a = 22a = a2 0 . sin A ]b cos C + c cos B - b cos C g
2 2 2 2 2 2
=
sin C ]a cos B + b cos A - b cos Ag
abc k =

4. &cot A + cot B 0&a sin2 B + b sin2 A 0 sin A ]c cos Bg


sin C ]a cos Bg
2 2 2 2 =
Z] _
bb
]] cos C bb
` &a sin2 B 0
] 2 2 A = 1 (as c sin A = a sin C )
= [] 2 + b sin 2
]] sin A sin B bbb
] 2 2 b
\
]Z]
a 7.
B A b_
] sin sin 2 bbb
= &cos 2 0[]a
C ] 2
]] sin A
+b B `bb
] 2 sin 2 bb
\ a
]Z] ]s - ag]s - cg ]s - bg]s - cg b_b
s ]s - cg ]][a ac bc bb
]s - bg]s - cg ]s - ag]s - cg
= +b `b
ab ]] bb
]] b
bc ac
\ a
s ]s - cg ' b s - a l b s - b l ab 1
CD
In 3 CDB, sin B =
BC
= ab s - b ab + s-a sin ^135° - B h
BC sin B
= s ]s - cg ( 2 = s ]s - cg ( 2
s-a+s-b 2s - a - b
sin ^135° - B h
& CD =
]s - ag]s - bg ]s - ag]s - bg

s ]s - cg C 5 2 5 2
=c
]s - ag]s - bg = c cot 2 . = 1 + cot B = 5
1 + 12
Trick: Such type of unconditional problems can be
60 2
` CD = 17
checked by putting the particular values for CD BD
Also from same triangle, sin B =
sin 45°
a = 1, b = 3 , c = 2 and A = 30°, B = 60°, C = 90° . & BD = 17
65

Hence expression is equal to 2 which is given by (d). 65 156


& AD = 13 - 17 = 17
Solution of Triangles 6.9
° °
11. x + 2x + 7x = 180 & x = 18
8.
Hence the angles are 18°, 36°, 126°
° °

Greatest side \ sin ^126°h

Smallest side \ sin ^18°h and ratio = sin


sin 126°
^18°h
=
5 +1
5 -1

12. A C 1 ]s - bg]s - cg ]s - ag]s - bg 1


s ]s - ag s ]s - cg
°
tan 2 tan 2 = 2 & =2
° °

s-b 1
& s = 2 & 2s - 2b - s = 0 & a + c - 3b = 0.
x2 + x2 - AB2
cos 120° = 13.
cos A cos B cos C
2x2 a + b + c
2x2 - AB2 - 1 b2 + c2 - a2 + a2 + c2 - b2 + a2 + b2 - c2
& = 2 =
2x2 2abc
& 3x2 = AB2 a2 + b2 + c2
= 2abc .

1 + cos C cos ] A - Bg 1 - cos ] A + Bg cos ] A - Bg


& AB = x 3
1 + cos ] A - C g cos B 1 - cos ] A - C g cos ] A + C g
14. =
& a2: b2: c2 = ]2xg2 : x2 : ^ x 3 h
2

1 - cos2 A + sin2 B sin2 A + sin2 B a2 + b2


& 2 2 = 2 2 = 2 .
1 - cos A + sin C sin A + sin C a + c2
= 4x2 : x2 : 3x2 = 4 : 1 : 3
sin 3B 3 sin B - 4 sin3 B
15. sin B = = 3 - 4 sin2 B
+BPA = 90° + b 3 l, +ABP = 3
B 2B sin B
9.
4 ^a2 + c2 - b2h2
4 ]acg2
= 3 - 4 + 4 cos2 B =- 1 +
In 3 ABP,

ba +c l
2 2 2

^a2 + c2h2
AP c c
sin ^2B/3h sin 690° + ^ B/3h@ cos ^ B/3h
= = 2
]acg 4 ]acg2
=- 1 + 2 =- 1 +
[by the sine rule]
^a2 + c2h2 - 4a2 c2
= b c 2- a2 l2 .
2

4 ]acg
=
c sin ^2B/3h 2c sin ^ B/3h cos ^ B/3h
2
ac
or AP =
cos ^ B/3h cos ^ B/3h
=
16. Given c sin B $ a
= 2c sin ^ B/3h
& sin C sin B $ sin A

and a sin C $ b & sin C sin A $ sin B

sin A
& sin c $ sin A $ sin B $ sin C
B
90° +
3 ` sin2 c $ 1
B
90° − r
3 & sin C = 1 & +C is 2
B /3
17. 2b = a + c & 2 sin B = sin A + sin C

or 4 sin 2 cos 2 = 2 sin b 2 l cos b 2 l


10. Here b = 2c . Now, B B A+C A-C

B-C b-c A
2 = b + c cot 2 & sin b 2 l = 2 cos b 2 l # 2 & B # 60°
tan B 1 A-C 1

A B - C b + c 3c
cot 2 cot 2 = b - c = c = 3
6.10 Mathematics
R ^b2 + c2 - a2h 23. From the given relation
cot A abc
18. cot B + cot C = R ^a2 + c2 - b2h R ^a2 + b2 - c2h 1 - cos A cos B
+
sin C = sin A sin B # 1 ....(i)
abc abc
& 1 # cos A cos B + sin A sin B
b2 + c2 - a2 2a2 - a2 1
= = =2
2a2 2a 2 & cos ] A - Bg $ 1 ; a cos i $ 1 ....(ii)
19. From the right angled 3 CAD, we have
` A - B = 0 or A = B
π 1 - cos2 A sin2 A
A− Hence from (i), sin C = = =1
2 sin2 A sin2 A
` C = 90° & A + B = 90° or A = B = 45° {by (ii)}

Hence, a : b : c = sin A : sin B : sin C = 1 : 1 : 2 .


a a
2 2 sin ^y + z h sin C
24. From 3 ADC, DC = AD
b 2b a 2 + b 2 - c 2
cos C = & a = 2ab
a/2 sin x sin B
From 3 ABD, BD = AD
or a + b - c = 4b or a - c = 3b
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

sin z sin C
From 3 AEC, EC = AE
20. Using cosine rule, we get

x2 = ]x + 1g2 + b2 - 2 ]x + 1g b cos 3
r

& 0 = 2x + 1 + b2 - ]x + 1gb

& b2 - ]x + 1gb + 2x + 1 = 0

Since b is real, we have

& ]x + 1g2 - 4 ]2x + 1g $ 0 sin ^ x + y h sin B


From 3 ABE, BE = AE

sin ^ x + y h sin ^y + z h
& x2 - 6x - 3 $ 0
Therefore sin x sin z
& x $ 3 + 12
BE DC AD AE 2BD # 2EC
The least integral value of x is 7. = AE # AD # BD # EC = BD # EC = 4.

Circle And Triangle cos C + cos A cos B


25. c+a + b

21.
b+c sin 3C + sin C ]b cos C + c cos Bg + ]b cos A + a cos Bg
4c = 4 sin C =
b ]c + ag
2 sin 2C cos C a+c
= ]
b c + ag
& 4 sin C = cos C , (using projection formulae)
b - c sin 3C - sin C 2 cos 2C sin C A 1
2c = 2 sin C = 2 sin C = cos 2C = sin 2 . = b.
22. 2a2 b2 + 2b2 c2 = a 4 + b 4 + c 4 26. 4x + x + x = 180° & 6x = 180° & x = 30°
Also, ^a2 - b2 + c2h2 = a 4 + b 4 + c 4 - 2^a2 b2 + b2 c2 - c2 a2h sin 120° sin 30° sin 30°
a = b = c
& ^a2 - b2 + c2h2 = 2c2 a2 &
a2 - b2 + c2 1
` a: ]a + b + cg = ^sin 120°h: ^sin 120° + sin 30° + sin 30°h
2ca =! = cos B
2
& B = 45° or 135° .
3 3 +2
= 2 : 2 = 3 : 3 + 2.
Solution of Triangles 6.11

27. Let a = a - b, b = a + b, c = 3a2 + b2

a2 + b2 - c2
` cos C = 2ab
a2 + b2 - 2ab + a2 + b2 + 2ab - 3a2 - b2
2 ^a2 - b2 h
& cos C = °

^a2 - b2 h 30.
b 2r l
2 ^a - b h
& cos C =- 2 2 = cos 3
3 ACD + 3 CDB = 3 ABC
& +C = 3 , ^largest angleh .
2r
5.r 3.r 4.3
& 2 + 2 = 2

& 8r = 12 & r = 3/2

31. We have 8R2 = a2 + b2 + c2

= 4R2 ^sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C h


°
28. or sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 2
c = √ 3 −1
or 1 - cos2 A + 1 - cos2 B + sin2 C = 2
1
Using 3= 2 bc sin A, we get
or ^cos2 A - sin2 C h + cos2 B = 0
1 # #^
3 - 1 h sin A =
3 -1
2 2 2 or cos ] A + C g cos ] A - C g + cos2 B = 0
1
` sin A = 2 or A = 30° or - cos B 6cos ] A - C g - cos B@ = 0

B-C b-c A or - cos B 6cos ] A - C g + cos ] A + C g@ = 0


tan 2 = b + c cot 2
3- 3 3 +1 or - 2 cos A cos B cos C = 0
= # = 3
3 +1 3 -1
or cos A = 0 or cos B = 0 or cos C = 0
& B - C = 120°
r r r
or A = 2 or B = 2 or C = 2
Also B + C = 150° & C = 15°
32. a cos ] B - C g + b cos ]C - Ag + c cos ] A - Bg
2a a
29. Here, R = 2 =
2 = 2R sin A cos ] B - C g + 2R sin B cos ]C - Ag + 2R sin C
1 2 cos ] A - Bg
3
r= s = 1 2a =
a
^a + a + 2 a h 2 + 2 = 2R sin ] B + C g cos ] B - C g + 2R sin ] A + C g $ cos ]C - Ag
2

R a # 2+ 2 + 2R sin ] A + Bg $ cos ] A - Bg
` r = a = 2 +1
= R 5sin 2B + sin 2C + sin 2C + sin 2A + sin 2A + sin 2B?
2

= 2R ]sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C g

= 8R sin A sin B sin C

a b c abc
= 8R 2R 2 R 2 R = 2
R
6.12 Mathematics
a2 + b2 + c2 38. Let OP = x
33. In triangle ABC,
R2
Circumradius = R
= 4 ^sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C h
BC
= 8 ]1 + cos A cos B cos C g # 8 b1 + 8 l # 9
1 ` = 2R
sin 45°
or R = 4 2
34. Let area of triangle be 3 , then according the

1 1 1 Now PB $ PC = PM $ PN
question, 3= 2 ax = 2 by = 2 cz
or 15 = ] R - xg] R + xg or x = 17
` c + a + b = c b a l+ a b b l+ b b c l
bx cy az b 2 3 c 23 a 23

2 3 ^b2 + c2 + a2h 2 ^a2 + b2 + c2h abc a2 + b2 + c2


= abc = abc . 4R = 2R .
°

tan b n l = 2r and sin b n l = 2R


r a r a
35.

& r + R = 2 :cot n + cosec n D = 2 cot b 2n l .


a r r a r

a cos A + b cos B + c cos C


36. a+b+c
k 5sin A cos A + sin B cos B + sin C cos C ?
s = 2 ]a + b + cg = 21
= 1
k (sin A + sin B + sin C] 39.
1 ]sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C g
]sin A + sin B + sin C g 3 = 6s ]s - ag]s - bg]s - cg@ = 84 ; ` r = s = 4.
=2 3

2 sin ] A + Bg cos ] A - Bg + 2 sin C cos C


= 2>
1
CH 40. R ]b + cg = a bc = 2R sin A bc
2 sin b 2 l cos b 2 l + 2 sin 2 cos 2
A+B A-B C
b+c
sin C "cos ] A - Bg - cos (A + B ,)
` sin A =
= 2> A+B H
2 bc
1
cos 2 'cos b 2 l + cos b 2 l1
C A-B
Now sin A # 1
sin C ]2 sin A sin Bg
= 2> B H
1 b+c
cos 2 b2 cos 2 cos 2 l
C A & #1
2 bc
or ^ b - c h # 0
2
or b = c
RS A A B B C C VWW
S
1 SS 2 sin 2 cos 2 .2 sin 2 cos 2 .2 sin 2 cos 2 WW
= 2S A B C WW & sin A = 1
SS cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 WW
S
T X & A = 90° and b = c
= 4 sin 2 . sin 2 . sin 2 = R , :a r = 4R sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 D.
A B C r A B C
Hence, the triangle is right isosceles.
37. Let a = 3k, b = 7k, c = 8k
3 3a
41. We have 3= 4 a2, s = 2
` s = 2 ]a + b + cg = 9k
1
3 a abc a3 a
R abc s abc.s `r= s = ,R = 4 3 = =
Then r = 4 3 . 3 = ]
4s s - ag]s - bg]s - cg
2 3 3 a2 3
3 3 /4a2 3
3k.7k.8k 7
= 4.6k.2k.k = 2 and r1 = s - a = = 2 a
a/2

i.e., R: r = 7: 2. a a 3
Hence, r: R: r1 = : : 2 a = 1: 2: 3
2 3 3
Solution of Triangles 6.13

R = 8r = 8 b 4R sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 l Therefore b1 + b2 = 2c cos A and b1 b2 = c - a


A B C 2 2
42.

A B C 1 & 3b1 = 2c cos A , 2b12 = c2 - a2 , ^a b2 = 2b1 given h


` 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 = 16
& 2 b 3 cos A l = c2 - a2 & 8c2 ^1 - sin2 Ah = 9c2 - 9a2
2
2c
or b cos 2 - cos 2 l sin 2 = 16
A-B A+B C 1

9a 2 - c 2
or sin 2 b 2 - sin 2 l = 16 & sin 2 = 4
C 1 C 1 C 1 & sin A = .
8c2
c2 + b2 - a2
C 1 7
or cos C = 1 - 2 sin2 2 = 1 - 8 = 8 48. We have cos A = 2bc

43. Let a and b be the roots of x2 - 7x + 8 = 0 & c2 - 2bc cos A + ^b2 - a2h = 0

Then a + b = 7, ab = 8 . It is given that c1 and c2 are roots of this equation.


Therefore c1 + c2 = 2b cos A and c1 c2 = b2 - a2
°
Also, C = 60
& k ]sin C1 + sin C2g = 2k sin B cos A
Now, 1 + sin 2x = 2
& sin C1 + sin C2 = 2 sin B cos A
& ab = ]a + bg2 - 2ab - c2
& Now sum of the areas of two triangles
& c2 = ]a + bg2 - 3ab = 49 - 24 = 25
= 2 ab sin C1 + 2 ab sin C2 = 2 ab ]sin C1 + sin C2g
1 1 1
&c=5
= 2 ab ]2 sin B cos Ag = ab sin B cos A
1
abc 8#5 5
` r.R = ]
2 a + b + cg 2 ]7 + 5g 3
= =
= b ]a sin Bg cos A = b ]b sin Ag cos A = 2 b2 sin 2A.
1
Solution of Triangle
b c b sin C 49. Using cosine rule in 3 ABC,
44. We have sin B = sin C & sin B = c

2 sin 60° 3 a2 + b2 - c2
& sin B = =
2
. 2 =
1
& B = 45°, we get, cos C = 2ab
6 6 2
^a B ! 135° h 2 81 + 64 - x 2
2 ]9 g]8 g
&3 = & 96 = 145 - x 2

` A = 180° - ] B + C g = 75° & x 2 = 49 &x=7

sin A 2 sin 75°


Now, sina A = sin B & a = bsin a b c 5 4
B = sin 45° = 3 + 1. 50. a sin A = sin B = sin C ; = sin B
b l
b r
sin 2 + B
45. Since C = 90°
5 4 4
c sin A 7 3 sin 30
°
7 3 cos B = sin B , ` tan B = 5
Hence, a = sin C = ° = 2 .
sin 90
tan A = tan b 2 + B l =- cot B = 4
r -5
^ 3 + 1h $ 1 # 1
2
2
tan C = tan ^r - ] A + Bgh =- tan ] A + Bg, 5 A + B + C = r?
1 a2 sin B sin C 1 2 3 +1
sin ] B + C g
46.
^ 3 + 1h
3= 2 =2 = 2 .
2 2
]tan A + tan Bg - b - 4 + 5 l
5 4
b2 + c2 - a2 9
47. We have cos A = =- 1 - tan A. tan B = 1+1 = 40
2bc
JK N
& b2 - 2bc cos A + ^c2 - a2h = 0 KK b2. 19 l OOO
C = tan -1 KK O , ` C = 2 tan -1 b 1 l .
KK 1 - b 1 l2 OOO 9
It is given that b1 and b2 are roots of this equation. 9
L P
6.14 Mathematics

EXERCISE - 3
Numerical Type
a 3 c 60
1. r = 30 = 2
4 = 12 = sin C
5 13
13 A(0,12)
a= 5

I'

0,0 5,0
b2 + c2 - a2
cos A = 2bc
Hence, I = ^2, 2 h ; m AI = 0 - 2 =- 5
3 169 12 - 2
2 # 3 # c # 5 = b2 + c2 - 25
1
18c 225 - 169 Hence, slope of line l = 5
5 = 25 + 25c2
Equation of line l passing through (0,8) is
25c2 - 90c + 56 = 0 & c =
90 ! 50 14 4
50 & c = 5 , 5 ^ y - 8 h = 1 ] x - 0g
5
5y - 40 = x ; x - 5y + 40 = 0
Check cos B with both value of c.
Point M can be obtained by solving equation of line
4 4
Using c = 5 , cos B < 0. Hence c = 5 is rejected AB and x - 5y + 40 = 0

` M b 13 , 13 l
5c 5 # 14 20 108
` 2 = 5#2 & 7
0 12 1
2. Interior angle of regular polygon of side n is 1 0 8 1 = 40
Now, Area 3 AMN = 2 13
20 108
13 13 1
b180° - 360 l .
°

n Area of quadrilateral
Hence, a = 108°; b = 120°; c = 144°; d = 150° OBMN = Area of 3 AOB - Area
350 m
of 3 AMN = 13 = n
` cos a = cos 108° =- sin 18° =- c
5 -1m
4 3
4. r= s
°
sec b = sec 120 =- 2
s = 5 or a + b + c = 10

cos c = cos 144° =- cos 36° =- c


5 +1m abc
4 3= 4R or abc = 60

cosec d = cosec 150° =+ 2 Now 3 2 = s ]s - ag]s - bg]s - cg

5 - 1 m]2 gc 5 + 1 m]- 2g or 5 = ]5 - ag]5 - bg]5 - cg


` c =1
4 4
= 125 - 25 ]a + b + cg + 5 ]ab + bc + cag - abc
3. In radius of 3 OAB 'r'
` ab + bc + ca = 38
1# #
5 12
or a2 + b2 + c2 = ]a + b + cg2 - 2 ]38g = 24
3
= S = 12
]5 + 12 + 13g
2
Solution of Triangles 6.15

We have ]r1 + r3g = b r2 - s lb As, r = s l


3 3 7. As, 15 be the length of largest side
5.

&bs-a + s-cl=bs-b - s l
3 3 3 3

2s - ]a + cg b
&]
s - ag]s - cg s $ ]s - bg
=

& ]s - ag $ ]s - cg = s ]s - bg

]s - ag $ ]s - cg B B & cos i < 0 & ]8 g2 + x2 - 225 < 0


s $ ]s - bg
& = 1 & tan2 2 = 1 & tan 2 = 1

B & x < 13 ....(1)


& 2 = 45° & +B = 90°
As x is integer
` +A + +C = 90°
Also, x > 15 - 8
Hence, ^sec2 A + cosec2 B - cot2 C h

= sec2 A + cosec2 B - cot2 ^90° - Ah & x > 7 ....(2)

= ^sec2 A - tan2 Ah + cosec2 90° = 1 + 1 = 2 (Using property of triangle)


6.
` From (1) and (2), we get

7 < x < 13.

Because x is an integer, so x ! "8, 9, 10, 11, 12 ,

& Number of possible values of x is 5.


a /3 a /3
a AD 8. a+b-c = 2
3 sin x = sin B ....(1)
2a AE
3 sin ^ x + y h sin B
= ....(2) and 2ab - c2 = 4

Dividing Eq.(1) by Eq. (2), we get


& a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab - 2bc - 2ca = 4 = 2ab - c2
sin ^ x + y h AD
2 sin x = AE ....(3) & ]b - cg2 + ]a - cg2 = 0
2a AD
3 sin ^y + zh sin C
= ....(4)
&a=b=c
a AE
3 sin z = sin C ....(5)
Triangle is equilateral; hence a = 2
Dividing Eq.(5) by Eq.(4), we get
sin ^y + z h AE
2 sin z = AD ....(6) &3= 3
Multilplying Eq.(3) and Eq.(6), we get

sin ^ x + y h sin ^y + z h
` sin x $ sin z =4
6.16 Mathematics

9. We have, ^log2 ^log3 ^log512 T100hhh = 1

& T100 = ]512g9 = 281

Now, T100 = a $ ]Ratiog99,

Ist term = a
where
Ratio = r

& 281 = a $ ]2 g99 & a =


1
218
52 y
or 60 = 56 - y
; T = ar = c 18 m $ 2 =
1 1 1
]2 g18 2 ]2 g17
` T1 = a = ,
2
or 60y = 52 # 56 - 52y
1 ]2 g2 1
]2 g18 ]2 g16
T3 = ar2 = $ =
or 112y = 52 # 56
` The sides of triangle are T1 + T2, T2 and T3 given
or y = 26
3 1 1
]2 g18 ]2 g17 ]2 g16
by , ,
& DE = BE - BD = ]26 - 20g = 6
3 2 4
]2 g18 ]2 g18 ]2 g18
i.e., , , 1
11. We have area of 3 ABC = 2 ab = 6864 (Given)
9 ]s - ag 3
]2 g19 ]2 g19
So, s = , = ; A

]s - bg = 5 ]s - cg 1
]2 g19 ]2 g19
; =
c = 290
Hence, area of 3 ABC = s $ ]s - ag]s - bg $ ]s - cg
b = 48

9#3#5#1 2160
]2 g76 ]2 g80
= =
B
2160 2160 C a = 286
]2 g40
`3= = N
Now 143k # 24k = 2 # 6864 (As a: b = 143: 24 )
& N = ]2 g (on comparing)
40
& 12k 2 # 143 = 6864 & 143k 2 = 572

` Clearly the remainder when N = ]2 g40 is divided


572
& 2 = 143 = 4
k

Hence k = 2
by ]2 g10 is zero.

` a = 286, b = 48
10. Let AD = h

Now c2 = 482 + (286)2 = 4 [576 + 1432]
From the figure, we get

= 4 [576 + 20449]
In 3 ABD, h + x = ]52g
2 2 2
= 521025? = 4 # 5 # 5 # 29 # 29 = 290
4

In 3 ADC, h2 + ]56 - xg2 = ]60g2


Hence radius of the circle inscribed in the triangle
3 286 # 48
r
= = s = 2 # 312 = 22
Solving, we get x = 20 and h = 48

Let BE = y. Then from the property of angle

AB BE
bisector, we have AC = EC
Solution of Triangles 6.17
12. Suppose that BD = x, 14. Clearly sum of radii

CE = x + 1 and AF = x + 2. Then 3 3 3 3

= s + s-a + s-b + s-c

b As 3= 1 ]4g]3 g = 6 and s = 4 + 3 + 5 = 6 l

CD = CE = x + 1
4 2

AE = AF = x + 2 Y

BF = BD = x
B
x
F
D (0, 3)
x+2

X’ X
O (4, 0)
A
E x+1
C
(0, 0) 3x
+

Hence a = BC = x + x + 1 = 2x + 1 4y
=

b = CA = x + 1 + x + 2 = 2x + 3 12


c = AB = x + 2 + x = 2x + 2 Y’
a+b+c 6 6 6 6

Now, s = 2 = 3x + 3
= 6 + 6-3 + 6-4 + 6-5

s - a = x + 2, s - b = x, s - c = x + 1 1
= + 2 + 3 + 6 = 12

Since r = s = s s ]s - ag]s - bg]s - cg


3 1 15. Given abc = 103

] x + 2g x ] x + 1g x ] x + 2g ` 4 3 R = 103
(1)

we get 4 = 3x + 3 i.e. 16 = 3 abc 1
]2Rg3 103
2
Also = (2)
x
& + 2x = 48
i.e. ] x + 8g] x - 6g = 0; x = 6 or - 8 but
` ]2Rg3 = 106


x !- 8 & x = 6
2R = 100
Hence perimeter = 6 ] x + 1g = 42

R = 50
1 1 1 1000
13. 3 = 2 $ 210 $ a = 2 $ 195 $ b = 2 $ 182 $ c ` 3 = 4 # 50 = 5
210a 14 210a 15 16. Using Sine law,
` b = 195 = 13 a ; c = 182 = 13 a
27 48 sin 3i 16 16
= = 9 & 3 - 4 sin 2 i = 9
A
&
sin i sin 3i sin i
16 11
& 4 sin 2 i = 3 - 9 = 9

F E
11
& 2 i = 36 (1)
sin
c b C

C

a
14a 15a ]13 + 14 + 15g a
B D b=?

Hence 2s = a + 13 + 3 = a = 27
13
42a 21a

2s = 13 & s = 13  4 
21a b 8a lb 7a lb 6a l 84a 2 A

B
3= 3 13 13 13 = 169 c = 48
1 84a 2 b 27

But 3 = 2 $ 210 $ a = 169 ;
Again =
sin 4i sin i
105 $ 169 15 $ 169 845 b sin 4i 2 sin 2i cos 2i

a= 84 = 12 = 4 ;
& 27 = =
sin i sin i
m
` + n = 849
6.18 Mathematics
= 4 cos i cos 2i = 4 cos i ]1 - 2 sin 2 ig
sin
&
56
A = 65
& 27 = 4 1 - sin 2 i ]1 - 2 sin 2 ig
b

Now perpendicular length from O on BC
14 # 65 33 33 m
1 - 36 b1 - 36 l
11 22 cos
R A = 2 # 56 # 65 = 8 = n
4
=
m
` + n = 41
& 27 = 4 b 6 lb 36 l
b 5 14
P’ ( 2, 4)
21.
y=x

Hence b = 35 Q
17. Sides of triangle are
a = ]4 - xgm, b = ]2x - 1gm, c = ]2x + 4gm P (4, 2 )
Z] 4 - x > 0
]]
] 1
& [] 2x - 1 > 0 & 2 < x < 4 x
]] (0, 0)
] 2x + y > 0
\ P” (4,  2 )
Since, sum of two sides > third side
]]Z 4 - x + 2x - 1 > 2x + 4
]] Let P' ^ 2 , 4 h & P" ^4, - 2 h be the image of
& [] 2x - 1 + 2x + 4 > 4 - x
]]
] 2x + 4 + 4 - x > 2x - 1 P ^4, 2 h in y = x & y = 0 respectively.

\
]]Z x < - 1
& Perimeter = PQ + QR + PR
]]
& [] x > 15 & x ! z
= P'Q + P"R + QR
]]
]x < 9
\
Whose minimum value is P'P"
18. Solving equations we get, = ^4 - 2 h + ^4 + 2 h = 6
2 2

1

a = 3, b = c = 3 22. We have ]a cot A + b cot B + c cot C g

= 2R sin A b sin A l + 2R sin B b sin B l


19 $ 17 19 $ 17 cos A cos B

` 3= &n=9
36 $ 36 = 36
+ 2R sin C b sin C l
cos C

Also equating if with

4n 2 - 1 19 $ 17
4n = 36 = 2R ]cos A + cos B + cos C g = 2R b1 + R
rl

n
& =9 = 2 ]R + rg = 2 ]10 + 3g = 26.
A
a2 + b2 - c2 23.
19. cos C =
2ab
now 3= a 2 + b 2 - c 2

5 5
3

Hence cos C = 2ab (1)
1 23

also 3 = 2 ab sin C & sin C = ab
23  
sin
& C = ab (2) B 2 D 4 C

from (1) and (2)
6
2 3 2ab

tan C = ab $ 3 = 4.
Let AD = l (from figure)
4 + l 2 - 25 ]r - ig = 16 + l - 25
2
20. a = 14, b = 13, c = 15
cos i = & cos
4l 8l
225 + 169 - 196 33

cos A = 2 # 13 # 15 = 65 2 l2 - 9
l
& - 21 + 2 = 0 & l = 17
Solution of Triangles 6.19
24. Given 2b = a + c & 3b = 2s = a + b + c C 9
& 2 cos 2 2 - 1 = 16

A C 3 3 s-b
tan 2 tan 2 = ]
s s - ag s ]s - cg s - b
$ $ C 5

cos 2 =
4 2
s - b 2s - 2b b 1

= s = 2s = 3b = 3 .
Hence, CD = 72
C
A

12 8
A f
B a/2 C

AD AC 3
25. Given that DB = BC = 2 A D
B

CD & is angle bisector AD 3


=
DB 2
2AC $ BC C

CD = AC + BC $ cos 2
12 2 + 8 2 - 10 2 9

cos C = 2 $ 12 $ 8 = 16

EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct 122 + 82 - 102 9 C 9
2 ]sin B - sin C g
cos C = 2 $ 12 $ 8 = 16 & 2 cos2 2 - 1 = 16
sin A
1. In 3 ABC, ]
cos B + cos C g
= 1 - cos A
C 5
cos 2 = . Hence, CD = 72
2 $ c 2 $ cos b
B+Cl
$ sin b 2 lm 2 sin A $ cos A
B-C 4 2
2 2 2
& = 3 8 16
c 2 $ cos b B + C l $ cos b B - C lm 2 A
2 sin 2 3. r = s = s = 2s
2 2
for maximum value of r, 2s must be minimum
& 2 tan b 2 l = cot b 2 l
B-C A
14444444244444443 i.e. 2s = a + b + c Now R = 2

& 2 $ b b + c l $ cot 2 = cot b 2 l


b-c A A abc
` R = 4 3 & abc = 64
14444444244444443 ` using A.M. $ G.M. in a, b, c
[Using napier analogy]
b-c 1 2b 3 b a + b + c ]abcg1/3
& b + c = 2 & 2c = 1 & c = 3 3 $ & a + b + c $ 12

AD AC 3 16 4
2. Hence r = 12 = 3
DB = BC = 2
max .

1 + cos A 1 + cos B 1 + cos C


& CD is angle bisector 4. L.H.S = a + b + c
2AC $ BC C A B C
CD = AC + BC $ cos 2 2 cos2 2 2 cos2 2 2 cos2 2
= 2R sin A + 2R sin B + 2R sin C

= 2R b cot 2 + cot 2 + cot 2 l


1 A B C

1 + cos A 1 + cos B 1 + cos C


Now, a . b . c
A B C
cos2 2 cos2 2 cos2 2
= R sin A . R sin B . R sin C
AD 3
DB = 2
1 A B C
= cot 2 cot 2 cot 2
8R3
6.20 Mathematics
sin A sin B sin C c b a 8. Using Ptolemy’s theorem for the cyclic quadrilateral
5. c sin B + c + b = ab + ac + bc
a sin B sin C c b a ABCD
or bc + c + b = ab + ac + bc

sin B sin C c b
or c + b = ab + ac
b sin B + c sin C c2 + b2
or bc = abc

b2 + c2
or a = b sin B + c sin C

b ]2R sin Bg + c ]2R sin C g


= b sin B + c sin C
ax + xc = bx & a+c = b
= 2R
Hence out of the 3 factors
r
& +A = 2
]b + c - ag or ]c + a - bg
cos A + cos B = 2 ]1 - cos C g = 4 sin 2
C
6.
or ]a + b - cg one is zero.
2

A+B A-B 2 C
b - c 2 ^ 2 - 1h
& 2 cos 2 cos 2 = 4 sin 2 b 2+ 3 + 2 -1
9. c = 2 + 3 - 2 + 1 & b + c = 2 ^2 + 3 h
A-B C
& cos 2 = 2 sin 2 B-C l bb-cl
Now, tan b
A
2 = b + c cot 2
C A-B C C
& 2 cos 2 cos 2 = 4 sin 2 cos 2
10. Let a = 11, b = 13, c = 290 + 143 3
A+B A-B
& 2 sin 2 cos 2 = 2 sin C
` c is longest side of triangle
& sin A + sin B = 2 sin C
a2 + b2 - c2
` cos C = 2ab
& a + b = 2c (constant)
]11g2 + ]13g2 - ^290 + 143 3 h
2 ]11g]13g
=
So, locus of vertex C is an ellipse with vertices A and
B as foci. - 3 5r °
& cos C = 2 &2 +C2 = 62 or 150
b +c -a
= b b +abc
c2 - a2 l R
b2 + c2 - a2 cos A 2bc 2
7. cos A = 2bc 11. cot A = sin A = a
c2 - ]2b cos Ag c + b2 - a2 = 0
2R

` cot A : cot B : cot C


c1 + c2 = 2b cos A ; c1 c2 = b2 - a2
= b2 + c2 - a2 : c2 + a2 - b2 : a2 + b2 - c2
c2 - c1 = 2
Clearly if cot A : cot B : cot C = l : m : n,
c2 = b cos A + 1
then a : b : c = m + n : n + l : l + m
c1 = b cos A - 1
= 19 + 6 : 6 + 30 : 30 + 19
c1 c2 = b2 cos2 A - 1 = b2 - a2
= 5:6:7
a2 - 1 = b2 sin2 A. Hence, k2 = 1.
Therefore, a, b, c are in A.P.
Solution of Triangles 6.21
12. Equating the area of
14. &cot A + cot B 0&a sin2 B + b sin2 A 0
1 9 2 2 2 2
3= h2 + 4 . h2 + 1 Z] _
2 2 ]] cos C bb
bb
` &a sin2 B 0
] 2 2 A
1 5 = []
= 2 #h# 2 ]] sin sin bbb
A B 2 + b sin 2
] 2 2 b
\ Z] a
]] sin B A b_
sin 2 bbb
= &cos 2 0[]a
C ] 2
]] sin A
+b B `bb
h2 + 9 / 4 45° − θ h2 + 1 ] 2 sin 2 bb
\ a
Z]
] ]s - ag]s - cg ]s - bg]s - cg _b
bb
s ]s - cg ]][a ac bc b
]s - bg]s - cg ]s - ag]s - cg
= +b `b
ab ]] bb
]] b
bc ac
\ a
3/2
s ]s - cg ' b s - a l

= b s - b l ab 1
ab s - b ab + s-a
b h 2 + 9 l]h 2 + 1g = 25h
2
4 2
= s ]s - cg ( 2
s-a+s-b
]4h 2 + 9g]h 2 + 1g = 50h 2
]s - ag]s - bg

= s ]s - cg ( 2
4h 4 + 13h 2 + 9 = 50h 2
2s - a - b
]s - ag]s - bg
4h 4 - 37h 2 + 9 = 0

s ]s - cg C
4h 4 - 36h 2 - h 2 + 9 = 0
=c
]s - ag]s - bg = c cot 2
4h 2 ]h 2 - 9g - 1 ]h 2 - 9g = 0
15. In 3 ABP, 9 = c2 + x2 - 2cx cos B
1
h = 2 or h = 3
c
But, cos B = 3x

10 3 5
So, 9 = c2 + x2 - 2cx b 3x l
10 c
AB =
4 = 2 or 2 2
c
& 9 = 3 + x2 ....(1)
13.
Similary, from 3 ACQ,
2
b2
16 = 3 + x2 ....(2)

` adding (1) and (2), we get

25 = b b + c 2 l + 2x 2
2

& 25 = 5x2 (as, b2 + c2 = a2 = 9x2) & x = b b + c2 l


2

1 3
A = 2 b2 sin 2i = b2 sin i cos i ...(1)
` BC = 3x = 3 5 = 45
x 65 - x
Now, 24 = 36 ]a3 PMB , 3 PNC g
16. In 3 ABC, given that cos A + cos B + 2 cos C = 2
or 60x = ]24g]65g or x = 26
& cos A + cos B = 2 ]1 - cos C g
12 5
` sin i = 13 and cos i = 13
& 2 cos b
A+Bl
$ cos b 2 l = 4 sin2 2
A-B C
65 ]65g]13g 13 2 2
or b = = ] g] g = 2
& cos b
2 cos i 2 5 A-Bl C
2 = 2 sin 2
From Eq.(i), we get
C
A = 4 # 13 # 13 = ]169g]15g = 2535
13 4 12 5 ` On multiply both sides with 2 cos 2
6.22 Mathematics

& 2 cos 2 $ cos b 2 l = 2 b2 sin 2 $ cos 2 l


C A-B C C 1 1 1
19. 2 ap1 = 2 bp2 = 2 cp3 = k
144444444424444444443
k k k
& 2 sin b 2 l $ cos b 2 l = 2 sin C
A+B A-B p1 = a ; p2 = b ; p3 = c

& sin A + sin B = 2 sin C & a + b = 2c k k mk c


a = 3b = c & a = 3b = m
` a, b, c are in A.P.
17. In any 3 ABC, sin A = sin B = sin C = 2R ]eachg
a b c

abc abc p1
Also, 3 = 4R & 2R = 2 3

& options (a) and (b) are obviously true. Now, for
option (d), according to triangle inequality
a+b > c b+c > a c+a > b
4b > 3bm b + 3bm > 3b 3bm + 3b > b
4 2 2
h1 m < 3 + m > 3 + m > - 3
2 4
& 3 <m< 3

1 3
We have, 3 = 2 ah1 & ah1 = 2 3 , 20. r= s =1&s=6

Similarly, bh2 = 2 3 , ch3 = 2 3 ` ]s - ag]s - bg]s - cg = s


& s3 - ]a + b + cgs2 + ]ab + bc + cags - abc = s
b 2h3 $ 2h3 $ 2h3 l
2 /3

]abcg
& 63 - 12 # 36 + ]ab + bc + cag]6 g - 60 = 6
2/3

]h1 $ h2 $ h3g1/3 ]h1 $ h2 $ h3g1/3


1 2 3
` =
& ab + bc + ca = 47
432 432 abc
a a + b + c = 60 = 0.8 ^nearly h
= h $h $h = = 2 3 = 2R
b
a lb b lb c l
1 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 1 1 1 47

& Option (D) is also true. 21.


Note that, option (C) is true only if triangle ABC is

equilateral. [ If 3 ABC is equilateral, then

a a 2a 2^ 2 2
h ]
2 1/2
sin A = sin 60° = 3 = 3 a + a + a

135° − θ c2 + b2 a2
In 3 ABC, AD2 = m12 = 2 - 4
18.
bal
2
2 2
AD + c 2
° In 3 ABD, AE = m2 =
2 2
2 - 4
a /2 a /2 [Apollonius theorem]
Apply m-n theorem
bal
2

a cos 45° = 2 cot i - 2 cot ^135° - ih


a a AD 2
+ b 2
2
In 3 ADC, AF2 = m32 = 2 - 4

2 = cot i - b cot i + 1 l
- cot i + 1 b2 + c2 a2
` m22 + m32 = AD2 + 2 - 8
& 2 ]cot i + 1g = cot2 i + 2 cot i - 1 a2 a2 a2
= m12 + m12 + 4 - 8 = 2m12 + 8
1 a2
& cot2 i = 3 & tan2 i = 3 or m22 + m32 - 2m12 = 8
Solution of Triangles 6.23

22. ` Minimum value = 3

(Also, it occurs when a = b = c i.e., triangle is


P1 P2
equilateral.)Hence,
Q1 R2
^ b + c h = ^b + c + 2 bc h > a
2

Q1 R1
& b+ c> a
3 AP1 P2 ` 3 ABC
& ^ b + c - ah > 0 & x > 0
t h - 2r 2r
& a1 = h = 1 - h
Similary y > 0 & z > 0
(where 3 / ar ]3 ABC g)
t 23
& a1 = 1 - sh
26. Given, 2b = a + c & 2 ]2R sin Bg = 2R ]sin A + sin C g
1
& 2 b2 sin 2 $ cos 2 l = 2 sin b 2 l $ cos b 2 l
t1 2 2 ah t a B B A+C A-C
& a = 1 - sh & a1 = 1 - s

& 2 sin 2 = cos b 2 l


t b t c B A-C
similary, b2 = 1 - s and, c3 = 1 - s ....(1)

t t t ]a + b + cg B
` a1 + b2 + c3 = 3 - = 3-2 = 1 ` On multiplying both sides by 2 cos 2 , we get
s

23. We have b1 - s - a lb1 - s - a l = 2 2 b2 sin 2 . cos 2 l = 2. cos 2 . cos b 2 l


s-b s-c B B B A-C
144444444424444444443
or 2 ]b - ag]c - ag = 4 ]s - ag2
= 2 sin b
A+Cl
. cos b 2 l & 2 sin B = sin A + sin C
A-C
or 2 ^bc - ac - ab + a2h = ]2s - 2ag2
2

or 2 ^bc - ac - ab + a2h = ]b + c - ag2


` sin A , sin B , sin C

(Taken in that order are in A.P.) But, for our question,


or a2 = b2 + c2 Hence, triangle is right angled.

from equation (1), we get 2 sin 2 = cos b 90 l


°
B
24. 3x2 + y2 is the length side 2
& sin b 2 l =
B 1
Let C is angle opposite to this side 2 2

^ x - yh2 + ^ x + y2 i - ^3x2 + y2 i ` cos b 2 l = 1 - sin2 b 2 l =


B B 1 7
1 1- 8 =
2 ^ x - y h^ x + yh
& cos C = =- 2 2 2

Hence, sin B = 2 sin 2 . cos 2 = 2 d n.e o


2r B B 1 7
&c= 3 2 2 2 2

25. Let x = ^ b + c - a h; y = ^ c + a - b h ; & sin B = 4


7

z = ^ a + b - ch 3 3 3
27. S-1 : Here r1 = s - a , s - b = r2, s - c = r3

` a =c m; b = b z+x l; c = c m
y+z x+y
a+b+c 2s
2 2 2 So, r + r + r =
1 2 3
bs-
3
a + s-b + s-cl
3 3
So, expression = c m+c z + x m+c m
y+z x+y
2s. ]s - ag . ]s - bg . ]s - cg
2x 2y 2z
3^]s - ag . ]s - bg + ]s - bg . ]s - cg + ]s - cg . ]s - agh
=
Using A.M. $ G.M. (For positive numbers)
23
^3s2 - 2s. ]a + b + c g + ]ab + bc + cagh
=
1 d n+d + z n+b z + x l 1
y x y
= 2> x + y z y x z H = ]2 + 2 + 2g $ 3
2 ]2 3g
14444244443 14444244443 14444$2244443 2 43
^2 ]ab + bc + cag - 2s2h 2s2 + ^2 ]ab + bc + cag - 4s2h
$2 $2
= =
6.24 Mathematics
43 15 5
2s2 + 2 ]ab + bc + cag - ]a + b + cg2
= AF = 2 & GF = 2

43 Let BC = a
^2s2 - ^a2 + b2 + c2hh
= ....(1)

GF = 2 2 ] BG g2 + 2 ]GC g2 - ] BC g2
1
Also, a + b + c = a b c
r1 r2 r3 3 + 3 + 3
s-a s-b s-c
25 = 18 + 32 - a2 & a = 5
= 3 6a ]s - ag + b ]s - bg + c ]s - cg@
1
1
area of 3 ABC = 3 3 BGC = 3 # 2 # 3 # 4 = 18
= 3 6]a + b + cgs - ^a2 + b2 + c2h@
1

= 3 62s2 - ^a2 + b2 + c2h@


1

` From (1) & (2), we get .....(2)

b ra +
+b+c l ba b
r2 + r3 . r1 + r2 + r3 l = ]4 3g . 3 = 4
c b1 l
1

& S-1 is false.


S-2 : we have, Multiple Options Correct
a b
31. The sine formula is sin A = sin B & a sin B = b sin A
]r1 + r2g + ]r3 - r gb s -
3
a + s - b l+b s - c - s l
3 3 3
r
Choice (a): b sin A = a & a sin B = a & B = 2
3c 3c
=
]s - ag. ]s - bg + ]s - cg.s r
Since, +A < 2 therefore, the 3 is possible
3 c 6s ]s - cg + ]s - ag]s - bg@
s. ]s - ag. ]s - bg]s - cg
=
Choice (b) and (c) :
= 2 . 62s2 - ]a + b + cgs + ab@ = 2
3c abc
3 3 b sin A > a & a sin B > a & sin B > 1
abc
= = 4R & S-2 is true ` 3 ABC is not possible
b abc l
4R
Choice (d) : b sin A < a & a sin B < a & sin B < 1
28. Circumradius of triangle ABC, R = 5
& +B does exists
` Circumradius of pedal triangle, R1 = 5/2, and so
r
3 Now b > a & B > A since A < 2
on. Now, / Ri = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...3
i=1
` The triangle is possible.
5 5 5
= 5 + 2 + 2 + ...3 = 5. 1 = 10
2 1- 2 32. We have 3 ABC = 3 ABD + 3 ACD

29. We know that II1 = 4R sin A/2 1 1 A 1 A


& 2 bc sin A = 2 cAD sin 2 + 2 bAD sin 2
Now, / II1 = 9 2bc A
& AD = b + c cos 2
A
& 4R / sin 2 = 9
A 2bc
Again, AE = AD sec 2 = b + c
or 4R b 5 l = 9 or R = 8
6 15

& AE is HM of b and c.
9
30. BD = 2 & BG = 3
A
EF = ED + DF = 2DE = 2AD tan 2
CE = 6 & CG = 4
Solution of Triangles 6.25
2 2 2
2bc A A 4bc A a +c -a
= 2 b + c cos 2 tan 2 = b + c sin 2 34. Cos A = 2bc
As AD = EF and DE = EF and AD is bisector, C1

⇒ C − (2bCA )C + b − a = 0
2 2 2

&3 AEF is isosceles.


C2

C1 + C2 = 2bCos A
A A
b2 - a2
2 2 C1 C2 = 1
C12 + C 22 + C1 C2 = a 2

]C1 + C2g2 - C1 C2 = a 2

AB 2 Cos 2 A - ]b 2 - a 2g = a 2
b 2 ^ ACos 2 A - 1h + a 2 = a 2

Hence (a) , (b), (c) , (d) are correct answer. 1


ACos 2 A - 1 = 0 & Cos 2 A = 4
33.
r
A = nr ! 3
r 2r
A= 3,A= 3

35. A + C = 120°

A = 3C & A = 90° and C = 30°


Using m - n theorem

3 cot i = 2 cot B - cot C ....(i)


3 cot ]r - ig = cot B - 2 cot C ....(ii)
add (i) and (ii) 30° ° 60°
30
cot B = cot C ....(iii)
3 cot i = cot B (using (i) and (iii))
r = ]s - ag tan 2 = s = 4R sin 2 sin 2 sin 2
A 3 A B C
& 3 tan B = tan i
3 cot i = cot C (using (i) and (iii)) a+b+c bc 4R e 3 - 1 o 1
r= 2 -a = a+b+c = .2
2 2 2
& 3 tan C = tan i
= 2 ^ 3 - 1h
R
Draw a perpendicular line from A joining mid point
36. (a) Using properties of median, we have
of BC . It is median as 3 ABC is isosceles
Area ]3 PBC g = Area ]3 PCAg = Area ]3 PABg
A
B = 90 - 2
Area ]3 PBC g : Area ]3 PCAg : Area ]3 PABg
A A =1:1:1
& 3 cot 2 = tan i & 9 cot2 2 = tan2 i
(b) Area ]3 PBC g : Area ]3 PCAg : Area ]3 PABg
A
2 tan 2 6 tan i
Now tan A = A = tan2 i - 9 1 1 1
1 - tan2 2 = 2 ar: 2 br: 2 cr = a: b: c = sin 45°: sin 60°: sin 75°
6.26 Mathematics

= 2: 6 : ^ 3 + 1 h 3 ]3kg2 + ]4kg2 - c2
2 ]3kg]4kg
&4 = & c = 7k
(c) Area ]3 PBC g : Area ]3 PCAg : Area ]3 PABg As, b2 = a2 + c2 & +B = 90°
1 ]2R cos B cos C g 1 ]2R cos C cos Ag
2a :2b
Also, ac = 3 & ]3kg^ 7 k h = 3 & k =
1
]7 g1/4
: 2 c ]2R cos A cos Bg
1
b
As, +B = 90° & sin B = 2R
= sin A cos B cos C : sin B cos C cos A : sin C cos A cos B
b
= tan 45° : tan 6° : tan 75° = 1 : 3 : ^2 + 3 h
& = 2R, Where R is circumradius.
sin 90°

(d) Area ]3 PBC g : Area ]3 PCAg : Area ]3 PABg


b 4k 2
]7 g1/4
R = 2 = 2 = 2k =
1 1 1 1 # 23
= 2 R2 sin 2A : 2 R2 sin 2B : 2 R2 sin 2C 38. 2 ap = 3 & p = a

(A) ^/ phc / 1p m = b a + b + c lb 2 3 + 2 3 + 2 3 l
= sin 2A : sin 2B : sin 2C = 2 : 3 : 1 23 23 23 a b c
37. In 3 ABC, ac = 3, bc = 4

= 2 3 b a + b + c lb 2 3 l
1 1 1 a+b+c
& a = 3 & 4 = 3 = k ]letg
b 4 b a

& b = 4k ; a = 3k +B > +A = b / 1a l^/ a h

Also, tan b
B-Al bb-al 2 3 2 3 2 3 ]2 3g3 a + b + c
(C) LHS = b a + b + c l abc b 2 3 l]abcg
C
2 = b + a cot 2

1 - cos ] B - Ag 1 C = b a + b + c l]2 3 3g]a + b + cg


1 1 1
1 + cos ] B - Ag 7
& = . cot 2

3 = ^/ a h^/ ab h^rp h = RHS.


1- 4
&
1 bC l
3 = 7 cot 2
1+ 4 (D) LHS
a + b + c 1 ^]a + b - cg]b + c - ag]c + a - bgh 2 2 2
=b 23 l
]2 3g3
abc
C
& cot 2 = 7
2s 1 ]25 - 2cg]25 - 2ag]25 - 2bg 2 2 2
]2 3g3
= 23 # a b c

s ]s - ag]s - bg]s - cg 2 2 2
= ]a b c g
34
c = 7k
= b abc l ] g2
2

3 = 4R = 16R = RHS
2

39. ]r1 - rg]r2 - rg]r3 - rg


JK C NO
= b s - a - s lb s - b - s lb s - c - s l
KK 1 - tan2 OO 3 3 3 3 3 3
C 1 2
` tan 2 = & cos C = KK C OO
7 KK 1 + tan2 OO
2
L P =
3 3 abc b R = abc l
s2 . 3 2 43
1
1- 7 6 3 3
& cos C = 3 abc
1 = 8 = 4 & cos C = 4 = $
s2 4 3
$ 4 3 = 4r 2 R
1+ 7

a2 + b2 - c2
Now, using cosine law, cos C = 2ab
Solution of Triangles 6.27
40. ^a - 2ac + c h + ^a - 4ab + 4b h = 0
2 2 2 2 45. 3 DEF is pedal triangle for 3 ABC &

3 ABC is ex-central 3 for 3 DEF.
or ]a - cg2 + ]a - 2bg2 = 0
Hence the options.
& a = c and a = 2b
s-x s-y s-z
Therefore, the triangle is isosceles. 46. Let 4 = 3 = 2 =k
a 2 + c 2 - b 2 7b 2 7
Also, cos B = 2ac = 2 =8 ` s - x = 4k & y + z - x = 8k
8b
b2 + c2 - a2 1 s - y = 3k & x + z - y = 6k
cos A = 2bc =4
x - z = 2k & x + y - z = 4k
41. 2a2 b2 + 2b2 c2 = a 4 + b 4 + c 4
& x = 5k, y = 6k, z = 7k
Also, ^a2 - b2 + c2h2 = a 4 + b4 + c4 - 2^a2 b2 + b2 c2 - c2 a2h
& 3x - ^ x + y + zh = 9k
` ^a2 - b2 + c2h2 = 2c2 a2
a2 - b2 + c2 1 & 3s = 9k
` 2ca =! = cos B
2
or B = 45° or 135°

42. BD - CD
= ]s - bg - ]s - cg

let r be inradius & rr2 = 3 & r b s l = 3


= b-c 8r 3 2 8r
= 2R sin B - sin C
8
= 4R sin
B-C B+C `3= 3s
2 $ cos 2
s ]s - xg^s - y h]s - zg =
8
= 4R sin
B-C A Also, 3 .s
2 $ sin 2
8
& 9k $ 4k $ 3k $ 2k = 3 $ 9k
43. 2 3 = ab sin C & a2 b2 - 4 3 2 = a2 b2 cos2 C
8
& 24 k2 = 3 $ 9k
& a2 b2 - 4 3 2 + b2 c2 - 4 3 2 + c2 a2 - 4 3 2
`k=1
= ab cos C + bc cos A + ca cos B
& x = 5, y = 6, z = 7
2 2 2
a +b +c 8 8
= (using cosine rule) Now, 3 = 3 $ 9k = 3 $9 = 6 6
2
44. +CAB = +ABE xyz 5$6$7 35
R = circumradius = 4 3 = =
4$6 6 4 6
= +ACF = 43°
3
+CHB = 86° {exterior angle of 3 ACH } X Y Z r s
Also sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 = 4R = xyz
+ETH = 129° {exterior angle of 3 THB } 3
2
3 36 $ 6 4
= s.xyz = 9 $ 5 $ 6 $ 7 = 35

43° x2 + y2 - z2 25 + 36 - 49 1
As cos Z = 2xy = 2$5$6 =5
129°
° 1
°
94° 86 43° 1 + cos Z 1 + 5
So, sin b
43 2 X+Y l 2 Z 3
2 = cos 2 = 2 = 2 =5

(As X + Y + Z = r)
6.28 Mathematics
47. a + c = 2b........ ^a, b, c are in A.P.h 3x + 2y = ] AC g $ ] BDg
a + b > c bb_
bb = 3 5 + 2 2 = 19
b + c > a `b 3 ABC & 3b > 2c & 2 < bc
b 3 ` AC ⋅ BD
c + a > b bb
a = 3 2 + 2 5 = 16
b+c > a
& Sum = 19 + 16 = 35
& b + c + c > a + c & 2c > b
b 2 b
& c <2& 3 < c <2
49.
b π
Similarly for a
n
48. Area of quadrilateral = ar $ ]3 ABC g + ar $ ]3 ACDg

If R is radius of big circle, then sin b n l = R - r


r r
60 °

r :sin 2n + cos 2n D
r r 2
or R = r b1 + cosec b n ll =
r
r
120°
sin n

50.

& 4 3 = 2 ]2 g]3 g sin 120° + 2 xy sin 60°


1 1

& 4 3 = 2 c3 + m
3 xy
2
& xy = 10 .....(1)
Applying m - n theorem for 3 ABE,
Now, from 3 ABC, 2 cot a = 1 $ cot B - 1 $ cot a

]2 g2 + ]3 g2 - ] AC g2
& 3 cot a = cot B .....(i)
2 ]2 g $ ]3 g
(cosine rule) cos 120° =
& 3 tan B = tan a
- 1 13 - ] AC g 2
Similarly for 3 ADC,
& 2 =
2 cot ]r - ag = 1 $ cot a - 1 $ cot C
12

& AC2 = 19 .....(2) & 3 tan C = tan a .....(ii)


Again, from 3 ACD (Using cosine rule) Adding (i) and (ii), we get
x2 + y2 - 19 3 ]tan B + tan C g = 2 tan a
cos 60° = 2xy
Now, A + B + C = r
& x2 + y2 - xy = 19
& B+C = r-A
& x2 + y2 = 29 ....(3)
& 1 - tan B tan C = tan ]r - Ag =- tan A
tan B + tan C
(Using equation (1))
` On solving (1) and (2), we get 2
tan a
x = 5, y = 2 or x = 2, y = 5 & 31 =- tan A [Using (i),(ii) and (iii)]
1 - 9 tan2 a
Also, using ptolemys theorem, we get
6 tan a
(Property of cyclic quadrilateral) & tan A =
tan2 a - 9
Solution of Triangles 6.29
Comprehension Type 56. Since c is the greatest side, C is the greatest angle.
Passage - 1 (Question 51 - 53)
a2 + b2 - c2 25 + 64 - 81 1
cos C = 2ab = 2 # 5 # 8 = 10
Here, 3 DEF is the pedal triangle of 3 ABC. Sides

of the pedal triangle are a cos A, b cos B, c cos C.


Passage - 3 (Question 57 - 59)
i.e., R sin 2A, R sin 2B, R sin 2C.

R3 $ sin 2A $ sin 2B $ sin 3C Bn


(i) Required ratio =
8R3 $ sin A $ sin B $ sin C
= cos A $ cos B $ cos C

(ii) Orthocentre of triangle ABC is the incentre of π/n


An
triangle DEF .

R
(iii) Circumradius of pedal triangle = 2

Passage - 2 (Question 54 - 56) In 3 OAD

3 3 3 r r
54. OD = R cos n , AD = R sin n
s - a : s - b : s - c = 1:2:3
3 3 3 3 An = Area of circle (circumscribing polygon)
Let s - a = s - b = s - c = 6k
- Area of polygon
1 2 3

An = rR2 - 2 R2 sin b n l
1 1 1 1 1 1 n 2r
& s - a = 6k , s - b = 3 k , s - c = 2 k

& s - a = 6k, s - b = 3k, s - c = 2k Bn = Area of polygon - Area of circle (Inscribed)

Bn = 2 R2 sin b n l - rR2 cos2 b n l


& s = 11k n 2r r

` a = 5k, b = 8k, c = 9k 3 3
57. If n = 6 then An = rR2 - 2 R2
Hence, ratio of sides is 5 : 8 : 9
58. If n = 4 then value of
55. Area of triangle,
Bn = 2R2 - 2 = R2 b 2 l
rR 2 4-r
3 = k2 11 # 6 # 3 # 2 = 6 11 k2
n 2r
An r - 2 sin n
3 6 59.
So, r = s =
11
k Bn = n b 2r l 2 r
2 sin n - r. cos n
abc 5#8#9 15
And, R = 3 = k= k
4 # 6 # 11 11 2i - sin 2i
put r = ni . we gets
sin 2i - 2i cos2 i
` R: r = 5:2
i - sin i. cos i i - sin i. cos i
sin i. cos i - i. cos2 i cos i ]sin i - i cos ig
= =
6.30 Mathematics
Passage - 4 (Question 60 - 62)
or cosec2 i - 1 = ^cosec2 A - 1h + ^cosec2 B - 1h
+^cosec2 C - 1h + 2

[since in 3 ABC, cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1]

or cosec2 i = cosec2 A + cosec2 B + cosec2 C

Area of triangle ABC,


B −θ

3 = 3 1 + 3 2 + 3 3 = 2 5aOB + bOC + cOA? sin i


1

= 4 tan i 52aOB cos i + 2bOC cos i + 2cOA cos i?


Applying sine rule in 3 AOB, we have 1

OA AB
sin +ABO = sin +AOB = 4 tan i 7^a2 + x2 - y2 i + ^b2 + y2 - z2 i + ^c2 + z2 - x2hA
1

c sin +ABO c sin ] B - ig


= 4 tan i 6a2 + b2 + c2@
or OA = sin +AOB = ...(i) 1
sin B
7a +ABO = B - i, +AOB = 180° - i - +ABO = 180° - BA Matching Column Type
OA AC
Again in 3 AOC, we have sin +ACO = sin +AOC 63.
b sin +ACO b sin i
& OA = sin +AOC = sin A ....(ii)

7a +OAC = A - i, +AOC = 180° - i - +OAC = 180° - AA

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have

c sin ] B - ig b sin i
sin B = sin A

or c sin A sin ] B - ig = b sin i sin B O is circumcenter, then in 3 OMB, OM = R cos A

= b sin i sin ] A + C g (distance of circumcenter from BC ).

or 2R sin C sin A ]sin B cos i - cos B sin ig Similary, distance of circumcenter from AC and AB

= 2R sin B sin i ]sin A cos C + cos A sin C g are R cos B and R cos C.
Applying sine rule in triangle OBC, we have
Dividing both sides by
a a R
2R1 = sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A = cos A
2R sin i sin A sin B sin C, we get
R
or R1 = 2 cos A
cot i - cot B = cot C + cot A
R R
or cot i = cot A + cot B + cot C ...(iii) Similarly, R2 = cos B and R3 = cos C

Squaring both sides, we have [where R1, R2, R3 are circumradius of

3 OBC, 3 OCA, and 3 OAB, respectively]


cot2 i = cot2 A + cot2 B + cot2 C
AF b cos A
In 3 AFH, AH = cos +FAH =
+ 2 ]cot A cot B + B cot C + cot C cot Ag cos ^90° - B h
= 2R cos A
Solution of Triangles 6.31
Similary, BH = 2R cos B, CH = 2R cos C. r
Similarly, II2 =
sin ^ A/2h sin ^C/2h
Also, HF = AF tan +FAH
r
and II3 =
= b cos A cot B = 2R cos A cos B sin ^ A/2h sin ^ B/2h
23 23 23
Similary, 64. Use p1 = a , p2 = b , p3 = c

] g
HE = 2R cos A cos C and HD = 2R cos B cos C 3
(a) 1 1 1 # p1 p2 p3 HM # GM
3

+ +
p1 p2 p3
I2
cos A cos B cos C
(b) p1 + p2 + p3
I3 a cos A + b cos B + c cos C
= 23
R ]sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C g
= 23
]` a = 2R sin Ag

R.4. sin A. sin B. sin C 4R abc 1


= 23 = 23. 3 = R
8R
b2 2 3 c2 2 3 a2 2 3
(c) c . a + a . b + b . c
I1

= 2 3 b a +abc
b3 + c3 l
3
ID r
In 3 IDB, BI = sin +IBD =
sin ^ B/2h
$ abc ] AM $ GM g
r r a3 + b3 + c3
Similary, CI = and AI =
sin ^C/2h sin ^ A/2h
Now, 3
Also in 3 IBI1, a3 + b3 + c3
$3
r/ 6sin ^ B/2h@
abc
BI
II1 = cos +BII =
cos b 2 - 2 l & 2 3 . b a +abc
b3 + c3 l $ 6 3 .
1 r C 3

r
sin ^ B/2h sin ^C/2h / p1-2 = /
= a2
(d)
432
6.32 Mathematics

Single Options Correct


_ p 2 + q 2 i sin i
a+b b+c c+a
^ p cos i + q sin ih
1. 7 = 8 = 9 = m & AB = .
a + b = 7m, b + c = 8m, a + c = 9m
2 sin P - 2 sin P cos P
4. 2 sin P + 2 sin P cos P
a
& + b + c = 12m

Now a = 4m, b = 3m, c = 5m P
1 - cos P 2 sin2 2 P
= 1 + cos P = = tan2 2
a 2 = b2 + a2
c 2 P
2 cos 2

+C = 90c
]s - bg]s - cg
1 1 s ]s - ag
=

T = 2 ab sin C = 2 ab

bb 12 lb 23 ll
R c s c 6m c 5 2

^]s - bg]s - cgh


r = 2 sin C # T = 2 # 1 = ab # 6m = 2
=b43l
2
3 2
2 ab =
3 2 =
3 2

1. Let the height of the lamp post DE be h m. P


Now, in DBDE,
b = 7/2
BD = h cot 30° = h 3 c = 5/2
Here, BD is the median of
R
DABC a=2
Q
∴ AB2 + BC2 = 2(BD2 +
5. Since angles of 3 ABC are in A.P., 2B = A + C
AD2)
⇒ 72 + 52 = 2( (h 3 )2 + 32) ⇒ 37 = 3h2 + 9 Also, A + B + C = 180° ` B = 60°
28 2 a c
h
& 2 = 3 & h = 3 21 ` c sin 2C + a sin 2A = 2 sin A cos C + 2 sin C cos A

= 2 sin ] A + C g = 2 sin B = 2 # 2 = 3 .
3
a 2+ 3 a+b 3+ 3
2. b = 1 ` a-b = = 3
3 +1
6. Using cosine rule of +C, we get

tan
A-B a-b C 1 ° 3 ^ x2 + x + 1h2 + ^ x2 - 1h2 - ]2x + 1g2
2 = a + b cot 2 = 3 cot 30 = 1 2 = 2 ^ x2 + x + 1h^ x2 - 1h
A-B ° ° 2x2 + 2x - 1
2 = 45 & A + B = 120 A = 105 , B = 15 or 3=
x2 + x + 1
3. Using sine rule in triangle ABD or ^ 3 - 2 h x2 + ^ 3 - 2 hx + ^ 3 + 1 h = 0
A B ^2 - 3 h ! 3
or x =
π− θ+α 2^ 3 - 2h
or x =- ^2 + 3 h, 1 + 3 or x = 1 + 3 as ]x > 0g .
p
p +q
2 2
7. Given AB CD, CD = 2AB. Let AB = a. Then
θ
CD = 2a. Let the radius of the circle be r.
D q C
Let the circle touches AB at P, BC at Q, AD at R,
AB BD
sin i sin ]i + ag
=
and CD at S. Then AR = AP = r, BP = BQ = a - r,
p 2 + q 2 sin i p 2 + q 2 sin i DR = DS = r, and CQ = S = 2a - r.
& AB = =
sin i cos a + cos i sin a sin i.q cos i.p
2 2
+ 2 2
p +q p +q
Solution of Triangles 6.33
2a b-c
a 8. Let us consider a .
S E
D r a r C
b - c sin B - sin C
a = sin A
2a − r
2 cos b
B+Cl bB-Cl
2 sin 2
R O
2 sin ^ A/2h cos ^ A/2h
=
Q

sin ^ A/2h sin b


B-Cl
sin b 2 l
a r B-C
2
sin ^ A/2h cos ^ A/2h cos ^ A/2h
r a r = =
A P B
a
` ]b - cg cos b 2 l = a sin b 2 l
A B-C
In 3 BEC,

BC2 = BE2 + EC2 9. Given that 4A + A + A = 180° or A = 30°


& ]a - r + 2a - rg2 = ]2rg2 + ]ag2
or 9a2 + 4r2 - 12ar = 4r2 + a2 Angles are 120°, 30°, 30°
3
= 2R ^say h
or a = 2 r Also, Area (quad. ABCD) = 18 sin 120° sin 30° sin 30°
& a = b = c
or Area (quad. ABED) + Area ]3 BCE g = 18
a sin 120°
1 & a+b+c =
or a # 2r + 2 # a # 2r = 18 sin 120 + sin 30° + sin 30°
°

3r2 3
or ar = 6 or 2 = 6 [using Eq.(i)] =
2+ 3
or r2 = 4 or r = 2

Single Option Correct 1 1


PS + ST 1 1
A & > PS # ST (1)
1. cos B + cos C = 4 sin 2 2
2
1 1 2
B+C B-C A & PS + ST >
& 2 cos 2 cos 2 = 4 sin2 2 QS # SR
QS + SR
& 2 cos 2 = 4 sin 2 ba cos 2 = sin 2 l
B-C A B+C A Also, > QS # SR (2)
2
1 2
A B-C A A or > QR
& 2 cos 2 cos 2 = 4 sin 2 cos 2 QS # SR
B+C B-C 1 1 4
& 2 sin 2 cos 2 = 2 sin A or PS + ST > QR (From (1) and (2))
& sin B + sin C = 2 sin A Multiple Options Correct
& b + c = 2a (Using sine rule) 3. +PRQ = 70c - 40c = 30c
Thus sum of two variable sides b and c is constant +RQS = 70c - 15c = 55c

'2a' . So locus of vertex A is ellipse with vertices B
and C as its foci. +QSR = 180c - 55c - 70c = 55

2. ` QR = RS = 1

P
+QPR = 180c - 70c - 30c = 80c

R
1
O S 40 30
R
70

S 1
Q 
T
70

PS # ST = QS = SR (Secant property of circle) 80 15

Now A.M. > G.M. P Q
6.34 Mathematics
Apply sine-rule in TPRQ:

So, one of cos Q or cos R can be negative
a 1 1 p p
.... (1)
Therefore cos Q > r and cos R > q cannot hold
sin 30c = sin 80c & a = 2 sin 80c
always.
Apply sine-rule in TPRS

b 1 5. X
sin 40c = sin i & b sin i = sin 40c .... (2)
4 sin 40c 4 sin 40c
4ab sin i = 2 sin 80c = ]
2 2 sin 40c cos 40cg
y

= sec 40c

Now sec 30c < sec 40c < sec 45c
Z
Y x
2 X Z 2y
& < sec 40c < 2
tan 2 + tan 2 = x + y + z
3
4. 2y
3 3
]
S S - xg S ]S - zg 2S
P + =

3 c 2S - ] x + zg m y
S ]S - xg]S - zg = S
q
r
3y y
& ]
S S - xg]S - zg S
=

& 3 2 = ^S - x 2h]S - zg2


Q
P R

(A) cos P =
q2 + r2 - p2
and
q2 + r2
$ q 2 .r 2 & ^S - y h = ]S - xg]S - zg
S
& ^ x + y + z h^ x + z - y h = ^ y + z - x h^ x + y - z h
2qr 2


Use (AM $ GM)
& ] x + zg2 - y 2 = y 2 - ] z - xg2

2 2
q
& + r $ 2qr
& ] x + zg2 + ] x - zg2 = 2y 2

2
2qr - p r

So, cos P $ & 2 + z 2 = y 2 & +Y = 2
x
2qr
2
& +Y = +X + +Z
p

cos P $ X 3
tan 2 = ]
S S - xg
2qr
(q - r) cos P + (p - r) cos Q X

(B)
p+q
(q cos P + p cos Q) - r (cos P + cos Q)

p+q
r (1 - cos P - cos Q)
=
p+q
Y Z
r (q - p cos R) - (p - q cos R) 1
= tan
X 2 xz
^ y + z h2 - x 2
p+q & 2 =

(r - p - q) + (p + q) cos R 4
= X 2xz
p+q tan
& 2 = y 2 + z 2 + 2yz - x 2
r-q-p
= cos R + # cos R (a r < p + q) X 2xz 2 2 2
p+q tan
& 2 = 2z 2 + 2yz (using y = x + z )
q+r sin Q + sin R 2 sin Q $ sin R X x
tan
& 2 = y+z

(c) p = $
sin P sin P
6. By sine rule

(d) If p < q and q < r
sin P 1 3

So, p is the smallest side, therefore one of Q or R can P = 2R & sin P = 2 & P = 60° or 120°
be obtuse
Solution of Triangles 6.35
sin Q 1 1 35
P = 2R & sin Q = 2 & Q = 30° or 150° R = 24 6

so only possible combination, P = 120º & Q = 30º X Y Z
r = 4R sin 2 sin 2 sin 2


⇒ ∠ R = 30° X Y Z 4
sin
& 2 sin 2 sin 2 = 35
(C) Length of RS ⇒ (PR)2 + (QR)2 = 2 (RS2 + PS2)
X + Y l = 1 ^1 - cos ] X + Y gh
⇒RS = 2
7 sin 2 b
2 2
3
= 2 ]1 + cos Z g = 2 b1 + 15 l = 5
(A) area (DPQR) = ½ PQ . PR sin 120º = 4 1 1 3

⇒ PE = ½
⇒ OE = 1/3 PE = 1/6 9. P
3 s a
2. 4 M
= 2 ^2 - 3 h
(B) r = Ds = p +2qD+ r = 3 3
3 + 2 2 ^2 + 3 h
=
N
s c
(D) area of DOSE = ½ SE . OE sin (∠SEO)
1 1 1 3
2 $ 2 $ 6 sin 60º = 48 unit
2

Q s−b L R
P
Let s - a = 2k - 2, s - b = 2k, s - c = 2k + 2,
k ! I, k > 1
Adding we get, s = 6k. So,
S 1
a = 4k + 2, b = 4k, c = 4k - 2
O
1 b2 + c2 - a2 1
Now, cos P = 3 & 2bc =3

& 3 6]4kg2 + ]4k - 2g2 - ]4k + 2g2@


E
Q 3 R
= 2 # 4k ]4k - 2g
or 3 616k2 - 4 ]4kg # 2@ = 8k ]4k - 2g
Circum radius = 1

100 + 300 - (PR) 2 or 48k2 - 96k = 32k2 - 16k or 16k2 = 80k or k = 5
7. cos Q = ⇒
2.10.10 3 So, sides are 22, 20, 18.
3 100 + 300 - (PR) 2
2 = 2.10.10 3 10. In 3 AFE, AD is angle bisector of +A. and

300 = 400 - (PR) 2
⇒ PR = 10 AD = EF.
` D is midpoint of EF and 3 AEF is isosceles
1 1 1 triangle. Therefore 3 AFE is an isosceles triangle.

3= 2 (PQ) (QR) sin Q = 2 10.10 3 × 2 = 25 3
Now, to find AD,
Area ]3 ABC g = Area ]3 ABDg + Area ]3 ADC g
3 25 3 ×2 50 3

^20 + 10 3 h 20 + 10 3
r= s = =
A
= 5 ^2 3 - 3 h = 10 3 - 15
5 3 2- 3

= × A
A

2+ 3 2- 3 2
2

10 3 10
by sine rule sin R = sin Q ⇒ +R = 30 o
E
PR 10
2(circumradius) = sin Q = ⇒circumradius=10 B
1/2 D
C

Hence area of circumcircle = pR = 100p


2
F
s-x s-y s-z s 1 1 A 1 A
8. 4 = 3 = 2 = 9 & 2 bc sin A = 2 cAD sin 2 + 2 bAD sin 2
2 6 2 6 A
&3= 27 s 2 and inradius r = 27 s
2bc cos 2
& AD = b + c
& s = 9, x = 5, y = 6, z = 7

6.36 Mathematics
A
Also, AD = AE cos 2 (From 3 ADE ) & 2 sin ] X + Y g sin ] X - Y g = sin2 Z
& 2 sin ]r - Z g sin ] X - Y g = sin2 Z
2bc
& AE = b + c = H.M. of b and c & sin ] X - Y g = 2 ...(i)
sin Z

A sin ] X - Y g 1
A 4bc sin 2 `m= sin Z =2
Again EF = 2DE = 2AD tan 2 = b + c
Now cos ]nrmg = 0
Integer Type
& cos b 2 l = 0
nr
11. With standard notations
` n = 1, 3, 5

Given : c = 23 , a = 3, b = 4
X
cos A cos C
+
cot A + cot C sin A sin C

Now =
cot B cos B
c b
sin B

b2 + c2 - a2 a2 + b2 - c
+
2bc. sin A 2ab sin C

= Y a Z
c2 + a2 - b2
1 + cos 2X - 2 cos 2Y = 2 sin X sin Y
2ac sin B
2 cos2 X - 2 cos 2Y = 2 sin X sin Y
b2 + c2 - a2 a2 + b2 - c
+ 1 - sin2 X - 1 + 2 sin2 Y = sin X sin Y
4O 4O 2b 2
= = =2
c2 + a2 - b2 a2 + c2 - b2 sin2 X + sin X sin Y = 2 sin2 Y
4O sin X ]sin X + sin Y g = 2 sin2 Y
1 2 3 2 # 15 3 3 & a ]a + bg = 2b2
12. 3 = 2 ab sin C & sin C = ab = 6 # 10 = = 2
& a2 + ab - 2b2 = 0
°
& C = 120
&bb l + b -2 = 0
a 2 a
& c = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C
a
= 62 + 102 - 2 # 6 # 10 # cos 120° = 14 & b =- 2, 1
3
Now r = s a
& b =1
225 # 3
& r2 = =3
b 6 + 10 + 14 l2 Note: Solution of the remaining parts are given in
2
their respective chapters.
Matching Column Type

13.
X

a b

Y c Z

Given 2 ^a2 - b2h = c2

& 2 ^sin2 X - sin2 Y h = sin3 Z


7
Straight Lines 7.1

Chapter Straight Lines


INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
b
1. All points lie on the line y = a x
7.

2.

AC = 3BC is possible for infinite number of points


C. Hence there are infinite triangles 1
Equation of CF is y = 1 slope of BC is - 2
3. AB = BC 3
& ]6 - 1g2 + ]- 1 - 3g2 = ]x - 1g2 + ]8 - 3g2
& slope of AD is 2. So equation of AD is 2x - y = 2 .
Thus H is b 4 , 1 l .
5
& 52 + 42 = ]x - 1g2 + 52
& x - 1 = ! 4 & x =- 3, 5 8.
Two values of x.
6m - 4n 3m - 3n
4. 2 = m-n & y = m-n
& m - n = 3m - 2n & y = 3
& 2m = n & y = 3
m 1
& n = 2 & y = 3.
Slope of EC is - 1 . Equation of EC is x + y =- 1.
& y = m+n CD AC 1
AC = 5 and AB = 2 5 .Now BD = AB = 2 .
5.
Thus D is b 3 , 3 l = ^- 2, 2 h . Slope of AD
-6 + 0 4 + 2

2
is - 2 + 4 = 1. Equation of AD is x - y =- 4 .

Intersection of EC & AD :- b 2 , 2 l .
-5 3

9. A

6.
m = 1/7
m = 4/3

B C
m = 3/4

AC = BC & triangle is right angled.


10. P ^a + ^ p - 1h d, p h
ADFE is a parallelogram now coordinate of A can
Q ^a + ^q - 1h d, q h
be easily obtained. R ^a + ]r - 1g d, r h
p-q 1
Slope of PQ = pd - qd = d . Similarly, slopes of
1
QR and PR = d . Thus, P, Q, R are collinear.
7.2 Mathematics
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
1. x = X - 2, y = Y + 3 5. First use x = X - 2, y = Y - 3 and find the equation
X-Y X+Y
& 1 = X - 2, - 2 = Y + 3 in new system. Again use x = ,y =
2 2
& ^ X, Y h = ^3, - 5h and find the equation again in new system.
2. x 2 + y 2 - 4x + 2y - 5 = 0 6. x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 4y - 4 = 0
& ] x - 2g2 + ^ y + 1 h = 10 & ] x - 1g2 + ^ y - 2 h = 9 Area = 9π
2 2

If origin is shifted to ^2, - 1h, first degree terms


7. 2x 2 + 3xy - 2y 2 - 7x + y + 3 = 0
vanish. Constant terms = -10.
/ ^2x - y - 1 h^ x + 2y - 3 h = 0 Intersection of
X-Y
3. x = X cos θ - Y sin θ =
2 2x - y - 1 = 0 and x + 2y - 3 = 0 given the point
X+Y (1, 1). Hence the origin must be shifted to (1, 1).
y = X sin θ + Y cos θ =
2
8. x = X + h, y = Y + k
4xy - 3x 2 = a 2
x + y - 1 = 0, x - y - 1 = 0 . Equation in new system
] X - Y g] X + Y g ] X - Y g2 is X + Y + h + k - 1 = 0, X - Y + h - k - 1 = 0.
&4 2 -3 2 = a2

& 4 ] X 2 - Y 2g - 3 ] X 2 + Y 2 - 2XY g = 2a 2
& h + k - 1 = 0, h - k - 1 = 0
& ^h, k h = ^1, 0h
& X 2 - 7Y 2 + 6XY = 2a 2 .

4. x = X cos i - Y sin i 9. y 2 - 4x + 4y + 8 = 0
& ^ y + 2 h - 4 ] x - 1g = 0
2
& Y 2 - 4X = 0
y = X sin i + Y cos i
2x + 3y = 6 10. x = X cos θ - Y sin θ
& 2 ] X cos i - Y sin ig + 3 ] X sin i + Y cos ig = 6 y = X sin θ + Y cos θ
& X ]2 cos i + 3 sin ig x 2 + xy + y 2 = 1.
] X cos θ - Y sin θg2 + ] X cos θ - Y sin θg(X sin θ +
+ Y ]3 cos i - 2 sin ig = 6
+ Y cos θ) + ] X sin θ + Y cos θg2 = 1
a = ]2 cos i + 3 sin ig/6
coefficient of XY
b = ]3 cos i - 2 sin ig/6
=- 2 sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ - sin 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ =0
13
a 2 + b 2 = 36 & cos 2 θ - sin 2 θ = 0
π
&θ= 4

INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
x y 1 4. Clearly, x2 + y2 = p2
1. a 0 1 =0
0 b 1 5. ]x - 2g2 + ^y - 4 h2 = x2
& x ]- bg - y ]ag + 1 ]abg = 0 & y2 - 8y - 4x + 20 = 0
& bx + ay = ab
x y
& a + b = 1. 6.

2. Perpendicular bisector x = 0

3. y = 1 x2 + y2
2
& 4y2 = x2 + y2
& x 2 = 3y 2 .
Straight Lines 7.3
y-6 y & 9y2 + 162 - 96y = 16x2 + 16y2 + 16 # 9 - 96y
x # x - 6 =- 1
& y2 - 6y =-^ x2 - 6xh & 16x2 + 7y2 = 16 # 7.
& x2 + y2 - 6x - 6y = 0 2
x2 y
k = 6. & 7 + 16 = 1

7. 7]x - ag2 + y2A - 7]x + ag2 + y2A = 2k2 9.

& - 4ax = 2k2

& 2ax ! k2 = 0.

x 2 + ^y - 3 h + x 2 + ^y + 3 h = 8
2 2
8.

& x2 + ^y + 3 h = _8 - x2 + ^y - 3h2 i
2 2

10. Let C ^ x, yh , centroid is c x + 1 + 2 , m and


y+2+1
3 3
& x2 + ^y + 3 h = 64 + x2 + ^y - 3 h - 16 x2 + ^y - 3 h
2 2 2

it lies on xy = 1
& 12y - 64 =- 16 x2 + ^y - 3 h
2

& ^3y - 16 h = 16 7x2 + ^y - 3 h2A & b 3 lc


2 x+3 y+3m
=1
3
& xy + 3x + 3y = 0
INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
1. Here c =- 1 and m = tan i = tan 45° = 1 4. The given line is bx - ay = ab
or m = tan 135° =- 1 Obviously it cuts x-axis at (a,0). The equation of line
(Since the line is equally inclined to the axes, so
i = 45° or 135°h perpendicular to (i) is ax + by = k, but is passes

Hence equation of straight line is y = ! ]1.xg - 1 through ^a, 0h & k = a2 .


& x - y - 1 = 0 and x + y + 1 = 0.
Hence required equation of line is ax + by = a2
2. A line perpendicular to the line 5x - y = 1 is given x y a
i.e., b + a = b .
by x + 5y - m = 0 = L, (given)
m = b' - b = b - b' . Mid point is b 2 , 2 l
-1 a' - a a + a' b + b'
y 5.
x
In intercept form + =1 a' - a
m m/5
So, area of triangle is Therefore equation of line is
1#
2 (Multiplication of intercepts) y - b 2 l = b - b' b x - 2 l
b + b' a' - a a + a'

& 2 ]mg # b 5 l = 5 & m = ! 5 2 & 2 ]b - b'gy + 2 ]a - a'gx - b2 + b'2 - a2 + a'2 = 0.


1 m

Hence the equation of required straight line is 6. Angle between both the lines is

x + 5y = ! 5 2 . 2m
tan -1 m ! tan -1 m = tan -1 or tan -1 0
- y' 1 - m2
3. Slope = 2a . 2mx
Therefore equation of lines are y = 0, y = .
1 - m2
Hence equation is y'x + 2ay = y'x' + 2ay'.
7.4 Mathematics
7. The equation of lines passing through (1,0) are given 21 23
9. Point of intersection y =- 5 and x = 5

by y = m ]x - 1g. Its distance from origin is 2 .


3 3 ]23g + 4 ]- 21g 69 - 84
` 3x + 4y = 5 = 5 =- 3.
-m 3 Hence, required line is 3x + 4y + 3 = 0.
& = 2 & m = ! 3 . Hence the lines
1 + m2
are 3 x + y - 3 = 0 and 3 x - y - 3 = 0. 10. Intersection point on x-axis is ^2x1, 0h and on y-axis

is ^0, 2y1 h . Thus equation of line passes through


x y
8. Let the equation be a + - a = 1 & x - y = a

But is passes through ^- 3, 2 h , x y


these points is x1 + y1 = 2.
hence a =- 3 - 2 =- 5.

Hence the equation is x - y + 5 = 0.

INTEXT EXERCISE: 5
1. 3.

PQ = ?

let PQ = r Equation of PR is 2x - y = 0 . Coordinates of Q

Then Q is ^2 + r cos i, 5 + r sin ih where on solving x + 2y + 5 = 0 and 2x - y = 0 are


^- 1, - 2h . Hence R is ^- 3, - 6h .
3
tan i = 4 . Substituting Q in 3x + y + 4 = 0,
4.
we have 3 ]2 + r cos ig + ]5 + r sin ig + 4 = 0
4 3
& 3r # 5 + r # 5 =- 15

& r =- 5 & PQ = 5.

2.

b 36 - 4 l + b 12 - 12 l
2 2
length = 13 5 5 13

16 b 13 # 5 l + 144 b 13 # 5 l
32 2 8 2
=

32 # 5 32
= 13 # 5 = 13 .

Clearly, OA = OB = C
which implies the perpendicular from O to AB will
divide AB in the ratio 1 : 1.
Straight Lines 7.5
5. Shift the origin to (1, 3). In new system | x | + | y | = 1 x y
let P be (h, k). Then equation of AB is h + k = 1
1 3
(1, 3) lies on AB. & h + k = 1
1 3
Locus is x + y = 1

8. 1 ]a 2 + ab + 1g > 0 6a ! R
& b2 - 4 < 0
& b ! ^- 2, 2h
Area = 2 sq.units. Since b > 0, b ! ^0, 2h
6. y + 3x = 2

9.
x=0
B

(0, 2 )
P 

 A
4/ 3
y − 3x = 2

A = d0 +
4 4
cos θ, 2 + sin θ n
3 3
PA + PB minimum
where tan θ = 3 & PA' + PB minimum
4 # 3o & A', P, B are in a straight line. Equation of A'B is
& A =e
4 #1
,2 + 2 . 10x - 3y = 31. Coordinates of P are b 7 , 7 l .
3 2 3 31 31

=d
2
,4n 10. mx - y + c = 0
3
Algebraic sum of distances
Clearly, equation of angle bisector is x = 0. 2m - 1 + C 3m - 2 + C - 4m - 7 + C
= + + =0
& AB is parallel to x-axis m2 + 1 m2 + 1 m2 + 1
& Equation of AB is y = 4 Thus, B is (0, 4). & m - 10 + 3c = 0
If we consider negative θ, then we get B ^0, 0h .
m 10
& 3 - 3 +C = 0
Similarly, you can consider the other angle bisector
& line passes through b 3 , 3 l .
1 10
y = 2 and solve for the remaining two points.

7.

INTEXT EXERCISE: 6
2
g - ac
a ]a + bg
1. Distance betweeen parallel lines is 2

1
4 +6 = 2# 5 # 1 = 5.
1 ]1 + 4g
=2 2 5
7.6 Mathematics
2. Let the required line be y = mx . Equation of pair is & 7x 2 + 8y 2 - 4xy + 3x 2 + 2y 2 - 7xy
^2y - x h^ y - mx h = 0
- 2 _9x 2 + y 2 - 6xy i = 0
& mx 2 - ]2m + 1g xy + 2y 2 = 0
Equation of pair of angle bisectors is &- 8x 2 + 8y 2 + xy = 0
x2 - y2 xy Clearly, angle between the lines is 90°
m - 2 = - ]2m + 1g /2
7. Eliminating the linear terms in order to obtain the
x2 - y2 xy equation of the pair of straight lines
Given is 7 = 12
m-2 2m + 1 a1 x 2 + 2h1 xy + b1 y 2 a2 x 2 + 2h2 xy + b2 y 2
Comparing, 7 =- 24 =
2g1 2g2
& 24m - 48 =- 14m - 7 & ^a1 g2 - a2 g1 h x 2 + 2 ^h1 g2 - g1 h2 h xy
& 38m = 41
Equation is 41x - 38y = 0 + ^b1 g2 - b2 g1 h y 2 = 0 . lines are perpendicular

3. 3= 0 & a1 g2 - a2 g1 + b1 g2 - b2 g1 = 0
k -1
2 2 2 & ]a1 + b1gg2 = ]a2 + b2gg1
a h g
8. Angle bisectors of x 2 - 2pxy - y 2 = 0 is
h b f = 2k - 3 - 2 = 0
g f c x2 - y2 xy
-1 = -p
2 -2 -1 2
-2
& 2 ]3 - 4g - 2 b 2 - 1 l - 2 b - k - 2 l = 0
k -k 1 3 & x 2 - y 2 = p xy
Comparing with x 2 - 2qxy - y 2 = 0, we have
k2 k k 3
&- 2 + 4 + 2 + 2 + 4 = 0 -2
2q = p & pq =- 1.
k2 5
& 4 +k = 4
9. Let equation of OA be y = mx . Then equation of
&k=1
-1
OB is y = m x . We know that angle between OA
4. Let the chord be ax + by = 1. Homogenizing curve
with chord, we get, 4x2 + y2 + (4y - x)(ax + by) = 0 and AB is 45°
& ]4 - agx 2 + ]1 + 4bgy 2 + ]4a - bgxy = 0
m + 2/3 3m + 2
& tan 45° = 1 = 1 - 2m/3 = 3 - 2m
Since this pair is perpendicular,
4 - a + 1 + 4b = 0
& a - 4b = 5
a 4
& 5 -5b=1
Fixed point is b 15 , 54 l
-

5. The equation of the pair of straight line is obtained


by homogenization.
5x 2 + 12xy - 6y 2 + ^4x - 2y h^ x + ky h
+ 3 ^ x + ky h = 0
2
& 3m + 2 = 3 - 2m
& 12x 2 + ]10 + 10k gxy - ]6 + 2k + 3k 2gy 2 = 0 or 3m + 2 =- 3 + 2m
Equally inclined to axes 1
& m = 5 or m =- 5 .
& h = 0 & 10 + 10k = 0 & k =- 1 x
Hence the lines are y = 5 and y =- 5x.
6. We obtain the equation of the pair by homogenization
Pairs of lines is ^5y - x h^ y + 5x h = 0.
7x 2 + 8y 2 - 4xy + ^2x - 4y hc m - 8c m =0
3x - y 3x - y 2
2 2 & 5y 2 - 5x 2 + 24xy = 0
& 7x 2 + 8y 2 - 4xy + ^ x - 2y h^3x - yh - 2 ^3x - y h = 0
2
Straight Lines 7.7
2 2
10. 12x - 20xy + 7y = 0

& 12x 2 - 6xy - 14xy + 7y 2 = 0

& ^2x - y h^6x - 7y h = 0

centroid is b
0+1+7 0+2+6 l =b8 8 l
3 , 3 3, 3

EXERCISE - 1
Basics (distance, section formulae, centroid, area of 4.
triangle)
1.

The fourth vertex is ^- 5, 0h


Clearly, given triangle is ABC which means
2. orthocentre is (0,0)
a cos θ b sin θ 1
5. 1
3 = 2 - a sin θ b cos θ 1
- a cos θ - b sin θ 1
Suppose x-axis cuts AB at ^α, 0h in the ratio m: n a cos θ b sin θ 1
By section formula, 1 - a sin θ b cos θ 1
= 2
- 4n + 6m
0 = m+n 0 0 2
& 4n = 6m
= 2 # 2 ^ab cos 2 θ + ab sin 2 θh = ab
1
m 2
& n =3
By section, formula, A is b k + 1 , k + 1 l
3k - 5 5k + 1
6.
3.
3k - 5 5k + 1
1
1 k+1 k+1
3= 2 1 5 1 =2
7 -2 1
7 ]3k - 5g ]5k + 1g
& k + 1 + 6 k + 1 - 37 = 4
& 21k - 35 + 30k + 6 - 37k - 37 = 4k + 4
We know that for a right angled triangle, circumcenter & 14k - 66 = 4k + 4
is the mid-point of the hypotenuse & 7k - 33 = 2k + 2 or 7k - 33 =- 2k - 2
& circumcentre is b 2 , 2 l .
3 & 5k = 35 or 9k = 31
31
& k = 7 or 9
7.8 Mathematics
7. Let ^h, kh be the centroid of triangle 12. Required equation of median is
3
-2 +8
y + 8 = - 2 - 5 ] x - 5g
3h = cos a + sin a + 1
& ]3h - 1g = cos a + sin a ....(1)
& 13x + 14y + 47 = 0.
3k = sin a - cos a + 2
& ]3k - 2g = sin a - cos a
5
....(2) 13. m = - 4 . Therefore the line is 5x + 4y = 0.
square and add (1) and (2) 14. Here intercept on x-axis is 3 and intercept on y-axis
9 ^ x + y i + 6 ^ x - 2y h =- 3
2 2 is - 2. So using intercept form of the equation of
x y
line, the required line is 3 - 2 = 1.
2a 3a 1
1 15. The required equation which passes through (1,2)
8. 3= 2 3b 2b 1 = 0
c c 1 and its gradient is m = 3, is ^y - 2 h = 3 ]x - 1g.
& ]2a - cg]2b - cg - ]3a - cg]3b - cg = 0 16. The required equation is y + 6 = tan 45° ]x - 4g
& x - y - 10 = 0.
& 4ab - 2ac - 2bc + c2 - ^9ab - 3ac - 3bc + c2h = 0
17. The required equation is y - b =- a ]x - ag
b
& ac + bc - 5ab = 0
x y
& a + b = 2.
a + b = c & a + b = 2 b 2c l
1 1 5 1 1 5
18. Since the hour, minute and second hands always
2c pass through origin because one end of these hands
` a, 5 , b are in H.P.
is always at origin. Now at 4 O’ clock, the hour hand
Forms of equation of straight line, angle between
straight lines makes 30° angle is fourth quadrant. So the equation
-c -c
9. Obviously m = tan i = 3 & 3 = 3 & c =- 9 of hour hand is
Y
3 θ 1
θ
2
c
X
O 30° 3

Hence the required equation is y = 3x - 9. 4


1
10. Here D(1,1) therefore equation of line AD is y = mx & y =- x & x + 3 y = 0.
3
given by 2x + y - 3 = 0. Thus the line perpendicular
19. Slope =- 3
to AD is x - 2y + k = 0 and is passes through B, so
k = 0. Hence required equation is x - 2y = 0. ` Line is y =- 3 x + c & 3 x + y = c

7-3 Y
11. Slope of DE = 5 - 1 = 1 & Slope of AB = 1

A
O
−5,7 D X
5,7 3 x+y=8

B E C 3 x + y = −8
1,3
c
Hence equation of AB is Now 2 = 4 & c = ! 8 & x 3 + y = ! 8.
y - 7 = ]x + 5g & x - y + 12 = 0.
Straight Lines 7.9
20. x cos i - y sin i = a ^cos i - sin ih = a cos 2i.
4 4
A
27.
21. The end-points of intercept made by the line between
y = 2x

the axes are (10, 0) and (0,4). Hence, equation of


θ θ
B (1, 2 ) C (2, 1)
x y
line, 10 + 4 = 1 & 2x + 5y = 20.
mBC =- 1
22. Given form is 3x + 3y + 7 = 0
+ABC = +ACB = i
3 3 7
2 - ]- 1g
& x+ y+ =0
3 + 32
2
32 + 32 32 + 32
1 + 2 ]- 1g
tan i = =3
3 3 -7 -7 7
& x+ y= ,` p = = .
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 Let slope of AC = m
m - ]- 1g
1 + m ]- 1g
23. The intersection point of y - x + 7 = 0 and &3=

y + 2x - 2 = 0 is ^3, - 4h
1
&m= 2

` Equation of straight line joining origin to ^3, - 4h Equation of AC is

^ y - 1 h = 12 ] x - 2g & y = 2x
is y - 0 = 3 ]x - 0g & 4x + 3y = 0.
-4

1 28. Coordinates of the vertices of the square are A(0,0),


24. y = mx + c, a m = tan 30° = ; c =- 2
3
B(0,1), C(1,1) and D(0,1).
x
`y= - 2 & 3 y - x + 2 3 = 0.
3
0,1 B y =1 C 1,1
x y
25. If the line is a + b = 1, then the intercepts on the

1
axes are a and b . Therefore the area is 2 a # b = 6 x=0 x =1

& ab = 12 ......(i)
0,0 A D 1,0
and hypotenuse is 5, therefore a2 + b2 = 25 ....(ii) y=0

On solving (i) and (ii), we get Now the equation of AC is y = x and of BD is

y - 1 =- 1 ]x - 0g & x + y = 1.
a = ! 4 or ! 3 and b = ! 3 or ! 4 Hence equation 1

x y x y
of line is ! 4 ! 3 = 1 or ! 3 ! 4 = 1. 29. Slope = 2 & Equation is 2x - y = 2.

Trick: Check with options. Obviously, the line 30. y - 3 = tan ^i ! 60°h]x - 2g
x y
4 + 3 = ! 1 satisfies both the conditions. As i = 135°,

26. The required diagonal passes through the mid-point


] x - 2g
-1 ! 3
so y - 3 =
1 " ^- 3 h
of AB and is perpendicular to AB. So its equation is
]x - 2g = ^2 - 3 h]x - 2g.
-1 + 3
i.e., y - 3 =
y - 2 =- 3 ]x - 2g 3 +1

or 3x + y - 8 = 0.
7.10 Mathematics
31. It is clear from figure that angle = 60° 37. Gradient of the line which passes through (1,0) and

^- 2, 3 h is m = - 2 - 1 =- 1
3 -0
Y y = 3x + 9
3

& i = tan -1 d - n = 150° .


1
3
k - ^2 + 3 h
38.
1 + k ^2 + 3 h
= 3
60 °
y=3
or k - 2 - 3 = 3 + k2 3 + 3k,
X
O
- 2 ^1 + 3 h
2 ^1 + 3 h
k= =- 1.

i = tan -1 c = tan -1 ^- 3 h = 120°


2- 3 -2- 3 m 3 +1
32. 39. We know that = tan 75°
1+4-3 3 -1
Considering smaller angle i' = 60° . Hence the line makes an angle of 75° with y-axis, so
x y x y the equation of y-axis is x = 0.
33. Equation of lines are a - b = 1 and b - a = 1

b a
& m1 = a and m2 = b 40. Equation y - 3 = m ]x - 2g cut the axis at

b a y
-b 2 2
-1 a -1 b - a
Therefore i = tan b a = tan 2ab .
1+ a.b 2,3
34. Here equation of AB is x + 4y - 4 = 0 ....(i)
x
and equation of BC is 2x + y - 22 = 0 ....(ii) O

Thus angle between (i) and (ii) is given by

1 2m - 3
-1
-4 +2 7 &y=0 & x= m
tan = tan -1 6 .
1 + b - 4 l]- 2g
1
& x = 0 & y =- ]2m - 3g

35. The lines are bx + ay - ab = 0 ]2m - 3g


Area 3= 12 = 12 . "- ]2m - 3g,
m
and bx - ay - ab = 0.
]2m - 3g2 = ! 24m
Hence the required angle is
& 4m2 - 12m + 9 = 24m
ab - ]- abg
b 2 + ^- a 2 h
tan -1 = or 4m2 - 12m + 9 =- 24m

2ab b & 4m2 - 36m + 9 = 0


tan -1 = 2 tan -1 a .
b2 - a2
36. The gradient of the line y = x + 2 is 1. Therefore, it D > 0 & two distinct roots of m

makes an angle of 45° with x-axis. The second line or 4m2 + 12m + 9 = 0

is parallel to x-axis. Hence the obtuse angle between ]2m + 3g2 = 0 & one value roots of m

the lines is 135° . & no. of values of m is 3.


Straight Lines 7.11
41. 2x + 3y + 7 = 0 15
46. 4x + 3y = 11 and 4x + 3y = 2 Therefore,
-2 2 -3
tan i = 3 & sin i = , cos i = 15 7
13 13 D = 11 - 2 = 10 .
x-1 y+3 5
-3 = 2 =! 3 Perpendicular distance, foot of perperndicular,
13 13
reflection, concurrency, eqn of angle bisectors, family
of lines, locus problems
3 47. L1 ^8, - 9h = 2 ]8 g + 3 ]- 9g - 4 =- 15

L2 ^8, - 9h = 6 ]8 g + 9 ]- 9g + 8 =- 25
1, −3
Hence point lies on same side of the lines.
3
48. Here, equation of line is

y = x tan a + c, c > 0
d1 - n or d1 + n
9 6 9 6
,-3+ ,-3-
13 13 13 13 Length of the perpendicular drawn on line from
42. Here the lines are, 3x + 4y - 9 = 0 ....(i)
point ^a cos a, a sin ah
and 6x + 8y - 15 = 0 ....(ii) - a sin a + a cos a tan a + c c
p= ; p = sec a = c cos a.
1 + tan2 a
Now distance from origin of both the lines are
49. Given, equation of line y - x + 2 = 0 and coordinates
-9 9 - 15 15
of points ^ x1, y1 h = ^3, - 1h and ^ x2, y2 h = ^8, 9h . We
=- 5 and =- 10
32 + 42 62 + 82
Hence distance between both the lines are
know that if the ratio in which a line ax + by + c = 0

- 5 - b - 10 l = 10 is divided by point ^ x1, y1 h and ^ x2, y2 h is m: 1, then


9 15 3
.

intersecting point c 2 1 ,
Ailter: Put y = 0 in the first equation, we get x = 3 mx + x my2 + y1 m
lies on
m+1 m+1
therefore, the point (3,0) lies on it. So the required
ax + by + c = 0. Thus any point on the line joining
distance between these two lines is the perpendicular
^3, - 1h and ^8, 9h dividing it in the ratio m: 1 is
length of the line 6x + 8y = 15 from the point (3,0).
b 8m + 3 , 9m - 1 l and if it lies on y - x + 2 = 0,
m+1 m+1
6 # 3 - 15 3
i.e., = 10 .
62 + 82 then
9m - 1 8m + 3
- +2 = 0
7 7 m+1 m+1
43. Required distance =
]12g2 + 52 13
= .
or 9m - 1 - ]8m + 3g + 2 ]m + 1g = 0
4 ]3 g + 3 ]1 g + 20
44. Required length 5 = 7. 2
or 3m - 2 = 0, m = 3 i.e. ratio is 2:3.
45. Let the distance of both lines are p1 and p2 from
50. Trick : Clearly, lengths of perpendicular from (0,0)
8 3
origin, then p1 =- 5 and p2 =- 5 . Hence distance on the given lines are each equal to 2.
5
between both the lines = p1 - p2 = 5 = 1.
7.12 Mathematics
51. Let p be the length of the perpendicular from the y - 3 -1
57. - y + 3x + 4 = 0 and perpendicular is x - 2 = 3
vertex (2, –1) to the base x + y = 2 .
or 3y + x - 11 = 0. Therefore foot is
2-1-2 1
Then p = = -1 37
12 + 12 2 x = 10 , y = 10 .
If ‘a’ be the length of the side of triangle, then
58. Applying the formula
a 3 x2 - x1 y2 - y1 - ^ax1 + by1 + c h
1 2
p = a sin 60° & = 2 &a= 3. a = b = a2 + b2
2
x2 - 2 y2 - 4 - ]1.2 + 1.4 - 1g
52. 3 ^12x + 10y - 3 h - 2 ^15x - 18y + 1 h 1 = 1 = 12 + 12
-1 3
= 6x + 66y - 11 = 0 Hence the lines are concurrent. & x2 = 2 , y2 = 2

& Required point is b 2 , 2 l


-1 3
53. Here the lines are x - 3 = 0, y - 4 = 0 and
Trick: Here, in options only point b - 2 , 2 l is
1 3
4x - 3y + a = 0. These will be concurrent, if satisfying the given equation of line
1 0 -3
59. Equation of perpendicular on the line x + y - 11 = 0
0 1 - 4 = 0 & a = 0.
4 -3 a is x - y + m = 0, but it passes through (2, 3), so

54. It is given that the lines ax + 2y + 1 = 0, m = 1. Equation of perpendicular is x - y + 1 = 0.

bx + 3y + 1 = 0 and cx + 4y + 1 = 0 are concurrent, Now the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular
a 2 1 are the intersection point of the lines, hence point is
therefore b 3 1 = 0
c 4 1 (5, 6). Aliter : Apply the formula given in the theory

& - a + 2b - c = 0 & 2b = a + c part of this book, we get required foot as


12 # 2 - 1 # 1 # 3 - 1 # ]- 11g 12 # 3 - 1 # 1 # 2 - 1 ]- 11g
c , m
& a, b, c are in A.P. 12 + 12 12 + 12

2 - 3 + 11 3 - 2 + 11 l ^5, 6h
l m n l+m+n m n =b , =
55. m n l = 0 & l+m+n n l = 0 2 2
n l m l+m+n l m 60. Here O is the point ^0, 0h . The line 2x + 3y = 12
1 m n
& ]l + m + ng 1 n l = 0 & ]l + m + ng = 0. meets the y-axis at B and so B is the point (0,4).
1 l m
The equation of any line perpendicular to the line
56. Given lines are 3x + 4y = 5, 5x + 4y = 4, 2x + 3y = 12 and passes through ^5, 5h is

mx + 4y = 6. These lines meet at a point if the point 3x - 2y = 5 ......(i)


of intersection of first two lines lies on the third line.
The line (i) meets the x-axis at C and so coordinates
From 3x + 4y = 5 and 5x + 4y = 4 We get
of C are b 3 , 0 l . Similarly the coordinates of E are
5
-1 13
x= 2 , y= 8
(3,2) by solving the line AB and (i). Thus O ^0, 0h ,
This lies on mx + 4y = 6, if m b - 2 l + 4 b 8 l = 6
1 13

C b 3 , 0 l, E ^3, 2h and B ^0, 4h .


5
& m = 1.
Straight Lines 7.13
Now the area of the figure & - h/2 - k/2 - 2 = 0 & h + k + 4 = 0
23
OCEB = area of 3 OCE + area of 3 OEB = 3
& 2h + 4 = 0 & h = k =- 2, [from (i)]
sq.units.
Hence the coordinates of vertex A are ^- 2, - 2h .

B (5, 5 ) 63. After first transformation, the point will be (1, 4) and

therefore, final point is ^1 + 2, 4h = ^3, 4h .


E

O
C A
D 64. Suppose the axes are rotated in the anticlockwise

direction through an angle 45° . To find the equation


15
61. OA = OB = 9, OD = =3
25 of L w.r.t the new axis, we replace x by
Y
x cos a - y sin a and y by x sin a + y cos a, so that

A equation of line w.r.t. new axes is


D
& 1/1 ^ x cos 45° - y sin 45° i + 2 ^ x sin 45° + y cos 45° i = 1
1
B

Since, p, q are the intercept made by the line on the

coordinate axes. we have on putting ^ p, 0h and then


X
O

Therefore AB = 2AD = 2 81 - 9 = 2 72 = 12 2 ^0, q h & 1p = 1a cos a + 1 sin a


b
1 1 1
Hence 3 = 2 ^3 # 12 2 h = 18 2 sq.units
1 & q =- a sin a + b cos a
1 1 1
& p = 1 cos 45° + 2 sin 45°
62. Let the coordinate of vertex A be ^h, kh .Then AD
1 1 1 1 3
& p = + . =
is perpendicular to BC, therefore OA = BC 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 1 1 1
` p = 3 , ` q =- 1 sin 45° + 2 cos 45°
k - 0 -1
& h - 0 # 1 =- 1 & k = h ....(i) 1 -1 1 1
q = 2 + 2 2 =- 2 2 , ` q = 2 2
A h,k
So intercept made on the new axis

^2 2 /3, 2 2 h.
2
O(0,0)

1 65. Equation of the line passing through ^3, 8h and

perpendicular to x + 3y - 7 = 0 is 3x - y - 1 = 0.

B D C The intersection point of both the lines is (1, 2).


x+ y−2 = 0
Let the coordinates of D be (a, b) . Then the Now let the image of A ^3, 8h be A' ^ x1, y1 h, then

point (1, 2) will be the mid point of AA'.


co-ordinates of O are b 2a++ h , + l . Therefore
2b + k
2 1 2 1 x1 + 3 y1 + 8
2a + h 2b + k h -k
& 2 = 1 & x1 =- 1 and 2 = 2 & y1 =- 4.
3 = 0 and 3 = 0 & a =- 2 , b = 2 . Hence the image is (–1, –4).
Since ^a, bh lies on x + y - 2 = 0 & a + b - 2 = 0
7.14 Mathematics
66. Let Q ^a, bh be the reflection of P ^4, - 13h in the 69. Required locus of the point ^ x, yh is the curve
x + y = 1. If the point lies in the first quadrant,
line 5x + y + 6 = 0. Then the midpoint
then x > 0, y > 0 and so x + y = 1 & x + y = 1,
R b 2 , 2 l lies on 5x + y + 6 = 0.
a + 4 b - 13
which is straight line AB. If the point ^ x, yh lies in
` 5 b 2 l + 2 + 6 = 0 & 5a + b + 19 = 0 ....(i)
a+4 b - 13 second quadrant then x < 0, y > 0 and so

Also PQ is perpendicular to 5x + y + 6 = 0. x + y = 1 &- x + y = 1

Therefore ba+-13 # b - 15 l =- 1 & a - 5b - 69 = 0 ....(ii) Y


4
B 0,1
Solving (i) and (ii), we get a =- 1, b =- 14.

67. The mid point of P ^- 2, 6 h and Q ^4, 2h is −1,0 1,0


X
b - 2 + 4 , 6 + 2 l i.e., (1,4) and the gradient of line C O A
2 2
2 - 6 -2
PQ = 4 + 2 = 3
D
0, −1
P 4,2
Similarly for third and fourth quadrant, the equations
are - x - y = 1 and x - y = 1. Hence the required
locus is the curve consisting of the sides of the square
ABCD.
L
Q −2,6 70. Bisectors of angles is given by
3 3x - 4y + 7 12x + 5y - 2
` The slope of L = 2 5 =! 13
Hence the equation of line which passes through & 11x - 3y + 9 = 0 ....(i)

point (1,4) is y - 4 = 2 ]x - 1g & 3x - 2y + 5 = 0.


3 and 21x + 77y - 101 = 0 ....(ii)

68. We take the coordinates axes as two perpendicular Let the angle between the line 3x - 4y + 7 = 0 and
lines. Let P ^ x1, y1 h be the required point. From
3 11
m1 - m2 4- 3 35
(i) is a, then tan a = 1 + m1 m2 = 3 # 11 = 45 < 1
P ^ x1, y1 h, we draw PM and PN perpendicular to OX
1+ 4 3
& a < 45°
and OY respectively.
Hence 11x - 3y + 9 = 0 is the bisector of the acute
Given, PM + PN = 2 .....(i) angle between the given lines.
But, PM = y1, PN = x1 71. The equations of the bisectors of the angles
x - 2y + 4 4x - 3y + 2
Hence from (i), y1 + x1 = 2 between the lines are =!
1+4 16 + 9
Thus locus of ^ x1, y1 h is x + y = 2
Taking positive sign, then
which is a straight line ^4 - 5 h x - ^3 - 2 5 hy - ^4 5 - 2 h = 0 ....(i)
Y
Let i be the angle between the line (i) and one of the
1 4- 5
N P x1 , y1 2 - 3-2 5
given line, then tan i = = 5 +2 > 1
1 4- 5
1+ 2.
3-2 5
Hence the line (i) bisects the obtuse angle between
X
O the given lines.
Straight Lines 7.15
72. Equation of angle bisectors between x and y-axis - 2h
78. Here m1 + m2 = b ...(i)

are x + y = 0 and x - y = 0, ^a i = 45° or 135°h a


and m1 m2 = b ...(ii)

or y = ! x . Also, given that 4ab = 3h2 . Now we have to find

]a - 2bgx + ]a + 3bgy + 3a + 4b = 0 or
m1
73. m2 , therefore with the help of (i) and (ii), we get

a ^ x + y + 3 h + b ^- 2x + 3y + 4 h = 0, which ]m1 - m2g2 = 4h -2 4ab = 4h -2 3h = h2


2 2 2 2

b b b
represents a family of straight lines through point of h
& m1 - m2 = b ...(iii)
intersection of x + y + 3 = 0 and - 2x + 3y + 4 = 0
Now on solving (i) and (iii), we get
i.e., ^- 1, - 2h . Trick: Point ^- 1, - 2h satisfies the -h - 3h
m1 = 2b and m2 = 2b ; ` m1: m2 = 1: 3.
given equation of striaght line.
79. It is a fundamental concept.
2 1 1
74. a, b, c are in H.P., then b = a + c ....(i)
80. 4x2 + 12xy + 9y2 = 0
x y 1
Given line is a + b + c = 0 ....(ii)
Here h2 - ab = 36 - 36 = 0, c from tan i = ! 2 h - ab m
2

a+b
Subtracting both a ]x - 1g + b ^y + 2 h = 0
1 1
Hence, lines are real and coincident.

1 1 81. We know tha the equation of perpendicular drawn


Since a ! 0, b ! 0

So, ]x - 1g = 0 & x = 1 and ^y + 2h = 0 & y =- 2. from origin on ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

Trick : Checking from options, let a, b, c are is bx2 - 2hxy + ay2 = 0. Therefore, the required

1 1 1 equation is given by 12x2 + 10xy + 2y2 = 0 or


1 , 2 , 3 . Then x + 2y + 3 = 0 will satisfy (c) option.
6x2 + 5xy + y2 = 0.
75. ^ p + 2q h x + ^ p - 3q h y = p - q
82. We have to check for each equation separately.
px + py - p + 2qx - 3qy + q = 0
p ^ x + y - 1 h + q ^2x - 3y + 1 h = 0
Option (d) cannot be because it is a circle.

passing through intersection of Considering option (a) 3! 0, option (b) 3! 0 and


x + y - 1 = 0 & 2x - 3y + 1 = 0 is b 5 , 5 l
2 3
for option (c) 3= 0.

Pair of Straight Lines 83. Applying the condition, 4mh2 = ab ]1 + mg2 Here
76. A second degree homogeneous equation in x and
m = 2, therefore 4 # 2 # b 2 l = 1 # 2 ]1 + 2g2
h 2
y always represents a pair of straight lines passing
through origin. But general equation of pair of & h2 = 9 & h = ! 3.
straight lines, circle and conics are not homogenous.
84. Point ^2, - 3 h lies on the line kx2 - 3y2 + 2x + y - 2 = 0
b 31 l + 10 b 1 l - k b 11 l = 0
2 2 2
77. 11.1.31
& ]2 g2 k - 3 ]- 3g2 + 2.2 - 3 - 2 = 0
- 6.10k + 4 - 6 2 2 2
361 5415
& - k 4 = 4 & k =- 15.
` 4k - 28 = 0 & k = 7.
7.16 Mathematics
85. Here the equation is ax2 - bxy - y2 = 0 and given 92. The equation is

that m1 = tan a and m2 = tan b and we know that y2 + m2 x2 - 2mxy - x2 - m2 y2 - 2mxy = 0

b & x2 ^m2 - 1h + y2 ^1 - m2h - 4mxy = 0


m1 + m2 = - 1 = tan a + tan b and
a x2 - y2
m1 m2 = - 1 = tan a. tan b Therefore,the equation of bisectors is xy
^m2 - 1h - ^1 - m2h
tan ^a + bh = & mx2 + ^m2 - 1h xy - my2 = 0.
tan a + tan b -b -b
1 - tan a tan b 1 - ]- ag ]1 + ag
= = . = - 2m

93. By the formula for equation of bisector


86. Let angle between both the lines is a, then
x2 - y2 xy
1 - ]- 1g ]0g
= & xy = 0 (By cross-multiplication)
a = tan -1 c
2 h - ab m
= tan -1 c
2
2 sec i - 1 m
2
= i.
a+b 1+1
94. Here equation of one bisector of angle is y - mx = 0,
49
87. Obviously i1 = tan -1 f 2 4 - 12 p = tan -1 b 7 l
1
3+4 therefore equation of second is x + my = 0.

Hence combined equation is ^ x + my h^y - mx h = 0


25
and i2 = tan -1 f 2 4 - 6 p = tan -1 b 7 l . Hence,
1
6+1
i1 = i2 . &- mx2 - xy ^m2 - 1h + my2 = 0 ...(i)

88. Given lines are not perpendicular i.e., a !- b Also equations of bisectors of ax2 - 2hxy + by2 = 0

a h g is - hx2 - ]a - bgxy + hy2 = 0 ...(ii)


Checking for parallel lines, h = b = f
Hence (i) and (ii) are the same equations, therefore
^3x + 4y + 6h^3x + 4y + 1h = 0 & 9 = 12 = 21
12 16 28
m m2 - 1 ^ 2 h ]a - bg
Hence lines are parallel. h =
]a - bg & h m - 1 = m
& m ]a - bg + h ^1 - m2h = 0.
2 4-3 1
89. tan i = ! = or i = 30°
2 3 3 95. Equation of axes are x = 0, y = 0. Combined
r
Hence, acute angle is 30° or 6 .
equation is xy = 0. Therefore, combined equation
90. Here one equation of bisector is x - 2y = 0. We
x2 - y2 xy
of bisectors is 0 = & x2 - y2 = 0.
know that both bisectors are perpendicular, therefore 1/2
96. The distance between the parallel straight lines given
second bisector will be 2x + y = 0 because it passes
by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
through origin. Hence the combined equation of

bisectors is given by ^2x + y h^ x - 2y h = 0


g2 - ac
a ]a + bg
2 . Here, a = 8, b = 2, c = 15, g = 13.

&- 2x2 + 3xy + 2y2 = 0. Now comparing it by So, required distance

hx2 + 3xy - hy2 = 0, we get h =- 2. =2


169 - 120 7 7
= 2# 4 . 5 = 2 5.
80
x2 - y2 xy
91. 2 2
11 = - 8 & 8x + 11xy - 8y = 0.
Straight Lines 7.17
97. The family of lines passing through point of formula for distance between two parallel straight
lines, the required distance is
intersection of the given curves will be 9
g2 - ac 4 +4 = 5.
a ]a + bg
2 = 2
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + m ^a'x2 + 2h'xy + b'y2 + 2g'x i = 0
4 2

99. Clearly from figure xy = 0 represents the pair of


& ]a + a'mgx2 + ]2h + 2h'mgxy + ]b + b'mgy2
straight lines.
+ ^2g + 2g'm h x = 0 Now the condition for
Y
perpendicularity is 3= 0 and a + b = 0. x 2 + y2 − ax − ay = 0

a+b 0,a
& a + a'm + b + b'm = 0 & m =- a' + b' and a /2,a /2

3= abc + 2fgh - af2 - bg2 - ch2 = 0

& 0 + 0 - 0 - ]b + b'mg^2g + 2g'm h - 0 = 0


2 X
O a,0

& 4 ]b + b'mg^ g + g'm h = 0


2

x 2 + y 2 − a2 = 0
Now on putting the value of m, we get
i.e., combined equation of both axes.
g ]a' + b'g = g' ]a + bg.
100. Equation can be found by homogenising the curve
98. First check for parallel lines
g - 3/2
w.r.t. line i.e., x2 + y2 = 4 c m or
a h 1 3 y-x 2
i.e., h = b = f & = 3 =
3 - 3 3 /2 2
which is true, hence line are parallel. Applying x 2 + y 2 = ^y - x h .
2

EXERCISE - 2
Basics (distance, section formulae, centroid, area of Z] x + x = 10 , y + y = 0
triangle), translation and rotation of axes 4. ]] 1 3 1 3
]
[] x2 + x3 = 0 , y2 + y3 = 24
]]
1. since the points are collinear option D is correct ] x1 + x2 = 10 , y2 + y2 =- 24
\
B x 2 ,y 2
2. Let the point of intersection be (a, 0) and the ratio be
m:1
6m - 4 2
& = 0 & m = 3 & Ration = 2 : 3. 5,12
m+1 0,12

3. 3 right angled
0,4 x3 ,y3 C 5,0 x x1 , y1

x1 = x2 = 10, y1 - y2 =- 24
x1 = 10, y1 = 0
x2 = 0, y2 = 24
x3 = 0, y3 = 0
x1 = 10 , y1 = 0 b_b A ^10, 0 h on x - axis
0,0 3,0 bb
x2 = 0 , y2 = 24 `b & B (0, 24) on y - axis
& circum centre b
x3 = 0 , y3 = 0 bb C (0, 0) is origin
= mid point of hypotenuse = b 2 , 2 l
3 a
3 ABC is right angled & orthocentre is (0,0)
7.18 Mathematics
a cos i b sin i 1 8. ^2a, 3a h, ^3b, 2bh & ^c, ch are collinear
5. 1
3 = 2 - a sin i b cos i 1
- a cos i - b sin i 1 2a 3a 1
& 3b 2b 1 = 0
0 0 2
R1 " R1 + R3 c c 1
- a sin i b cos i 1
& ]3bc - 2bcg - ]2ca - 3cag + ]4ab - 9abg = 0
- a cos i - b sin i 1

= 2 .2 ^ab sin2 i + ab cos2 ih = ab


1
& bc + ca + 5ab = 0
6. b 3k - 5 , 5k + 1 l
k+1 k+1 2
& 2 . c = a + b & f 2C p = a + b
2 5 1 1 1 1
1 Q 3,5 5
A
k
P 2c
& a, 5 , b are in H.P.
P −5,11
Forms of eqn of st line, concurrency, angle between st
lines
9. Mid point of AB = E b 2 , 2 l and mid point
a + a' b + b'

B 1,5 C 7, −2
of CD = F b
a' - a b - b' l
2 , 2 . Hence equation of line
3k - 5 5k + 1
1
1 k+1 k+1 b + b' b - b' - b - b' b a + a' l
2 1 5 1 = 2 EF is y - 2 = a' - a - a - a' x - 2
7 -2 1
A a, b E B a',b'
& 1. ]- 2 - 35g - 1. b k + 1 - k + 1 l
- 6k + 10 35k + 7

+b k + 1 - k + 1 l = ! 4
15k - 25 5k + 1

& 6k - 10 + 35k + 7 + 15k - 25 - 5k - 1 D a', − b' F C −a,b


= ! 4 + 37 ]k + 1g On simplification, we get 2ay - 2b'x -= ab - a'b'.
& 51k - 29 = 41k + 41 or 51k - 29
a b
= 33k + 33 10. Obviously, x1 = 2 and y1 = 2 .
& 10k = 70 or 18k = 62
B 0,b
31
k=7 k= 9

7. Let centroid is ^h, kh then


x1 ,y1
cos a + sin a + 1 sin a - cos a + 2
h= 3 & k= 3 b
cos a + sin a = 3h - 1 & sin a - cos a = 3k - 2
O
squaring and adding
a A a,0
x y
Therefore the equation of line AB is a + b = 1
2 = ]3h - 1g2 + ]3k - 2g2 Locus of ^h, kh
x y
& ]3x - 1g2 + ]3k - 2g2 = 2
& 2x + 2y = 1 & xy1 + yx1 = 2x1 y1 .
1 1

11. Mid point / ^3, 2 h . Equation is 2x - y - 4 = 0.


& 3 ^ x2 + y2 i - 2x - 4y + 1 = 0
Straight Lines 7.19
12. The required equation which passes through ^c, dh Therefore, 5 ]1 + d cos ig - ]5 + d sin ig - 4 = 0 and

and its gradient is - b , is y - d =- b ]x - cg


a a 3 ]1 - d cos ig + 4 ]5 - d sin ig - 4 = 0
cos i sin i
& a ]x - cg + b ^y - d h = 0.
Eliminating ‘d’ from the two, we get
35 = 83 .
x-1 y-5
13. The point of intersection is (1,1). Therefore the Hence the required line is 35 = 83 or

equation of the line passing through (1,1) and ^r, 0h 83x - 35y + 92 = 0.

17. Point of intersection is (2,3). Therefore, the equation


is y - 1 = r - 1 ]x - 1g & x - y = r ^1 - y h .
-1
of line passing through (2,3) is

y - 3 = m ] x - 2g
14. The required equation of line which passes through
....(i)

^a, bh and gradient ab is y - b = ab ]x - ag or mx - y - ]2m - 3g = 0.

& bx - ay = 0. According to the condition,

15. Equation of any line through ^0,a h is 3m - 2 - ]2m - 3g 7 3 4


= 5 & m = 4, 3
1 + m2
y - a = m ]x - 0g or mx - y + a = 0 ....(i)
Hence the equation are 3x - 4y + 6 = 0 and
If the length of perpendicular from ^2a, 2a h to the
4x - 3y + 1 = 0 .
m ]2ag - 2a + a 4
line (i) is ‘a’, then a = ! & m = 0, 3 . 18. Using the intercept form of the line
m2 + 1
Hence the required equations of lines are y - a = 0, x y
+ = 1 & x cos i + y sin i = 2a.
2a sec i 2a cosec i
4x - 3y + 3a = 0.
19. If the given lines represent the same line, then the
16. Any line through the middle point M ^1, 5h of the
length of the perpendiculars from the origin to the
intercept AB may be taken as c p
lines are equal, so that =
1 + m2 cos a + sin2 a
2

x-1 y-5
= =r ....(i) & c = p 1 + m2 .
cos i sin i
where ‘r’ is the distance of any point ^ x, yh on the
20. The given lines intersect at b a + b , a + b l and join
ab ab

line (i) from the point M ^1, 5h . Since the points A


of this with ^a, bh will have slope 2 . Now proceed.
b2
a
and B are equidistant from M and on the opposite
21. Since the line x + y 3 + 3 3 = 0 makes an angle
sides of it, therefore if the coordinates of A are
of 150° with x-axis. Therefore, the required lines
obtained by putting r = d in (i) , then coordinates of
will make angle of 90° and 210° i.e., 30° with the
B are given by putting r =- d. Now the point
A ^1 + d cos i, 5 + d sin ih lies on the line positive direction of x-axis. Hence the lines are

5x - y - 4 = 0 and point B ^1 - d cos i, 5 - d sin i h x = 0 and y =


1
x.
3
lies on the line 3x + 4y - 4 = 0.
7.20 Mathematics
22. Point P ^a, bh is on 3x + 2y = 13 8
25. Slope of BD is 15 and angle made by BD with

So, 3a + 2b = 13 ...(i) AD and DC is 45° . So let slope of DC be m, then

Point Q ^b, ah is on 4x - y = 5 8
m - 15
tan 45° = ! 8
So, 4b - a = 5 ...(ii) 1 + 15 m

By solving (i) and (ii), a = 3, b = 2 & ]15 + 8mg = ! ]15m - 8g

P ^a, bh " ^3, 2h and Q ^b, ah " ^2, 3h 23 7


& m = 7 and - 23
Now, equation of PQ
A B

y - y1 = x - x ]x - x1g & y - 2 = 2 - 3 ]x - 3g
y2 - y1 3-2
2 1

& y - 2 =- ]x - 3g & x + y = 5.
45°
23. Given, line AB making 0 intercepts on x-axis and
45°
y-axis or ^ x1, y1 h / ^0, 0h and the line is perpendicular D 1,2 C

to line CD, 3x + 4y + 6 = 0. We know that standard Hence the equation of DC and AD are

y - 2 = 7 ]x - 1g & 23x - 7y - 9 = 0 and


equation of line is ax + by + c = 0 .Comparing given 23

equation of line CD with the standard equation, we y - 2 =- 23 ]x - 1g & 7x + 23y - 53 = 0.


7

get a = 3 and b = 4. We also know that slope of the 8-2


26. Slope = 3 - 1 = 3.
a -3
given line CD =- b = 4 . Since the line AB is The diagonal is y - 2 = 3 ]x - 1g & 3x - y - 1 = 0.

perpendicular to the line CD, therefore slope of the 27. Let p be the length of the perpendicular from the

line AB ]mg = 3 . Thus relation for the equation of


4
origin on the given line. Then its equation in normal

the line AB will be ^y - y1 h = m ]x - x1g or form is x cos 30° + y sin 30° = p

y - 0 = 3 ] x - 0g
4 or 3 x + y = 2p

This meet the coordinates axes at A e , 0 o and


or 3y = 4x or 4x - 3y = 0. 2p
3
B ^0, 2ph .
4
24. Perpendicular to 3 sin i + 2 cos i = r is

3 sin b 2 + i l + 2 cos b 2 + i l = r
r r k
` Area of 3 OAB = 2 e
1 2p o 2p2
2p =
3 3
It is passing through ^- 1, r/2 h 2p2 50
By hypothesis = & p = ! 5.
k 3 3
3 sin r + 2 cos r = - 1 & k = 2
Hence the lines are 3 x + y ! 10 = 0.
2
` 3 cos i - 2 sin i = r & 2 = 3 r cos i - 2r sin i.
Straight Lines 7.21
28. Since the median passes through A, the intersection 33. Mid point of ^a cos a, a sin ah and ^a cos b, a sin bh

of the given lines. Its equation is given by a ^cos a + cos bh a ^sin a + sin bh m
is P c ,
2 2
^ px + qy - 1 h + m ^qx + py - 1 h = 0 , where m is
Y
some real number. Also, since the median passes
A a cos α,a sin α
through the point ^ p, q h, we have
P
^ p2 + q2 - 1 h + m ^qp + pq - 1h = 0
B a cos β,a sin β
p2 + q2 - 1
& m =- 2pq - 1 and the equation of median
X
O
through A is ^ px + qy - 1h - 2pq - 1 ^qx + py - 1h = 0
2 2
p +q -1
a sin b - a sin a sin b - sin a
Slope of line AB is a cos b - a cos a = cos b - cos a = m1
& ^2pq - 1h^ px + qy - 1 h = ^ p + q - 1 h^qx + py - 1 h .
2 2

sin a + sin b
1 and slope of OP is = m2
29. m1 = 3, m2 = 2 and m3 = m cos a + cos b
sin2 b - sin2 a
Let the angle between first and third line is i1 and Now m1 # m2 = =- 1
cos2 b - cos2 a
between second and third is i2 , then Hence the lines are perpendicular.
1
3-m m- 2 34. It is obvious.
tan i1 = 1 + 3m and tan i2 = m
1+ 2
35. L1: x + y = 5, L2: y - 2x = 8
1
3-m m- 2
But i1 = i2 & 1 + 3m = m L3: 3y + 2x = 0, L4: 4y - x = 0
1+ 2
L5: ^3x + 2yh = 6
2 1!5 2
& 7m - 2m - 7 = 0 & m = 7 .
Y

i = tan -1 c m
° °
- cot 30 + cot 60
30.
1 + cot 30° cot 60°

= tan -1 c m = 30° .
- tan 60° + tan 30° −1,6 B
1 + tan 30° tan 60° L1
L2
31. Angle between the lines = i A 4,1
−3,2 C
- b b - a' l
a - b' aa' - bb' L3
L4
& tan i = a'b tan i = ab' + a'b X
1 + b'a O L5

As ab' + a'b = 0 & i = 90° 0,0

32. Let angle between the lines = i


- a1 b - a2 l vertices of quadrilateral
b1 - b2 a b -a b
& tan i = & tan i = a2 a1 + b1 b2
O ^0, 0h, A ^4, 1h, B ^- 1, 6h, C ^- 3, 2h
a1 a2 1 2 1 2
1+ b b
1 2

a a +b b
& cot i = a1 b2 - a1 b2 L5 ]Og =- 6 < 0
2 1 1 2

L5 ] Ag = 12 + 2 - 6 = 8 > 0
7.22 Mathematics
L5 ] Bg =- 3 + 12 - 6 = 3 > 0 Y
P
L5 ]C g =- 9 + 4 - 6 =- 11 < 0

O & C points are same side & A & B point are A 0,1
P1
other same side w.r.t to L5 and So L5 divides the
X
quadrilateral in two quadrialteral O B 2,0

36. The coordinates of A and B are as shown in the 4x + 3y + 9 = 0

figure. 38. Three non-parallel lines are concurrent if 3= 0

Y k 2 2
2 k 3 = 0 & k = 2, 3, - 5
3 3 k
C

But for k = 2, lines are parallel.

−a sin α,a cos α A 39. 1 + 3 y + 1 − 3 x = 10


B a cos α,a sin α

90° − θ θ P
X
O 0,0

y = 3x + k

The equation of the diagonal AB is


O

y - a sin a = - a sin a - a cos a ]x - a cos ag


a cos a - a sin a

or y ]cos a + sin ag - a ^sin a cos a + sin2 ah

=- ]cos a - sin agx + a cos a ]cos a - sin ag

Equation of OP / y = 3 x
or y ]cos a + sin ag + x ]cos a - sin ag = a
& Coordinates of P: c 5 ,
5 3m
2 2
0-1
37. The equation of AB is y - 1 = 2 - 1 x or 2
b5 l +c5 3 m = 5
2
& OP = 2 2
x + 2y - 2 = 0 40. By solving the sides of the rhombus, its vertices are

^0, - n/mh, ^- n/l, 0h, ^0, n/mh, and ^n/l, 0h . Hence,


PA - PB # AB
1 2n 2n
the area is 2 # m # l = 2
Thus, PA - PB is maximum if the point A, B, and
or n2 = lm
P are collinear. Hence, solving x + 2y - 2 = 0 and
Therefore, l, n , and m are in GP.
4x + 3y + 9 = 0, we get point P / ^- 84/5, 13/5 h .
Straight Lines 7.23

41. Let the point be ^h, 0h , then a = !


bh + 0 - ab 1/ 5 1
a2 + b2 & 3 = BD & BD =
15
& bh = ! a a2 + b2 + ab & h = b ^b ! a2 + b2 h
a
BC = 2BD = 2/ 15 .
Hence the point is & b ^b ! a2 + b2 h, 0 0
a
e oe o
b a2 - b2 cos i + 0 - ab - b a2 - b2 cos i - ab
48.
b a b2 cos2 i + a2 sin2 i b2 cos2 i + a2 sin2 i
a - b -1
- 6b2 ^a2 - b2h cos2 i - a2 b2@
42. Length of perpendicular is 2 =
b2 - a2 - ab
b l +b l
2
1 1 a2 + b2
^b2 cos2 i + a2 sin2 ih
a b =

43. Points of intersection are y = 15 - 4 # 15 - 20


17 , x = 3 # 17 = 17
b2 6a2 - a2 cos2 i + b2 cos2 i@
=
b2 cos2 i + a2 sin2 i
5 b 17 l - 2 b 17 l
- 20 15
Therefore D = =
130
. b2 6a2 sin2 i + b2 cos2 i@
17 . 29 = = b2 .
29 b2 cos2 i + a2 sin2 i
r
ab a2 + b2 1 1 1 1 Trick: Let a = 2, b = 1 and i = 2 , then the points
44. or
are ^! 3 , 0 h and the line is y = 1. Length from
p= = 2 & 2 + 2 = 2.
2
a +b 2 a2 b2 p a b p
Perpendicular distance, foot of perperndicular, ^ 3 , 0 h on y = 1 is 1 and that of from ^- 3 , 0 h is
reflection, concurrency, eqn of angle bisectors, also 1. Hence product is 1 # 1 = 1, which is given
family of lines, locus problems
by ]b g .

45. Straight line y - y' = x" - x' ]x - x'g


y" - y' 49. As ^sin i, cos ih and ^3, 2h lie on the same side of

x' ^ y" - y' h - y' ] x" - x' g x + y - 1 = 0, they should be of same sign.
Length of prependicular =
]x" - x'g2 + ^y" - y' h2 ` sin i + cos i - 1 > as 3 + 2 - 1 > 0
x'y" - y'x"
& 2 sin b i + 4 l > 1
=
]x" - x'g2 + ^y" - y' h2
r

& sin b i + 4 l >


r 1 r
-k - k cos 2a &0<i< 4.
46. Here p = , p' = 2
sec2 a + cosec2 a cos2 a + sin2 a
50. L^-1, - 1h = 3 ]- 1g - 8 ]- 1g - 7 < 0
4k2 k2 ^cos2 a - sin2 ah2
Hence 4p2 + p'2 = + 1
2 2
sec a + cosec a L^3, 7h = 3 # 3 - 8 # 7 - 7 < 0
= 4k2 sin2 a cos2 a + k2 ^cos 4 a + sin 4 ah Hence ^- 1, - 1h and ^3, 7h lie on the same side of
line.
- 2k2 cos2 a sin2 a
51. L / 2x + 3y - 4 = 0 , L^-6, 2h =- 12 + 6 - 4 < 0
= k2 ^sin2 a + cos2 ah2 = k2 .
L' = 6x + 9y + 8 = 0 , L'^-6, 2h =- 36 + 18 + 8 < 0
2-2-1 1 Hence the point is below both the lines.
47. AD = =
12 + 22 5
AD 52. Here the given lines are
tan 60° = BD

A 2, −1 ax + by + c = 0 ....(i)

bx + cy + a = 0 ....(ii)

cx + ay + b = 0 .....(iii)
a b c
The lines will be concurrent, if b c a = 0
60° c a b
& a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = 0.
B D C
x + 2y − 1 = 0
7.24 Mathematics

53.
a - at22
=
- 2at2 59. Slope of perpendicular =- < cos a - cos b F = tan a + b
at22 - at12 2at2 - 2at1 sin a - sin b 2
& ^1 - t22h =- t2 ]t2 + t1g or t1 t2 =- 1. Hence equation of perpendicular is
54. m1 - 1 c1
y = tan b lx
a+b
m2 - 1 c2 = 0 ....(i)
2
m3 - 1 c3
Now on solving the equation (i) with the line, we get
& m1 ]c2 - c3g + m2 ]c3 - c1g + m3 ]c1 - c2g = 0.
the required point. Trick : Take suitable value of
Note: Students should remember this question as a
formula. a, a, b and then check with options.
p-q q-r r-p 0 q-r r-p
55. q-r r-p p-q = 0 r-p p-q = 0 x2 - x1 y2 - y1 - ^ax1 + by1 + c h
60. a = b =
r-p p-q q-r 0 p-q q-r a2 + b2
Hence the lines are concurrent. _a 2 x1 + aby1 + ac i
x2 = x1 -
a2 + b2
Aliter : Since sum of the coefficient of x, y and the
constant term is zero, hence the lines are concurrent. b 2 x1 - aby1 - ac
x2 =
a2 + b2
56. If the given lines are concurrent, then
a 2 y1 - abx1 - bc
a 1 1 a 1-a 1-a y2 =
a2 + b2
1 b 1 = 0 & 1 b-1 0 = 0
1 1 c 1 0 c-1 61. Suppose we rotate the coordinates axes in the anti
{Apply C2 " C2 - C1 and C3 " C3 - C1} clockwise direction through an angle a. The
& a ]b - 1g]c - 1g - ]b - 1g]1 - ag - ]c - 1g]1 - ag = 0
a 1 1 equation of the line L with respect to old axes is
& 1-a + 1-b + 1-c = 0
x y
{Divide by ]1 - ag]1 - bg]1 - cg } a + b = 1. In this question replacing x by
1 1 1 x cos a - y sin a and y by x sin a + y cos a, the
& 1 - a + 1 - b + 1 - c = 1.

equation of the line with respect to new axes is


57. The set of lines is 4ax + 3by + c = 0, where
a + b + c = 0. Eliminating c, we get x cos a - y sin a x sin a + y cos a
a + b =1
4ax + 3by - ]a + bg = 0
& x b a + b l + y b b - a l = 1 ....(i)
cos a sin a cos a sin a
& a ]4x - 1g + b ^3y - 1 h = 0
This passes through the intersection of the lines The intercepts made by (i) on the co-ordinate axes
1 1
4x - 1 = 0 and 3y - 1 = 0 i.e., x = 4 , y = 3 i.e.,
1 cos a sin a
are given as p and q. Therefore p = a + b
b 1 , 1 l.
4 3
1 cos a sin a
and q = b - a squaring and adding, we get
58. Given three straight lines ax + by - c = 0,
1 1 1 1
+ = + .
bx + cy - a = 0, cx + ay - b = 0 are concurrent, p2 q2 a2 b2
a b -c 1 b c Note: Students should remember this question as a
Then b c - a = 0 & - ]a + b + cg 1 c a = 0
formula.
c a -b 1 a b
Clearly, ]a + b + cg = 0.
Straight Lines 7.25
62. Let the equation of line be ^ y - k h = m ] x - hg & i = a - b Area = P1 P2 cosec i
Let the foot of the perpendicular be ^a, bh P1 = p - q, P2 = r - s
& b a - 0 lb a - h l =- 1
b-0 b-k
& Area = ^ p - qh]r - sg cosec ^a - bh
& b ]b - k g =- a ]a - hg
]h - 3g2 + ]k + 2g2 =
5h - 12k - 13
& a 2 + b 2 - ah - bk = 0 66. .
25 + 144
Replace ^a, bh with ^ x, yh to get the locus Replace ^h, kh by ^ x, yh, we get
2 2
x + y - hx - ky = 0
13x2 + 13y2 - 83x + 64y + 182 = 0, which is the
63. Equation of perpendicular drawn from origin to the
required equation of the locus of the point.
x y
line a + b = 1 is y - 0 = b ] x - 0g
a
67. Let point by ^ x1, y1 h, then according to the condition
:a m of given line = -ab , ` m of perpendicular = a D
= !c m
b 3x1 + 4y1 - 11 12x1 + 5y1 + 2
5 13
x y
& by - ax = 0 & b - a = 0
The one with the negative sign is near the origin
Now, the locus of foot of perpendicular is the
x y Hence, the required locus is 99x + 77y - 133 = 0
intersection point of line a + b = 1 ...(i)
x y
and b - a = 0 ...(ii)
68. The equation of a line passing through the intersection
To find locus, squaring and adding (i) and (ii)
c x + m +c x - m = 1
y 2 y 2 x y x y
a b b a of straight line a + = 1 and + = 1 is
b b a
& x2 c 2 + 2 m + y2 c 2 + 2 m = 1
1 1 1 1
d x + - 1 n + md x + - 1 n = 0
a b a b y y
a b b a
& x 2 c 2 m + y 2 c 2 m = 1, ;a 2 + 2 = 2 E
1 1 1 1 1
or x c a + m + y c + a m - m - 1 = 0
c c a b c 1 m 1 m
& x2 + y2 = c2 . b b
p1 p2
This meets the axes at A f 1 m p and
64. Area = = p1 p2 cosec i , m+1
,0
sin i
a+b
d1 - c1 d2 - c2
where p1 =
^a12 + b12h ^a22 + b22 h
, p2 =
b f 1 m p . Let ^h, kh be the mid point of AB,
m+1
0,
a b -a b +
Also tan i = a1 a2 + b2 b1 . b a
1 2 1 2

Since cosec2 i = 1 + cot2 i 1 m+1 1 m+1


then h = 2 . ,k = 2 .
1 m 1 m
a+b +
]a1 a2 + b1 b2g2 + ]a1 b2 - a2 b1g2
b a
]a1 b2 - a2 b1g2
or cosec2 i =
Eliminating m from these two, we get
^a + b h^a + b h
2 2 2 2

]a1 b2 - a2 b1g2 2hk ^a + bh = ab ]h + kg.


1 1 2 2
= Putting for p1, p2 and cosec i,

]d1 - c1g]d2 - c2g ` The locus of ^h, kh is 2xy ^a + bh = ab ^ x + y h .


we get Area = a1 b2 - a2 b1 .

65. m1 =- cot a m2 =- cot b 69. Since the origin and the point ^1, - 3h lie on the
m -m cot b - cot a
tan i = 1 +1 m m2 = same side of x + 2y - 11 = 0 and on the opposite
1 2 1 + cot a cot b
side of 3x - 6y - 5 = 0. Therefore, the bisector of
= tan ^a - bh
tan a - tan b
=
1 + tan a tan b
7.26 Mathematics
the angle containing ^1, - 3h is the bisector of that The distance is greatest if required line is
3
angle which does not contain the origin and is given perpendicular to PM mPM = 4
-4
=- e o i.e., 3x = 19.
- x - 2y + 11 - 3x + 6y + 5
by & Slope of required line = 3
5 45
& Equation: y - 0 = 3 ] x + 2g
-4
a1 x + b1 y + c1 a2 x + b2 y + c2
70. By direct formulae 2 2
=!
a1 + b1 a22 + b22
& 4x + 3y + 8 = 0
3x + 4y - 7 12x + 5y + 17
]12g2 + ]5 g2
=!
2
3 +4 2 75. Since a1 /a2 = b1 /b2 = c1 /c2, u = 0 and v = 0 are
3x + 4y - 7 12x + 5y + 17 the same straight line. Hence, u + kv = 0 is also the
5 =! 13 .
same straight line.
71. The equation of bisector of acute angle formed
between the lines 4x - 3y + 7 = 0 and a b c
76. -2 = c + b
bc
4x - 3y + 7 3x - 4y + 14
3x - 4y + 14 = 0 is =- or a = b + c + 2 bc
16 + 9 16 + 9
& 7x - 7y + 21 = 0 & x - y + 3 = 0. or a = ^ b + c h
2

72.
Y or ^ a - b - c h^ a + b + c h = 0
O R 3,3 √ 3
or a- b- c =0

60° since a + b + c ! 0 (as a, b, c > 0) .


X' X
P −1,0 Q 0,0
Comparing with a x + b y + c = 0, we have

x =- 1, y = 1.
Y'
77. The first two families of lines pass through (1,1) and
3 3 -0 °
Slope of QR = 3 - 0 = 3 i.e., i = 60
(3,3) respectively. The point of intersection of the
Clearly, +PQR = 120°
lines belonging to the third family of lines will lie on
OQ is the angle bisector of the angle, so line OQ
makes 120° with the positive direction of x-axis. line y = x. Hence, ax + x - 2 = 0 and

Therefore equation of the bisector of +PQR is 2 a


6x + ax - a = 0 or a + 1 = 6 + a
y = tan 120° x or y =- 3 i.e., 3 x + y = 0.
or a2 - a - 12 = 0 or ]a - 4g]a + 3g = 0
73. ax + by + c = 0 is always through ^1, - 2h .
` a - 2b + c = 0 & 2b = a + c 78. The family of lines ^ x - 2y + 3h + m ^2x - 3y + 4h = 0
Therefore, a, b and c are in A.P.
is concurrent at point P ^1, 2h . If the image of point
74. 3x + 4y + 6 = 0

A ^2, 3 h in the above variable line is B ^h, kh, then


M

AP = BP or ]h - 1g2 + ]k - 2g2 = ]2 - 1g2 + ]3 - 2g2


(−2, 0 )
x+y+2=0
Hence, the locus of point P is

P (2, 3) x2 + y2 - 2x - 4y + 4 = 0.
Straight Lines 7.27
79. Let P be on x + 2y = 1. Then, From the figure, the refracted ray makes an angle of

15° with the positive direction of the x-axis and


+ 2d2 + n = 1 or t =
t t -4 2
1+ 3
2 2
passes through the point (1,0). Its equation is
Let P be on 2x + 4y = 15. Then,
^y - 0 h = tan ^45° - 30°h]x - 1g or
2 d1 + n + 4d2 + n = 15 or t =
t t 5 2
y = ^2 - 3 h]x - 1g
2 2 6
Since the point lies between the lines
Pair of Straight Lines

t !c
-4 2 5 2 m 83. The lines are coincident, if H2 - AB = 0,
3 , 3
a ]b + cg 02
so & 2 - a2 ]bcg = 0 & a2 ]b - cg2 = 0
x + 2y = 1
& a = 0 or b = c.
2x + 4y = 15 84. Substituting the value of y in the equation.

ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0.

80. Angle bisectors will make angle ]i1 + i2g/2 and & ax2 + 2h ]mxgx + b ]mxg2 = 0 & a + 2hm + mb2 = 0.

"r/2 + ]i1 + i2g/2 , with x-axis. Hence their 85. Equation is 2x2 - xy - 6y2 + 7x + 12y - 15 = 0

x - x1 y - y1 Therefore, equation of lines parallel to given lines


equations are =
cos b 2 l sin b 1 2 2 l
1 + i2
i i +i
and passes through origin is homogeneous 2nd
x - x1 y - y1
or = degree equation i.e., 2x2 - xy - 6y2 = 0 .
- sin b 2 l cos b 1 2 2 l
1 + i2
i i +i
86. The equation of given lines are
81. ax + by = 1 will be one of the bisectors of the given
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 ....(i)
lines. Equation of bisectors of the given lines are
a'x2 + 2h'xy + b'y2 = 0 ....(ii)
= !c m
3x + 4y - 5 5x - 12y - 10
5 13
Let common line to both is y = mx, then it will
or 64x - 8y = 115 or 14x + 112y = 15
satisfy both the above equation.
64 8 14 12
or a = 115 , b =- 115 or a = 15 , b = 115
Hence, a + 2mh + bm2 = 0 ....(iii)
82.
Y and a' + 2mh' + b'm2 = 0 ....(iv)

Now eliminating ‘m’ from the equation (iii) and (iv),

30° m2 -m 1
°
we get 2ha' - 2h'a = ba' - b'a = 2bh' - 2b'h
15°
45
X
O A 1,0 ha' - h'a
& m2 = bh' - b'h ....(v)

]ab' - ba'g2
4 ]bh' - b'hg2
and m2 = ....(vi)
B 0, −1
From (v) and (vi), we get the required condition.
7.28 Mathematics
87. The lines are parallel, if h2 = ab, af2 = bg2 or & x2 - 4xy - y2 = 0
2 h2 - ab
a h g 2 2
Angle between these two lines is tan i = a+b
h = b = f & 4f = 9g
2 4+1
3
& f = 2 g & g = 2, f = 3 (let) = 0 = 3 i.e., lines are prependicular

25
Now abc + 2fgh - af2 - bg2 - ch2 = 0 92. Angle = tan -1 f 2 4 - 6 p = tan -1 b 15 l and it is
2+3
& 4 # 9 # c + 2 # 3 # 2 # 6 - 4 ]3 g2 - 9 ]2 g2 - c ]6 g2 = 0 1
given by tan m. Hence m = 5 .
-1

& c is any number.


5 3 3
93. Here a = 2, b = 2, h = 2 , g = 2 , f = 2 , c = 1
m
88. Gradients m12 = 1: 3
So angle i between the lines is given by

2 ^25/4h - 4
m1 = m, m2 = 3m
3 4
` tan i = 2+2 & tan i = 4 & cos i = 5
2h
` m1 + m2 =- b ....(i)
& i = cos -1 b 5 l .
4
a
and m1 .m2 = b ....(ii)
94. From x + y = 1, to make the curve
2h
From equation (i), m + 3m =- b
x2 + y2 - 2x - 1 = 0 homogenous.
-h
or m = 2b
& x2 + y2 - 2x ^ x + y h - ^ x + y h = 0
2

a
From equation (ii), m.3m = b
` 2x2 + 4xy = 0 or x2 + 2xy = 0
h2 a h2 4
3. 2 = b & ab = 3 .
4b 2 h2 - ab
` tan i = a+b and a = 1, b = 0, h = 1
Trick: If the gradients of two lines are in ratio 1: n.
& i = tan -1 ]2 g .
2 12 - 0
h ]n + 1g
2
]3 + 1g 2
4 2 ` tan i = 1
Then ab = 4n = 4.3 = 3 .
95. The given equation being homogeneous of third
89. Here, m1 + m2 =- 4 ....(i)
degree represents three straight lines through the
and m1 m2 = a ....(ii)
origin. Since two of these lines are to be at right
Given that m1 = 3m2 .
angles. Let pair of these lines be ^ x2 + pxy - y2 i, p is
By (i), 3m2 + m2 =- 4 & m2 =- 1
constant and other factor is ^ax - dy h . Hence,
Hence, m1 =- 3. Now, by (ii) a = 3.
ax3 + bx2 y + cxy2 + dy3 = ^ x2 + pxy - y2 i^ax - dy h
2 tan A
90. m1 + m2 = - 1 = 4
comparing the coefficients of similar terms, we get
& tan A =- 2 & +A = tan -1 ]- 2g .
b = ap - d ....(i) ; c =- pd - a ....(ii)
91. Making equation of curve homogeneous w.r.t line
Multiplying (i) by d and (ii) by a and adding , we get
3x2 + 4xy - 4x ^2x + y h + ^2x + y h = 0
2

bd + ac =- d2 - a2 & a2 + ac + bd + d2 = 0.
2 2 2 2
& 3x + 4xy - 8x - 4xy + 4x + y + 4xy = 0
Straight Lines 7.29
96. Bisectors of ax + 2hxy + by = 0 are
2 2 103. The distance between the pair of straight lines given

x2 - y2 xy by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is


a-b = h ....(i)

and of ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + m ^ x2 + y2 i = 0


g2 - ac
a ]a + bg
2 .

i.e., ]a + mgx2 + 2hxy + ]b + mgy2 = 0 are Here a = 1, b = 9 & c =- 4, g = 3/2

x2 - y2 xy 9/4 - ]- 4g 25/4
]a + mg - ]b + mg
....(ii) 1 ]1 + 9g
= h = 2# = 2# 10 = 5/2 .

Which is the same equation as equation (i). Hence 104. Making the equation of curve homogeneous with the

help of line x + y = 1, we get


for any m belonging to real number, the lines will
x2 + y2 - 2y ^ x + y h + m ^ x + y h = 0 Therefore the
2

have same bisectors.


lines be perpendicular, if A + B = 0.
x2 - y2 xy
97. = - 2 & x2 - y2 = 0. & 1 + m - 1 + m = 0 & m = 0.
3- 3
x2 - y2 xy x y
98. Equation of bisectors is given by a - b = h 105. The line is 2h + 2k = 1 and circle is

x2 - y2 xy x2 + y2 - 2 ^hx + ky h + ^ h2 + k2 - c2h = 0
or 0 = or x2 - y2 = 0.
cot i
a - b a' - b' Making it homogeneous, we get
99. Since bisectors are same, therefore h = h'
& ]a - bgh' = ]a' - b'g h. & ^ x2 + y2 i - 2 ^hx + ky hc x + m +
y
2h 2k
100. Equation of bisectors of angle between the lines
^ h2 + k2 - c2hc x + m =0
y 2

represented by px2 - 2rxy + qy2 = 0 is 2h 2k
x2 - y2 xy If these lines be perpendicular, then A + B = 0
p - q = -r ....(i)
^ h2 + k2 - c2h ^ h2 + k2 - c2h
on putting y = mx in (i), we get <1 - 1 + 2 F + <1 - 1 + F= 0
4h 4k2

p - q = - r & r 1 - m + m ^ p - qh = 0.
1 - m2 m ^ h
or ^ h2 + k2 - c2hc 2 2 m = 0
2
h2 + k2
4h k
101. Let one line be x + y = 0 & m1 =- 1 and we know
` h2 + k2 = c2 .
2h
that m1 + m2 =- b ....(i) 106. If the equation of line is y = mx and the length of

perpendicular drawn on it from the point ^ x1, y1 h is


a
and m1 m2 = b ....(ii)
a
= ! d & ^y1 - mx1 h = d2 ^1 + m2h .
Therefore from (ii), m2 =- b y1 - mx1 2
d, then
1 + m2
& - 1 - b = b & ]a + bg2 = 4h2 .
a - 2h
y
But m = x , therefore on eliminating 'm', the
102. Here both the equations are perpendicular to each
required equation is ^ xy1 - yx1 h = d2 ^ x2 + y2 i .
2

other. So, under the given condition it is clear that

angle is 90° .
7.30 Mathematics
107. Making the given equation homogeneous with the " m 2' =- tan ]a 2g,

help of equation of the line, we get m1' m2' = ]- m1g]- m2g


a
= m1 m2 = b
9x2 + 10xy - 9y2 = 0. Hence the lines are

c m - ^m1' + m2' hc m + m1' m2' = 0


y 2 y
perpendicular x x
g2 - ac 2
& c x m - b c x m+ b = 0
y 2 2h y
a ]a + bg
108. Distance = 2 = . a
10
109. ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 & by2 - 2hxy + ax2 = 0
- 2h a
m1 + m2 = b , m1 m2 = b & ax2 - 2hxy + by2 = 0

y 110. 2x + 3y = 6
L2

m - ^- 2/3h
tan 45° =
α2
L1
1 + m ^- 2/3h
α1
x
Hence, m1 =- 5, m2 = 1/5.

α2
0,0

Relation of slopes of image lines m1 m2

^m1' + m2' h =- ]m1 + m2g


45°

=- b b l = b {m1' =- tan ]a1g}


- 2h 2h 2x + 3y = 6

EXERCISE - 3

Numerical Type 2. x2 y2 - 9x2 - 25y2 + 225 = 0


1. The given lines 7x + 4y = 168 and 5x + 3y = 121 or x2 ^y2 - 9 i - 25 ^y2 - 9 i = 0
intersect at P ^20, 7h .
Y or ^y2 - 9 i^ x2 - 25h = 0
y
0,42

 1 y=3
 0,40 3 
  P 20,7
x 6
O O
X
24,0  1 
 24 ,0  y = −3
 5 
Therefore, the area of shaded region is x = −5 x =5
10
A = 2 b 42 - 40 3 l 20
1 1
` Area A = 10 # 6 = 60 sq.units
= 2 b 3 l 20 = 3 ^sq.unitsh
1 5 50
Straight Lines 7.31
3. Lines ]k + 1gx + 8y = 4k and kx + ]k + 3gy = 3k - 1 The maximum slope can occur if it passes through

are coincident. Then we can compare the ratio of 1


(0,0), i.e., m < 5

or m ! b - 1, 5 l
k+1 8 4k 1
coefficients as k = k + 3 = 3k - 1
or k2 + 4k + 3 = 8k and 24k - 8 = 4k2 + 12k 1
or a =- 1 and b = 5
or ]k - 3g]k - 1g = 0 and ]k - 2g]k - 1g = 0
or b a + b l =- 1 + 5 = 4
1

or k = 1
6. Given pair of lines x2 - ^y2 - 4y + 4 i = 0 or
4. The equation of the angle bisector of angle A is
x2 - ^y - 2 h = 0 or ^ x + y - 2 h^ x - y + 2 h = 0
2

3x + 4y 4x + 3y
5 =! 5 or x = ! y y
0,3
x−y +2 = 0
The equation of internal bisector is x =- y
0,2 1,2
Since h and k lie on the line x =- y, we have

h+k = 0
x
y x =3 −2,0 x+y =3
x+y=2
1#1 1
The required area is A = 2 =2
x
A
B 3, −9 / 4 7. Let x = r cos i; y = r sin i. Then,

6
3x + 4y = 0 2r cos i + 3r sin i = 6 or r =
3, −4 C 2 cos i + 3 sin i
and r = x2 + y2 For r to be minimum,
4x + 3y = 0

5. x2 - 3y2 - 2xy + 8y - 4 / ^ x - 3y + 2h^ x + y - 2 h 2 cos i + 3 sin i must be maximum, i.e., 13 .

y 6
Therefore, rmin =
13
Any point on the line x + y = 4 is ^t, 4 - t h, where
x+

x − 3y + 2 = 0 8.
y-
2=

2
0

t ! R. Now, the distance of this point from the line


−2,0 +2, 0
x 4x + 3y - 10 = 0 is 1. Therefore,

4t + 3 ]4 - tg - 10
−5, −1 A m = 1/5
1
5 = 1 or t + 2 = 5
Now, ^- 5, - 1h line on x - 3y + 2 = 0 .
i.e., t = 3 or t =- 7
In the limiting case, the line passing through
Therefore, the sum of values is - 4
^- 5, - 1h can be parallel to x + y - 2 = 0, i.e.,

m >-1
7.32 Mathematics

Area of 3 OAB = 2 ]1 g]8 g = 4 sq.units


1 0 12 1
9. 1
3= 2 8 0 1
y - 13/2 - 1 1

= 2 ;0 - 12 b8 + 2 l + 1 ]- 8gE
1 13
x=C

= 2 6- 6 ]29g - 8@ = 91
A 1,1 D C,1 1
B 9,1
12. A 1, −2
 C
E  C, 
 9
x x-
y=

=0
O 0,0
3

+y
1
The equation of OB is y = 9 x

2x
Hence, the point E is ^C, C/9h .
B x py q C
Now, the area of 3 BDE is 2 sq.units. Therefore,  −q 2q   3p + q q − 3 
 2p − 1 , 2p − 1   , 
   p +1 p +1 
or 2 b1 - 9 l]9 - C g = 2
1 C
P is the orthocenter. Therefore, AP = BC
or ]9 - C g = 36 or 9 - C = ! 6
2

or c - p mb 2 - 1 l =- 1
1 3+2 5
or p = 1 or p = 5
or C = 3
Since BP = AC, we have
10. Lines ]2a + bgx + ]a + 3bgy + ]b - 3ag = 0 or
27 - 2q
a ^2x + y - 3 h + b ^ x + 3y + 1 h = 0 are concurrent at 18 + q =- 1 or q = 27 + 18 or q = 45

the point of intersection of lines 2x + y - 3 = 0 and ` p + q = 5 + 45 = 50


13.
x + 3y + 1 = 0, which is ^2, - 1 h . Now, line Y

5 C x, y
mx + 2y + 6 = 0 must pass through this point. B

Therefore, 2m - 2 + 6 = 0 or m =- 2. 12

11. Line 3x + 2y = 24 meets the axes at B ^8, 0h and 13


θ
A ^0, 12h . The midpoint of AB is D ^4, 6h . The X
O A
equation of perpendicular bisector of AB is Since +BCA = 90°, points A, O, B, C are concyclic.

2x - 3y + 10 = 0 (i) Let +AOC = i.

Now, the line through ^0, - 1h and parallel to the +BOC = +BAC

tan b 2 - i l = 12 .
x-axis is y =- 1. The coordinates of C where line (i) r 5

meets y =- 1 are ^- 13/2, - 1h . Now, the area of x 5


y = 12 or 12x - 5y = 0
triangle ABC,
Straight Lines 7.33
1 3
7 7
14. The slope of the lines are 2 , - 2 , 0 17. tan i = - 2 + 2 = 4
1+1
` The lines 7x - 2y + 10 = 0 and 3
sin
& i= 5

7x + 2y - 10 = 0 D

are equally inclined with the x-axis which is parallel


C
to the thrid side.
P
 A (3, 0)
` The triangle is isosceles. Vertices are

^0, 5h, ^- 2, - 2h, ^2, - 2h . Area = 14


x + 2y = 3
B

15. y 2x + y = 3
1
 7
area of parallelogram = 2 AC $ BD $ sin i = 8
 0, 
 2 1 3
(0,p ) = 2 $ 4 $ BD $ 5 = 8
4y + x = 14 20 10
x BD
& = 3 & BP = 3
3y − 2x = 5  −5   −2 ,0  0,0 14,0 AP 2 + BP 2 - AB 2
 ,0   3 
In 3 APB, cos i = 2AP $ BP
 2  0, −2
100 2
4 4 + 9 - AB 2 10
=5 = 10 & AB = 3
y + 3x + 2 = 0 2.2. 3

a
& +b = 5
5 7
` 3 <p< 2 18.
L:x=h
y
y=x
So, p integer = 2,3. A

16. Let P be ^a, 4 - ah x


C
PA - PB is minimum when PA = PB
(1, 1)
& ]a - 4g2 + ]1 - ag2 = ]a - 6g2 + ]4 - ag2
B
x+y+2=0

& 1 - a = ! ]a - 6g

Let the triangle formed by ABC such that

7 A ^h, hh, B ^h, - 2, - hh and C ^- 1, - 1h



a
& = 2
AB
& = h - ]- 2 - hg = 2h + 2
` is b 2 , 2 l
7 1
and distance of C from AB = h + 1
P

` area of 3 ABC = 2 ]h + 1g]2h + 2g = ]h + 1g2


1
4 3 1
1 13
3= 2 6 0 1 = 4 & m = 13, n = 4
& ]h + 1g2 = k 2

7/2 1/2 1
or y 2 = ] x + 1g2 is locus of P which represents pair

of lines y = ! ] x + 1g

m
& 1 m2 =- 1
7.34 Mathematics
a _ x1 + y1 i + b _ x2 + y2 i + c _ x3 + y3 i
i.e.
19. h + k = a+b+c q
11 - p = 337 11q - p = 57
+ 5 b3 - 4 l + 4 ]3 - 4g 15 - 15
7 ]0 g 9 15
4
Also 5p + q = 107 5p + q = 107

= 15 7 = 4 224 = 0 144444424444443 144444424444443
5+ 4 + 4 5+ 4 solving solving

p
` = 15 & q = 32 p = 20 & q = 7
A (0, 0)
So, p + q = 47 p + q = 27
3x + 4y = 0
Hence, largest possible value = 47
4x + 3y = 0
a 1 1
15/4 22. For concurrent lines, 1 b 1 = 0
5
1 1 c
Applying c2 - c1 and c3 - c1, we get
B C
x=3 a 1-a 1-a
(3,  9/4)
7/4 (3, 4) 3= 1 b - 1 0 = 0

20. a = 2 + d, b = 2 + 2d & c = 2 + 5d 1 0 c-1

]2 + d gx + ]2 + 2d g y + ]2 + 5d g = 0
a ]b - 1g]c - 1g - ]1 - ag]c - 1g -

]1 - ag]b - 1g = 0
2 ^ + y + 1 h + d ^ x + 2y + 5 h = 0
x


lines are x + y + 1 = 0 & x + 2y + 5 = 0 Dividing ]1 - ag]1 - bg]1 - cg, we get

a 1 1

By solving (p, q) = (3, - 4) 1-a +1-b +1-c = 0
]39/2g - q
1 1 1 1-a
21. ] 1-a +1-b +1-c = 1-a = 1
35/2g - p
=- 5 " From slope
23. ^ x1, y2 h lies on line
39 - 2q =- 5 ^35 - 2p h

` 3x1 - 4y2 - a ]a - 2g = 0


39 - 2q =- 175 + 10p
` 4y2 = 3x1 - a ]a - 2g = 0


i.e. 5p + q = 107
3x1 - a ]a - 2g
A(p, q)
Now, y2 < y1 & 4 < y1
& 3 ]2b + 3g - a ]a - 2g < 4b
2

Put x1 = 2b + 3; y1 = b 2

& 2 - 2a + 4b 2 - 6b - 9 > 0 6 a ! R
a
& < 0 & 4 - 4 ]4b 2 - 6b - 9g < 0
D
& 1 - 4b 2 + 6b + 9 < 0

& 4b 2 - 6b - 10 > 0

& 2b 2 - 3b - 5 > 0

& ]2b - 5g]b + 1g > 0

& b ! ^- 3, - 1h , b 2 , 3 l
5

C (x1, y1)

B (
35 ,39
2 2 ) (23, 20)
3x  4y  a (a  2) = 0
(12, 19) (x2, y2) x1 = 2b + 3
y1 = b2

O
p q 1
Also, ! 12 19 1 = 140 " From Area

23 20 1 Hence, least positive integral value ‘b’ is 3.
Straight Lines 7.35
24. Let the equation of a line is 26. For perimeter of 3 ABC to be least ] AC + BC g
x y must be least hence C should be (0, 0).
a + b = 1; passes through (2, 3);
ab = 22 (given 3 = 11)
x=y
B(0, 4)

|
2 3
a + b = 1 & 2b + 3a = ab
C(, )
]2 + 3ag = a b
b 2 2 2
A
| |
4b 2 + 9a 2 + 12ab = a 2 b 2
(2, 4) O B’(4, 0)
(0, 0) (image of B in y = x)
4b 2 + 9a 2 = ]abg2 - 12ab = 484 - 264 = 220

x-3 y-4
25. = =! 2
cos i sin i


& x = 3 ! 2 2 cos i and y = 4 ! 2 2 sin i
27. Point b 2 a, 1 l lies between two different lines
3
i = 135°
x + y = a and x + y = 2a.

` b 2 a + 1 - a lb 2 a + 1 - 2a l < 0
3 3

a ! ^- 3, - 2h , ^2, 3h

EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct 3. Point of trisection is (5,4). After rotation the slope of
1. Sum of area of all triangles
1
1 1+ 2
= 4 c12 + b 2 l + b 14 l + ...3 m = 4 f 1 - 1 p =
3 1 2 2 3 1 tan 45° + tan i2
the line tan i1 = = =3
4 3 1 - tan 45° tan i2 1 - 1
2
m m2 + 2
2. Now 2 + 2 = m2 ....(1)
A ^0, 3h, B b 7 , 7 l, C b 17 , 17 l
- 15 - 24 60 6
4.
m2 - 2 m # ]- 1g
and c =- 1 ....(2) If P ^a, 0h always lie inside the 3 then
m-0
(i) Point A and P are on the same side of 2x - 3y = 6
M λ, λ 2
now 2 ]0g - 9 - 6 = negative. & 2a - 6 is also

 λ λ2 + 2  negative i.e., 2a - 6 # 0 or a # 3 ....(1)


 , 
2 2  x + y = λ2 (ii) Point B and P are on the same side of

3x + 4y - 12 = 0

N 0,2

As (1) and (2) must be satisfied simultaneously,

` On solving, we get m =- 1, 2
7.36 Mathematics

A 0,3 Let P = ^h, kh and OP = r & r cos i = h, r sin i = k

1 1 1
` = +
OP2 OM2 ON2
]cos i + 2 sin ig2 ]cos i + 2 sin ig2
3x − y + 3 = 0 3x + 4y − 12 = 0
1
& 2 = 9 + 16
r
& 144 = 16 ]r cos i + 2r sin ig2 + 9 ]r cos i + 2r sin ig2

& 144 = 16 ]h + 2kg2 + 9 ]h + 2kg2


B 2x − 3y = 6 C

Now 3 b 7 l + 4 b 7 l - 12 = negative.
- 15 - 24
` Locus of P ^h, kh is ^ x + 2y h = 25
2 144

& 3a - 12 = negative & 3a - 12 # 0 6. We have AB = V1 =- 8S


i + 8Uj = 8 _- S
i + Uj i

AC = V2 = b 5 - 1 l S
i + b 5 + 2 lUj
a#4 ....(2) 11 2

(iii) Point C and P are on the same side of


A 1, −2

3x - y + 3 = 0 Now 3 b 17 l - 17 + 3 = positive.
60 6
θ

i.e., a $ - 1 ....(3)

]1 g + ]2 g + ]3 g gives - 1 # a # 3

i.e., a ! 6- 1, 3@; similarly b ! 6- 2, 3@.


 11 2 
C , 
5. Let the parametric equation of the variable line is B −7,6  5 5

x-0 y-0
= 5Si + 5 Uj = 5 _ S
i + 2Uj i
= = r & x = r cos i ; y = r sin i 6 12 6
cos i sin i
` putting ^ x = r cos i; y = r sin i h in L1 = 0, we _- S
i + Uj i $ _ S
i + 2Uj i -1 + 2 1
^ 2 h^ 5 h
` cos i = = =
1 ]cos i + 2 sin ig 10 10
get OM = 3 ....(1)

y & tan i = 3

7. S-1: We have
L=0
M 2x sin2 i + y cos2 i = 2 ^cos2 i - sin2 ih

& 2x sin2 i + 2 sin2 i + y cos2 i - 2 cos2 i = 0


P h,k
& ]2x + 2g sin2 i + ^y - 2 h cos2 i = 0
x
N O
L1 = 0
L2 = 0 & ]2x + 2g + ^y - 2 h cot2 i = 0 / L1 + mL2 = 0
||| ly putting the general point in L2 = 0 , we get ` The line passes through fixed point ^- 1, 2 h
1 - ]cos i + 2 sin ig & a =- 1 and b = 2 & a + b = 1
ON = 4 ....(2)

So, S - 1 is true.

Obviously S-2 is true and explaning S-1 also.


Straight Lines 7.37
8. ` Area of parallelogram 10. According to the question we have the following
y figure.
1 2
 , 
9 9
5X + 2Y = 1

y = 2x θ
1 1 
 6 , 12 
0,0   x
O x
y= 3i + i = 180°
2 ` i = 45°
JK 0 0 1 NOO Now for ax2 + 2 ]a + bg xy + by2 = 0,
KK O
K1 1 2
1 OO 1 Angle between the lines
= 2 KK 2 | 9 9 |O = 36
KK OO
KK 2 1 2 ]a + bg2 - ab
12 12 1 OO = = tan 45° = 1
L P a+b
9. Line ax + by + 2 = 0 always passes through the & ]a + bg2 = 4 ^a2 + b2 + abh
point b2, 3 l
8
& 3a2 + 3b2 + 2ab = 0

` 6a + 8b + 6 = 0 or 3a + 4b + 3 = 0 A x1 , y1
Now bx - ay + 4 = 0 and 3x + 4y + 5 = 0 meets
axis in concyclic points. So, m1 m2 = 1
b b l.b - 3 l = 1 S circumcentre
a 4
& 4a + 3b = 0
B x 2 ,y 2 sin2C D sin2B C x3 , y 3
9 - 12
Solving (1) and (2), we get a = 7 , b = 7 11.
D = c x3 sin 2C + x2 sin 2B , m
y3 sin 2C + y2 sin 2B
& Line ax + by + 3 = 0 always passes through the sin 2C + sin 2B sin 2C + sin 2B
point ^- 1, 1 h Clearly, the equation of AD is given by
Algebraic sum of distance = 0 x y 1
a + 2b + 2 2a + b + 2 3a + 5b + 2 x1 y1 1
& + + =0 =0
a2 + b2 a2 + b2 a2 + b2 x3 sin 2C + x2 sin 2B y3 sin 2 C + y2 sin 2 B
sin 2C + sin 2B sin 2C + sin 2B 1
& 3a + 4b + 3 = 0 ....(1)
x y
Also, the other two lines are or x1 y1
y x x y x3 sin 2C + x2 sin 2B y3 sin 2C + y2 sin 2B
4/a - 4/b = 1 and - 5/3 + - 5/4 = 1 1
As the points are concyclic 1 =0
sin 2C + sin 2B
OA.OC = OB.OD
& 3b =- 4a ....(2) x y 1 x y 1
i.e., sin 2B x1 y1 1 + sin 2C x1 y1 1 = 0
9 - 12
From (1) and (2), a = 7 , b = 7 x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1
(Using properties of determinants.)
& Line ax + by + 3 = 0 always passes through the
point ^- 1, 1h
7.38 Mathematics
12. Since point of intersection lies in IV quadrant and 16. A ^ x1, y1 h, B ^ x2, my2 h, C ^ x3, y3 h
equidistant from axes, let the point of intersection be
E A D
^h, - hh h > 0
& 4ah - 2ah + c = 0 and 5bh - 2bh + d = 0
-c -d
So, 2a = 3b

& 3bc - 2ad = 0 B C


a x 1
1 a + d xr 1
13. Area = 2 | |
a + 2d xr2 1
a x 1 0 x 1 F
1 a xr 1 1 only three pairs of sides can be made parallel to
=2| |+ 2 | d xr 1 |
a xr2 1 2d xr2 1 corresponding sides of triangle passing through
0 x 1 vertex of triangle respectively
1
= 0 + 2 | d xr 1 |, which clearly shows that & So no. of IIgrams is 3.
2d xr2 1
17. By geometry
area is independent of a.
y
14. Area of rectangle BCDE = 4mn −1,11 A
2m ]m - ng
Area of ABC = 2 = m2 - mn θ θ

θ1 θ2
−n, m B n,m x
y x O
C
A m,n
x
O C 15, −2
B −9, −8 D
D
−n, − m E n, −m
Angle bisector of A is origin containing

line AB: 19x - 8y + 107 = 0


` area of pentagon = 4mn + m2 - mn = m2 + 3mn
line AC: - 13x - 16y + 163 = 0
15. (2 cos i1 cos i2 + 2 cos i2 cos i3 + 2 cos i3 cos i1 +
19x - 8y + 107 - 13x - 16y + 163
cos2 i1 + cos2 i2 + cos2 i3) + (sin2 i1 + sin2 i2 + =
192 + 82 132 + 162
sin2 i3 + 2 sin i1 sin i2 + 2 sin i2 sin i3 + 2 sin i3 sin i1) = 0
& ]cos i1 + cos i2 + cos i3g2 + ]sin i1 + sin i2 + sin i3g2 = 0
& cos i1 + cos i2 + cos i3 = 0 & {192 + 82 = 132 + 162 = 425
sin i1 + sin i2 + sin i3 = 0
& 32x + 8y - 56 = 0 & 4x + y = 7
& centroid and circumcentre of 3 ABC is at origin
& ABC is equilateral
` Orthocentre of ABC is also origin.
Straight Lines 7.39
18. x+y = p

Let Q divides AB in k: 1

AQ k x
QB = 1 O

Qc m, m PQ = 1
p pk
k + 1, k + 1
y
0,p x2 - y2 xy x2 - y2 xy
a-b = h & 1 - 1 = -2
B
1
& x2 - y2 = 0

Q & ^ x + y h^ x - y h = 0
°
45
x + y = 0 is || to third side altitude / angle bisector
P
k & isosceles 3

2 h2 - ab 2 4-1
Now tan i = = = 3
45 ° a+b 2
x
O A p,0 & i = 60°

& angle between two equal sides is 60°


Equation of PQ .y - k + 1 = c x - m
kp p
k+1
& equilateral 3
(If cut y-axis)
20. ax ! by ! c = 0
]k - 1 g p
, P c 0, m
pk - p
then (x = 0 put) & y = ]
k + 1g k+1 ax + by − c = 0

c m +c m
p 2 pk pk p 2
PQ = BQ =
k+1 k+1 - k+1 + k+1 ax − by + c
ax − by − c = 0 a
2 pk m2 =
= k+1 b

3 3 1 3 ax + by + c = 0
Area 3 APQ = 8 3 OAB = 8 . 2 p2 = 16 p2
a
m1 = −
1 2 pk 2p 3 2 b
&2]
k + 1g ]k + 1g 16
. = p
a a
m1 =- b , m2 = b
& 16k = 3 ]k + 1g2 & 3k2 + 6k + 3 = 16k
c c
c1 =- b , c2 = b
1
& k = 3 k = 3 is reject c c
d1 = b , d2 =- b
(a P lies on OB only)
]c1 - c2g]d1 - d2g
19. x - 4xy + y = 0, x + y + 4 6 = 0 angle bisector of
2 2
Area of rhombus =
]m1 - m2g
c 2c
2b # b 2c2
given pair of st.lines = = sq.units
a ab
2b
7.40 Mathematics

D b 4, 2 l, AB = 4 + 1 = 5
3 23. 3x - 4y + 2 = 0
21.
4x - 3y + 5 = 0

Bisectors are 3x - 4y + 2 = ! ^4x - 3y + 5 h


P
y

3,2 G1 Positive sign 3x - 4y + 2 = 4x - 3y + 5


A 5,1 B
G' D x + y + 3 = 0 (containing origin)

O x Negative sign 3x - 4y + 2 =- 4x + 3y - 5
P'
7x - 7y + 7 = 0

PD =
5
5- 4 =
15 x - y + 1 = 0 (not containing origin)
2
Acute/Obtuse a1 a2 + b1 b2
1 15 15
G.D. = 3 . 2 = 6
= 3 ]4g + ]- 4g]- 3g
[Centroid / orthocentre in equilateral]
= ]12g + ]12g = 24 > 0
-1 -1
m PD = m AB = 1 = 2 = tan i
-2 Positive sign obtuse angle bisector

2 1 Negative sign acute angle bisector


= sin i = , cos i =
5 5
& x + y + 3 = 0 bisects the obtuse angle containing
equation of PP' is

3 the origin and x - y + 1 = 0 bisects the acute angle


x-4 y- 2 5
1 = 2 =! 2 3 not containing the origin
5 5

x = 4!
1 3
,y = 2 !
1 24. 9a + 4b = 5
2 3 3
Using AM $ GM
Gc4 +
3 3 3m c 3 3 3m
$ ]9ag]4bg
, G' 4 - 9a + 4b
6 ,2 + 3 6 ,2 - 3
2
OG > OG' & c 4 +
3 3 3m 5
6 ,2 + 3 & 2 $ 6 ab

22. 2 x +3 y # 6 5
& ab # 12 ...(1)
area ABCD = 4 ]3 OABg
Now ^3 a + 2 b h = 9a + 4b + 12 ab
2

B = 5 + 12 ab
2x − 3y = −6 2x + 3y = 6
C 2 # 5+5
O 3 ^3 a + 2 b h # 10
2
A
2x + 3y = −6 2x − 3y = 6
D & 3 a + 2 b # 10

= 4 b 2 .2 # 3 l = 12 sq.units
1
Straight Lines 7.41

lim ;1 + 3 + 2 + ... + n - 1 E
1 1 1 4 4 1 1 1
25. x-coordinate: 1 + 4 + 16 + ...3 = 1 =3 = 4#
1- 4 3 3 n"3 3 3
1 16 # 1 8
= =
1 1 1 2
y-coordinate: 2 - 8 + 32 + ...3 = 2 1 = 5 3 3 1- 1 3
3
1+ 4
y 28. If the line cuts of the axes at A and B, then the area
1
of triangle is 2 # OA # OB = T
1/ 4 1 2T
or 2 # a # OB = T or OB = a
1/8
x y
1/ 2 1/16 Hence, the equation of line is - a + =1
2T/a
1 x or 2Tx - a2 y + 2aT = 0
0 1,0
29. sin ^a + bh sin ^a - bh = sin c ^2 sin b + sin ch
Hence b 3 , 5 l
4 2
or sin2 a - ^sin b + sin ch = 0
2

26. Given equation is


or ^sin a + sin b + sin ch^sin a - sin b - sin ch = 0
cos i ^ x + y - 9h + sin i ^ x - y - 3h = 0 Since 0 < a, b, c < r; we have

& ^ x + y - 9 h + tan i ^ x - y - 3h = 0, which is of sin a + sin b + sin c ! 0


` sin a - sin b - sin c = 0
the form L1 + mL2 = 0
So, x sin a + y sin b - sin c = 0 passes through the
where L1: x + y - 9 = 0 and L2: x - y - 3 = 0
fixed point ^1, - 1h .
Hence the lines will always pass through the point of
30. Let M / ^0, hh . Then N / ^0, h + 4h
intersection of L1 = 0 and L2 = 0 i.e., M ^6, 3 h . So x y
The equation of AM is - 4 + h = 1
its reflection in the line y = x will be ^3, 6h
y 4+x 4y
or h = 4 or h = 4 + x
r
Alternatively: For objective put i = 0 and 2 , we
Y
get x + y = 9, x - y = 3
N
` x = 6, y = 3 & M ^6, 3 h
P

27. a3 ABC is equilateral M
X
` H " orthocenter or centroid
A −4,0 B 4,0

H = d 4, n; G1 = d 4, n; G2 = d 4, n
4 4 4 y
x
3 3 3 9 3 The equation of BN is 4 + h + 4 = 1

: : y 4-x 4y
: : or h + 4 = 4 or h + 4 = 4 - x

Gn = d 4, n
4
3n 3 4y - 16 + 4x
or h = 4-x
` lim ] A1 + A2 + ....Ang. [All 3 's are isoceles]
n"3 4 ^y - 4 - x h 4y
or 4-x = 4 + x (Eliminating h)
= 2 # 8< F
1 4 4 4
+ + ... n
3 3 9 3 3 3 or 2xy - 16 + x2 = 0, which is the required locus
7.42 Mathematics
5y 1 3
31. We have 3x + 5y = 2007 or x + 3 = 669 sin i = 2 , cos i = 2
Clearly, 3 must divide 5y and so y = 3k, for some x y
= 1 =! a
k ! N. Thus, x + 5k = 669 or 5k # 668 3
2 2
668
or k # 5 or k # 133
& Ac
a 3 a m c -a 3 -a m
, A'
32. The coordinate of circumcentre are 2 ,2 2 , 2
l/ ^l2 - m2h, m/ ^m2 - l2h . Hence
Dc
3a a m c 3a a m
, D' -
l 4 ,4 4 ,4
h= 2 (i)
l - m2
m In equation of B1 B2, mB B =- 3
(ii)
1 2
k =- 2
l - m2
3a a
x" 4 = y " 4 =! 3 a
y x 1 3 2
-2
h,k y x 2
x + my = 1
3 a - a m ^0, ah c - 3 a a m
B1 c , B2 , B3 ,
 1 1  2 , 2 2 ,2
 1 1   m+,m+
B4 ^0, - a h
 ,   
  − m m −  45°
0,0 34. Distance between x + 2y + 3 = 0 and
x + 2y - 7 = 0 is 10/ 5 . Let the remaining side
Squaring and adding (i) and (ii), we get parallel to 2x - y - 4 = 0 be 2x - y + m = 0. We
2
l +m 2
1 m+4 10
h2 + k2 = have = or m = 6, - 14
^l2 - m2h2 ^l2 - m2h2
=
5 5
Thus, the remaining side is 2x - y + 6 = 0 or
(Putting l2 + m2 = 1)
2x - y - 14 = 0.
= ^h2 - k2h2
1
Also,
^l2 - m2h2
-b
35. m AB = a
Therefore, the locus is x2 + y2 = ^ x2 - y2 i .
2
a
m PQ = b
Multiple Options Correct
1 parametric from of PQ
33. y = x
3
P
1
tan i = , B
3
B2 0, b a b
 , 
y 2 2
a A
x − 3y = 0
B3 O 0,9
a A Q
a b
x- 2 y- 2
c a2 + b2 m
a x
a = a = !
O b 2
a a 2
a +b 2
a2 + b2
D
A' a a b
B1 x- 2 y- 2 1
a b = a =! 2
a b b a
& x = 2 ! 2 ,y = 2 ! 2 ba ! b, b ! a l
B4 2 2
Straight Lines 7.43
36. m1 + m2 = a; m1 m2 =- ]a + 1g or
]m1 - m2g2 = ]m1 + m2g2 - 4m1 m2
y α, α 2

5x − 6y − 1 = 0 = a2 + 4 ]a + 1g = a2 + 4 ]a + 1g = ]a + 2g2

or m1 - m2 = ! ]a + 2g So, the required area is


3x + 3y − 1 = 0
x + 2y − 3 = 0 a2 ]a + 2g a2 ]a + 2g
- 2 ]a + 1g 2 ]a + 1g
! = !
X Since the area is a positive quantity, we have
O
a2 ]a + 2g
Area = ]
2 a + 1g
if a > - 1 or a < - 2 and
O and the point ^a, a2 h lie on the opposite sides
a2 ]a + 2g
Area =- ]
2 a + 1g
if - 2 < a < - 1
with respect to 2x + 3y - 1 = 0 . Hence,
39. Mid point M ^4, 3h
2a + 3a2 - 1 > 0 (i)

O and the point ^a, a2 h lie on the same side with


P

respect to x + 2y - 3 = 0. Hence, B 5,4


2 2 2
a + 2a 2 - 3 < 0 (ii)
M
Again O and the point ^a, a h lie on the same side
2 2
A 3,2

with respect to 5x - 6y - 1 = 0. Hence,


P'
5a - 6a - 1 < 0 or 6a - 5a + 1 > 0
2 2
2
m = 2 = 1 m PP' =- 1
cd ab AB = 22 + 22 = 2 2 PM = 6
37. Lengths from origin = 1444442444443
c2 + d2 a2 + b2
x-4 y-3 line PP'
2
c d 2
a b 2 2
1 1 1 1 -1 = 1 =! 6
& = & 2+ 2 = 2+ 2
c2 + d2 a2 + b2 a b c d 2 2
all three lines will be concurrent x = 4" 3y = 3! 3

1 1 ^4 + 3 , 3 - 3 h & ^4 - 3 , 3 + 3 h
a b -1
1 1 40. Since the given point lies on the line
b a -1 = 0
1 1
c d -1 lx + my + n = 0, a, b, c are the roots of the equation

& a b a + d l - b b b + c l - 1 b bd - ac l = 0
1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 lb t -
t3 l + m b t2 - 3 l + n = 0
1 t-1
or lt3 + mt2 + nt - ]3m + ng = 0 (i)
& d b a - b l + c b a - b l - b a + b lb a - b l = 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
m
Hence, a + b + c =- l
38. The vertices of the given triangle are ^0, 0 h, ^a/m1, a h, n
ab + bc + ca = l (ii)
and ^a/m2, a h . So the area of the triangle is equal to 3m + n
abc = l
a2 ]m2 - m1g/ ]2m1 m2g. Since m1 and m2 are the So, from (i) , (ii), and (iii), we get
roots of x2 - ax - a - 1 = 0, we have abc - ]bc + ca + abg + 3 ]a + b + cg = 0
7.44 Mathematics
41. L1: 2x + y = 5 OA2 + AB2 - OB2
or cos 150° = 2OA # AB
L2: x - 2y = 3
OB2 = 8 + 4 3 or OB = 2 ^ 3 + 1 h

Hence, the coordinates of B are ^! 2 ( 3 + 1h cos 45°,


L1

! 2 ^ 3 + 1 h sin 45°) .
B
A
43. L1: x + y = 0 m1 =- 1
C
C
L2: 3x + y - 4 = 0 m2 =- 3
1
2,3 L3: x + 3y - 4 = 0 m3 =- 3
B L2
A
Line BC passing through (2,3)
m1
^y - 3 h = m ]x - 2g m is equal to slope of
m2 x+y=0
3x + y − 4 = 0
2x + y - 5 x - 2y - 3
2
=!
2 +1 1 + 22 C
& 2x " x + y ! 2y = 5 " 3 x + 3y − 4 = 0
B
m3
& Angle bisectors are
Slope in decreasing order m3 > m1 > m2
x + 3y = 2
1 1
& m =- 3 -3 >-1 >-3

& 3x - y = 8 1
-3 +1 2 3 1
m3 - m1
tan C = 1 + m m = 1 =3 4 =2
#
&m=3 3 1
1+ 3
BC line m -m -1 + 3 2 1
tan A = 1 +1 m m2 = 1 + 3 = 4 = 2
y - 3 = 3 ]x - 2g 1 2

A = C & B is obtuse. Obtuse isosceles triangle.


& 3x - y = 3
& y - 3 =- 3 ]x - 2g
1 44. If point A, B, C, D are concyclic, then ac = bd. The
& x + 3y = 11 coordinates of the points of intersection of lines are
] g ] g
42. Y b ac b - d , bd c - a l
bc - ad bc - ad
y = 3x
Y
B
C x
y=
D 3 D 0,d
A
X
O

C 0,b
°
Here +COA = 30 . X
O A B c,0
1
Aare of rhombus = 2 # 2 # OA # OC sin 30° or a,0
1
2 = 2 x2 or OA = OC = 2 Also, +OAB = 150° Let the coordinates of the point of intersection be
Straight Lines 7.45

]b - dg bd ]c - ag or h = 2 c1 -
3 3m
, k = 2 d1 - n
^h, kh . Then h = ac
3 4
bc - ad , k = bc - ad 4 3
Given c2 + a2 = b2 + d2 . Since ac = bd, we have
or h = 2 c1 + , k = 2 d1 + n
3 3m 3 4
4
]c - ag2 = ]b - dg2 or ]c - ag = ! ]b - dg
3
47. m1 - m2 = 2
Then the locus of the points of intersection is
y = ! x. k-1 k-1
m1 = h - 1 , m2 = h + 1
45. Let vertex A ^a, a + 3 h
3 ABC = 5 sq.units
P h,k
a a+3 1
1 2 1 1 −1,1
2 =! 5
3 -2 1 1,1

A O
y =x+3

&bh-1 - h+1l = 4
k-1 k-1 2
2,1
C 3, −2
& ]k - 1g2 c m =4
B 2 2
2

& ]3 g a - ]a + 3g]- 1g + ]- 4 - 3g = ! 10
h -1
& ]k - 1g2 = ^h2 - 1h & ^y - 1 h = !^ x2 - 1h
2
7 -3
& 4a = ! 10 + 4 & a = 2 , 2
y = x2 or y = 2 - x2
A b 2 , 2 l or b - 2 , 2 l
7 13 3 3
48. 3 6
AB = 5, D / b2, 2 l
3  , 
46. 7 7
x + 3 y −1 = 0
3 5 3
CD = 5 # 2 = 2
3 4  1  x, y
Slope of AB =- 4 Slope of CD = 3  − , −1  2 x +1 + y = 0
 2 
Y
y = 2x
Solving y = 2x, 2 ]x + 1g + y = 0, we get
C
0,3 B
x =- 1/2, y =- 1.
D
Solving y = 2x, x + 3 ^y - 1 h = 0, we get
X
O A 4,0
x = 3/7, y = 6/7.
If C / ^h, kh, then
h - 2 k - 3/2 5 3
= =! 2
3/5 4/5
7.46 Mathematics
49. B should be ^0, 0h given diagonal AC is
P ^3, 2h y = 2x + C passing through P
D 4x + 5y + c = 0 C & 2 = 6 + c & c =- 4

y =9 AP = BP = CP = DP, BP = 22 + ]- 1g2 = 5
7x + 2y + d = 0 x +7 7x + 2y = 0
11 parametric form of AC : tan i = 2, P ^3, 2 h

A 4x + 5y = 0 B 0,0 x-3 y-2


1 = 2 =! 5
11x + 7y = 9 ....(i) equation of AC 5 5
^4x + 5y + ch^7x + 2y + dh x = 3 ! 1, y = 2 ! 2 & A ^2, 0 h, C ^4, 4 h
- ^4x + 5y h^7x + 2y h = 0 52. The equation of line passing through two given

]7c + 4dgx + ]2c + 5dgy + cd = 0 ....(ii) points ^ x1, y1 h and ^ x2, y2 h is

7c + 4d 2c + 5d cd x y 1
compare (i) and (ii) 11 = 7 = -9
14444444444244444444443 x1 y1 1 = 0 Now, the given expression is
x2 y2 1
]Z] 7c + 4d cd
]] 11 = - 9 x y 1 x y 1
]
49c + 28d = 22c + 55d & c = d []& 9c + c2 = 0 x1 y1 1 + x1 y1 1 = 0
]]
]] ]c + 9g x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1
c =0
\
x y 1
c = 0 not possible
or x1 y 1 1 =0
& c =- 9 & d =- 9 x2 + x3 y2 + y3 1
Diagonal BD is ^4x + 5y h^7x + 2y - 9h x y 1
x1 y1 1
- ^4x + 5y - 9 h^7x + 2y h = 0 or
x2 + x3 y 2 + y3
=0
1
&- 9 ^4x + 5y h - ]- 9g^7x + 2y h = 0 2 2
This is the equation of the line passing through the
& 3x - 3y = 0 & x-y = 0
points ^ x1, y1 h and ^]x2 + x3g/2, ^y2 + y3 h /2 h. This is
50. The area of the triangle is given by
the equation of median through vertex A.
1 # 2b # 2b 2b2
c = ac = 2 or b = ac
2
2 a Comprehesion Type
Passage - 1 (Question 53 – 55)
Therefore, a, b, c are in G.P. So, a, - b, c are in GP.
53. The equation of any line parallel to 2x + 6y + 7 = 0
51. y = 2x + c
is 2x + 6y + k = 0.

This meets the axes at A ^- k/2, 0 h and


C
y

3) B ^0, - k/6 h . By hypothesis


(1,
D k2 k2 10k2
AB = 10 & 4 + 36 = 10 & 36 = 10
P B 5,1
& 10k2 = 3600 & k = ! 6 10

x Hence, there are two lines given by


O A
Diagonal bisect each other mid point of BD is 2x + 6y ! 6 10 = 0.
Straight Lines 7.47
54. The equation of a line passing through ^2, 2 h and = 58.
1 ]1 g 1 ]1 g
= 3.
2
; y= 3
2 y.
to 3x + y = 3 is y - 2 = 1/3 ]x - 2g or y
D 0,1 C 1,1
x - 3y + 4 = 0. Putting x = 0 in this equation, we

obtain y = 4/3. Q 1,y

x
So, y-intercept = 4/3. 0,0 A B 1,0
55. The equation of a line = to 5x - y = 0 is x + 5y = c.
]1 g2 + b 2 l =
2
13
This meets with the coordinate axes at A ^c, 0h and L AQ = 3 3

B ^0, c/5h . So, area of 3 OAB = ^1/2h c.c/5 = c2 /10. Passage - 3 (Question 59 – 61)

It is given that area of 3 OAB = 5. sq.units. 59. i = 60°, m = 2


2
c m sin ~ 2 sin 60°
` 10 = 5 & c = ! 5 2 tan i = 1 + m cos ~ =
1 + 2 cos 60°
Hence, the lines are, x + 5y = ! 5 2
= 2 or i = tan -1 c
2 # 3 /2 3 3m
=
+ #
1 2 1/2 2
Passage - 2 (Question 56 – 58) 1
60. ~ = 60°, m1 = 2, m2 =- 2
56. Area of CDFE 2 # 3 /2
m1 sin ~
tan i1 = 1 + m cos ~ =
y
1 1 + 2 # 1/2
D 0,1 C 1,1 3
= 2

-^1/2h # ^ 3 /2 h - 3 4 - 1
1 - ^1/2h # ^1/2h
F 0, x tan i2 = = 4 #3 =
3
A x
Let the angle between the lines be z. Then,
0,0 E x,0 B 1,0
tan i1 - tan i2
tan z =
A = 1 - 2 x2 - 2 ]1 - xg;
1 1 1 + tan i1 tan i2
^ 3 /2h + ^1/ 3 h
1 - ^ 3 /2 h # ^1/ 3 h
2 2 =
2-x -1+x 1+x-x
= 2 = 2
or z = tan -1 d n
5
1 1 3
1+ 2 - 4 5 1
` Amax = 2 = 8 at x = 2 .
sin 60°
61.
sin ^30° - 60°h
m= =- 3
57. ] PAg2 - ] PBg2 + ] PC g2 - ] PDg2
Therefore, the equation of the line is
= ^a + c h - ]a + d g + ^d + b h - ^c + b h = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
y - 0 =- 3 ]x - 2g i.e., 3x+y = 2 3
y
D 0,1 C 1,1

A x
0,0 B 1,0
δ
7.48 Mathematics
Passage - 4 (Question 62 – 64) 64. AM - BM min & AM = BM.
Let M be ]h1 - hg AM = BM
& ]h - 1g2 + ]- h - 2g2 = ]h - 3g2 + ]- h - 1g2
Let C be the reflection of A in L / x + y = 0
& C / ^- 2, - 1h . Now AM + BM = CM + BM, &- 2h + 1 + 4h + 4 =- 6h + 9 + 2h + 1

& h = 5/6 & M b 6 , 6 l Now, find area 3 AMB


which is minimum if B, M and C are collinear. 5 -5

Now, equation of BC is ^y + 1 h = 0 ]x + 2g 1
using the formula 2 # base # height
& y + 1 = 0 ....(1) where, height = distance of M from AB
y Matching Column Type
65. (a) OA = 1 + 4 cot i
A 1,2
OB = 4 + tan i

OA + OB = 5 + 4 cot i + tan i $ 5
O
B 3, −1
+ 2 4 cot i tan i

= 5 + ]2 # 2g = 9
C −2, −1 M
x+y=0

` On solving equation (1) with x + y = 0, we get


M / ^1, - 1h
B 1,4
D
Hence the reflection of M is the line x = y is ^- 1, 1 h
63. We have AM - BM # AB
` For AM - BM to be maximum, point A, B and θ
O C A
M must be collinear. Now equation of AB is
^ y - 2 h = - 3 ] x - 1g (b) Y
2
& 3x + 2y = 7 ....(1) y x
Q −1,4
y

L≡x+y=0 A 1,2

x
O P 4, −1 X
B 3, −1
The reflection of P ^4, - 1h on y = x is Q ^- 1, 4 h .
AB : 3x + 2y = 7
Hence, PQ = ]4 + 1g2 + ]- 1 - 4g2 = 50 = 5 2
M 7, −7
(c) AB = 2 2
` On solving equation (1) with x + y = 0, we get
M / ^7, - 7h . Hence distance of M ^7, - 7h from OC = 2
N ^1, 1h = MN = ]7 - 1g2 + ]- 7 - 1g2
= 36 + 64 = 10 units
Straight Lines 7.49
The maximum value of d is
66. (a) Solving y = mx with y = 3x2 - 4x + 7.
OF = 2 + 2 2
3x2 - ]4 + mgx + 7 = 0 ; x1 + x2 =
4+m
3 =3
=3 2
m=5
E
Y 3 ^ x 2 + 2x + 1 h + 3 3 ]x + 1g2 3
2 ] x + 1g 2 ] x + 1g 2 ] x + 1g
F (b) y = ; y = +

y = 2 ] x + 1g + ]
D 3 3 3#3
2 x + 1g min
;y $ 2 2 2
0,2 B
C ymin $ 3
45°
O X (c) We know, BQ = ]s - bg where s is semi
A 2,0
1 ey+1o perimeter of 3 ABC. Hence BQ = 10
d. The given line is x = 4 + or
2 2
A
y = 2x - 9

Hence, the intercept made by the x-axis is 9/2.


c = 15 b = 11
P R

B Q C

a = 16

Numerical Type
Hence max values of area is 3 a 2

1. A = d
3
, an
And according to the question
a
3 a 2 = 12
B = d-
3
, an
2a = 16
a
a=8
C = d-
3
, - an 2. Since orthocentre and circumcentre both lies on
a

Area of ACD y-axis
3
& Centroid also lies on y-axis
a
a
& / cos a = 0
3
1 - a - a
cos a + cos b + cos c = 0

T= 2
3
3 cos i a sin i cos
& a + cos3 b + cos3 c = 3 cos a cos b cos c
3
a cos 3a + cos 3b + cos 3c
a
`
cos a cos b cos c
1
]
2 6 a cos i - sin i
g
4 (cos 3a + cos3 b + cos3 c) - 3 (cos a + cos b + cos c)
3 a ]cos i - sin ig
=
cos a cos b cos c
= 12
We know cos i - sin i d 6- 2 , 2 @

7.50 Mathematics
3. P will be centroid of O ABC k-a

slope of PQ = =- 1
17 8 24 2 9 h - 2a
Pd
, n & PQ = d n +d n = 5
& k - a =- h + 2a
6 3 6 3
h+k
Single Options Correct
& a= ......(1)
3
4.
Also 2h = 2a + b
R
2k = a + b

& 2h = a + 2k

& a = 2h - 2k ......(2)
5
a
2
from (1) & (2)
h+k
= 2 (h - k)
3
60
P Q
so locus is 6x - 6y = x + y & 5x = 7y
x+y=5
7. The given set of lines is px + qy + r = 0
5/ 2
sin 60c = a

Also, given condition is 3p + 2q + 4r = 0
5 2 3 1

a= 3 which can be written as 4 p + 2 q + r = 0

Clearly, set of lines pass through the point b 4 , 2 l .


3 25 3 1
Area of TPQR = 4 a 2 =

2 3
8. Let the equation of side
AB = 3x – 2y + 6 = 0 ...(i)
5. Let the equation of the line be y = mx + c ..(i)
and, the equation of side AC = 4x + 5y – 20 = 0 ...(ii)
c
Its x -intercept: - m , and
Solving (i) and (ii), we get vertex A b 23 , 23 l
10 84
Its y -intercept: c m 1 4
-c +c Now, slope of AC = − 5
A.M of reciprocals of the intercepts: 2 ∴Slope of perpendicular
1 5
According to the question A.M = 4 BE = 4
m 1
-c +c 1
So we have 2 = 4
Also, BE passes through orthocentre H(1, 1)
& 2 (1 - m) = c
5
∴ Equation of BE is (y – 1) = 4 (x −1)

Using this result in Eq.(i), we get
∴ 4y – 5x + 1 = 0 ...(iii)

Line: y = mx + 2 (1 - m)
Solving (i) and (iii), we get vertex B b - 13, - 2 l
33
(
& y - 2) - m (x - 2) = 0 ..(ii)

Clearly the point (2, 2) always satisfies the family of 3
Now, slope of AB = 2
line given by Eq. (ii)
-2

` Line always passes through (2, 2) ∴ Slope of perpendicular CF = 3

6. -2
y=x Equation of CF is (y – 1) = 3 (x - 1)
⇒ 3y + 2x – 5 = 0 ...(iv)
Solving (ii) and (iv), we get vertex C b 2 , - 10 l
Q  35
x = 2y
(h,k) ∴Equation of side BC is
33
- 10 + 2
^ h b x - 35 l
P(2
, )
y 10 = 35
+ 2
2 + 13
Straight Lines 7.51

& ^y + 10 h = 61 b x - 2 l
13 35
h=6

^h k h = ^6, 2h
,
⇒ 26x – 122y = 1675

9. Let the coordinates of the centroid G of the DPQR
are (h, k) and coordinates of P are (m, n). AC = 81 + 9 = 90 (Diameter)
m+1+3 n+4-2 90 3 5#2 5
` h = 3 and k = 3
radius = 2 = =3
2 2
12. Equation of line y – 3 = m (x – 2)
mx – y = 2m – 3

⇒ m = 3h – 4 and n = 3k – 2
Now, P(m, n) lies on the line
2x – 3y + 4 = 0
∴ 2m – 3n + 4 = 0
x y
⇒ 2(3h – 4) – 3(3k – 2) + 4 = 0 2 - 3/m + 3 - 2m = 1
⇒ 6h – 8 – 9k + 6 + 4 = 0
h = 2 - 3/m k = 3 - 2m
3 3-k
⇒ 6h – 9k + 2 = 0
m = 2 - h, m = 2
3 3-k
2-h = 2 6 = 6 - 2k - 3h + hk
∴Locus of (h, k) is 6x – 9y + 2 = 0
2
locus xy - 3x - 2y = 0 or xy = 2x + 3y
So, slope of the above line is 3 .

10. Let (h, k) be the incentre of the DOAB. k - 3k 1


1
From figure, it is clear that h = k. 13. We have 2 5 k 1 = 28
-k 2 1
& 5k2 + 13k - 46 = 0 or

5k2 + 13k + 66 = 0 (no real solution exist)

- 23
`k= 5 or k = 2

Now, perpendicular distance from (h, h) to the line
As k is an integer, so k = 2
3x + 4y = 24 is the radius h.
A 2, −6
3h + 4h - 24
` =h
32 + 42
⇒ 7h – 24 = ±5h ⇒ h = 2 [ a h ≠ 12]
11. A ^- 3, 5h, B ^3, 3h
H E
α, β

B
D
C −2,2
5,2
2h - 3 2k + 5
3 = 3 3 =3
& orthocentre is b2, 2 l

2h = 12 k=2 1
7.52 Mathematics
14. ] x - 2g] x - 1g + ^ y - 2 h^ y - 3 h = 0

& b 2 - 2 lb 2 - 1 l + b 2 - 2 lb 2 - 3 l = 0
h+2 h+2 k+3 k+3

& ]h - 2g]hg + ]k - 1g]k - 3g = 0


& x 2 - 2x + y 2 - 4y + 3 = 0

& ] x - 1g2 + ^ y - 2 h = 0
2

17.
8
m AC = 4 = 2 0,2 2 2
1
& mBD =- 2 . 1,1

& Equation of BD is x + 2y =- 5. 1,0


2,0
Solving AB & BD simultaneously, we get
Bb 3 , 3 l
-7 -4 0,0 1,0

Solving AD & BD simultaneously, ax1 + bx2 + cx3


x= a+b+c
we get D b 3 , 3 l
1 -8
2 ]0g + 2 2 ]0g + 2 ]2 g
=
2+2+2 2
15.
4 2
= = = 2- 2
4+2 2 2+ 2

18.

x + 3y = 3

60° 60°
30 ° 30°

3,0

Clearly, 39 interior points on AB, 38 on the line 1 ^ - h


y= x 3
above it and so on upto 1 interior point on PQ. So, 3
number of points = 39 + 38 + ...+ 1 3y = x- 3

=
40 # 39
= 780. 19. Let P be the point dividing ^1, 1h and ^2, 4 h in the
2
B (2,3 )
ratio 3: 2.
16.

M 3 2
1,1 P 2,4
A B' (h,k )
(1, 2 )
` P is b 5 , 5 l .
8 14

8 14
Let M is mid-point of BB' and AM is perpendicular Put x = 5 and y = 5 in 2x + y = k

bisector of BB' (where A is the point of intersection 8 14


2# 5 + 5 = k &k=6
of given lines)
Straight Lines 7.53
x y 1+ a a a -1
20. Let the equation of line be a + b = 1 & x = 1 + a and y = 1 + a
It passes through (1,2)
Point of intersection is in 1st quadrant x > 0
1 2 2a
` a+b =1 & b = a-1 1+ a
& 1+a > 0 & a >-1 ....(1)
Y
B 0, b y>0
a a -1
& 1+a > 0

X & a ! ^- 3, - 1h , ^1, 3h ....(2)


O A a,0
Taking intersection of (1) and (2)
& a ! ^1, 3h

1 22.
Area of 3= 2 ab
a2
&3= a - 1
d3 a 2 - 2a
da = ]a - 1g2 = 0
a ]a - 2g
]a - 1g2
& = 0 & a = 0, 2

but at a = 0, 3 not possible


b
` a = 2 slope of line - 2 =- 2
OR is angle bisector
21. x + y = a
& OP: OQ = PR: RQ = 2 2 : 5 .
ax - y = 1
Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.

Single Option Correct 2. Since triangle is isosceles, hence centroid is the


1. desired point:
Coordiantes of R / b3, 3 l
0,1 4

2π / 3 (3, 4 )

 1  R
 ,0 
 3  3x + y = 1
(0, 0 ) (6, 0 )
Line L has two possible slopes with inclination;
Multiple Options Correct
r
i = 3 ,i = 0
3. Point of intersection of both lines is
r
` equation of line L when i = 3 ,
c- c c m
y + 2 = 3 ] x - 3g ]a + bg , - ]a + bg

Distance between c - ]a + bg , - ]a + bg m & ^1, 1h is


c c
& y- 3x+2+3 3 = 0
equation of line L when i = 0,y =- 2 (rejected)
]a + b + cg2
]a + bg2
` required line L is y - 3 x + 2 + 3 3 = 0 Distance = #2 < 2 2
7.54 Mathematics
a + b + c < 2 ]a + bg
So, | x1 - x2 | = 6 | m | and | y1 - y2 | = 2 | x1 - x2 |
a+b-c > 0
According to given condition option (c) also correct.
= 2 6|m|
Matching Column Type a RS 2 = (x1 - x2) 2 + (y1 - y2) 2 & 270 + 30m 2 &

4. x + 3y - 5 = 0, 3x - ky - 1 = 0, 5x + 2y - 12 = 0 m2 = 9
1 3 -5
a Slope of RS = 2 and mid-point of RS is
(a) For concurrency 3 - k - 1 = 0
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
5 2 - 12 e
, o / (0, 1)
2 2
& ]12k + 2g - 3 ]- 36 + 5g - 5 ]6 + 5kg = 0
1
`k=5
So, RlSl / y - 1 =- x
2
(b) For parallel 1 12 2
Solving y - 1 =- x with ‘C’ we get x 2 =
m
2 7
1 3
either - 3 = k ` k =- 9 12
|
& x1 - x2 | = 2 | m | and
7
5 3 -6
or - 2 = k ` k = 5 1 12

| y1 - y2 | = | x1 - x2 | = |m|
-6 2 7
(c) They will from triangle when k ! 5, - 9, 5 12
Hence, D = (R'S') 2 = (x1 - x2) 2 + (y1 - y2) 2 =
.
7
-6
(d) They will not form triangle when k = 5, - 9, 5
9 # 5 . 77.14
Comprehension with Numerical Type
(Question. 5 - 6)

x 2 +y-1 x 2 -y+1

C: = m2
3 3
& C: | 2x 2 - (y - 1) 2 | = 3m 2


C cuts y - 1 = 2x at R (x1, y1) and S (x2, y 2)

3
So, | 2x 2 - 4x 2 | = 3m 2 & x = !
|m|
2

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