Maths Part 1
Maths Part 1
Maths Part 1
Part-1
Basic Mathematics
Logarithms
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities
Sequences and Series
Trigonometric Equations
Solutions of Triangles
Straight Lines
1
Basic Mathematics 1.1
2.
6x - 5 & x ! 6- 1, 1@ , [3, 3)
4x + 1 < 0
-1 5 Clearly x !- 1
Critical points: 4 and 6
& x ! (- 1, 1] , ! 2 + , [3, 3)
x 2 + 4x + 4
5 7. <0
−1 2x 2 - x - 1
4 6 ] x + 2g2
2x + 1g] x - 1g
&] <0
& x!b 4 ,6l
-1 5
1
2x + 1g] x - 1g
&] <0
] x - 1g] x + 2g2
3. -1 - x <0 (Also, x !- 2)
Clearly, x !- 2 -1
Critical points: 2 , 1
Eliminating perfect square ] x + 2g2
x-1
-1 - x < 0
−1
x-1 1
& x+1 > 0 2
& x ! b 2 , 1l
-1
1 1
x3 ] x - 2g]5 - xg
x ! ^- 3, - 1h , ^1, 3h - !- 2 +
]x 2 - 4g] x + 1g
8. >0
& x ! ^- 3, - 2h , ^- 2, - 1h , ^1, 3h
x3 ] x - 2g]5 - xg
]2x - 1g] x - 1g2 ] x - 2g3 &]
x - 2g] x + 2g] x + 1g
>0
] x - 4g4
4. >0
Clearly x ! 0, 2, - 2, 5, - 1
Eliminating perfect squares ]2x - 1g] x - 2g > 0 x ]5 - xg
&]
x + 2g] x + 1g
(Also x ! 1 and x ! 4 ) >0
1
Critical points x = 2 and x = 2 x ] x - 5g
&]
x + 1g] x + 2g
<0
Critical points: x = 0, 5, - 1, - 2
1/2 2
x ! b - 3, 2 l , ^2, 3h - ! 4 +
1
2 1 0 5
] x - 1g2 ] x + 1g3 & x ! ^- 2, - 1h , ^0, 5h - ! 2 +
x 4 ] x - 2g
5. #0
x+1 ]2 - x 2g] x - 3g3
] x + 1g] x 2 - 3x - 4g
Eliminating perfect squares x - 2 # 0 9. $0
(Also x ! 0)
]x 2 - 2g] x - 3g3
x + 1g] x - 4g] x + 1g
Critical points: x =- 1 and 2 &] #0
^ x - 2 h^ x + 2 h] x - 3g3
] x + 1g2 ] x - 4g
& #0
1 2
Eliminating perfect squares
& x ! 6- 1, 2@ - !0 + ^ x - 2 h^ x + 2 h] x - 3g
Also x ! 2 ] x - 4g #0
& x ! [- 1, 2) - ! 0 + (Also x !- 1, 4)
] x - 2g2 ]1 - xg] x - 3g3 ] x - 4g2 & Critical point: - 2 , 2 , 3, 4
6. x+1 #0
]1 - xg] x - 3g
Eliminating perfect squares x+1 #0
(Also x = 2, 4 will be part of solution) − 2 2 3 4
] x - 1g] x - 3g & x ! 6- 2 , 2 @ , 63, 4@
& x+1 $0
Critical points: x =- 1, 1, 3 But x !- 1, 4
& x ! 6- 2 , 1h , ^1, 2 @ , 63, 4h
1 1 3
1.4 Mathematics
10. x - 5x 2 + 4 < 0
4
& x ! ^- 2, - 1h , ^1, 2h
& Critical point: - 1, 1, - 2, 2
INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
1. f ] xg = 3x3 + 6x 2 - 4x - 5 & f ]1 g and f ]- 2g = 0
By Remainder theorem, Remainder = f ]- 3g & x - 1 and x + 2 are factors of the polynomial
f ]- 3g = 3 ]- 3g3 + 6 ]- 3g2 - 4 ]- 3g - 5 & x 2 + x - 2 is a factor
=- 20 f ] xg = k ] x 2 + x - 2g] x - ag
2. f ] x g = x 3 - 6x + k Also, f ]- 1g = 4 and f ]2g = 28
By factor theorem, f ]2g = 0 &- 2k ]- 1 - ag = 4
& 23 - 6 ]2g + k = 0 & k ]a + 1g = 2 ....(1)
&k=4 and 4k ]2 - ag = 28
3. By Remainder theorem, k ]2 - ag = 7 ....(2)
Remainder = P ]1 g
-1
Solving (1) and (2) k = 3 and a = 3
P ]1 g = 1 4 - 3 ]1 g2 + 2 ]1 g + 1 = 1 & f ] xg = 3x3 + 4x 2 - 5x - 2
4. By factor theorem, f ]ag = 0 8. Dividend = Divisor # Quotient + Remainder
f ]ag = a3 - a 2 ]ag + a + 2 = 0 & f ] xg = ] x3 - 3x + 2gQ ] xg + ax + b
& a =- 2 Put x = 1
5. f ] xg = 8x3 + lx 2 - 27x + m is divisible by f ]1 g = a + b = 4
2x 2 - x - 6 Put x = 2
& divisible by ]2x + 3g] x - 2g f ]2g = 2a + b = 7
By factor theorem & a = 3, b = 1
f b 2 l = 0 and f ]2g = 0
-3 9. Consider the polynomial as a polynomial in ‘a’
& 9l + 4m =- 54 and 4l + m =- 10 & P ]ag = a ]b 2 - c 2g + b ]c 2 - a 2g + c ]a 2 - b 2g
& l = 2, m =- 18 when a = b
6. 2x3 - ]2l + 1g x 2 + ]l + mg x + m P ]b g = 0
= ]2x 2 - x + 3g] x - ag & a - b is a factor of P ]b g
= 2x3 - ]2a + 1g x 2 + ]a + 3g x - 3a (By factor theorem)
Comparing LHS & RHS Similarly prove for b - c and c - a
2l + 1 = 2a + 1 & a = l 10. Consider the polynomial as polynomial in ‘a’
l+m = a+3 & m = 3 P ]ag = a 4 + 32b 4 + a3 b ]k + 3g
m =- 3a & a =- 1 & l =- 1 If 'a + 2b' is a factor of P ]ag then P ]- 2bg = 0
Ans: l =- 1, m = 3 & ]- 2bg4 + 32b 4 + ]- 2bg3 b ]k + 3g = 0
7. As the polynomial vanishes when & b 4 616 + 32 - 8 ]k + 3g@ = 0
x = 1 and x =- 2 &k=3
INTEXT EXERCISE: 5
1 1
1. If x + x = 2 & x4 + =2
1 1 x4
Squaring both sides x 2 + 2 + 2.x. x = 4 1
Again square both sides to prove x8 + 8 = 2
x x
1
& x2 + 2 = 2 2. Using the property
x
Squaring both sides If a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
1 1 Put a = 2x
& x 4 + 4 + 2.x 2 . 2 = 4
x x b = 3y
c = 4z and prove
Basic Mathematics 1.5
8. Let the two numbers be ‘x’ and ‘y’
RHS = c x - y + y - z + z - x m
2
1 1 1
3. x + y = c ...(1)
1 1 1 x P
^ x - yh2 ^ y - z h2 ] z - xg2 y = Q
= + + ...(2)
x P x+y P+Q
+ 2< F
1 1 1 & y +1 = Q +1
^ x - yh^ y - z h ^ y - z h]z - xg ]z - xg^ x - yh
+ + & y = Q
1 1 1 c P+Q
^ x - yh2 ^ y - z h2 ] z - xg2
= + + & y = Q
z-x+x-y+y-z CQ
+ 2= G & y = P+Q
^ x - yh^ y - z h] z - xg
1 1 1 P CP
From (2), x = y. Q = P + Q
^ x - yh2 ^ y - z h2 ] z - xg2
= + + + 0 = LHS
a c e
^ x + y + z h3 - x3 - y3 - z3
9. Let b = d = f = k
4.
14444444444444244444444444443 & a = bk
= ^ x + y + z - x h_^ x + y + z h2 + x 2 + x ^ x + y + z hi
c = dk
- ^ y + z h_ y 2 - yz + z 2 i e = fk
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx + x 2
= ^ y + z h> 2 H 2a 4 b 2 + 3a 2 c 2 - 5e 4 f
+ x + xy + xz - y 2 + yz - z 2 2b 6 + 3b 2 d 2 - 5f 5
= ^ y + z h73x 2 + 3xy + 3yz + 3zxA
2 ]bk g4 b 2 + 3 ]bk g2 ]dk g2 - 5 ^ fk h .f
4
= 3 ^ x + y h^ y + z h] z + xg =
2b6 + 3b 2 d 2 - 5f5
5. (i) 1 + x 4 + x8
2b 6 + 3b 2 d 2 - 5 f 5
= 1 + 2x 4 + x8 - x 4 = k4 = G
= ] x 4 + 1g2 - ] x 2g2
2b6 + 3b 2 d 2 - 5f5
= ] x 4 - x 2 + 1g] x 4 + x 2 + 1g =k 4 =bbl
a 4
]a 2 + b 2 + c 2g_ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 i = ^ax + by + cz h2
(ii) x 4 + 4
= x 4 + 4 + 4x 2 - 4x 2 = ] x 2 + 2g2 - ]2xg2 10.
= ] x 2 + 2x + 2g] x 2 - 2x + 2g a2 x2 + a2 y2 + a2 z2 a2 x2 + b2 y2 + c2 z2
a+b + b 2 x 2 + b 2 y 2 + b 2 z 2 = + 2abxy + 2bcyz
6. b+c + c 2 x 2 + c 2 y 2 + c 2 z 2 + 2acxz
Divide the Nr and Dr by ‘b’
a b a & a 2 y 2 - 2abxy + b 2 x 2
b +b b +1
= b c = c + a 2 z 2 - 2acxz + c 2 x 2
1+ b
b+b + b 2 z 2 - 2bcyz + c 2 y 2 = 0
& ^ay - bx h + ]az - cxg2 + ^bz - cy h = 0
2 2 2
+ 1 5 9 5 4 20
= 3 5 = 3 ' 4 = 3 # 9 = 27
1+ 4 & ay - bx = az - cx = bz - cy = 0
a x a x b y
a 3 3 # 7 21 & b = y, c = z, c = z
7. b = 5 = 5 # 7 = 35 ...(1)
b 7 7#5 35 a b a c b c
...(2) & x = y, x = z, y = z
c = 13 = 13 # 5 = 65
From (1) and (2) x y z
& a = b =c
a: b: c = 21: 35: 65
INTEXT EXERCISE: 6
^5 3 + 50 h^5 - 24 h
1. ^ 3 + 2 h ^5 - 24 h
2
75 - 5 2
^ 3 - 2 h^ 3 + 2 h
=
^5 3 + 5 2 h^5 - 24 h
= ^5 + 2 6 h^5 - 2 6 h
5 3 -5 2 = 3-2
5 ^ 3 + 2 h^5 - 24 h^ 3 + 2 h
= 5 2 - ^2 6 h = 25 - 24 = 1
2
5^ 3 - 2 h ^ 3 + 2h
=
1.6 Mathematics
3 2 4 3 6 ]2 nm + mg]2 2ng.2 n
2. - + 7. =1
6+ 3 6+ 2 3+ 2 2 nm + m .2 2m
3 2^ 6 - 3h 4 3^ 6 - 2h 6^ 3 - 2h
2 nm + m + 2n + n
& nm + n + 2m = 1
2
^ 6 + 3 h^ 6 - 3 h ^ 6 + 2 h^ 6 - 2 h ^ 3 + 2 h^ 3 - 2 h
= - +
& 2 nm + m + 3n - nm - n - 2m = 1
3 2^ 6 - 3h 4 3^ 6 - 2h 6^ 3 - 2h
= 3 - 4 + 1 & 2 2n - m = 1
= 12 - 6 - 18 + 6 + 18 - 12 = 0 & 2n - m = 0
& m = 2n
3. 91/3, 111/4, 171/6
LCM of 3,4,6 = 12 2+3 5
8. = a+b 5
The numbers can be written as 9 4/12, 113/12, 17 2/12 1-3 5
= ]6561g1/12, ]1331g1/12, ]289g1/12 Rationalising LHS
& ]6561g1/12 is the greatest ^2 + 3 5 h ^1 + 3 5 h
= a+b 5
& 3 9 is the greatest ^1 - 3 5 h ^1 + 3 5 h
6 = 12 + ^ 2 h + ^ 3 h
2 2
4. 47 + 9 5
Hence, 6+2 3 +2 2 +2 6 - 44 = a + b 5
- 47
a = 44
= 12 + ^ 2 h + ^ 3 h + 2 3 + 2 2 + 2 6
2 2
-9
b = 44
= ^1 + 2 + 3 h = 1 + 2 + 3
2
c xm m
l2 + ml + m2
& Given expression l
9.
x
1+ 2 + 3 -1 2+ 3
= = = x]l - mg]l + ml + m g
2 2
5+2 6 5+2 6
= xl - m
3 3
2+ 3
=
^ 2 h + ^ 3 h + 2 ^ 2 h^ 3 h c xn m
m m + mn + n
2 2
2 2
= xm - n
3 3
n
2+ 3 2+ 3
c xl m
n n + nl + l
2 2
= = =1
^ 2 + 3h = xn - l
3 3
2
2+ 3 x
2.3 n + 1 - 7.3 n - 1 Hence given expression
5.
3n + 1 + 2b 3 l
1 1-n = xl - m .x m - n .x n - l
3 3 3 3 3 3
= xl - m + m - n + n - l
3 3 3 3 3 3
n3n
2.3.3 - 7. 3 = x° = 1
=
a x = ^ x + y + zh
2.3 n y
3.3 n + 3 10.
3 n ]6 - 7/3g
x
& ay = x+y+z
3 n ]3 + 2/3g
=
11/3 Similarly,
= 11/3 = 1
x + y + z = a x/y = a y/z = a z/x
b 1 l .27 -3 + b 1 l . ]25g-2 + ]641/6g-3
-10 -4
6. 3 5 x y z
& y = z = x
= 3 . ]3 g + 5 . ]5 2g-2 + _2 9 i
10 3 -3 4 6 -3
a
= 310 .3 -9 + 5 4 .5 -4 + 2 -2 &x=y=z= 3
1 1 17
= 3+1+ 4 = 4+ 4 = 4
INTEXT EXERCISE: 7
1. 2x - 5 = 7 5
For x < 2
5
For x $ 2 & 5 - 2x = 7 & x =- 1
2x - 5 = 7 & x = 6
Basic Mathematics 1.7
2. 2x - 3 + 4 = 2 For 3 # x < 6
& 2x - 3 = 2 - 4 =- 2 6-x+x-3 = 1
LHS is always positive 3 = 1 Rejected
RHS is always negative For x < 3
& No solution. 6-x+3-x = 1
3x + 4 & x = 4 Rejected
3. 3 =7
& No solution
3x + 4 = 21 1
-4 7. For x $ 2
For x $ 3
2x - 1 + 2x + 3 = 6
3x + 4 = 21 4x = 4
17 x=1
& x= 3
-3 1
-4 For 2 # x < 2
For x < 3
1 - 2x + 2x + 3 = 6
- 3x - 4 = 21
4 = 6 Rejected
- 25
& x= 3 For x < - 3/2
4. 2x - 3 = 3x + 5 1 - 2x - 2x - 3 = 6
3 4x =- 8
For x $ 2
x =- 2
2x - 3 = 3x + 5 3
& x =- 8 : Rejected 8. For x $ 2
-5 3 2x - 3 + 2x + 1 + 2x + 5 = 12
For 3 < x < 2
6x = 9
3 - 2x = 3x + 5
3
& 5x =- 2 x= 2
-2 -1 3
& x= 5 For 2 # x < 2
For x < - 5/3 3 - 2x + 2x + 1 + 2x + 5 = 12
- 2x + 3 =- 3x - 5 2x = 3
-2 3
x =- 8 . Hence x = 5 , - 8 & x = 2 Rejected
-5 -1
For 2 # x < 2
5. 2 x+3 = 3 x-4 3 - 2x - 2x - 1 + 2x + 5 = 12
For x $ 4, 7 - 2x = 12
2 ] x + 3g = 3 ] x - 4g 2x =- 5
2x + 6 = 3x - 12 -5
x= 2
x = 18
-5
For - 3 # x < 4 For x < 2
2 ] x + 3g =- 3 ] x - 4g 3 - 2x - 1 - 2x - 2x - 5 = 12
2x + 6 =- 3x + 12 - 3 - 6x = 12
5x = 6 6x =- 15
6 -5
x= 5 x = 2 Rejected
For x < - 3 9. For x > 0
- 2x - 6 =- 3x + 12 x 2 + 3x + 2 = 0
x = 18 Rejected & ] x + 1g] x + 2g = 0
6. For x $ 6 & x =- 1, - 2 Both Rejected
x-6+x-3 = 1 For x < 0
2x = 10 x 2 - 3x + 2 = 0
x = 5 Rejected ] x - 1g] x - 2g = 0 x = 1, 2 Both Rejected
1.8 Mathematics
10. 3x - 5 < 2 5
For x < 3
5
For x > 3 5 - 3x < 2
3x - 5 < 2 3 < 3x
x < 3 & x ! ;3 , 3 l & x > 1 & x ! b1, 3 l
7 5 7 5
....(1) ....(2)
Combining (1) and (2) x ! b1, 3 l
7
EXERCISE - 1
Numbers and Divisibility last terms - first terms
number of terms = common diff. +1
#
1. (a) 122 ' 16 + 7 # 3 = 12 16 12 + 7 # 3 = 9 + 21 = 30
Divisible by 4 & 204, 208 ,..., 396
#9
(b) 16 # 9 ' 12 + 9 # 2 = 1612 396 - 204
+ 9 # 2 = 12 + 18 = 30 number of terms = 4 +1
18 # 18 192
(c) 182 ' 12 + 3 = 12 + 3 = 27 + 3 = 30
= 4 + 1 = 48 + 1 = 49
0.12 # ]0.0104 - 0.002g + 0.36 # 0.002 no. of terms = 395 - 205 190
5 + 1 = 5 + 1 = 38 + 1 = 39
2. 0.12 # 0.12
Divisible by both 4 and 5 no. of terms = 9,
0.12 # 0.0084 + 0.36 # 0.0020
= 0.120 # 0.120 (from part I) Divisible by 4 or 5
12 # 84 + 36 # 20
= 12 # 12 # 100 & no. divisible by 4 + no. divisible by 5 - no.
by LCM of 4 and 5 i.e. 20: 220, 240, 260 ,..., 360 ; let numbers are divisible by 4. Similarly divisible by 5
nth term is 380. a1 = 220 , d = 20, an = 380 or 10 means divisible by 5. Hence divisible by 4 or
= ]2 # 2 # 3g3 # 132 # ]2 # 7g
= 2 ]1 + 50g = 25 # 51 = 1275
50
x 10 8
respectively. Therefore fraction is y . Given that 8
x 2
y = 3 According to given condition 13. n C ∪ T = 26
y = 3 y & 3 ]x - 6g = 2x
x-6 2 # x ` take coffee but not tea = 10
denominators are equal. Now take LCM of students - students brought either maths books or
physics books = 40 - 31 = 9
denominator. LCM of 14 , 19 , 21 = 42 # 19
1.10 Mathematics
15 - 4x 15 - 4x
Cricket 50-28 10 21. <4& 2 -4 < 0
= 22 Football x2 - x - 12 x - x - 12
50 10
8 60
15 - 4x - 4x2 + 4x + 48 63 - 4x2
<0& ]
x 4g]x + 3g
& <0
2
x - x - 12 -
Hockey
15. 48
4 dc 63 m - x2 n
2
4c mc 63 - x m
63
` Number of students play only cricket = 22. 2 2 +x 2
& ]
x - 4g]x + 3g ]x - 4g]x + 3g
<0& <0
Indian express Reader
Hindu 20 35 Total = 60 - 5 Here x ! 4, - 3
10 25
60 = 55
30
−∞ − − − ∞
neither 5
63 63
16. 30 + 35 - 55 = 10
−
2 2
Hence students read both = 10
63 m ^4, 3h
x ! c - 3, -
63 m c
17. A B 2
, - 3,
2
,
a x2 + 1 x2 + 1 x2 + 1 - 8x + 6
10 22. > 2 & - 2 > 0 & >0
b c 4x - 3 4x - 3 4x - 3
d x 2 - 8x + 7 ]x - 7g]x - 1g
C
& 4x - 3 > 0 & 4 ^ x - 3/4h > 0
a + 10 = 15 Here x ! 3/4
&a=5
a + b + c + 10 = 35 + + ∞
& b + c = 20 3/4
b + c + 10 + d = 45
` x ! b 4 , 1 l , ^7, 3h
& d = 15 3
Inequalities
Polynomials
18. x 4 - 2x2 - 63 # 0 or ^ x2 - 9h^ x2 + 7h # 0
23. ]x + ag]x + bg = x2 + bx + ax + ab
or ]x + 3g]x - 3g^ x2 + 7h # 0 , x2 + 7 > 0
= x2 + x ]b + ag + ab = x2 + ]a + bg x + ab
` ]x + 3g]x - 3g # 0
+[ ]+ 24. ^ x + y - zh2 = x2 + y2 + ]- zg2 + 2xy + 2y ]- zg + 2 ]- zgx
3 3 .
Hence x ! 6- 3, 3@ = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy - 2yz - 2zx
& bx - 2 l + 4 > 0
1 2 7
= 2a3 + 6ab2 + 6a3 - 6ab2
27. ]a + bg - ]a - bg =
3 3
9+7+6 7
& 9-7 = a+b 7
^^ a + bh - ^ a - bhh^]a + bg2 + ]a - bg2 + ]a + bg]a - bgh 16 + 6 7
& 2 = a+b 7 & 8+3 7 = a+b 7
= 2b ^2a2 + 2b2 + a2 - b2h = 2b ^3a2 + b2h & a = 8, b = 3
p2 - bp + a = 0 ` ^a, bh = ^8, 3h
28.
p2 - cp + d = 0 5 + 2 ^ 5 - 2h - ^ 5 + 2h
2 2
37. 5 -2 -4 5 - 4 5
^ 5 + 2h^ 5 - 2 h
- = = =- 8 5
p ]c - bg = ]d - ag
5 +2 5 -2 5-4
d-a Method II
p = c-b
5 - 2 and 5 + 2 are reciprocal to each other
2 = x + x l - 2 = ]3 g - 2 = 9 - 2 = 7
1 b 1 2
29. x2 + 2
x
= ^ 5 - 2 h - ^ 5 + 2 h =- 4 5 - 4 5
5 -2 5 +2 2 2
-
30. Let k be added, then 5 +2 5 -2
1 1 x2 - 1
x + k = x & k = x - x = x =- 8 5
50 3k x - 3 > 0, ` x = z
and second number = k + k # 100 = 2
6k 3k 6 3 53. x2 - 3x + 2 = 2 & x2 - 3x + 2 = ! 2
` 5 : 2 = 5 : 2 = 12: 15 = 4: 5
take +ve, x2 - 3x + 2 = 2 & x2 - 3x = 0 & x ]x - 3g = 0
120 150
Method II: 100 : 100 = 12: 15 = 4: 5
& x = 0, 3
45. Let boys and girls are 7x and 8x respectively.
take -ve, x2 - 3x + 2 =- 2 & x2 - 3x + 4 = 0
20
New ratio = 7x + 7x. 100 10 42x 44
: 8x + 8x. 100 = 5 : 5 = 42: 44
= 21: 22 D / b2 - 4ac = 9 - 16 < 0 roots are imaginary.
120 110
Method II: 7 # 100 : 8 # 100 = 42: 44 = 21: 22 Hence solution will be x = 0, 3
46. Let third proportional of 12 and 30 is k
54. x2 + x + 1 = x2 + x + 2
30 # 30
12: 30 = 30:k & k = 12 = 75
1
Now mean proportional of 9 and 25 is 9 # 25 Let x2 + x + 1 = y ` y = y + 1 & y =- 2
= 225 = 15 1 3
Now, x2 + x + 1 =- 2 & x2 + x + 2 = 0,
Hence, required ratio = 75 : 15 = 5 : 1
3
Here D / b2 - 4ac = 1 - 4.1. 2 < 0
47. Let income of A and B are 5x and 4x respectively.
By given condition, ratio of saving = 2x: 2x ` x is not real i.e. imaginary or complex. Hence
51.
4x 2 - 3y 2 12
= ]3x + 5g + ]4x + 7g = 12
2x 2 + 5y 2 19
76x 2 - 57y 2 = 24x 2 + 60y 2 & 12x = 0 & x = 0
52x 2 = 117y 2 - 24
Hence x = 0, 7
2 2
4x = 9y
x 3
& y = 2
Basic Mathematics 1.13
EXERCISE - 2
Numbers and Divisibility 6. x = 6a + 4, y = 6b + 5
x2 + y2 = ]6a + 4g2 + ]6b + 5g2
1. 6 12 + 2 75 - 3 98
= 36a2 + 48a + 16 + 36b2 + 60b + 25
= 6 4 # 3 + 2 25 # 3 - 3 49 # 2 = 6 ^6a2 + 8a + 6b2 + 10b + 6h + 5
= 12 3 + 10 3 - 21 2 ` remainder = 5
22
(c) 2222 (d) 22 = 22 = 216
4
40 100
n - n # 100 = d + d # 100 & 60n = 200d
` greatest is 222 i.e.(b)
2
n 10
& d = 3
10. Three digit numbers which when divided by 6 leaves
10
Hence, original fraction = 3 a remainder of 5 = 101 , 107 , 113 , 119 , 125, ...
when dividied by 5 leaves a remainder
n 200 10
Method II: 60n = 200d & d = 60 = 3 3 = 103, 108, 113, ... Hence required smallest three
35 27161
= 2.74 + 9900 = 9900
` required remainder = 343.
4. Unit digit of 1781 + 2781 + 3781 + ... + 9781 12. Number divisible by 4,5 and 6 means number
5. Any prime number ‘p’ greater than 5 can be written ` Number between 200 and 600 are divisible by 4,5
` n ] Ag = 4, n ] Bg = 0
1
= 37 2 %
14. Number of subsets in first and second sets are 2 m Inequalities (Solve for x:)
` n ^ p h = d - 6, n ^ q h = d - 5 x 2 - x + x 2 - 2x - x 2 + 3x - 2
x ]x - 1g]x - 2g
& >0
Now n ^ p , qh = n ^ ph + n ^ q h - n^ p + qh & 7 = d - 6 + d - 5 - 0 ^ x + 2 h^ x - 2 h
x ]x - 1g]x - 2g
& >0
& 2d = 18 & d = 9
(+) (+) (+ ∞ )
16. Bengalis = 80, Gujarathis = 40, Muslims = 70, − 2 0 1 2 2
]2x + 3g
7
If 2 is common then 22 + 2m + 3 = 0 & m =- 2
23. ^ x2 + 3xh]2x + 3g - 16
^ x2 + 3xh
$0
x ] x + 3g
& $0
29. Let numbers are a and b, where a > b .
]2x + 3g^ x + 3x - 4h^ x + 3x + 4h
2 2
x ] x + 3g
& $0 a - b = 5 .........(i) a2 - b2 = 65 ..........(ii)
a2 - b2 = ]a - bg]a + bg & 65 = 5 ]a + bg
]2x + 3g]x + 4g]x - 1g'b x + 3 l + 7 1
2
2 4
x ] x + 3g
& $ 0, x ! 0, - 3 & a + b = 13 ...(iii)
[ + ) [ + ) [ + ∞ ) Now adding equation (i) and (iii), we get
4 3
−
2 2a = 18 & a = 9 Hence larger number is 9.
x ! [- 4, - 3) , :- 2 , 0g , [1, 3)
3
30. ^a1/8 + a -1/8h^a1/8 - a -1/8h^a1/4 + a -1/4h^a1/2 + a -1/2h
= 2x2 + 8x2 + 8z2 + 16yz = ^a1/2 - a -1/2h^a1/2 + a -1/2h = ^a2/2 - a -2/2h = ^a - a -1h
2 # 2 # 2 = 2 2 + 2 + 2 = 23/2 = ]23/2g
1 1 1
41.
1/2
2 = 66 & b x - x l + 2 = 66 & b x - x l = 64 = 8
33. 1 1 2 1 2 = 2 3/ 4
x2 + 2
x
1 42. 5 x - 3 $ 32x - 8 = 225 = 25 # 9
` x - x =! 8
= ^ 3 + 2h = 3 + 2 + 2 6 = 5 + 2 6
3+ 3 x 2
y=
2
x - 2y = 0 & x = 2y & y = 1 & x: y = 2: 1
3- 2
x2 + xy + y2 = ^5 - 2 6 h + ^5 - 2 6 h^5 + 2 6 h + ^5 + 2 6 h x 3
2 2
or 5x - 3y = 0 & 5x = 3y & y = 5 & x: y = 3: 5
= 2 ]25 + 24g + ]25 - 24g = 98 + 1 = 99 45. Salaries of ravi and sumit are 2k and 3k respectively
2 1 3 2K + 4000 40
38. + - By given condition, 3K + 4000 = 57
5+ 3 3+ 2 5+ 2
^ 5 + 3 h^ 5 - 3 h ^ 3 + 2 h^ 3 - 2 h & 114K + 228000 = 120K + 160000
= +
5+ 3 3+ 2
^ 5 + 2 h^ 5 - 2 h & 228000 - 160000 = 120K - 114K
-
5+ 2 68000
& 68000 = 6K & K = 6
= 5- 3+ 3- 2- 5+ 2=0
68000
` Sumit’s salary = 3K = 3 # 6 = 34000
= ^55h20 = ]3125g20
5 1 1
39. (a) 5 1/4
=5 20
water : Alloy = 1 : 15. Let quantity of gold and 50. Given that x - 2 x + 1 + 3 x + 2 = 0
x 3 & 4x + 8 = 0 & x =- 2
& y = 2 & x: y = 3: 2
If - 1 # x < 0 , - x - 2 ]x + 1g + 3 ]x + 2g = 0
48. Let total number of students is school is 100
& It is invalid
Number of boys
If x $ 0 , x - 2 ]x + 1g + 3 ]x + 2g = 0
3 3
= 100 # 3 + 2 = 100 # 5 = 60
& 2x + 4 = 0 & x =- 2 it is not possible since x $ 0.
Number of scholarship holder boys
Hence, x =- 2. is the only solution
20
= 60 # 100 = 12
51. x - x = 0 & x = x & x =! x
2 2
Number of girls = 100 # 3 + 2 = 100 # 5 = 40 for +ve , x = x , it is true for all 0 # x < 3
25 Hence, x ! [0, 3)
= 40 # 100 = 10
52. x 2 + 3x + 2 + x + 1 = 0
Total scholarship holder students = 12 + 10 = 22
& ]x + 2g]x + 1g + x + 1 = 0
` Non scholarship holder students
If x < - 2 , x2 + 3x + 2 + x + 1 = 0 & x2 + 4x + 3 = 0
= 100 - 22 = 78.
& ]x + 3g]x + 1g = 0 & x =- 3, - 1
Hence 78% students does not get the scholarship.
Hence, x =- 3
Method II:
If - 2 # x < - 1 , - x2 - 3x - 2 + x + 1 = 0
Required percentage
3 2
&- x2 - 2x - 1 = 0
= 3 + 2 # 80 + 3 + 2 # 75 = 48 + 30 = 78
10 -6
& 10 > 7x > - 6 & 7 > x > 7
`x!b 7 , 7 l
- 6 10
1 n-1
& n = 12 # d
a n
1. an = 19 n - 12 n 2
Now given that area of An is less than one,
31a - a 31 (199 - 129) - (1910 - 1210)
579 a 10 = 57a i.e. (an) 2 < 1
8 8
9 9
19 (31 - 19) - 12 (31 - 12)
put the value of an
= 57a 8
199 $ 12 - 1919 $ 19 144
& <1
57a 2(n - 1)
8 (n - 1)
12.19 (198 - 128) 2
& > 144
= 57a =4
8 n
& -1 $ 8
2. Given that A1, A2, A3, ........ be squares such that for n
& $9
each n $ 1, the length of the side of An equals the
length of diagonal of An + 1 .
Hence the smallest value of n is 9 .
Let an be the side length of An,
3. Let (1 – x + x 2 …..) (1 + x + x 2 …)
an = 2 an + 1 6n $ 1
a = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + ......
& n+1 = n
a
2
put x = 1
replace n with (n - 1), (n - 2), .....3, 2, 1
1(2n + 1) = a0 + a1 + a2 + ......a2n ……..(i)
an - 1
put x = - 1
a
& n= .....(i)
2 (2n + 1) # 1 = a0 - a1 + a2 + .....a2n ……..(ii)
an - 2
a
& n-1 = ..... (ii)
Form (i) + (ii)
2
a1
4n + 2 = 2 (a0 + a2 + ....)
a
& 2= ..... (n - 1)
2 = 2 # 61
multiplying these n - 1 equations we get,
& 2n + 1 = 61 & n = 30
1 n-1
an = a1 d n
2
put a1 = 12
2
Logarithms 2.1
Chapter Logarithms
INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1. By definition of log function, a > 0 & a ! 1 7. 10 x = y & 102x = y2
5. log5 log2 log3 log2 512 = log5 log2 log3 log2 29 10. We know that for log b a to be +ve, both a and b must
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
1. log7 log7 7 7 $ 71/2 3. a2 + b2 + 2ab = 9ab
& b 3 l = ab
= log7 log7 77/4 a+b 2
= 7 log b 2# l + 5 log c
52
3 m + 3 log c 4
34 m = ^]- 2g2h1/2
4
3 5 3#2 2 #5
= 41 / 2 = 2
= log <b 2# l # c
52 5 c 3 4 m3F
m # 4
4 7
3 5 3 # 23 2 #5
5. 32 log 4 = 3 log 16 = 16
3 3
= log ; E
28 10 12
2 # 5 # 3
37 # 57 35 # 215 212 # 53 6. log a 3 = 2 & a2 = 3 & a = 31/2
= log ; E
228 # 510 # 312
227 510 312 and log b 8 = 3 & b3 = 8 & b = 2
1
= 2 + log7 2 - abc
=N d
1 2m + 1
= 2 +m = 2 10. Let a x = b y = c z = d w = N
8. 10_log i
2 3 n
10 + log10 + ... + log10
& a = N1/x , b = N1/y , c = N1/z , d = N1/w
9. ^a ah- b log Nc
= x c y + z + w m
ad
1 1 1
Nc
= a - ab log ad
INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
1. log 4 8 + log 4 ]x + 3g - log 4 ]x - 1g = 2 -1
But x = 3 is rejected
8 ] x + 3g
& log 4 ; x - 1 E = 2 Hence, x = 1
&x=5 3
& x = 3x - 3 & x = 2
2. log 6]x + 3g]x - 3g@ = log 27 6. log3 ^ x2 - 3x - 5h = log3 ]7 - 2xg
& x2 - 9 = 27 & x2 - 3x - 5 = 7 - 2x
3. y = 21/log 4 = 2 log x x 4
& ]x - 4g]x + 3g = 0
-1 possible Hence x = 2.
& x = 3 ,1
Logarithms 2.3
8. x 1 + log10 x
= 10x 10. x - 1 = 1 & x = 2, 0
1 ! 21 1 + 21 1
&x= But x > 0 , So x = & x = 10 , 1000
2 2
INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
1. log2 x + log2 y $ 6 x2 - 6x + 8
& 4x - 11 $ 0
]x - 2g]x - 4g
& log2 xy $ 6
& 4x - 11 $0
& xy $ 26 = 64
& x2 - 5x + 4 > 0
& log 0.2 ]x - 1g # 0
& ]x - 1g]x - 4g > 0
& x - 1 > 0 , x - 1 $ ]0.2g°
& x ! ^- 3, 1h , ^4, 3h
& x-1 $ 1
& x ! 62, 3h
log 12 ^ x - 1 h > 0 & x - 1 < b 2 l
1 0
4.
7. log 0.2 x - 3 $ 0
& x < 2 & x < 4 Also x-1 > 0& x > 1
& x - 3 > 0 , x - 3 # ]0.2g°
& x ! ^1, 4h
& x-3 > 0, x-3 # 1
2x2 - 4x - 6 b 1 l-1
5. 4x - 11 $ 2
& x ! 3,-1 # x-3 # 1
2x2 - 4x - 6
& 4x - 11 $ 2
& x ! 3,2 # x # 4
2
& x ! 62, 4@ - !3 +
x - 2x - 3
& 4x - 11 - 1 $ 0
x2 - 2x - 3 - 4x + 11
& 4x - 11 $0
2.4 Mathematics
8. Case I: x + 3 > 1 & x > - 2. ]x + 2g]x - 1g
& x+3 > 0, x < 2
x2 - x > 0 , x2 - x < x + 3
& x ! ^- 3, - 2h , ^1, 2h
& x ]x - 1g > 0 , ]x + 1g]x - 3g < 0
10. log 0.2 ^ x3 + 8h - log 0.2 x + 2 # log 0.2 ]x + 58g
& x < 0 or x > 1 , - 1 < x < 3
& ]x - 9g]x + 6g $ 0
& x < 0 or x > 1 , x < - 1 or x > 3
4
& x+3 +x-2 > 0, x < 2 Thus x ! 69, 3h
x2 + x - 2
& x+2 > 0, x < 2
EXERCISE - 1
Basic Definition and Properties of Logarthm & ]a + bg2 - 4ab = ]a - bg2 = 0
& xyz = 1.
= 81 log 5 + 27 log 6 + 81 log 7
3 3 9
n
/ 1 1 1 1
log2 ]ag log2 a log2 a
=5 log3 81
+6 log3 27
+7 log9 81 14. = + + ... + log a 2 n
n=1
n 2
^1/20 h
=b9l
1 1 1 1 2 log
11.
20
1 1 1
= log a + log bc + log b + log ca + log c + log ab
a a b b c c
17. x = log5 1000, y = log7 2058
1 1 1 4 < log5 1000 < 5 , 3 < log7 2058 < 4
= log abc + log abc + log abc
a b c
20. log b a log c a + log a b log c b + log a c log b c = 3 & x2 - 6x + 12 > 0 and x2 - 6x + 8 # 0
^log ah2 ^log bh2 ^log ch2 & x ! R and & x ! 62, 4@
^log bh^log ch ^log a h^log ch ^log ah^log bh
& + + =3
& 62, 4@
& ^log a h + ^log bh + ^log ch = 3 ^log a h^log bh^log ch
3 3 3
] x - 1g
27. 2 log 2
> x+5
& log a + log b + log c = 0
& x - 1 > 0 and ]x - 1glog 2
1
& x > 1 and x2 - 3x - 4 > 0
i2
= log2 log3 g log99 9998
& x > 1 and x ! ^- 3, - 1h , ^4, 3h
=
h & x ! ^4, 3h
= log2 21 = 1 28.
x+2
log 0.2 x # 1
Logarithmic Equations:
x+2 x+2
& x > 0 and x $ 0.2
22. log k x log5 k = log x 5
x+2
& x - 0.2 $ 0
1
& log5 x = log x 5 & x = 5, 5
0.8x + 2
& $0
log7 log5 ^ x + 5 + x h = 0
x
23. 2
5
& x #- 2 or x > 0
& log5 ^ x2 + 5 + x h = 1 1 °
29. log1/ 2 sin x > 0 & sin x > 0 and sin x < d n =1
2
& x2 + 5 + x = 5 & x2 + 5 = x2 - 10x + 25
& sin x ! ^0, 1h
&x=2
r 3r 9r 11r
&x= 4, 4 , 4 , 4
Logarithms 2.7
Characteristic and Mantissa:
= 2 log 3 + 8 log 2
= 8.13368
15 15 2+x 2 2+x 2
= log 343 = 2.5353 = 5.92 & 10 = x + 1 , 10 , x + 1 > 0 and ! 1
10
x = 3, one solution.
& 2 < log3 20 < 3
9. log3 ] x 2 - 2x - 2g = 2
1 1
& 3 < log20 3 < 2
x 2 - 2x - 2 = 9, x 2 - 2x - 2 > 0
^yzhlog y/z # ]zxglog^z/xh # ^ xy hlog x/y
^ h ^ h
5. & x 2 - 2x - 11 = 0
= 2 - 3 + 4 - 5 + ...
& log 4 x = 2 & x = 16
= 1 - log 2 [by expansion of log 2]
2.8 Mathematics
11. log5 120 + ]x - 3g - 2 log5 ^1 - 5 x - 3h & ]x - 1g]x + 2g]x - 3g = 0
12. 3 log 3 $ 3 log x = 4 log 4 $ 4 log y and 4 log x = 3 log y or -23 < x < - 1, x < - 1 or x > 3
& x ! ^- 1, 3 h or x ! b 2 , - 1 l
& 3 log 3x = 4 log 4y and 3 log y = 4 log x -3
^log xh^log 4h
& ^log 3xh^log 3h = d log 4 + n^log 4h
& x2 - 2x - 3 $ 0
log 3
& ^log 3h ^log x + log 3 h = ^log 4 h ^log x + log 3 h
2 2 & x # - 1 or x $ 3
1 1 7 18. log 3 ^ x2 - 3x + 2h $ 2
x + y = 3 + 4 = 12
& x2 - 3x + 2 $ 3
13. 2 2 3
x - 1 > 0, x - 1 ! 1, x + 6 > 0, 2x + 5x > 0 2
& x2 - 3x - 1 $ 0
and x + 6 = 2x + 5x
3 2
]2t + 3g]t - 4g
& x2 + x - 2 < 0
#0
& ]x + 2g]x - 1g < 0
t
& x ! ^- 2, 1 h -3/2 0 4
t ! b - 3, 2 D , ^0, 4@
-3
20. 2 log3 x - 4 log x 27 # 5
EXERCISE - 3
18 4x - 3 = ^54 2 h
3x - 4
Numerical Type 6.
x
& x = 42 & 2 = 8 ab = log]5 # 7 g ^52 # 7h # log]5 # 7 g ^53 # 7h
2 3
2.
3
3 log x = 27 log ^52 # 7h log ^53 # 7h
log ^5 # 72h log ^5 # 73h
3
= #
LM 8 # 2500 # 2 1 - ab
` 400 N = 25 # 400 = 4
a-b = 5
2.10 Mathematics
log 15 b 10 l + log5 b x + 1 l = 0
x+2 2 a
8. 12. x=y=z= k
a x = b k l , ay = b k l , az = b k l
3a y 3a z 3a x
&- log5 b 10 l + log5 b x + 1 l = 0
x+2 2
a x = b k l $ ay = b k l $ b k l
3 y 3 y 3a z
& log5 b x + 1 # x + 2 l = 0
2 10
= b k l $b k l $b k l = b k l
3 y 3 z 3a x 3 x+y+z x
$a
= 1 & ]x + 1g]x + 2g = 20
20
&]
x + 1g]x + 2g
&bkl
3 x+y+z
=1&k=3
& x = 3.
13. 2bc = 2 log36 24 log 48 36 = 2 log 48 24
9. k = log3 ^5 + 8 log 49 ^5 + log7 49 hh
abc = log24 12 log36 24 log 48 36 = log 48 12
= log3 ^5 + 8 log 49 7 h
2bc - abc = 2 log 48 24 - log 48 12
= log3 b5 + 8 # 2 l
1
= log 48 b 24 l
2
= log3 9 = 2 12 = log 48 48 = 1.
log 125 log 125
14. k = 1 - log 2 = log 10 - log 2
k2 + 1 = 5
log 125
log N =- 20 log b 0.4 l
1 = log 5 = 3
10.
15. 3 7 11
= 27 log 7 + 49 log 11 + ^ 11 h
3 7
log11 25
=- 7.96
= 7 log 27 + 11 log 49 + 25 log
3 7 11 11
5x - x2 b 5x - x l $ 0
2
11. 4 > 0, log 4 = 73 + 112 + 251/2
& x ]x - 5g < 0,
5x - x2 = 343 + 121 + 5
4 $1
= 469
& x ] x - 5 g < 0, x 2 - 5 x + 4 # 0
x+y-z = 4+6-9 = 1
& 0 < x < 5,1 # x # 4
log a 3
= log 2 = a - log 2 3 2
a 3
& log5 x =- 1 or 2
1
& x = 5 , 25
Logarithms 2.11
= ^ xh 7. (a)
x
3. x x " log3 19 $ log1/7 3 $ log 4 1/7 = log 4 19 > log 4 16 = 2.
Taking log on both sides log ] xg x = log ^ x h (b) " log1/3 ]x + 8g =- 2
k
x log x = x log ^ x h
& x+8 =b3l = 9
1 -2
1
x log x = 2 x log x
x &x=1
& x = 2 or log x = 0 & x = 4 or x = 1
1 and 4 are relatively prime Also, if log 4 1 is defined (c) " log2 15 $ log1/6 2 $ log3 1/6 = log3 15
then log1 4 is not defined = 1 + log3 5 = 1 + 1. = 2.
1
(d) " log 4 x + log 4 ]x + 2g = log 4 ]3xg
4. 2 # log 0.1 x # 2
& ]0.1g # x # ]0.1g
2 1/ 2
+ ^log6 2h
5. (a) " log10 25 log 5 + 49 log 7
1 1 1 + log3 4 2
^log3 6h2
8 6
=
^log3 6h2
log5 25 log7 49 =
= log10 8 +6
1 + 2 log3 2 + ^log3 2 h
2
= log10 82 + 62 = log10 10 = 1.
^log3 6 h2
=
(b) " log 12 ^log3 cos 30° - log3 sin 30° h
^log3 2 + 1h2
= log ^log3 cot 30 h
1
2
° =
^log3 6 h2
4.2 x .56 2 2
= 1 - ^log10 2 h + ^log10 2 h
2 2
2
& 4 - x # x - 1 ,4 - x > 0
=1 2
& 4 - x - x - 1 # 0, x < 4
2 log 2 + log 3 log 12
b " log 48 - log 4 = log 12 = 1 x2 - 5x + 6
& x-1 $ 0, x < 4
1
5
c "- log5 log3 9 =- log5 log3 9 10 & x ! (1, 2] , [3, 4)
=- log5 b 5 l = 1.
1
xk - 2
15.
2
x log x =
a
ak
3 /2 h ^64/27h & ^log a x2 h^log a xh = log a x k - 2 - log a a k
1
d " 6 log^
e
26
6 o
& 2 ^log a x h = ]k - 2g log a x - k
2
1
^ 3h
= 6 logc 2
3m
d n =- 1
2
= log c 3m
2 3
Exactly one solution
12. log x + 1 ]x - 0.5g = log x - 0.5 ]x + 1g
& D = 0 & ]k - 2g2 - 8k = 0
& ^log x + 1 ]x - 0.5gh = 1
2
& k2 - 12k + 4 = 0
& log x + 1 ]x - 0.5g = ! 1 &k=
12 ! 144 - 16
= 6!4 2
2
1 Comprehension Type
& x - 0.5 = x + 1 or x - 0.5 = x + 1 , x > 0.5
Passage - 1 (Question 16 - 18)
& x2 + 0.5x - 0.5 = 1, x > 0.5
16. 3x log 2 + 2 log x = 64
5 5
2 x 3
& x + 2 - 2 = 0 , x > 0.5 & 4 # 2 log x = 645
-3
& x = 1, 2 , x > 0.5 & 2 log x = 16 & log5 x = 4 & x = 5 4 = 625
5
18. log2 x 4 = 4
& 1 + 2 log x 3 = ^log x 3 h , log3 x < 0
3 2
& x4 = 24
& ^log x 3 h - 2 ^log x 3h - 1 = 0, log3 x < 0
2 3
& x = ! 2,
20. Let log x 10 = y & y3 - 6y2 + 11y - 6 = 0 & log2 x < - 1 or log2 x > 2
& ^y - 1 h^y2 - 5y + 6 i = 0
1
& x < 2 or x > 4
& y = 1, 2, 3 Infinite integers.
Matching Column Type
2 22. (a) 2 log 2 2 15
= 15 log 2 2 2
= 152/3
21. (a) log2 log2 256 + 2 log2 2
1
(b) 3
51/log 5 +
^- log10 0.1 h
7
= log2 8 + 2 log2 2
=5
(b) log3 ]5x - 2g - 2 log3 3x + 1 = 1 - log3 4
1
= 3 5 log 7 + 5
=3 7+1 = 2
1
5x - 2 3 log 5 log 27 3
& log3 3x + 1 = log3 4 (c) log3 5 log25 27 = log 3 $ log 25 = 2
5x - 2 3
& 3x + 1 = 4 (d) x log x = 100x
10
log7 ]x2 - 4x + 5g
(c) 7 = x-1 & ^log10 x + 1 h^log10 x - 2h = 0
2
& x - 4x + 5 = x - 1 & log10 x =- 1, 2 & x = 10 -1, 102
& x2 - 5x + 6 = 0
Product of roots = 10.
Product of roots = 6.
Numerical Type x 2 - 7x + 10 = 0
81 & x - 2) (x - 5) = 0
(
1. e 2x - 11e x - 45e -x + 2 = 0
& x = 2, 5
]e xg3 - 11 ]e xg2 - 45 + 812e = 0
x
But x ! 2 because it is not satisfying the domain of
ex = t given equation i.e
log 2 (x - 3) " its domain x > 3
2t3 - 22t 2 + 81t - 90 = 0
finally x is 5
t1 t2 t3 = 45
` No of solution = 1 .
e x $ e x $ e x = 45
1 2 3
]0.16glog c 3 + 2 + ... to 3 m
1 1
e x + x + x = 45
1 2 3
3. 2.5 3
loge e x + x + x = log e 45
b1 l
1 2 3
= b 25 l
4 log b5 l 2
2
x1 + x2 + x3 = log e 45
logb 5 lb 25 l
4
log e P = log e 45
=b2l =b2l = 4
1 1 -2
2
P = 45
2. log 4 (x - 1) = log 2 (x - 3) Single Options Correct
4. ^e 2x - 4h^6e 2x - 3e x - 2e x + 1h = 0
1
& 2 log 2 (x - 1) = log 2 (x - 3)
]e 2x - 4g]3e x - 1g]2e x - 1g = 0
1
& log 2 (x - 1) = log 2 (x - 3)
x ! b0, 2 l
2 r
5.
1
& x - 1) 2 = x - 3
(
log10 sin x + log10 cos x =- 1
& - 1 = x 2 + 9 - 6x
x
& log10 sin x. cos x =- 1
2.14 Mathematics
1
& sin x. cos x = 10 .....(1) & ]ln 2g2 ]ln 2 + ln xg = ]ln 3g2 ]ln 2 + ln xg
1 & ln 2 + ln x = 0 & ln 2x = 0
log10 (sin x + cos x) = 2 (log10 n - 1)
1
n & 2x = 1 & x = 2
& sin x + cos x = 10blog n - 2 l = 10 by squaring we get,
1
10
1 + 2 sin x. cos x = 10
n 7. log 4 ]x - 1g = log2 ]x - 3g
INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1. 3x - ]x + 1g = ]4x + 2g - 3x 7. Sn = 3n2 + 5n
& 2x - 1 = x + 2 & T1 = S1 = 8
&x=3 T2 = S2 - S1 = 3 # 22 + 5 # 2 - 8 = 14
d=6
The first three terms are 4 , 9 , 14 fifth term = 24.
Tm = 8 + ]m - 1g # 6 = 164
Sn = 2 ]a + lg
n
2.
156
& m - 1 = 6 = 26
& 400 = 2 ]5 + 45g
n
& m = 27
& n = 16
n 64 + ]n - 1g # 3@
Sn 3n + 1
8. = 2n + 3 = 2n
3. 86, 82, 78,... S n' 6 ]n - 1g # 2@
2 5+
t19 = 86 + ]19 - 1g]- 4g = 14
5
& a = 2, d = 3, a' = 2 , d' = 2
4. 3 + ]n - 1g $ 7 = 63 + ]n - 1g $ 2
t11 2 + ]11 - 1g # 3 32 64
` ' = 5 = 5 = 45
& 3 + 7n - 7 = 63 + 2n - 2 t11 ]11 - 1g # 2
2+ 2 + 20
& 65 = 5n 9. Let the numbers be a - 3d, a - d, a + d, a + 3d.
a + ]m - 1g d = n , a + ]n - 1gd = m
1 1
5. Sum of their squares
= ]5 - 3dg2 + ]5 - dg2 + ]5 + dg2 + ]5 + 3dg2 = 120
& ]m - 1g d - ]n - 1g d = n - m
1 1
& 4 ]x + 1g = 3x 7.
a
Let the terms be r , a, ar a3 = 216 & a = 6
& x =- 4 a2 2 2 1 156 13
r + a r + a = 156 r + r + 1 = 36 = 3
& 3 ]r2 + r + 1g = 13r & 3r2 - 10r + 3 = 0
& terms are - 4, - 6, - 9.
T4 =- 13.5 1
& r = 3, 3 . Terms are 2,6,18.
a ]r n - 1 g
3. Tn = ar n - 1 = 128 Sn = r - 1 = 255 r = 2 8.
a
a + ar + ar2 + ... = 1 - r = 3
& a $ 2 n - 1 = 128, a ]2 n - 1g = 255 a2 9
a2 + a2 r2 + a2 r 4 + ... = =
1 - r2 2
& a b2 # a - 1 l = 255 & a = 1
128
a3
a3 + a3 r3 + a3 r6 + ... = =?
1 - r3
4. a = n -4, ar = n n, ar7 = n52
a = 3 ]1 - rg 2a2 = 9 ]1 - r2g
& r = nn + 4
& 18 ]1 - rg2 = 9 ]1 - r2g
& n # ^n
-4 n+4 7
h =n 52
& 2 ]1 - rg = 1 + r
7n + 24 52
&n =n
& r = 3 and a = 3 ]1 - rg = 2.
1
&n=4
a3 8
Hence sum of cubes = =
a = b = r 2 ]2bg = a + 3c
b c 1 - r3 1 - 1
5. 27
8 # 27 108
a 3c = 26 = 13
&4= b + b
9. a + ar = 1
1
& 3r + r = 4
ar n = 2 # ar n - 1
& 3r2 - 4r + 1 = 0
&r=2
1
& r = 1, 3
1 1
a = 1+r = 3.
1
Since r < 1 , r = 3
1 1 1
10. x = 1 - a ,y = 1 - b ,z = 1 - c
6. a + ar = 1
a,b,c are in AP
ar n-1
= 2 ^ar n + ar n + 1 + ...h
& 1 - a, 1 - b, 1 - c are in AP
& 1 = 2 ]r + r2 + r3 + ...g
1 1 1
& 1 - a , 1 - b , 1 - c are in HP
r 1
= 1-r = 2
So, x, y, z are in HP
Sequences and Series 3.3
INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
1 3 5
a + ]4 - 1g d 5
1. t4 = = & a + 3d = 3
6. 5, G1, G2, G3, G4, 160 are in GP
1 1
a + ]8 - 1g d 3 b 1/n + 1 b 160 l1/5
r =bal
t8 = = & a + 7d = 3
= 5 =2
5 4
` 4d = 3 - 3 = 3
G3 = 5 # 23 = 40
1
&d= 3
7 2 7. Let the numbers be a and b
a = 3 - 7d = 3 - 3 = 3
1 1 3 a + b = A1 + A2 and ab = G1 G2
a + ]6 - 1gd
t6 = = 2 5 =7
3+3 Then
A1 + A2 a + b
G1 G2 = ab
1 1
a + ^ p - 1hd a + ^q - 1h d
2. tp = = q & tq = =p 1
8. 1, H1, H2, ..., Hn , 31 are in HP
& a + ^ p - 1 h d = q & a + ^q - 1 h d = p
1 1
1 1 1
& 1, H , H , ..., H , 31 are in AP
& ^ p - q h d = q - p = pq
1 1 p-q 1 2 n
b-a 30
d = n+1 = n+1
1 1 p-1 1
& d = pq & a = q - pq = pq
1 7 # 30 1 ]n - 1g # 30
1 1 pq H7 = 1 + n + 1 , Hn - 1 = 1 + n+1
a + ^ p + q - 1hd
` tp + q = = p+q-1 = p+q
]n - 1g # 30
1
pq + pq 1+
H7 n+1 9
3. For the corresonding AP, we have Hn - 1 = 7 # 30 =5
1+ n+1
5 23 5 - 7
a = 2 , d = 12 - 2 = 12 n + 1 + 30n - 30 9
& n + 1 + 210 = 5
1 1 12
a + ]n - 1gd 7 ]n - 1g = 30 - 7n + 7 & 5 ]31n - 29g = 9 ]n + 211g
tn = = 5
2 - 12
12 & n = 14
= 37 - 7n For n = 6, tn < 0.
8+2 3
12 2#
Largest positive term = t5 = 37 - 7 # 5 = 6. 2ab 5+ 2
9. HM = =
a+b 4+ 3
1
4. 2 , A1, A2, A3, A4, 3 are in AP 5+ 2
1 4 ^4 + 3 h
3- 2 = =4
b-a 2.5 1 4+ 3
& d = n+1 = 5 = 5 = 2
a+b
10. 2 =9 & ab = 4
1 1
A3 = 2 + 3 # 2 = 2
& a + b = 18 and ab = 16
A3 = a + 3 b n + 1 l
b-a
5.
QE with roots a & b is x2 - 18x + 16 = 0
3 ]38 - 2g
14 = 2 + n+1
36
& n+1 = 4 = 9
&n=8
3.4 Mathematics
INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
Sn = 1 + 3x + 5x2 + 7x3 + ... + ]2n - 1gx n - 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
xSn = x + 3x2 + 5x3 + ... + ]2n - 1gx n = - + - + -
12 22 22 32 32 42
+ ... + 2 -
n ]n + 1g2
1. ]1 - xgSn = 1 + 2x + 2x2 + 2x3 + ... + 2x n - 1 - ]2n - 1gx n
n 2 + 2n
= 1 + 2x^1 + x + x2 + ... + x n - 2h - ]2n - 1gx n
1
]n + 1g ]n + 1g2
= 1- 2 =
2x^1 - x n - 1h
= 1+ 1-x - ]2n - 1gx n 1 1
S = 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + ...
6.
1 2x ^1 - x n - 1h ]2n - 1gx n n
1
]1 - xg2 Sn = / ] + g] + g
& Sn = 1 - x + - 1-x
r=1 r
r 1 r 2
2. S3 = 1 - 3x + 5x2 - 7x3 + ...3 1
n
r+2-r
= 2/ ]
- xS3 =- x + 3x2 - 5x3 + 7x 4 - ...3 r r + 1g]r + 2g
]1 + xgS3 = 1 - 2x + 2x2 - 2x3 + ...
r=1
n
1 1 1
= 2/ ] g -] g]r + 2g
= 1 - 2x ^1 - x + x - ...h2
r=1 r r + 1 r + 1
T1 = 2 :1.2 - 2.3 D
2x 1-x 1 1 1
= 1- 1+x = 1+x
1-x
]1 + xg2 T2 = 2 : 2.3 - 3.4 D
S3 = 1 1 1
3. Sn = 1 $ 3 + 3 $ 5 + 5 $ 7 + ...
Tn = 2 ; n ]n + 1g - ]n + 1g]n + 2g E
1 1 1
/ ]2r - 1g]2r + 1g
n
=
Sn = 2 ; 2 - ]n + 1g]n + 2g E
r=1 1 1 1
/ ]4r - 1g
n
2
=
n 2 + 3n
Sn = ]
1g]n + 2g
r=1
4n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g 4 n +
= 6 -n
7. Sn = 3 $ 8 + 6 $ 11 + 9 $ 14 + ...
2n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g
/ 3r]3r + 5g
n
= 3 -n =
r=1
4. Sn = 1 $ 2 $ 3 + 2 $ 3 $ 4 + 3 $ 4 $ 5 + ...
= 3 / ^3r2 + 5r h
n
/ r]r + 1g]r + 2g
n
= r=1
3n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g 5n ]n + 1g E
r=1
= 3 #;
/ ^r + 3r + 2r h
n
3 2 6 + 2
=
3n ]n + 1g ]
2n + 1 + 5g
r=1
n ]n + 1g D2 3n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g 2n ]n + 1g =
=: 2
= 3n ]n + 1g]n + 3g
2 + 6 + 2
n2 ]n + 1g2 n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g
+ n ]n + 1g
8. A$M $ G$M
= 4 + 2 x+y+z 3
& $ xyz
n ]n + 1g 2n + 1 3
= n ]n + 1g: 4 + 2 + 1D 6
& 3 $ 3 xyz
n ]n + 1g 6 ]n + 1g
= 4 n + 4n + 2 + 4@ & xyz # 8
n ]n + 1g ^ 2 9. x+y+z = 1
= 4 n + 5n + 6 h x x
& 2 + 2 +y+z = 1
n ]n + 1g]n + 2g]n + 3g
= 4 x x
+ +y+z 4 x x
n
]2r + 1g Now, 2 2 4 $ 2 $ 2 $y$z
Sn = / 2
r = 1 r ]r + 1 g
5. 2 2
1 4 x yz
&4 $
/ ]rr2+]r1g+ -1gr2
n 2 2 4
=
& 4 #b4l
2
r=1
x yz 1 4
/ ; r12 - ]r +1 1g2 E
n
= 1
r=1
& x2 yz # 64 .
Sequences and Series 3.5
/ r + ]r1+ 2g2
3
10. S=
r=1
/ r2 + 51r + 4
3
=
r=1
1 1 1
3
= 3 / r+1 - r+4
r=1
= 3 :2 + 3 + 4 D
1 1 1 1
= 3 : 6 12
1 + 4 + 3 D 13
= 36
EXERCISE - 1
Arithmetic progession 4. Given series 3.8 + 6.11 + 9.14 + 12.17 + ...
1. Given series 101+99+97+...+47. So, first term First factors are 3, 6, 9, 12 whose nth term is 3n and
a = 101 , common difference d = - 2 and last term second factors are 8, 11, 14, 17
l = 47 We know that last term of a series. tn = 68 + ]n - 1g3@ = ]3n + 5g
Tl = a + ]n - 1gd & 47 = 101 + ]n - 1g]- 2g Hence nth term of given series = 3n(3n + 5).
& - 54 = ]n - 1g]- 2g & n = 28. 5. The sum of integers from 1 to 100 that are divisible
Note : Students should remember this question as a = 2550 + 1050 - 550 = 3050.
= A + ]m - 1gD = am .
2 6 am + k + am - k
9. Given series 27 + 9 + 5. 5 + 3. 7 + ... 2
27 27 27 27
= 27 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ... + 2n - 1 + ... 15. Given series S = 1 - 2 + 3 - 4 + 5 - 6...
Case I. If n is odd, say 2m + 1
27
Hence n term of given series Tn = 2n - 1
th
In this case, the number of positive terms
= 2 ]n + 1g = 2 ]2m + 1 + 1g = ]m + 1g
27 27 10 1 1
So, T9 = 2 # 9 - 1 = 17 = 1 17 .
and the number of negative terms
log3 2, log3 ^2 x - 5h and log3 b2 x - 2 l are in A.P.
7
10.
= ]2m + 1g - ]m + 1g = m
So, a ^q - r h + b ^r - ph + c ^ p - q h = 4 n 6n - ]n + 2g@ =- 2 .
1 n
= D ]ab - ac + bc - ab + ca - bcg = 0
1 Which the option (a) and (c) give for n = 3,4
Sequences and Series 3.7
16. We have first term A = a ......(i) if p, q, r in A.P., then p , q , r terms of a G.P. are
th th th
Second term A + d = b ......(ii) always in G.P., therefore, a,b,c will be in G.P. i.e.
From (i), (ii) and (iii), d = ]b - ag and n = b - a 21. Given that first term a = 5 and common ratio r =- 5
b
S = 2 5a + l? = ]
n b 5a + 2a? = 3ab ar n - 1 = 3125 & 5 ]- 5gn - 1 = 3125 & ]- 5gn - 1 = 5 4
2 b - ag 2 ]b - ag
Trick : Let a = 2, b = 3 then the sum = 9 which is Hence n = 5.
Where d is the common difference of the given A.P. (b) Let 2 is added, then the numbers will be 4, 16, 64
Also an = a1 + ]n - 1gd. Then by rationalising each
which are obviously in G.P.
1 1 1
term, + + ... + 23. Given that m = ar p + q - 1 and n = ar p - q - 1
a2 + a1 a3 + a2 an + an - 1
m 1/^2qh
rp+q-1-p+q+1 = n & r = b n l
a2 - a1 a3 - a2 an - an - 1 m
= a2 - a2 + a3 - a2 + ... + an - an - 1
= d " a2 - a1 + a3 - a2 + ... + an - an - 1 ,
1 m
and a = ^ p + q - 1 h/2q
bml
n
= d " an - a1 , = d d n
1 1 an - a1
^ p - 1 h/2q
an + a1 Now pth term = ar p - 1 =
m
^ p + q - 1 h/2q
bml
bml
n
1 ]n - 1gd 2
= d(
n-1 n
=
an + a1 an + a1
m ^ p - 1h/2q - ^ p + q - 1h/^2qh
= mb n l = mb n l
m -1/2
Geometric progession
19. Given sequence is 2 , 10 , 50 ,... common ratio = m1 - 1/2 n1/2 = m1/2 n1/2 = mn .
r = 5 , first term a = 2 , then 7 th term
Aliter : As we know each term in a G.P. is geometric
t7 = 2 ^ 5 h = 2 ^ 5 h = 2 ]5 g3 = 125 2 .
7-1 6
= 10 + 34 < F = 10
containing terms of powers in cyclic order associated 2 1/103 2 1 100
+ 34 # 1000 # 99
1 - 1/100
with negative sign, reduce to 1 mostly.
2 34 232
= 10 + 990 = 990 .
26. The given series 2 # 4 + 4 # 6 + 6 # 8... nth terms
33. Let three terms in G.P. are a, ar, ar2 . Then
Tn = 2n.2 ]n + 1g = 4n ]n + 1g
a + ar + ar2 = 19 & a 61 + r + r2@ = 19 …..(i)
Putting n = 20 , we get T20 = 4.20(20 + 1) = 1680.
a.ar.ar2 = 216 & a3 r3 = 216 & ar = 6 ....(ii)
27. a = AR p - 1, b = AR q - 1, c = AR r - 1
Dividing (ii) by (i),
`bbl bal b c l =c
c p b r a q AR r - 1 mp c AR q - 1 mr c AR p - 1 mq
AR q - 1 AR p - 1 AR r - 1 6 6 6 2 6
^ r - q hp + ^q - p hr + ^ p - r hq 0 r + r r + r r = 19 & r + 6 + 6r = 19
=R = R = 1.
13 3
log l - log a & r2 - 6 r + 1 = 0 Hence r = 2 .
l
28. l = ar n-1
& a = rn - 1 & log r +1 = n
34. Given series 6 + 66 + 666 + ...+ upto n terms
29. Obviously ^a x/2h = log x a. log b x = log b a
2
6
= 9 (9 + 99 + 999 + ... upto n terms)
& a x = log b a & x = log a ^log b a h
2
= 3 (10 + 102 + 103 + ...+ upto n terms - n)
& x = log a d n = log a ^log e a h - log a ^log e bh .
log e a
2 10 ^10 n - 1h
log e b
= 3c m = 1 620 ^10 n - 1h - 18n@
A 10 - 1 - n 27
30. Let R , A, AR be the roots of the equation
2 ^10 n + 1 - 9n - 10h
= .
ax + bx + cx + d = 0 then A = Product of the
3 2 3
27
3/4 4 7
roots =- a & A =- b a l Since A is a root of the 35. According to condition 1 - r = 3 & r = 16 .
d d 1/3
a
equation. ` aA3 + bA2 + cA + d = 0 36. S3 = 1 - r where - 1 < r < 1 i.e. r < 1.
Sequences and Series 3.9
37. Since the series are G.P., therefore 1 1 1 2 3
41. Series, 2, 2 2 , 3 3 , ... are in H.P. & 2 , 5 , 10 , ...
1 x-1 1 y-1
x = 1 - a & a = x and y = 1 - b & b = y 1
will be in A.P. Now first term a = 2 and common
1
` 1 + ab + a2 b2 + ...3 = 1 - ab 1
difference d =- 10 So, 5th term of the A.P.
1 xy
= = x+y-1 = 2 + ]5 - 1gb - 10 l = 10 Hence 5th term in H.P. is 10
1 1 1
x-1 y-1
1- x . y
42. Since a1, a2, a3, ..., an are in H.P.
38. 41/3 .41/9 .41/27 ...3
1 1 1 1
Therefore a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., an will be in A.P. Which
` S = 41/3 + 1/9 + 1/27 ...3
1 1 1 1 1 1
gives a2 - a1 = a3 - a2 = ... = an - an - 1 = d
& S = 4d 1 - 1/3 n = 4 1 - 1/3 & S = 41/2 & S = 2.
1/ 3 1/3
a -a a -a a -a
& 1a1 a2 2 = a3 2 a3 2 = ... = an -n 1- 1 an n = d
Harmonic progession
39. Given Tm = n, Tn = m for H.P. Therefore for the & a1 - a2 = da1 a2 a2 - a3 = da2 a3
...............
1 1 ...............
corresponding A.P. mth term = n , n th term = m
and an - 1 - an = dan an - 1
Let a and d be the first term and common difference
Adding these, we get
of this A.P., then a + ]m - 1g d = n
1
d ]a1 a2 + a2 a3 + ... + an an - 1g
…..(i)
a + ]n - 1gd = m
1
…..(ii) = ]a1 + a2 + ... + an - 1g - ]a2 + a3 + ... + ang
1 1
Solving these, we get a = mn , d = mn = a1 - an ...(i)
Now, rth term of corresponding A.P. Also nth term of this A.P. is given by
= a + ]r - 1g d = mn + ]r - 1g mn = mn
an = a1 + ]n - 1gd & d = a1 an ]n - 1g
1 1 1+r-1 1 1 a1 - an
]a1 - ang = a1 - an
]a1 a2 + a2 a3 + ... + an an - 1g
a1 an ]n - 1g
mn
r . Note : Students should remember this question
]a1 a2 + a2 a3 + ... + an an - 1g = a1 an ]n - 1g.
as a fact.
2xz
40. Suppose that x to be added then numbers 13, 15, 19 43. If x,y,z are in H.P., then y = x + z
Trick : Such type of questions should be checked = log e 6]x + zg2 - 4xz@ = log e ]x - zg2 =
1 1 1
8th term will be 7 .a + 6d = 8 and a + 7d = 7 a, g1, g2,....gn, b are in G.P. Then
b n/]n + 1g
1 1 15
= 56 + 14 # 56 = 56 Now nth geometric mean ^ gnh = ar n = a b a l .
Gm = a b a l
2pq b n+1
48. As given H = p + q
= ]abg1/2
a n+1
+b n+1
62. Let three number a,b and c in G.P., then b = ac 2
54. As given
an + bn
& 2 log e b = log e a + log e c
& a n + 1 - a n + 1/2 b1/2 + b n + 1 - a1/2 b n + 1/2 = 0
& a n + 1/2 - b n + 1/2 = 0 ^a a ! b & a1/2 ! b1/2 h 63. If a and d be the first term and common difference of
55. 2, g1, g2, g3, 32 where and Tr = a + ]r - 1g d. If Tp, Tq, Tr are in G.P.
6a + ^q - 1h d@ - 6a + ]r - 1gd@ q - r
6a + ^ p - 1h d@ - 6a + ^q - 1h d@ p - q
= =
Then third geometric mean = ar = 2 # 2 = 16.3 3
q-r r-s
Similarly, we can show that R = p - q = q - r
Aliter: By formula, G3 = 2. b 2 l
3/4
32
= 2.8 = 16.
Hence ^ p - qh, ^q - r h, ]r - sg be in G.P.
56. Let G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 be the G.M.’s are inserted
64. We know that A > G > H. Where A is arithmetic
between 486 and 2/3. So total terms are 7.
Tn = ar n - 1 & 2/3 = 486 ] r g6 & r = 1/3 mean, G is geometric mean and H is harmonic mean,
Hence 4th G.M. will be, T5 = ar 4 = 486 ^1/3h = 6.
4
then A > G
a+b
57. 2 = 7 & a + b = 14
a+b ]a + bg > 2 ab . .
& 2 > ab or
1 1
a+b 65. Given that b2, a2, c2 are in A.P.
7 a+b
2 = 2 & =7
ab
Therefore a2 - b2 = c2 - a2
2
ab = 2. Hence, QE: x - 14x + 2 = 0
2ab 11 # 12 11 & ]a - bg]a + bg = ]c - ag]c + ag
58. Let roots be a, b then H.M. = = 10 = 5
a+b
a-b c-a b-a+c-c a+b-b-c
& c+a = a+b & ]
c + ag]b + cg ]b + cg]a + bg
=
Relation between ap, gp and hp
59. It is a fundamental concept. 1 1 1 1
& b+c - a+b = c+a - b+c
a+b 2ab
60. Let A = 2 , G = ab and H = a + b . 1 1 1
& a + b , b + c , c + a are in A.P.
Then G2 = ab .....(i)
Hence ]a + bg, ]b + cg, ]c + ag are in H.P.
and AH = b 2 l . a + b = ab
a + b 2ab
.....(ii)
a+c
66. As given b = 2 …..(i)
From (i) and (ii), we have G = AH . 2
and b2 = ac …..(ii)
61. Given that a,b,c in A.P. and b,c,d in H.P.
2bd & ]a + cg2 = 4ac & ]a - cg2 = 0 & a = c
So, 2b = a + c and c = b + d
& b =e o
a 3 +1
A.P.
3 -1
& "a ]a + bg + c ]a + bg, , "b ]b + ag + c ]b + ag, ,
or a: b = ^2 + 3 h: ^2 - 3 h
a 2+ 3
& b =
c ]c + bg + a ]b + cg will be in A.P.
2- 3
72. x + y + z = 15 , if 9, x, y, z, a are in A.P.
& ]a + bg]a + cg, ]b + ag]b + cg, ]c + ag]c + bg will
Sum = 9 + 15 + a = 2 ]9 + ag & 24 + a = 2 ]9 + ag
5 5
1 1 1
be in A.P. & b + c , c + a , a + b will be in A.P.
& 48 + 2a = 45 + 5a & 3a = 3 & a = 1 ....(i)
{Dividing each term by ]a + bg]b + cg]c + ag }
1 1 1 5
and x + y + z = 3 , if 9, x, y, z, a are in H.P.
68. a, b, c are in A.P.
Sum = 9 + 3 + a = 2 : 9 + a D & a = 1.
1 5 1 5 1 1
1 1 1
& bc , ca , ab will be in A.P.
Arithmetico geometric progession
{Dividing each term by abc} 73. This is an A.G.P.
1 1 1
69. Clearly x = 1 - a , y = 1 - b , z = 1 - c Let S = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + ...3
1 1 1
& 1 - a , 1 - b , 1 - c are in H.P. 1
]1 - xg2
`S= .
` x, y, z are in H.P.
Aliter: Use S = :1 + 1 - r # diff. of A.P.D 1 - r
r 1
1 3#1# 5
1
5
3
5 15 35 b1 - 1 l Sn = 1 + 1 + 12 + 13 + ... + upto n terms
S3 = 5 5 5 5 5
1 + 2 = 4 + 16 = 4 + 16 = 16 .
1- 5 b1 - 1 l 25 n
5 -
5n
Aliter: Use S = :1 + 1 - r # diff. of A.P.D 1 - r
r 1
1
4 1- n n 25 4n + 5
5
& 5 Sn = 4 - n & Sn = 16 - .
76. Let S = 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 10x3 + ...3 5 16 # 5 n - 1
5
& x.S = x + 3x2 + 6x3 + ...3 79. 21/4 .41/8 .81/16 .161/32 ...3
Subtracting S ]1 - xg = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ...3 = 21/4 + 2/8 + 3/16 + ... = 2 S ,where S is given by
/ / n / / Tk
2 - 1 = 2 - 1 Now S = Tn = 2 - 1
n
= k=1
2 ]n + 1g
= ]2 + 22 + 23 + ... + 2 ng - n & Sn + 1 = 2 :1 - n + 2 D & Sn + 1 = ]
1
n + 2g
.
Aliter : 1 + 3 + 7 + ... + Tn 2n ]n + 1g
& Tn = 2 - n = n2
= ]2 + 2 n + ... + 2 ng - n = 2 n + 1 - 2 - n.
k=1
= 2 ]n - 1gn2 + n2 = 2 ]n + 1gn2 .
1 1
Put r = 1, 2 ,...,n and add, we get the required sum
6]n + 1g]n!g - ]n!g@
= 4 ; 3.4 + 4.5 + 5.6 + ... + ]2005g . ]2006g E
1 1 1 1
n ]n + 1g D2 #
1 n
=:
= 1- n+1 = n+1. 6
n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g
n=1
86. S = 3.6 + 4.7 + ... upto n - 2 terms = 2
e / n2 o
12
n=1
3 n ]n + 1g 3 12.13 234
= (1.4 + 2.5 + 3.6 + 4.7 + ... upto n terms) – 14
= 2.]
2n + 1g 2 25
= . = 25 ,
= / n ]n + 3g - 14 = 6 ^2n3 + 12n + 10nh - 14
1
[Putting n = 12].
Sequences and Series 3.15
EXERCISE - 2
Arithmetic progession
4. We get series 3, 6, 9, 12, ........ 99.
Tm = a + ]m - 1g d = n and
1
1.
99
Here n = 3 = 33, a = 3, d = 3 ,therefore
Tn = a + ]n - 1gd = m
1
5. As given d = a2 - a1 = a3 - a2 = ... = an - an - 1
2. The given number are in A.P.
` sin d "cosec a1 cosec a2 + ... + cosec an - 1 cosec an ,
` 2 log9 ^31 - x + 2h = log3 ^4.3 x - 1h + 1
sin ]a2 - a1g sin ]an - an - 1g
& 2 log3 ^31 - x + 2h = log3 ^4.3 x - 1h + log3 3
2 = sin a . sin a + ... + sin a sin a
1 2 n-1 n
S2n - Sn = 2 "2a + ]2n - 1gd , - 2 "2a + ]n - 1g d , 12. Let the sides of the triangle be a - d, a, a + d, then
8. 2n n
^1 + x + x2 + x3 + ... + x n - 1h x + ...
& tan -1 e o = tan -1 b x + z l
2y
1 - y2 1 - xz
Required sum = ]1 - xg "]1 - xg + ^1 - x2h + ^1 - x3h,
1
2y x+z
& = But 2y = x + z
1 - y2 1 - xz
+^1 - x 4h + ... upto n terms}
` 1 - y2 = 1 - xz & y2 = xz
1
]1 - xg [n - {x + x + x + ... upto n terms}]
2 3
=
a xyz are both in G.P. and A.P. ` x = y = z.
1 ; x ^1 - x nh E n ]1 - xg - x ^1 - x nh
Geometric progession =
]1 - xg n - 1-x
=
]1 - xg2
17. Let first term and common ratio of G.P. are
21. ` n th term of series = ar n - 1 = a ]3 gn - 1 = 486 ....(i)
respectively a and r, then under condition,
and sum of n terms of series.
Tn = Tn - 1 + Tn - 2 & ar n - 1 = ar n - 2 + ar n - 3
a ^3 n - 1h
Sn = ]a r > 1g …..(ii)
3 - 1 = 728
& ar n - 1 = ar n - 1 r -1 + ar n - 1 r -2
From (i), a b 33 l = 486
n
1 1
& 1 = r + 2 & r2 - r - 1 = 0
r
or a.3 n = 3 # 486 = 1458
1! 1+4 1+ 5
&r= 2 = 2
From (ii), a.3 n - a = 728 # 2 or a3 n - a = 1456
Taking only (+) sign ]a r > 1g
1458 - a = 1456 & a = 2
18. Given a + ar = 1 and r = 2
22. Given x1 x2 x3 ...xn = 1 a A.M. $ G.M.
1
therefore a + 2a = 1 & a = 3 . x1 + x2 + x3 + ... + xn l ]x .x .x ...x g1n
`b n $ 1 2 3 n
a ]r n - 1 g
] g
= ]1 gn = 1
19. Given that r - 1 = 255 a r > 1 …..(i)
1
& 2 -n = 2 -8 & n = 8 It is the product of two integers and hence not prime.
Putting n = 8 in equation (iv), we have 24. Let a and b be the roots of equation
or a = 1. ` G.M. of a and b = ab = 9 = 3.
3.18 Mathematics
25. a = 3, r = 3 a
30. We have 1 - r = x …..(i)
& r ;1 + xy E =- 1 + y & r = 2
We know that sum of infinite G.P. is
2
x2 x2 - y
.
x +y
S3 = 1 - r ]- 1 < r < 1g
a
31. Let the first series be a + ar + ar2 + ... then the
Therefore, A = 1 + ;
rz E 1 - rz + rz
z & A = second series is a2 + a2 r2 + a2 r 4 + ... their sums are
1-r 1 - rz
given as 3. So, we have 1 - r = 3 or a = 3 ]1 - rg
1 1 A-1 a
&A= & 1 - rz = A & rz = A
1 - rz
= 3 or a2 = 3 ]1 - r2g
a2
Hence r = : A D .
1/z
A-1 and
1 - r2
o o = 0.4232323...
27. We have 0.423 Eliminating a, "3 ]1 - rg,2 = 3 ]1 - r2g
4 23 23 23 1
= 10 + 3 + 5 + 7 ...3 & 4r = 2 or r = 2
10 10 10
Harmonic progession
= 10 + 3 ;1 + 2 + 4 + ...3E
4 23 1 1
10 10 10 32. Let a be the first term and d be the common difference
1
= 10 + 1000 f 1 - 1 p = 10 + 990 = 990
4 23 4 23 419 of the corresponding A.P.
2
10
p th term of A.P. ^Tp h = a + ^ p - 1 h d = q ....(i)
1
28. 2 3
y = x - x + x - x + ...3 4
` Tpq = a + ^ pq - 1 h d = pq + ^ pq - 1 h pq = 1.
x x 1 1
1 - ]- xg
Aliter: y = & y = 1+x
y Therefore pq th term is 1.
& y + yx = x & x = 1 - y
3 5
29. We have x = / an = 1 -1 a & a = x-1 33. a + 3d = 3 and a + 7d = 3
n=0
x
2 1
/ bn = 1 -1 b & b = y -y 1 Solving, a = 3 , d = 3
3
y=
n=0
2 5 7
3
6th term of A.P. = a + 5d = 3 + 3 = 3
z= / an bn = 1 -1 ab & ab = z -z 1
n=0
3
x-1 y-1 z-1 & 6th term of H.P. = 7 .
` x . y = z & xy + z = zx + yz
Sequences and Series 3.19
2ab 1 1 Now, G.M > H.M so that ac > b & ac > b2 …..(i)
34. Putting H = a + b , we have H - a + H - b
= b b - a lb a - b l = b b - a lb ab l = ab
a+b 1 1 a+b b-a a+b Multiplying (i) and (ii), we get abcd > b2c2 or
sixth H.M x6 =
7.3.6/13 126 63
= 240 = 120 . ]a + cg + ]b + dg > 2 ]b + cg & a + d > b + c
b6.3 + l6
13
Hence answer (a) is true. So both (a) and (b) are
2ab
37. Putting H = a + b
correct.
H+a H+b 2 ^ H - abh 2
1 1
& 2 ^ab - 2b2 + bch =- ^ a - c h ^ a + c h
Trick: Let a = 1, H = 2 and b = 3 , then 2 2
ace + c2 e
39. As a,b,c,d are in H.P. So b is H.M. between a and c. & c2 = 3 2 2
c + e & c + c e = ace + c e
& c3 = ace & c2 = ae Hence a,c,e will be in G.P.
Also G.M. between a and c = ac .
3.20 Mathematics
42. Let A j, H j, where j = 1,2,3,...9 denote the 9 A.M.’s = ^ p - q h x - ^ p - q h]r - 1g d
1
A.P. Then 3 = 2 + 10d & d = 10 & n = ^q - r h # " x + ^ p - 1h d ,
If A denotes the jth arithmetic mean, then
& n = ^q - r h x - ^q - r h d + ^ pq - pr h d .....(iv)
A = 2 + jd = 2 + c m
j
and b d l = ^ R r - ph1/b = R m
10 c 1/b
1 1 1 1 1
i.e., 2 , H , H , ... H , 3 will be in A.P.
1 2 9 = ^r - ph x - ^r - p h d + ^rq - qph d .....(v)
Hence b b l b c l b a l = R k R m R n = R m + n + k
Let D be the common difference of this A.P. a 1/c b 1/a c 1/b
1 1 1
Then 3 = 2 + 10D & D =- 60 = R 0 = 1 {since k + m + n = 0}, Adding (iii), (iv), (v)
If H be the jth harmonic mean, then Taking logarithm of both sides, we get
1 6 m m
` Am + 6 # H i.e. A + H = 2 + 10 + 3 - 10 = 5.
m
Note: Such type of questions i.e. containing term
43. Let A and R be the first term and common ratio of the with cyclic coefficient associated with negative sign
G.P. Then a = AR p - 1, b = AR q - 1 and c = AR r - 1 ..(i) reduce to 0 mostly.
2ab
Again if x and d be the first and common difference H.M. 12 12
44. Given that G.M. 13 & + b = 13
= a
ab
of the A.P. corresponding to the given H.P. a+b 13
or =
2 ab 12
Then a = x + ^ p - 1h d, b = x + ^q - 1h d.
1 1
]a + bg + 2 ab 13 + 12 25
]a + bg - 2 ab 13 - 12
& = = 1
c = x + ]r - 1 g d
1
..........(ii)
^ a + bh
2
52 a+ b 5
^ a - bh
a & 2 = 1 & =1
From (i) , b = R p - q a- b
^ a + bh+^ a - bh 5 + 1
or b b l = ^ R p - qh1/c = R k , where k = c ^ a + bh-^ a - bh 5 - 1
a 1/c p-q & =
` n th term = b = ar n - 1 = a b
b l2n - 2
= ab l
b 2 a + bx b + cx c + dx
48. a - bx = b - cx = c - dx
a a
or b = ^abh Applying componendo and dividendo, we get
1/2
= ab ....(ii)
2a 2b 2c
= + ]2n - 2gd' 2bx = 2cx = 2dx & b = ac and c = bd
2 2
1 1
Again for H.P:
b a
& a, b, c and b, c, d are in G.P.
& c = a + ]n - 1gd' = a +
1 1 1 a-b a+b
=
2ab 2ab
Therefore, a, b, c, d are in G.P.
2ab
....(iii)
49. (A.M.) (H.M.) = ab = ]G.M g2
&c=
a+b
& G1 .G2 = ^ ab h = ab
2
`a$b$c ......(iv)
1 1 1 1
a , H1 , H2 , b are in A.P.
a + b 2ab
Now we try for (c) : ac = 2 . a + b = ab = b
2
1 1 1 1 a+b H H2 GG
` ac - b2 = 0 ......(v) & H + H = a + b = ab & H 1+ H = A 1+ A2
1 2 1 2 1 2
= n3 + 3n2 + 2n
Sn = T1 + T2 + T3 + ... + Tn
` Sn = / ^n3h + / ^3n2h + / ]2ng
= ^2 + 2 + 2 + ... upto n terms h
2 3 4
22 ]2 n - 1g Sn = 4 n ]n + 1g]n + 2g]n + 3g
1
= 2 - 1 + 8n = 4 ]2 n - 1g + 8n
Tn = 2 ^n2 - n + 2h , this is the first term of nth
1
53. Let Sn be the sum of the given series to n terms, then 58.
Sn = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ... + nx n - 1 …..(i) row. Also, the terms of nth row form an A.P. with its
xSn = x + 2x2 + 3x2 + ... + nx n …..(ii)
first term as 2 ^n2 - n + 2h and a common difference
1
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
of 1. Hence the sum of the terms in the nth row is
]1 - xgSn = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ... to n terms - nx n
n :2. 1 ^n2 - n + 2h + ]n - 1g1D n ^ 2
^1 - x nh = 2 n + 1h .
=d n - nx n
]1 - xg
2 2
^1 - x nh - nx n ]1 - xg 1 - ]n + 1gx n + nx n + 1
1 1+2 1+2+3
59. Given series 1 + 2 + 3 + ...
]1 - xg ]1 - xg2
& Sn = 2 =
So nth term of series is given by
54. The sum of the first n terms is
1 ]n + 1g
Sn = b1 - 2 l + c1 - 2 m + c1 - 3 m + c1 - 4 m
1 1 1 1
Tn =
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n
= 2n n+1
= 2
2 2 2 n n
+ ... + b1 - 2 n l
1 60. Here Tn of the A.P. 1,2,3, .... = n
1 1 1
1 5 = 4 $ 4 202 $ 212 + 4 $ 6 20 $ 21 $ 41 + 2 20 $ 21
Trick: Check for n = 1, 2 i.e., S1 = 2 , S2 = 4 and
= 188090.
1 5
(c) & S1 = 2 and S2 = 2 + 2 -2 - 1 = 4
Sequences and Series 3.23
EXERCISE - 3
a a
On dividing, we get r3 = 8 or r = 2
7. Let a1 = a - d; a2 = a; a3 = a + d
Hence a # 2 4 = 5040
` 3a = 18 or a = 6
5040
or a = 16 = 315 So 315, 630, 1260, ... are in G.P. Hence, the number in A.P.
` S3 = 2205 & n = 3 6 - d, 6, 6 + d
a r=0 r=0
or 12r2 + 25r + 12 = 0 a
` +b = 3+2 = 5
1 6 -7
=1
& p = 4, 2 & p = 4
a 1
1- r
p, 3p, 6p, 10p, ...
1 r 24 - 1
=1 n ]n + 1g
Tn = .p
ar 24 r - 1 2
r 50 # 51 #
T ` 50 = 2 4 & 5100
1 2
. =1 3 6
ar 23 a 16. A = G + 2 , G = H + 5
15
& a 2 r 23 = 2 ...(2) Using G 2 = AH we get G = 6, A = 2 and
Also, ]ag]arg]ar g... ]ar g = 2 n
2 23
H= 5
24
23 # 24
a 24 .r 2 = 2n Hence, a + b = 15 and ab = 36
a 24 .r12 # 23 = 2 n ...(3)
a = 12, b = 3 or a = 3, b = 12
dP = R &
P+Q R+S n / 1 + n4n- 2n2 = 14 / ]]nn ++ 11gg2 #- ]]nn -- 11gg2
3 3 2 2
22.
Q S Q = S n=2 n=2
& 2k ]2k + 1g 0
2
]21g2
1 / c ]n -1 1g2 - ]n +1 1g2 m = 165
3
2
= 4
k ]k + 1g 0 2 ]11g2
2 =
8&
n=2
2 k
/ d 72 2+ 1 n
3
23. S = k
2k + 1 21 k k=0
& k + 1 = 11 & k = 10 & 5 = 2
20 21 22 23
S= + 2 1 + 4 + 8 + ....
20. a1, a2, ..., a10, are in A.P. 7 +1 7 +1 7 +1 7 +1
= c7-1 - 2 m + c 2 2 - 42 m +
h1, h2, ..., h10 are in H.P. 1 2 2
7 -1 7 -1 7 -1
1 1 1
c 42 - 82 m + ...
` h , h , ..., h are in A.P. 2 3
1 2 10
7 -1 7 -1
a
` 10 = a1 + 9d 1 1
S= 6 & S =6
3 = 2 + 9d 3n ]n + 1g
24. 3 + 6 + 9 + ... + n terms =
2 > 900
`d= 9
1 & + n - 600 > 0 & ]n - 24g]n + 25g > 0
n 2
1 1 1 1 1 n
& > 24 or n < - 25
and h = h + 9D; 3 = 2 + 9D; - 6 = 9D;
10 1
` Least integral value of n is 25
1
D
` =- 54
Hence k = 25 & k = 5
1 7
25. We have A1 + A2 + ... + An = n b
a
` 4 = a1 + 3d = 2 + 3 = 3 7 + 49 l =
2 364
1 1 1 1 #b 1 l n
& = 13
h7 = h1 + 6D & h7 = 2 + 6 - 54
1 1 1 1 7
Hence 49 = 7 + 14d & d = 3
& h = 2 - 9 & h = 18
7 7
` A1 = 7 + 3 = 10, A2 = 13, A3 = 16, ..., A6 = 25
18
` h7 = 7 ;
& k = 16.25 = 20.
7 18
a
` 4 h7 = 3 # 7 = 6
3.26 Mathematics
EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct
S3n = 2 62a + ]3n - 1gd@
3n
1. Suppose the work is completed in n days when the 3.
would have finished in ]n - 8g days with 150 S2n - S2n - 1 = T2n = a + ]2n - 1gd
or n = 25 or a3 + c3 - 8b3 =- 6abc
6 ^ p - 1h d@ = 0 or d = p - 1 ......(1)
p - 2a tr = Sr - Sr - 1
2 2a +
= cr ]r - 1g - c ]r - 1g]r - 2g
Sum of next q terms is sum of an A.P. whose first
= c ]r - 1g]r - r + 2g = 2c ]r - 1g
term will be Tp + 1 = a + pd.
We have,
` S = 2 62 ^a + pdh + ^q - 1h d@
q
t12 + t22 + ... + t n2 = 4c2 ^02 + 12 + 22 + ... + ]n - 1g2h
= 2 62a + ^ p - 1 h d + ^ p + q h d@
q
]n - 1gn ]2n - 1g
= 4c 2 6
= 2 ;0 - ^ p + q h p - 1 E
q 2a
= 3 c2 n ]n - 1g]2n - 1g
2
^ p + qhq
=- a p - 1
............[Using (1)]
Sequences and Series 3.27
6. Given that a3 + a5 + a8 = 11 = 1 - a 61 + b + b2 + ...3@ - 1 - a 61 + ab + ]abg2 ...3@
1 a
& a + 2d + a + 4d + a + 7d = 1
1 1 a
or 3a + 13d = 11 (1) = 1-a # 1-b -
]1 - ag]1 - abg
Given, a4 + a2 =- 2 1
=
]1 - abg]1 - bg
& a + 3d + a + d =- 2
or a =- 1 - 2d (2) 10. Highest degree of x on L.H.S is 1 + 2 + 4 + ... + 128
n 6]2a - dg + nxd@ 1 1 1
]2a - dg + xd
= ` S - Sn < 1000 & n - 1 < 1000
2
S
For Sxn to be independent of x, 2a - d = 0 or & 2 n - 1 > 1000 & n - 1 $ 10 & n $ 11
x
2a = d Now, S p = 2 62a + ^ p - 1h d@ = p a
p 2
Hence the least value of n is 11.
8. We know that - 1 # cos x # 1 & | cos x | # 1 12. Initially the ball falls from a height of 120m. After
But, x ! S & x ! ^0, rh & | cos x | < 1 striking the floor, it rebounds and goes to a height
1
& 81/^1 -| cos x |h = 82 or 1 -| cos x |
=2 4 # ]120g
5 m and after rebounding goes to a height
1 1
or | cos x | = 2 or cos x = ! 2
of 5 b 5 ]120gl m. This process is continued till the
4 4
]1 - rg3 a3
= 9747 990P = cab - c or
3 2
1-r 1+r+r
or ]1 - rg3 or ]1 - rg2
= 19 = 19 100c + 10a + b - c 99c + 10a + b
P= 990 = 990
or 18r2 - 39r + 18 = 0 a a ]1 - r ng
17. S3 = 1 - r = 162 Sn =1 - r = 160
or ]3r - 2g]6r - 9g = 0 160 80
Dividing, 1 - r n = 162 = 81
or 1 - 81 = r n or r n = 81 or b r l = 81
or r = 2/3 or 3/2 = 2/3 [ a r ! 3/2, 80 1 1 n
because 0 < | r | < 1 for an infinite G.P.] Now, it is given that 1/r is an integer and n is also an
integer. Hence, the relation (1) implies that 1/r = 3, 9
14. a2 + b2, ab + bc, b2 + c2 are in G.P.
or 81 so that n = 4, 2 or 1.
& ]ab + bcg2 = ^a2 + b2h^b2 + c2h
` a = 162 b1 - 3 l or 162 b1 - 9 l or 162 b1 - 81 l
1 1 1
or b 4 + a2 c2 - 2ab2 c = 0
or ^b2 - ach2 = 0 or b2 = ac
c1 - b 1 l m
n+1
2
1
=
= 2 c1 - b 13 l m
a1 + a2 + ... + an - 1
b1 - 1 l
n+1
2
3 3
an are in A.P. 3
n + ]n - 1g + ]n - 2g + ... + 1 E
1 1 1
+ + + + ...
1 =; a1 + nd d
22. 12 32 52 72
n ]n + 1gd
= c 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ... m -
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2an + 1
c 2 + 2 + 2 + ... m
1 1 1 n ]n + 1g a2 - a1 6 @
2 4 6 = 2 an + 1 a d = a2 - a1
= 6 - 4 c 2 + 2 + 2 + ... m
r2 1 1 1 1 26. Series is a, a + 2, a + 4,... + a + 4n, ]a + 4ng0.5,
1 2 3
r2 1 b r2 l r2 ]a + 4ng]0.5g2, ..., ]a + 4ng]0.5g2n - 1
6 -4 6 = 8
The middle term of A.P. and G.P. are equal
23. I ]2ng = 1 4 + 2 4 + 3 4 + ... + ]2n - 1g4 + ]2ng4
& a + 2n = ]a + 4ng]0.5gn
= 7^1 4 + 3 4 + 5 4 + ... + ]2n - 1h4A +
& a $ 2 n + 2 n + 1 n = a + 4n
2 ^1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ...n h
4 4 4 4 4 4
4n - n2 n + 1
&a=
2n - 1
/ ]2r - 1g4 + 16 # I]ng
n
=
r=1 ` Middle term of entire sequence
= ]a + 4ng0.5 = c 4 n 2 + 4n m 2 = n
& n - n n+1 1 n $ 2n + 1
r=1
2 -1 2 -1
3.30 Mathematics
27. Here, number of factors is 50. Sn = ]- 1g61 + 2 + ... upto 2m terms@
]- 1g]2mg]2m + 1g
Therefore, the coefficient of x 49 is S2m = 2 =- m ]2m + 1g
- 1 - 3 - 5 - : : : - 99 =- 2 ]1 + 99g =- 2500
50 Case 2: If n is odd, n = 2m - 1
S2m - 1 = ]- 1g61 + 2 + ... upto 2m - 2 terms@
28. We have ]OMn - 1g2 = ]OPng2 + ] Pn Mn - 1g2 + ]2m - 1g2
]2m - 2g]2m - 1g
= 2 ]OPng2 = 2a2n ^say h = ]2m - 1g2 - 2
= m ]2m - 1g Clearly (a), (c), (d) are true
Also, ]OPn - 1g2 = ]OMn - 1g2 + ] Pn - 1 Mn - 1g2
= 2 62 ]a + dg + 49 ]2dg@ = 1
and t2 + t4 + ... + t100 = S50 50
n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g
'
- Sn = 3 n ^n2 - 1h
1
&
& 50 ]2a + 99dg =- 1 and 25 ]2a + 100dg = 1
6
n ]n + 1g 6
& Sn = 6 2n + 1 - 2 ]n - 1g@ 2a + 99d
& a + 50d =- 1
n ]n + 1g
= 6
52n + 1 - 2n + 2? & 2a + 99d =- a - 50d
n ]n + 1g n ]n - 1g
& 3a + 149d = 0
= 2 & Sn - 1 = 2
- 149d
&a= 3
& Tn = Sn - Sn - 1 = n
& 50 b l
- 298d
30. x, y, z are in G.P. , y2 = xz 3 + 99d =- 1
& 50 ]- 298d + 297dg =- 3
, x is a factor of y (not possible)
3
Taking x = 3, y = 5, z = 7, we have x, y, z are in &- 50d =- 3 & d = 50
- 149 # 3 - 149
A.P. Thus x, y, z may be in A.P. but not in G.P. a= 3 50 = 50
n64 - 1 ]n - 1g]n + 1g
32 32
& b2 - 4ac = a a - b and q2 - 4pr = p c - d = n-1 = n-1
]n16 - 1g]n16 + 1g]n32 + 1g
b2 - 4ac a2 # ^a - bh
2
= n-1
^c - dh
& 2 = 2 2
^c - dh ^cdh = / r ]2r 2 + 5r + 3g
& 2 = 2 = 2
r /p2
= / ]2r3 + 5r 2 + 3r g
2
b2 - 4ac a2 # c2 # p c2
Hence 2 = 2 2 2 = 2 .
q - 4pr p a r r
]n + 1g l2 5n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g 3n ]n + 1g
1 1 1 1 = 2b n 2 + 6 + 2
Also, Let a , , c , be in A.P. with common
]n + 1g l 5 ]n + ng]2n + 1g 3 ]n 2 + ng
b d
= 2b n
2 2 2
+ +
difference ‘d’, then 4 c b - m
1 q 4 6 2
c r 1 8 9 7
& a = 2 ,b = 3 ,c = 2 ,d = 3
= 4 d b/a - n
1 q/p
c/a r/p
a+b
1 -^a + bh ^c + dh F
39. G1 G2 = ab ; A1 + A2 = 2
= 4< +
ab cd 1 a + 2b 1 2a + b
H1 = 3ab : H2 = 3ab
= 4 ;c - a + - E
1 1 1 1 1
d b Substitute the values in options to get ]ag, ]b g, ]c g
1 52d + 2d ?
= 4 =d
1 1 1 1
= - = -
b a d c
3.32 Mathematics
(a) ]0.25glog b 2 l = 4
1/3 1 1 Putting a = 2 in (1), we get
40. S = 1 - 1/3 = 2 2
Comprehension Type 1
64 + 64r n - 1 = 66 or r n - 1 = 32
Passage - 1 (Question 41 - 43)
For an increasing G.P., r > 1. Now, Sn = 126
41. a,b,c are in G.P. Hence, a, ar, ar2 are in G.P. So,
Fo real r, ^y + 1 h - 4 ^y - 1 h $ 0
2 2 ` r n - 1 = 32 & 2 n - 1 = 32 = 25 & n - 1 = 5 & n = 6
S ! ^- 3, - 2h , ^2, 3h
1 a = 64, r = 1/2 terms are 64,32,16,8,4,2. Hence,
42. S = r+ r
difference is 62.
43. Let b = ar, c = ar2, and r > 0.
As the sum of two sides is more than the third side, Passage - 3 (Question 47 - 49)
5 - 1 5 + 1 m !1 +
we have r ! c - G1 G2 gGn = ^ 1 # 1024 h = 25n
2 , 2
n
47.
& r + r - 1 ! ^1, 5 - 1 h
1
Given, 25n = 2 45 & n = 9
r2 + r + 1 2
As a2 = 2 = 1+
Hence, r = ]1024g9 + 1 = 2 & G1 = 2, r = 2
r -r+1 1 1
r+ r -1
2 # ]29 - 1g
` a2 ! c
5 +3 m & G1 + G2 + g + G9 = = 1024 - 2
2 ,3 2-1
or ]a - 2g]a - 64g = 0 or a = 2, 64
Sequences and Series 3.33
Passage - 4 (Question 50 - 52) Matching Column Type
50. Clearly, here the difference between the successive 53. (a) a, b, c are in G.P. Hence, b2 = ac
7 = 4a + 2b + c 14 = 9a + 3b + c 2 1 1
& y = x+z
Solving, we get a = 3/2, b =- 1/2, c = 2. Hence,
Hence x, y, z are in H.P.
Tn = 2 ^3n2 - n + 4h ` Sn = 2 73 / n2 - / n + 4nA
1 1 a + be x b + ce x c + de x
(b) = =
a - be x b - ce x c - de x
1 n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g n ]n + 1g
= 2 ;3 6 - 2 + 4nE or
2a
-1 =
2b
-1 =
2c
-1
a - be x b - ce x c - de x
= 2 ^n 2 + n + 4 h
n a - be x b - ce x c - de x
or a = b = c
& S20 = 4240 b x c x d
or 1 - a e = 1 - b e = 1 - e e x
x2 + y2 = b ]a + cg = b2b = 2b2
They are in G.P. whose nth term is ar n - 1 = a4 n - 1 .
are in A.P. Hence, general term of the series is the middle mean of ]2n + 1g odd means and it will
Numerical Type 1 b 1 - r 4 l 65
& = 18 .....(ii)
1 5 19 65 ar3 1 - r
1. 3 + 9 + 27 + 81 + ...
divide (i) by (ii)
b1 - 2 l + b1 - 4 l + b1 - 8 l + b1 - 16 l ....100 term 3
3 9 27 81 & 2 r3 = 2 ......(iii)
a
100 - ; 3 + b 3 l + ....E
2 2 2
also given that the product of the first three terms 1,
2c 2 100 m
3 1 -b 3 l
& a.ar.ar 2 = 1
100 - 2 & a3 .r3 = 1 .....(iv)
1- 3
divide (iv) by (iii)
100 - 2 c1 - b 32 l m
100
a3 r3 2
2 3 = 3
a r
S = 98 + 2 b 3 l
2 100
2
a
& =3
& [S] = 98
put in (iv)
1. Let number are a, ar, ar 2, ar3 8
& 27 .r3 = 1
65
a + ar + ar 2, ar3 = 12 27
& 3= 8
r
a (r 4 - 1) 65
& r - 1 = 12 .....(i) 3
r
& = 2
also given that So, the third term is
1 1 1 1 65
& a + ar + 2 + 3 = 18 a = ar 2
ar ar
1 c 1 - 1m 2 9
a= 3 #4
a r4 65
& 1 = 18 3
r -1
&a= 2
Sequences and Series 3.35
2a = 3 . 1 1 1 1
& 1 - 1 + x + y - xy = z
2. First common term = 23
1 1 1 1
common difference = 7 × 4 = 28
& x + y - xy = z
Last term ≤ 407 y+x-1 1
& xy = z
& 23 + (n –1) × 28 ≤ 407
& (n –1) × 28 ≤ 384 & + xz - z = xy
yz
& n ≤ 13.71 + 1 & y + x) z = xy + z
(
& n ≤ 14.71 4. Let terms be a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d , a + 2d.
So n = 14 sum = 25 & 5a = 25 & a = 5
Single Options Correct
Product = 2520
& (5 – 2d) (5 – d) 5(5 + d) (5 + 2d) = 2520
3. S = 1 $ 3 0 + 2 $ 31 + 3 $ 3 2 + ..... + 10 $ 39
& (25– 4d 2 ) (25– d 2 ) = 504
3S = 1 $ 3 + 2 $ 3 .......... + 9 # 39 + 10 # 310
1 2
2 1 S
` = / ai = 30
2 a1 + a30
cos
& z = y .....(ii) i=1
q=2 q=2
13. 5 5 5
= # b 13 2 14 - 1 l + 24 = 7 × 90 + 24 = 654
#
= b 5 l + b 5 l + b 5 l + b 5 l + ... upto 10 terms
7 8 2 12 2 16 2 20 2
Again, sum of all 2-digit numbers which when
/ b 4r 5+ 4 l = 25 / ]r + 1g2
10 2 10
16
=
divided by 7 yield 5 as remainder is r=1 r=1
/ ] r 2 + 1 g r! = ?
10 1 1 1
15. & a1 , a2 , a3 , ... are in A.P.
+c m
a b 1
3
b 3
an + bn 10 10 2n - 1 + 1
(a) / n = /n
= a +
10 10 n 1 - 10 1 - b
n=1 n=1 1 2 4 2n - 1 1
10 > 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + n - n
2 2
a ^10 - bh + b ]10 - ag
]10 - ag^10 - bh
n-1
= 1 2 4 2 1
> 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + n - n
2 2
10 ^a + bh - 2ab
= 1 + b 2 + 2 + 2 + ... + 2 l - n
12 1 1 1 1 1
100 - ^a + bh 10 + ab 89
= =
2
= 1 + 2 - n = b1 - 2 n l + 2
n n r r
n 1 1 n
(c) a1 + a2 + a3 + f + a n = / ar = / aa -- bb 2
r=1 r=1
a ]ng = 1 + 2 + b 3 + 4 l + b 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 l + ... +
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
n - 2 d - 2 n < - 198
1 2 2 2
2n - 1
2 2 -1 2
n - 2 > 198
= 1 + 2 +c 1 + m+c 2 + ... + 3 m + ...
1 1 1 1 1
2 + 1 22 2 +1 2 2$2 2
Sequences and Series 3.39
1 13. Since Qr + 1 - Qr = 6 ]r + 1g + 5 - 6r - 5 (constant),
2n - 2 < f 2 -
p 2197 ` n # 199
2 therefore, Q1, Q2, Q3, ... are in A.P. with common
` Number of circles = 199 difference 6.
Option (B) is correct.
Passage - 4 (Question 14 - 16)
Passage - 2 (Question 9 -10) a+b 2ab
14. Given, A1 = 2 , G1 = ab , H1 = a + b
9. As an = bn + cn i.e., an = 1...... ]1 or 0g
A +H
& an = an - 1 + an - 2 = 1 1 = an - 1 Also, An = n - 1 2 n - 1
14444444244444443
]n - 1g places
Gn = An - 1 Hn - 1
=1 1 0 = an - 2
or 1444442444443 2A # H
Hn = A n - 1+ H n - 1
]n - 2g places
n-1 n-1
& an = an - 1 + an - 2
` a17 = a16 + a15 & G n2 = An Hn & An Hn = An - 1 Hn - 1
Simliarly, we can prove
10. b6 = Six digit number ending with 1.
An Hn = An - 1 Hn - 1 = An - 2 Hn - 2 = ... = A1 H1
1 1 & An Hn = ab
Now, the four places are to be filled. & G12 = G22 = G32 = ... = G n2 = ab
Case I. _ _ _ 1 or G1 = G2 = G3 = ... = ab
Case II. _ _ _ 0
An - 1 + Hn - 1
Case I 1 1 1 15. We have An = 2
for places, all 1’s are used = 1 way A +H
` An - An - 1 = n - 1 2 n - 1 - An - 1
one zero is used = 3 C1 = 3
= n - 1 2 n - 1 < 0 ]a An - 1 > Hn - 1g
two zeros are used = 1 way 0 1 0 1 ........ H -A
Total = 5 ways
Case II 1 0 1 & An < An - 1 or An - 1 > An
Hence, we can conclude that A1 > A2 > A3 > ...
for 3 places, all 1’s are used = 1 way
one zero is used = 2 ways ab
16. We have An Hn = ab or Hn = A
n
& Total = 8 ways
1 1
Passage - 3 (Question 11 - 13) An - 1 < An & Hn - 1 < Hn
n ` H1 < H2 < H3 < ...
11. V1 + V2 + ... + Vn = / Vr Numerical Type
r=1
17. A51 - A50 = 1000 & l51 w51 - l50 w50 = 1000
/ b 2r ^2r + ]r - 1g]2r - 1ghl
n
=
& _l1 + 50d1 i_ w1 + 50d2 i - _l1 + 49d1 i_ w1 + 49d2 i
r=1
= / b r - r2 + 2r l
n 2
3
= 1000
& _l1 d2 + w1 d1 i = 10 .... (1)
r=1
/ n - /2n + /2 n
2
_ As d1 d2 = 10 i
3
n2 ]n + 1g2 n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g n ]n + 1g ` A100 - A90 = l100 w100 - l90 w90
= - +
= _l1 + 99d1 i_ w1 + 99d2 i - _l1 + 89d1 i_ w1 + 89d2 i
4 12 4
n ]n + 1g : ]n + 1g 2n + 1
= 4 n - 3 + 1D = 10 _l1 d2 + w1 d1 i + ]99 2 - 89 2gd1 d2
n ]n + 1g^3n2 + n + 2h = 10 ]10g + ]99 - 89g]99 + 89g]10g
= ABBBBBBBB
= 10
C
12
_ As, d1 d2 = 10 i
Tr = r + ]r - 1g]2r - 1g = ]r + 1g]3r - 1g
= 100 ]1 + 188g = 100 ]189g
12.
For each r, Tr has two different factors other than = 18900
1 and itself. Therefore, Tr is always a composite 3 y + 3 y + 3 y 6 _ y + y + y i@13
1 2 3
18. 3 $ 3 1 2 3
number.
y y y
& + 3 + 3 $ 34
3 1 2 3
3.40 Mathematics
log
& ] y + 3y + 3y g $ 4
3 3
1 2 3 23. Clearly, 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n - 2 # 1224 # 3 + 4 + ...n
]n - 2g]n - 1g ]n - 2g
m
& =4 & # 1224 # ]3 + ng
x +x +x 2 2
Also, 1 32 3 $ 3 x1 x2 x3
& n2 - 3n - 2446 # 0 and n2 + n - 2454 $ 0
x
& 1 x2 x3 # 27 & 49 < n < 51 & n = 50
log
& 3 x1
+ log3 x2 + log3 x3 # 3 & M = 3 n ]n + 1g ] + g
- 2k 1 = 1224
Thus, log 2 ]m3g + log3 ] M 2g = 6 + 2 = 8
` 2
or k = 25 or k - 20 = 5
19. Given 2 _a1 + a2 + ... + an i = b1 + b2 + ... + bn
24. a1, a2, a3, ..., a100 is an A.P.
& 2 # 2 ^2c + ]n - 1g2h = c b 22 -- 11 l
n n
p
a1 = 3, S p = / ai, 1 # p # 100
& 2n 2 - 2n = c ]2 n - 1 - 2ng
i=1
5n ^6 + ]5n - 1gdh
2n 2 - 2n Sm S5n
c
& = n- - !N 2
2 1 2n Sn = Sn = n ]6 - d + ndg
2 n
So, 2n - 2n $ 2 - 1 - 2n 2
Sm
& 2n 2 + 1 $ 2 n & n < 7
Sn is independent of n of 6 - d = 0 & d = 6.
& n can be 1, 2, 3, ....,
Checking c against these values of n 25. Using AM $ GM
we get c = 12 (when n = 3) a -5 + a -4 + a -3 + a -3 + a -3 + 1 + a8 + a10
Hence number of such c = 1 8
$ ^a -5 $ a -4 $ a -3 $ a -3 $ a -3 $ 1 $ a8 $ a10h8
1
20. First series is {1, 4, 7, 10, 13,……..}
Second series is {2, 7, 12, 17, …….} & a -5 + a -4 + 3a -3 + 1 + a8 + a10 $ 8 $ 1
Third series is {3, 10, 17, 24, ………} ` Minimum value is 8.
See the least number in the third series which leaves k-1
remainder 1 on dividing by 3 and leaves 1
Sk = k! 1 = ]
1g !
26.
remainder 2 on dividing by 5. 1- k k -
& 52 is the least number of third series which leaves
/ ^k2 - 3k + 1h ]k -1 1g!
100
remainder 1 on dividing by 3 and leaves
remainder 2 on dividing by 5 k=2
Now, A = 52
100
]k - 1g2 - k
/ ]k - 1 g !
D is L.C. M. of (3, 5, 7) = 105 k=2
Chapter
INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1. 2
2 sin i + 3 cos i 2
8. ]1 + cot A - cosec Ag]1 + tan A + sec Ag
1 1
4. 0 # cos x # 1 & 0 # 2 cos x # 2 = sin2 i + cos2 i + + +4
sin2 i cos2 i
& - 3 # 2 cos x - 3 # - 1 1 4
= 5+ = 5+ $ 5+4 = 9
sin2 i cos2 i sin2 2i
1 -1
&- 1 # # 3 .
c m cos2 A sin2 A
2 cos x - 3 1 1
10. +
sec2 A - cos2 A cosec2 A - sin2 A
5. sin2 5° + sin2 10° + ... + sin2 85° + sin2 90°
=c
cos2 A sin2 A m 2
+ cos A sin2 A
2 ° 2 ° 2
= sin 5 + sin 10 + ... + sin 40 + sin 45 + sin 50 ° 2 ° 2 ° 1 - cos A 1 - sin 4 A
4
1 cos 4 A sin 4
= sin2 5° + sin2 10° + ... + sin2 40° + 2 + cos2 40° = +
1 + cos A 1 + sin2 A
2
cos ^i - zh
cos ^i + zh Also, A + B ! b 0, 2 l , hence tan ] A + Bg > 0
& =2 r
8. tan ] A + Bg = 1
and tan ] A + Bg = 2 .
5
& tan A + tan B = 1 - tan A tan B
5 1
& tan A + tan B + tan A tan B + 1 = 2
Thus tan 2A = 2 + 3 = 15 + 2 = 17
5 1 6-5
& ]1 + tan Ag]1 + tan Bg = 2
1- 2 $ 3
INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
sin 2A 2 sin A cos A 4. cos 18° = 1 - sin2 18°
1. 1 - cos 2A = 2 sin2 A
1 -c
5 -1m
2
= cot A =
4
cos A sin A
2. cot A - tan A = sin A - cos A 6-2 5 10 + 2 5
= 1- 16 = 4
cos2 A - sin2 A cos 2A
= sin A cos A = 1 sin A = 2 cot 2A sin2 A - sin2 B
2 5. sin A cos A - sin B cos B
2
8. Given expression A B
2 sin 2 cos 2 A B
= A B = tan 2 cot 2
= 2 [sin ^a + b - r - dh + sin ^- a + b - r + dh
1 2 cos 2 sin 2
= 2 ^sin 40° - 1h ` k = 2
=0 1 1
INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
3 sin x + cos x = 2 c m
3 1 - 5 # 3 sin i - 2 # 1
1.
2 sin x + 2 cos x
0 # ]3 sin i - 2g2 # 25
= 2 b sin x cos 3 + cos x sin 3 l
r r
- 25 # - ]3 sin i - 2g2 # 0
= 2 sin b x + 3 l # 2
r - 21 # 4 - ]3 sin i - 2g2 # 4
4. cos2 i - 6 sin i cos i + 3 sin2 i + 2
1 + sin b i + 4 l + cos b i - 4 l
r r
2. = 3 + 2 sin2 i - 6 sin i cos i
r r r r = 3 + 1 - cos 2i - 3 sin 2i
= 1 + sin i cos 4 + cos i sin 4 + cos i cos 4 + sin i sin 4
= 4 - 3 sin 2i - cos 2i
= 1 + 2 ]sin i + cos ig
- 10 # 3 sin 2i + cos 2i # 10
- 2 # sin i + cos i # 2 - 10 # - ]3 sin 2i + cos 2ig # 10
= A B C
sin 1° 10. tan2 2 + tan2 2 + tan2 2
EXERCISE - 1
Basic Identities and Allied Angle Formulae
satisfy the given conditions with the values given in
1. tan1 is positive
tan 2 is negative the options. Here a = 45° and b = 15° satisfy both
°
2. The true relation is sin 1 > sin 1
the conditions.
Since value of sin i is increasing :0 $ 2 D.
r
10. cosec i - cot i = q .......(i)
3. tan 1° tan 2° ... tan 89°
` cosec i = 2 c q + q m
1 1 1
` cosec i + cot i = q
= ^tan 1° tan 89°h^tan 2° tan 88°h .. = 1 # 1 # 1.. = 1
(on addition)
4. We have,
1
11. cos i + sin i = 5
2
sin i + cosec i = 2 & sin i + 1 = 2 sin i
1
& 1 + tan i = 5 sec i (dividing by cos i)
& sin2 i - 2 sin i + 1 = 0
& 25 + 50 tan i + 25 tan2 i = sec2 i
& ]sin i - 1g = 0 & sin i = 1 Required value of
2
or 12 tan2 i + 25 tan i + 12 = 0
sin10 i + cosec10 i = ]1 g10 +
1
]1 g10
= 2.
or 12 tan2 i + 16 tan i + 9 tan i + 12 = 0
5. n ^m - 1h = ]sec i + cosec ig.2 sin i cos i
2
117 44 sin2 A
Therefore 2 cot A = 22 & tan A = 117 . cos2 A = sin A tan A = cos A & cos3 A - sin2 A = 0
1 - b 25 l = 25
- 24 2 7 Hence cos3 A + cos2 A = sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
8. cos x = 1 - sin2 x =
14. We have cos i - sin i = 2 sin i & a2 ^cos2 i + sin2 ih + b2 ^cos2 i + sin2 ih
& cos i = ^ 2 + 1 h sin i & ^ 2 - 1 h cos i = sin i + 2ab ]cos i sin i - sin i cos ig = m2 + n2
& 2 cos i - cos i = sin i & sin i + cos i = 2 cos i Hence, a2 + b2 = m2 + n2 . Trick:Here we can guess
x n + n = 2 cos ]nig
1
x and sec i - cos i = n & sec2 i - 1 = n sec i
` 2 c x + 2 m = 2 # 2 cos 2i = cos 2i
1 2 1 1 & tan i = ^n2 mh …..(ii)
1/3
x
17. We have e log 10 tan 1° + log10 tan 2° + log10 tan 3° + ... + log10 tan 89°
Also, sec2 i = m tan i = m ^n2 mh1/3 {by (i) and (ii)}
]tan 1° tan 2° tan 3° ... tan 89°g ` Using the identity sec2 i - tan2 i = 1
= e log
10
= e log 1 = e° = 1
10
and a sin i - b cos i = n Squaring and adding, 24. Since sin 190° =- sin 10°, sin 200° =- sin 20°,
we get ]a cos i + b sin ig2 + ]a sin i - b cos ig2 = m2 + n2 sin 210° =- sin 30°, sin 360° = sin 180° = 0 etc.
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 4.7
25. ^cos 1 + cos 179 h + ^cos 2 + cos 178 h + ...
° ° ° °
sin ^720 - 60 h tan ^1080 - 30 h sec ^360 + 60°h
° ° ° ° °
r 3r 5r
= cos2 12 + cos2 12 + cos2 12
= sin i. sin i + cos i. cos i = 1.
= sin 60° ^- cos 30°h - ^- cos 60°h^- sin 30°h Trigonometric Ratio of Compound Angles
36. We know that sin ] A + Bg = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
=-^sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60°h
1 1 1 1
= 1- 5 + 1 - 10
=- sin 90° =- 1 10 5
1 1
A+B
2 sin
A-B
. cos 2 m = 1, then tan a = 2 and tan b = 3 .
2 C A+B C
& A - B = D & tan 2 = D
^1/2h + ^1/3h
A+B
Therefore, tan ^a + bh =
2 cos 2 . cos 2
= 1. Hence
1 - ^1/6h
A+B
2 tan 2
Thus, sin ] A + Bg = A+B
r
a + b = 4 . (Also check for other values of m).
1 + tan2 2
= 2c
1 5 +1m 5 +1
and sin ^a - bh = 13
= 5
4 8 .
and cos ^a - bh = 13
tan A - tan B 12
& 1 + tan A tan B = 1
3 5
& 2a = sin -1 5 + sin -1 13
& tan A - tan B - tan A tan B = 1
= sin -1 : 5 1 - 169 + 13 1 - 25 D
3 25 5 9
& tan A - tan B - tan A tan B + 1 = 2
& 2a = sin -1 b 65 l & sin 2a = 65
56 56
& ]1 + tan Ag]1 - tan Bg = 2 & y = 2
sin 2a 56/65 56
Now, tan 2a = cos 2a = = .
Hence, ^y + 1 h = ]2 + 1g2 + 1 = ]3 g3 = 27. 33/65 33
y+1
i.e., A = r4 , B = 0 ` b1 + tan 4 l^1 - tan 0°h = 2]1 g = 2. tan ]2ag = tan ^^a + bh + ^a - bhh
r
41. sin 75° = sin ^90° - 15°h = cos 15° = cos ^45° - 30°h tan ^a + bh + tan ^a - bh
1 - tan ^a + bh tan ^a - bh
=
3 +1 3 5
= . + 36 + 20 56
2 2 = 4 3 125 = 48 - 15 = 33
m 1 1 - 4 . 12
42. We have, tan a = m + 1 and tan b = 2m + 1
tan x + tan b 3 + x l + tan b 3 + x l
r 2r
45.
We know tan ^a + bh =
tan a + tan b
1 - tan a tan b tan x + 3 tan x - 3
= tan x + +
m 1 1 - 3 tan x 1 + 3 tan x
m + 1 + 2m + 1 2m2 + m + m + 1
= m 1 =
2m 2 + m + 2m + 1 - m 8 tan x 3 ^3 tan x - tan2 xh
1- ]
m + 1g ]2m + 1g
= tan x + 2 =
1 - 3 tan x 1 - 3 tan2 x
cos ^a - bh = cos ^]i + ag - ^i + bhh = cos 112° + cos 68° = 2 cos ^90°h cos 22° = 0
= 2 ^ 1 - a2 1 - b2 + ab h
2
` 5 cos A cos B + 5 sin A sin B = 3 …..(i)
48. We have 5x = 3x + 2x & tan 5x = tan ]3x + 2xg 54. S = sin i + sin 2i + sin 3i + ... + sin ni
tan 3x + tan 2x
& tan 5x = 1 - tan 3x tan 2x We know, sin i + sin ^i + bh + sin ^i + 2bh + ... n
nb
sin 2 i + i + ]n - 1gb E
sin ;
& tan 5x - tan 5x tan 3x tan 2x = tan 3x + tan 2x terms =
b 2
sin 2
& tan 5x tan 3x tan 2x = tan 5x - tan 3x - tan 2x.
ni i ]n + 1g
sin 2 . sin 2
49. ° ° °
cos 12 + cos 84 + cos 156 + cos 132 °
Put b = i , then S = .
i
sin 2
= ^cos 12° + cos 132°h + ^cos 84° + cos 156°h
r 9r 3r 5r
55. 2 cos 13 . cos 13 + cos 3 + cos 13
= 2 cos 72° cos 60° + 2 cos 120° cos 36°
r 9r 4r r
= 2 cos 13 . cos 13 + 2 cos 13 cos 13
= 2 :cos 72 # 2 - 2 # cos 36°D
° 1 1
cot ] A - Bg =
1 1 + tan A tan B 5
tan ] A - Bg
56. = tan A - tan B 62. Given that sec i = 4
1 tan A tan B 1 1
= tan A - tan B + tan A - tan B = x + y . 1 + tan2 ^i/2h 5 1 + tan2 ^i/2h
1 - tan2 ^i/2h 1 - tan2 ^i/2h
sec i = &4 =
57. tan 9° - tan 27° - tan 63° + tan 81°
& 5 - 5 tan2 ^i/2h = 4 + 4 tan2 ^i/2h
= tan 9° - tan 27° - cot 27° + cot 9°
& 9 tan2 ^i/2h = 1 & tan ^i/2h = 3 .
1
= ^tan 9° + cot 9°h - ^tan 27° + cot 27°h
A 3
cos ^9° - 9°h cos ^27° - 27°h 2 2 63. Given that tan 2 = 2 .
= - = -
sin 9° cos 9° sin 27° . cos 27° sin 18° sin 54°
2 A
1 + cos A 2 cos 2
= 2'
sin 54° - sin 18° 1 2. cos 36° . sin 18° 2 A
b2 l = 4 .
2
° ° = 2. =4 = = cot =
sin 18 sin 54 sin 18° . sin 54° 1 - cos A A
2 sin2 2
2 3 9
sin 3i + sin 5i + sin 7i + sin 9i
58.
cos 3i + cos 5i + cos 7i + cos 9i 3
64. We have cos A = 2 & A = 30°
]sin 3i + sin 9ig + ]sin 5i + sin 7ig
]cos 3i + cos 9ig + ]cos 5i + cos 7ig
=
& tan 3A = tan 90° = 3.
2 sin 6i cos 3i + 2 sin 6i cos i
=
2 cos 6i cos 3i + 2 cos 6i cos i 65. sin 4i = 2 sin 2i cos 2i
2 sin 6i ]cos 3i + cos ig
= 2.2 sin i cos i ^1 - 2 sin2 ih
2 cos 6i ]cos 3i + cos ig
= = tan 6i
1 + tan i 1 + tan i
= 0.
cos2 a + cos2 ^a + 120°h + cos2 ^a - 120°h
b
60. Putting tan i = a , we get
69.
1
cosec A - 2 cot 2A cos A = sin A -
2 cos A cos 2A 77. Given cos ]i - ag, cos i and cos ]i + ag are in H.P.
sin 2A
1 1 1
cos ]i - ag cos i cos ]i + ag
1 2 cos A cos 2A 1 - cos 2A 2 sin2 A & , , will be in A.P.
= sin A - 2 sin A cos A = sin A = sin A
2 1 1
cos i cos ]i - ag cos ]i + ag
= 2 sin A. Hence, = +
cos ]a + ig + cos ]i - ag
70. 2 + 2 + 2 cos 4i = 2 + 2.2 cos2 2i =
cos2 i - sin2 a
2 2 cos i cos a
= 2 + 2 cos 2i = 4 cos2 i = 2 cos i. & =
cos i cos2 i - sin2 a
1 1 1 - 1/ 3 3 -1 3 -1
= = # = 2- 3.
3 tan A - tan3 A 3. 2 - 8 1 + 1/ 3 3 +1 3 -1
& tan 3A = = 1
1 - tan2 A 1 - 3. 4 1 - t2 24
79. cos 2a = = {Here t = tan a }
1 + t2 25
12 - 1 11
= & cos 2b = 5 "T = tan b ,
= 2 = 2 . 2T 3 4
sin 2b =
1 + T2 5
1 + sin x + 1 - sin x 3 4 24
74. = ` sin 4b = 2 sin 2b cos 2b = 2. 5 . 5 = 25 = cos 2a
1 + sin x - 1 - sin x
cos A ]1 + sin Ag ]1 + sin Ag
x x x x
cos 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 - cos 2 cos A
80. 1 - sin A = = cos A
x x x x cos2 A
cos 2 + sin 2 - sin 2 + cos 2
b cot A + sin A l
2
A A
2 2 cos 2 + sin 2
x = =
b cos A + sin A lb cos A - sin A l cos 2A - sin 2A
= tan 2 .
2 2 2 2
75. 2 sin A cos3 A - 2 sin3 A cos A
A
1 + tan 2
= 2 sin A cos A ^cos2 A - sin2 Ah b y y Al
= A , Dividing N and D by cos 2
1 - tan 2
1
= 2 sin A cos A cos 2A = sin 2A cos 2A = 2 sin 4A.
= tan b 4 + 2 l .
r A
1 1
76. Since sin b = & tan b = 3
10 Maximum & Minimum Values of Trigonometric
2 tan b Functions, Conditional Trigonometrical Identities
3
& tan 2b = =
1 - tan2 b 4
a cos i + b sin i = a2 + b2 d n
a cos i b sin i
1 3 81. +
+ a2 + b2 a2 + b2
` tan ^a + 2bh = 7 1 43 = 25 = 1
25
1- 7.4 = a2 + b2 sin ^i + zh
r 3
Now, 0 < b < 2 and tan 2b = 4 > 0 both Since, - 1 < sin ^i + zh < 1,
r
& 0 < 2b < 2 . Then - a2 + b2 < sin ^i + zh < a2 + b2 .
4.12 Mathematics
82. Let 3 = r cos a, 4 = r sin a, so r = 5 88. A.M. $ G.M.
value is - a2 + b2 .
Aliter : 2 c
3 1 m = 2 sin b x + r l
2 sin x + 2 cos x 6
Therefore, the maximum value
r
As sin x is maximum at x = 2 ,
is ]3 cos i + 4 sin ig =+ 32 + ]- 4g2 = 5 and the
r r r
so x + 6 = 2 or x = 3 .
minimum value is – 5.
1 sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C
90. L.H.S. = 2 = 2.
83. Let f ]ig = 5 sin i + 4 cos i = 4 + sin i
2 2 2 sin A sin B sin C
91. We know that A + B + C = 180°
` f ]0g $ 4 + 0
(in DABC )
^a sin2 i $ 0h
Now, sin 2A + sin 2B + sin C
` The minimum value of f ]ig is 4.
= 2 sin ] A + Bg cos ] A - Bg + 2 sin C cos C
84. We know that b x - x l $ 0 & x2 + 2 - 2 $ 0
1 2 1
x = 2 sin ]r - C g cos ] A - Bg + 2 sin C cos ]r - A + B g
Put x = tan i & tan i + cot i $ 2.
2 2
Thus the greatest and least value of f ]xg are 2 92. L.H.S. = 2 cos ] A + Bg cos ] A - Bg + ^2 cos2 C - 1h
1
1
and - 2 respectively. =- 1 - 2 cos C cos ] A - Bg + 2 cos2 C
EXERCISE - 2
Basic Identities and Allied Angle Formulae 5. 2 sec 2i = tan z + cot z
x2 + y2
1. Now, sin2 i = 2xy ` x, y have same sign
2 sin2 z + cos2 z
or =
x2 + y2 1 cos 2i sin z cos z
= n + 2G $ 1
2xy = 2 d
x y 2
Now
y - x 2 1
or =
2 2 cos 2i sin z cos z
x +y
But sin2 i # 1. Therefore, 2xy = 1 & x = y. r
or cos 2i = sin 2z or i + z = 4
2. Since 0 < x < r. Therefore, sin x > 0
6. sin x + cosec x = 2
We have 1 + sin x + sin x + ...3 = 4 + 2 3
or ]sin x - 1g2 = 0 or sin x = 1, cosec x = 1
2
1
& 1 - sin x = 4 + 2 3 (sum of infinite G.P.) & sin n x + cosec n x = 1 + 1 = 2
1 3+2 3 3 1 1 4
or sin x = 1 - = = 2 7. sec2 i + cosec2 i = + = $4
4+2 3 4+2 3 cos2 i sin2 i sin2 2i
r 2r 4
& x = 3 or 3 Also, sec2 i cosec2 i = $4
sin2 2i
1 ak cos x tan x 1 sin x Hence, the only equation which can have roots
3. bc + ck + 1 + bk = + tan x + 1 + cos x
k2
sin x cos x ]1 + cos xg + sin2 x cosec2 i and sec2 i is x2 - 5x + 5 = 0
sin x ]1 + cos xg
= +
k2
8. We have
a cos x ]1 + cos xg + ^1 - cos xh
2
sin x ]1 + cos xg
= k+ r 2r 3r 4r 5r
cos 7 + cos 7 + cos 7 + cos 7 + cos 7
a 1 a 1 6r 7r
= k + sin x = k + ak + cos 7 + cos 7
2 sin 2 cosec 2 b sin 2 - cos 2 cos 2 l - cos A = b cos 7 + cos 7 l + b cos 7 + cos 7 l
A B C A B r 6r 2r 5r
4.
A
=- 2 sin2 2 - cos A =- 1 + b cos 7 - cos 7 l + cos r = cos r =- 1
3r 3r
4.14 Mathematics
9. Since 0 # sin2n x # sin2 x or
1 + 2 sin a cos a
= p2
sin2 a cos2 a
0 # cos2n x # cos2 x 2
1+ q
4 2 2 2 4
[as sin x = sin x sin x # sin x, sin x # sin x 2
or 1 = p2
q2
and so on]
or q2 c1 + q m = p2
2
& 0 # sin2n x + cos2n x # sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
10. 2 cot a +
1
= 2 cot a + cosec2 a 14. We have sin x + sin2 x = 1
sin2 a
or sin x = 1 - sin2 x
= 2 cot a + 1 + cot2 a
or sin x = cos2 x
= 1 + cot a =- 1 - cot a
Now cos12 x + 3 cos10 x + 3 cos8 x + cos6 x - 2
[since cot a < - 1 when 3r/4 < a < r, ]
Trigonometric Ratios for Compound Angles, Multiple = sin6 x + 3 sin5 x + 3 sin 4 x + sin3 x - 2
and Sub-Multiple Angles
= ^sin2 xh3 + 3 ^sin2 xh2 sin x + 3 ^sin2 xh]sin xg2
11. Squaring the given relation and putting tan i = t,
+ ]sin xg3 - 2
]m + 2g t + 2 ]m + 2g]2m - 1gt + ]2m - 1g
2 2 2
cos ] A - Bg = 5
3
15.
& 3 ^1 - m2h t2 + ^4m2 + 6m - 4h t - 8m = 0
or 5 cos A cos B + 5 sin A sin B = 3 ....(i)
& ]3t - 4g6^1 - m2h t + 2m@ = 0,
From the second relation, we have
4 2m
which is true if t = tan i = 3 or tan i = 2 .
m -1
sin A sin B = 2 cos A cos B .....(ii)
12. We have sin x + sin y = 3 ^cos y - cos x h
1
& cos A cos B = 5
& sin x + 3 cos x = 3 cos y - sin y …..(i)
2
& r cos ]x - ag = r cos ^y + ah,
and sin A sin B = 5
16. 1^ ° °
h 1 ° ° °
1
where r = 10 , tan a = 3 4 3 cos 23 - sin 23 = 2 (cos 30 cos 23 - sin 30
tan b
i1 - i2 l
tan b 1 2 2 l
i +i
or x + y = 2a 17. 2
Clearly, x =- y satisfies (i);
2 sin b
i1 + i2 l b i1 - i2 l
2 sin 2
=
2 cos b 2 l cos b 2 l
sin 3x - sin 3y i1 + i2 i1 - i2
` sin 3y = sin 3y =- 1.
= tan 2 = tan b 2 - 8 l
i a r
sin 80 sin 20
62 sin 80° sin 20° + ^cos 80° cos 20° + sin 80° sin 20°h@
= 1 + sin 2x ]sin x + cos xg2 b 1 + tan x l2
sin 20° cos 80° + cos 20° sin 80° 23. 1 - sin 2x = ]sin x - cos xg2 = 1 - tan x
- cos 100° + cos 60° + cos 60°
= b tan b 4 + x ll = tan2 b 4 + x l
2
= r r
sin 100°
1 - cos 100°
= cot2 b 2 + 4 + x l = cot2 b 4 + x l & a = 4
°
= r r 3r 3r
sin 100 = tan 50
19. 3 sin A cos B = sin B cos A 21
24. We have sin a + sin b =- 65 ........(i)
3
& cos A sin B = 4 27
cos a + cos b =- 65 .........(ii)
& sin ] A + Bg = 1
Squaring Eq.(i), we get
r r
sin2 a + sin2 b + 2 sin a sin b = b 65 l
& C = 2 ,B = 2 - A 21 2
......(iii)
& 3 tan A = tan b 2 - A l
r
Squaring Eq.(ii), we get
& 3 = cot2 A
cos2 a + cos2 b + 2 cos a cos b = b 65 l ......(iv)
27 2
i.e., 1 =
tan 100° + tan 125° 1 ]729 + 441g 1 ]1170g 18
]65g2 ]65g2
1 - tan 100° tan 125° = = = 65
i.e., tan 100° + tan 125° + tan 100° tan 125° = 1 or 1 + cos ^a - bh = 65
9
26.
sin 3i + sin 5i + sin 7i + sin 90 cos 70° + 4 sin 70° cos 70°
33. cot 70° + 4 cos 70° =
cos 3i + cos 5i + cos 7i + cos 9i sin 70°
]sin 3i + sin 9ig + ]sin 5i + sin 7ig cos 70° + 2 sin 140°
]cos 3i + cos 9ig + ]cos 5i + cos 7ig
= =
sin 70°
=
2 sin 6i cos 3i + 2 sin 6i cos i cos 70° + 2 sin ^180° - 40°h
2 cos 6i cos 3i + 2 cos 6i cos i =
sin 70°
2 sin 6i ]cos 3i + cos ig sin 20° + sin 40° + sin 40°
2 cos 6i ]cos 3i + cos ig
= = tan 6i =
sin 70°
27. 2 sin 30° cos 10° + sin 40°
=
2 cos b 2 l sin b z l sin 70°
x+z x-z
sin x - sin z sin 80° + sin 40°
=
cos z - cos x = sin 70°
2 sin b z l sin b z l
x+z x-z
2 sin 60° cos 20°
= = 3
= cot b 2 l = cot ^ y h sin 70°
x+z
28. cos 50 = cos2 25° - sin2 25° = ^cos 25° + sin 25°h
°
1 - tan2 i
34. tan i = n & cos 2i = =
1 + tan2 i
^cos 25° - sin 25°h = p ^cos 25° - sin 25°h (i) 1-n
1 + n = rational.
Now
^cos 25° - sin 25°h2 + ^cos 25° + sin 25°h2 = 1 + 1 sin 8 = sin b r - 8 l = sin 8 ; sin 8
7r r r 5r
35.
We have taken +ve sign as cos 25° > sin 25°, Therefore, the given value
= 2 :sin2 8 + sin2 8 D = 2 :sin2 8 + cos2 8 D
r 3r r r
therefore cos 50° = p 2 - p2 , by Eqs.(i) and (ii).
= 1 - 2 sin2 i cos2 i # 1
= 2 61 + cos 20° - ^cos 60° + cos 40°h + ^1 + cos 100°h@
1
38. We have f ]xg = cos2 i + sec2 i = ]cos i - sec ig
2
= 2 :1 + cos 20° - 2 - cos 40° + 1 - cos 80°D + 2 cos i sec i = 2 + ]cos i - sec ig2 $ 2
1 1
]tan xn - tan xn - 1g +^tan 4° - tan 3°h + ... + ^tan 45° - tan 44°h]
EXERCISE - 3
Numerical Type 5 tan b 3 tan a
or = ...........(i)
1 + tan2 b 1 + tan2 a
1. ^1 + tan 5°h^1 + tan 10°h ... ^1 + tan 40°h^1 + tan 45°h
Substituting tan b = 3 tan a, we have
= ^1 + tan 5°h^1 + tan 10°h ... ^1 + tan 35°h^1 + tan 40°h # 2
5 # 3 tan a 3 tan a
=
Now, tan 45 = 1 = tan ^5 + 40 h = tan 5 + °tan 40 °
° ° °
° °
1 + 9 tan2 a 1 + tan2 a
1 - tan 5 tan 40
° ° ° °
or 5 + 5 tan2 a = 1 + 9 tan2 a
& tan 5 + tan 40 = 1 - tan 5 tan 40
or 4 tan2 a = 4
& tan 5° + tan 40° + tan 5° tan 40° + 1 = 2
` tan ^ x + y h =
42 42
1 - ^6/7h 1/7 = ]tan i - cot ig + ]cot 3i - tan 3ig
= = 294
& x + x + 1 + 1 - x = x ]1 + xg]1 - xg
2 − 3π 3π 2
2 2 2 2
12. 2
or 2 + x = x - x or x =- 2 & x =- 2
3 3 1/3
sin 2x 1
or 2 = 10 Now, x 4 + 4x3 + 2x2 - 4x + 7
= ^ x2 + 2x - 1h^ x2 + 2x - 1h + 6
1
or sin 2x = 5 ...........(i)
log10 b 10 l
n = 0+6 = 6
Also log10 ]sin x + cos xg = 2
1 - cos 8i 1 + cos 8i
Thus A = 6. +
or log10 ]sin x + cos xg = log10 b 10 l
2 n tan2 4i cot2 4i
2 sin2 4i 2 cos2 4i
^sin 4i/ cos 4ih ^cos 4i/ sin2 4ih
n = 2 2 + 2
or 1 + sin 2x = 10
= 2 cos2 4i + 2 sin2 4i = 2
1 n
or 1 + 5 = 10
AB 6 # 2
Thus 6 = 6 = 2
6 n
or 5 = 10
n
or 3 = 4
4.20 Mathematics
14. 12 sin x + 5 cos x = 2y2 - 8y + 21 17. tan ]60° - 5°g $ tan ]60° + 5°g $ tan 75°
&y=2 cot
= 5° & x = 5
18. If A + B = 45°, then ]cot B - 1g]cot A - 1g = 2
Now 12 cot c m = 12 cot b x # 2 l = 12 cot x
xy
2 2
sin 3x - sin 2x 3 sin x - 4 sin3 x - 2 sin x cos x
19. sin x = sin x
we have 12 sin x + 5 cos x = 13 2
= 3 - 4 sin x - 2 cos x
& 12 + 5 cot x = 13 cosec x = 3 - 4 ]1 - cos 2 xg - 2 cos x
= b 2 cos x - 2 l - 4
1 2 5
& 144 + 120 cot x + 25 cot2 x = 169 ^1 + cot2 xh
Range is ;- 4 , 5 l
5
& 144 cot2 x - 120 cot x + 25 = 0
& ]12 cot x - 5g2 = 0 & cot x = 12
5
5 is not include a cos x = 1 is not possible otherwise
sin x = 0
Thus 12 cot x = 5
` number of integers in the range is 6.
15. tan x = tan ^ x + 10 h tan ^ x + 20 h tan ^ x + 30 h
° ° ° ° ° ° °
20. 2 cos 2i - 4 cos i + 6 = 2 ]2 cos 2 i - 1g - 4 cos i
& tan x° cot ^ x + 30°h = tan ^ x° + 10°h tan ^ x° + 20°h
+6 = 4
sin x cos ^ x + 30 h sin ^ x + 10 h sin ^ x + 20 h
cos 2 i - 4 cos i + 4 = ]2 cos i - 1g2 + 3
° ° ° ° ° °
cos x° sin ^ x + 30°h cos ^ x° + 10°h cos ^ x° + 20°h
& =
M
` = 10 - 9 = 1
L
` + M = 49 + 1 = 50
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 4.21
1 1 4
cos a sin a 4
22. & 1 + sin i + cos i + 26. Given: + =1
2 2 cos 2 b sin 2 b
2d
1 1
cos i + sin i n cos 2 a sin 2 a
2 2
Let: = cos i = sin i
cos b sin b
& 1 +d
1
+ 2 n sin i + d
1
+ 2 n cos i cos 2 a = cos b cos i
sin 2 a = sin b sin i
2 2
& Maximum value is 1 = cos ^b - ih & b = i + 2nr
2
3 2 3 2 cos a = cos 2 b and sin 2 a = sin 2 b
d n +d n +1 = 9 9 `
2 2 2 + 2 +1 = 4 cos 4 b sin 4 b
` + = cos 2 b + sin 2 b = 1
23. a +A = 100° & +B = +C = 40° cos 2 a sin 2 a
Now, _ x 2 + y 2 i = 6]sin A + sin B + sin C g2
2 2 8
27. tan x + cot x = = 3
+ ] A + cos B + cos C g2@
cos
sin 2x -4 = 3
= + 2& 2 + 1 + 2 0 = 7
1 1
3 sin a cos c sin a - sin b cos c - cos d
29. = & =
sin b cos d sin b cos d
2 tan b 2 tan a
24. 2. = 3.
1 + tan 2 b 1 + tan 2 a
(using dividendo)
6 tan b 3 tan a
2 cos b l sin b a - b l
& = a+b
1 + 9 tan 2 b 1 + tan 2 a 2 2
&
& 1 = 7 tan 2 a
sin b
2 sin b l sin b d - c l
2 7 c+d
cos ` a= 8 2 2
=
25. Consider, cos d
sin 3x cos 3x sin 3x cos x - cos 3x sin x 30. 2y cos i = x sin i
sin x - cos x = sin x cos x
& 2y cosec i = x sec i
sin 2x sin 2x
= sin x cos x = 2. sin 2x = 2
Now, 2x sec i + y cosec i = 5
sin 3x 1
so sin x - 3 = 2
& 5y cosec i = 5
sin 3x 1 7
or sin x = 2 + 3 = 3
& y cosec i = 1
y = sin i, x = 2 cos i
x 2 + 4y 2 = 4 cos 2 i + 4 sin 2 i = 4
EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct
1 c1 + 1 m3
a = tan i ^1 + tan2 ih3 +
1. Given tan i = tan i tan2 i
b
a b a + b l3
ab a l
b a+b 3
Now sin i sec7 i + cos i cosec7 i = tan i sec6 i + = b b +
B C r 1
4 15°
=- cos 150° ^(sin2 75° + cos2 75° h - 2 sin2 75° cos2 75°)
Now tan ^a + 2bh =
2
tan a + tan 2b
1 - tan a tan 2b
=- cos 150° b1 - sin 2150 l
2 °
1 3
+
& tan ^a + 2bh = 7 1 4 3 = 1
sin2 ^90° + 60°h m
=- cos ^90° + 60°hc1 -
1- 7 # 4
2
r
` a + 2b = 4 .
= sin 60° b1 - cos260 l = 2 b1 - 8 l = 16 .
°
2
3 1 7 3
12. Given tan A = 3, tan B = 2 Hence 16. Pn - Pn - 2 = cos n i + sin n i - cos n - 2 i - sin n - 2 i
3-2 1
Now & Pn - Pn - 2 =- cos2 i sin2 i ^cos n - 4 i + sin n - 4 ih
1+2#3 = 7
2 tan ] A - Bg
sin 2 ] A - Bg = & sin 2 ] A - Bg =
& Pn - Pn - 2 =- cos2 i sin2 iPn - 4
1 + tan2 ] A - Bg
& k =- cos2 i sin2 i.
2b 7 l
1
17. Given AB2 = AC # BD
1 + b- 7 l
1 2
2 tan i 1
& sec2 ] A + Bg = 1 + b 1 - b l
a 2 & tan2 i + 1 = 4 tan i & =
tan2 i + 1 2
1
& sin2 ] A + Bg = 1 -
1 & sin 2i = 2 & i = 15° .
1 +b1 - b l
2
a
& sin2 ] A + Bg =
a2
]1 - bg2 + a2
.
& tan ] A + Bg = ]
tan A
1 - ng
.
4.24 Mathematics
18. cos 50° = cos2 25° - sin2 25° = ^cos 25° + sin 25°h 22. cos 2 ^i + zh + 4 cos ^i + zh sin i sin z + 2 sin2 z
^cos 25° - sin 25°h = p ^cos 25° - sin 25°h (i) = cos 2 ^i + zh + 2 cos ^i + zh6cos ^i - zh - cos ^i + zh@
Now + 2 sin2 z
^cos 25° - sin 25°h2 + ^cos 25° + sin 25°h2 = 1 + 1 = cos 2 ^i + zh + 2 ^cos2 i - sin2 z h - 2 cos2 ^i + zh + 2 sin2 z
` cos 25° - sin 25° = 2 - p2 (ii) = 2 cos2 ^i + zh - 1 + 2 cos2 i - 2 sin2 z - 2 cos2 ^i + zh + 2 sin2 z
We have taken +ve sign as cos 25° > sin 25°, = 2 cos2 i - 1 = cos 2i , independent of z
^ x + y + zh + ^ xy + yz + zx + 2xyzh + xy + yz + zx + xyz
]1 + xg^1 + yh]1 + zg
x x 2b =
& tan 21 + tan 22 = c + a and
x x c-a 1 + x + y + z + xy + yz + zx + xyz
]1 + xg^1 + yh]1 + zg
tan 21 tan 22 = c + a = =1
2b 6a xy + yz + zx + 2xyz = 1@
& tan b
x1 + x2 l c + a = 2b = b
=
^a - bh = ^i - bh - ]i - ag
2 c-a 2a a
1- c+a 24.
+ cos2 ^a - bh - ab cos ^a - bh
= 2. x2 y2 2xy
or
a2 b2
21. cos3 x sin 2x = cos2 x cos x sin 2x
y2 x2 x2 y2
=b
1 - cos 2x lb 2 sin 2x cos x l = 1- - +
b2 a2 a2 b2
2 2
1 ]1 - cos 2xg]sin 3x + sin xg
2 + 2 - ab cos ^a - b h = sin ^a - b h
2
x2 y 2xy
=4 or 2
a b
= 4 :sin 3x + sin x - 2 ]2 sin 3x cos 2xg 25. Let u = cos i "sin i + sin2 i + sin2 a ,
1 1
^a 2 - b 2 h
3
3 tan i - tan i
26. Since tan 3i =
1 - 3 tan2 i = ^a 2 + b 2 h + 2 a2 b2 + 4 sin2 2i
r
Putting i = 9 , we get ^a2 - b2h2
Max. u2 = ^a2 + b2h = 2 a2 b2 + 4
r 3 r
r 3 tan 9 - tan 9 Min. u2 = ^a2 + b2h + 2ab
tan 3 = r
1 - 3 tan2 9
Therefore,the difference
or 3 b1 - 3 tan2 9 l = b3 tan 9 - tan3 9 l
2 2
r r r
^a2 - b2h2
=2 a2 b2 + 4 - 2ab =
r r r
or tan6 9 - 33 tan 4 9 + 27 tan2 9 = 3
4a2 b2 + a 4 + b 4 - 2a2 b2 - 2ab
cos x + cos y - cos ^ x + yh = 2
3
27.
= ^a2 + b2h2 - 2ab = a2 + b2 - 2ab = ]a - bg2
or
29. cot 4 x - 2 ^1 + cot2 xh + a2 = 0
2 cos c m cos c m - 2 cos2 c m+ 1 = 3
x+y x-y x+y
2 2 2 2 or cot 4 x - 2 cot2 x + a2 - 2 = 0
or
or ^cot2 x - 1h2 = 3 - a2
Now cos c
x+y
m is always real, then discriminant or a2 - 3 # 0 a ! 7- 3 , 3 A
2
Integeral values are - 1, 0, 1; therefore, the sum is 0.
$ 0. Thus, 4 cos2 c m- 4 $ 0
x-y
2
30. From figure
or cos2 c m $ 1 or cos2 c m= 1
x-y x-y
2 2 L1
B
x-y
or 2 =0 x
or x = y A 30° + θ
L2
C
28. u2 = ^a2 cos2 i + b2 sin2 ih + ^a2 sin2 i + b2 sin2 ih 60° − θ
x cos ^i + 30°h = d .....(i)
= a2 + b2 + 2 a2 cos2 i + b2 sin2 i
and x sin i = 1 - d ......(ii)
a2 sin2 i + b2 cos2 i = a2 + b2 + 2 1+d
Dividing 3 cot i = 1 - d ,
sin2 i cos2 i ^a 4 + b 4h + a2 b2 ^sin 4 i + cos 4 ih
squaring Eq.(ii) and Putting the value of cot i ,
we get x2 = 3 ^4d2 - 4d + 4h
2
= a +b +2 2 1
sin ]r - ag
cos 254° = cos ^270° - 16°h =- sin 16° (b) a + cos ]r - ag
sin a - cos a tan 2
cos 256° = cos ^270° - 14°h =- sin 14°
sin a
= - cos a
1 b 1 + sin 14° - sin 14° + 1 l b sin a cos a - cos a sin a l
2 2
2 2 2 a
`=
1 b 1 + sin 16° - sin 16° + 1 l cos 2
2 2 2
a
sin a cos 2
sec ]- 100rg = 1 .........(A) = - cos a
sin b a - 2 l
a
cosec b 2 l = cosec b 2 l = 1
- 3r r
.........(B)
b2 sin a cos a l cos a
2 2 2
= - cos a
sin b 2 l = sin b 2 l =- 1 ! 1
7r 3r a
sin 2
a
cot b 4 l = 1
5r = 2 cos2 2 - cos a = 1 + cos a - cos a = 1
.............(D)
^1 - tan2 ah2
= b 1 2-tan
tan2 a l = cot2 2a
2
32.
1 - sin A sin A 1 1 - sin A (c)
1 + sin A + cos A = cos A & a
2
1 + sin A 4 tan a
= b 1 - sin A lb 1 + sin A l 1
= cosec2 2a
1 + sin A 1 + sin A 4 sin2 a cos2 a
1 - sin2 A cos2 A ` cosec2 2a - cot2 2a = 1
]1 + sin Ag2 ]1 + sin Ag2
= =
=
1 ^3 sin ^a + bh - 4 cos ^a + bhh y sin i = k - x cos i
3 sin a
square
=
1 b 9 sin a + 12 cos a - 12 cos a + 16 sin a l y2 sin2 i = ]k - x cos ig2
3 sin a 5 5 5 5
y2 ^1 - cos2 ih = k2 + x2 cos2 i - 2kx cos i
1 b 25 sin a l = 5
^ x2 + y2 i cos2 i - 2kx cos i + k2 - y2 = 0
=
3 sin a 5 3
-3 2kx
(a) and (b) true For tan b < 0 cos b = 5 cos A + cos B =
x2 + y2
= 90 c + 1m
= cos 20° = sin 70° (D) 2 sin 44° sin 45°
sin 1°
= cos 20° = cos ^30° - 10°h
= 90 c + 1m
cos 1° - cos 89°
= 2 cos 10° + 2 sin 10° ]Cg
3 1 sin 1°
= 90 c cot 1° - + 1m
cos 89°
36. x cos i + y sin i = K where sin 1°
i = A, B are roots of this equation cos 89° = sin 1°
x cos i = k - y sin i ` 90A = 90 ^cot 1° - 1 + 1h
square x2 cos2 i = ^k - y sin i h
2
= 90 cot 1°
x ^1 - sin ih = k + y sin i - 2ky sin i
2 2 2 2 2
A = cot 1° (a)
cos ^31°h cos 1°
2 2 2 2 2 2
x - x sin i = k + y sin i - 2ky sin i
0 = ^ x + y i sin i - 2ky sin i + ^ k - x h
(b) is tan 1° (c) =
2 2 2 2
sin 51° sin 1°
sin A sin B =
k2 - x2 sin2 A - sin2 B = sin ] A + Bg sin ] A - Bg
x2 + y2
cos 39° = sin 51° = cot 1°
2ky
sin A + sin B = 2 (c) is true (d) is tan 1°
x + y2
4.28 Mathematics
2 tan b 2 l
1 a+b 2
38. sin i + cos i =- 5
sin ]a + bg =
3 3
= 1 = 2
1 + tan b 2 l 1 + 3
2 a+b
i i
2 tan 2 1 - tan2 2 -1
+ = 5
2 i 2 i
1 + tan 2 1 + tan 2
sin ]a + bg = 2
3
(a)
i
Let tan 2 = x sin A cos A
40. sin B = p, cos B = q
2x + 1 - x2 - 1 ^
= 5 5 2x + 1 - x2h + 1 ^1 + x2h = 0 tan A p
Dividing we get tan B = q
1 + x2
Now sin A = p sin B ..........(1)
10x + 5 - 5x2 + 1 + x2 = 0 6 + 10x - 4x2 = 0
cos A = q cos B ............(2)
2x2 - 5x - 3 = 0 (c)
2 2
sin A + cos A = 1
5 ! 25 + 4 ]2 g]3 g p2 sin2 B + q2 cos2 B = 1
x= 4
p2 sin2 B + q2 ^1 - sin2 B h = 1
5!7 -1
= 4 = 3, 2 ^ p2 - q2 h sin2 B = 1 - q2
i
Now question is value of tan 2 is a root of which
sin2 B = e o
1 - q2
equation. If we see the other equations putting p2 - q2
-1
cos2 B = 1 - sin2 B = e o
x = 2 or 3 will satisfy them. So All (a)(b)(c)(d). p2 - 1
p2 - q2
-1
Have roots either 2 or 3.
tan2 B = e o
1 - q2 q2 - 1
= (c)
p2 - 1 1 - p2
1
39. sin a + sin b = ...........(1)
2 From (1) and (2)
sin2 A = p2 sin2 B = p2 e o
1 - q2
3
cos a + cos b = ............(2) p2 - q2
2
cos2 A = q2 e o
square and add the equations we get p2 - 1
p2 - q2
1 3
p2 ^1 - q2 h
2 + 2 cos a cos b + 2 sin a sin b = 2 + 2
q2 ^ p2 - 1 h
tan2 A = (a)
` 2 cos ]a - bg = 0 cos ]a - bg = 0
2 cos2 b 2 l - 1 = 0 cos2 b 2 l = 2
a-b a-b 1 41.
2
0 # i # r 81 sin i + 81 cos i = 30
2
sec2 b 2 l = 2 tan2 b 2 l = 1
a-b a-b
81
x + x = 30 x2 + 81 = 30x
` cot2 b 2 l = 1 ........(c)
a-b x2 - 30x + 81 = 0 x = 27 or 3
2 2
` 81 sin i = 27, 3 3 4 sin i = 33, 31
1 3 1
sin a + sin b = ` 4 sin2 i = 3, 1 sin2 i = 4 , 4
2
2 sin b 2 l cos b 2 l =
a+b a-b 1 3 1
sin i = ! 2 , ! 2
2
for 0 # i # r i = 30°, 60°, 120°, 150°
3
cos a + cos b =
2
sin b 12 l sin b 12 l
11r 5r
42.
2 cos b 2 l cos b 2 l =
a+b a-b 3
= 2 b cos b 12 l - cos b 12 ll
2 1 6r 16r
Hence tan b 2 l =
a+b 1
.......(d)
= 2 c 0 - cos b 3 lm
1 4r
3
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 4.29
(c)
= 2 b+ 2 l = 4
1 1 1
..........(a)
cos a + cos 3a - cos 2a = 2 cos 2a cos 2a - cos 2a
1 1 r
sin 7
= cos b 7 lb2 cos 7 - 1 l
= = 2r r
sin 10 cos b 5 l ]- 1gc 1 mc 5 + 1 m
r r 5 - r
4 4 sin 7
= ]- 1g]4g .........(b)
JK r r rN
KK 2 sin 7 cos 7 - sin 7 OOO
= cos b 7 lKK
2r OO
sin 4 i + cos 4 i KK r OO
sin 7
= 1 - 2 sin2 i cos2 i L P
cos b 7 l
2 r
sin2 2i
r b sin 7 - sin 7 l
r 2r r
= 1- 2 i= 8 =
r sin 7
sin2 4
cos b 7 lb2 sin 14 lb cos 14 l
= 1- 2 2r r 3r
1 = r r
2 sin 14 cos 14
= 1 - 22
3r 2r
3 cos 14 cos 7
=4 .............(c) =
b cos r l
b1 + cos 2r lb1 + cos 4r lb1 + cos 8r l
14
9 9 9
r 2r 4r b2 cos b 314
rl
sin 14 l
3r
sin b 14 l
6r
= 2 cos2 9 # 2 cos2 9 # 2 cos2 9 1 1
=2 r =2 r
cos 14 cos 14
= 8 b cos 9 cos 9 cos 9 l
r 2r 4r 2
6r r 1# 1
14 , 14 are complementary ` L.H.S = 2 1 = 2
KK sin b 9 l OOO
JK 8r N2
1 44. cot a - tan a = 2 cot 2a ..........(a)
= 8 KK O
KK 8 sin r OOO (a) is true
L 9 P
8 1 tan a + cot a = 2 cosec 2a .........(d)
= 64 = 8 ..............(d)
(d) is wrong
43. (a)
tan a tan 2a tan 3a = tan 3a - tan 2a - tan a tan ^45° + ah - tan ^45° - ah
Is true for all angles Hint: 2a + a = 3a ` take tan = cot ^45° - ah - tan ^45° - ah
= 2 cot ^2 ^45° - ahh = 2 cot ^90 - 2ah
on both sides to get the answer °
(b) cosec 2a + cosec 4a - cosec a
1 1 1 = 2 tan 2a (b) (c) wrong
= 2r + sin 4r - sin r
sin 7
45. a. For x ! b 0, 4 l, tan x < cot x
7 7 r
2 sin b 7 l cos b 7 l
3r r
= -
1 Also ln ]sin xg < 0
;2 sin b l cos b lE sin
r
& ]tan xgln]sin xg > ]cot xgln]sin xg
r r 4r sin
7 7 7 7
b. For x ! b 0, 2 l, cosec x $ 1
r
:sin 37r = sin 47r why ??D
& ln ]cosec xg $ 0 & 4 ln]cosec xg < 5 ln]cosec xg
1 1
c. x ! b 0, 2 l & cos x ! ^0, 1h & ln ]cos xg < 0
= r = r =0 r
sin 7 sin 7
(d) 8 cos a cos 2a cos 4a 1 ln]cos xg b 1 lln]cos xg
also 2 > 3 & b 2 l
1 1
8r < 3
sin 8a sin 7
= sin a = r =- 1 d. For x ! b 0, 2 l
r
sin 7
4.30 Mathematics
Since sin x < tan x, we get ln ]sin xg < ln ]tan xg
cos 6 = cos b3r - 6 l =- cos 6 = 2
17r r r - 3
ln]sin xg ln]tan xg
&2 <2 50. sin x cos 20 + cos x sin 20 = 2 sin x cos 40°
° °
46. log1/3 log7 ]sin x + ag > 0 or sin 20° cos x = sin x ^2 cos 40° - cos 20°h
or 0 < log7 ]sin x + ag < 1 or tan x =
sin 20°
or 1 < ]sin x + ag < 7, 6 x ! R
2 cos 40° - cos 20°
& cos2 x c
PASSAGE - 3 (Question 57 - 59) b cos2 x - a sin2 x m c b cos x - a sin x m
2 2
a ]a + bg b ]a + bg
2
= sin x
Angles BEC , ABD , ABE and BAC are in A.P.
cos2 x sin2 x 1 - sin2 x sin2 x
Let +BEC = a - 3b, +ABD = a - b, +ABE = a + b & a = b & a = b
and +BAC = a + 3b b a
& sin2 x = a + b and cos2 x = a + b
sin8 x cos8 x b4 a4
b ]a + bg a ]a + bg4
` 3 + 3 = 3 4 + 3
b a
1
]a + bg3
=
3 3
Matching Column Type
r
From DABD, a - b + a + 3b = 2
i 7i ]3n - 2gi
cos 2 + cos 2i + cos 2 + ... + cos
r
& 2a + 2b = 2 & a + b = 4
r 63. fn ]ig = 2
]3n - 2gi
i 7i
sin 2 + sin 2i + sin 2 + ... + sin
Now, a - 3b = ^a + 3bh + ^a + bh
2
]3n - 1gi
3
1/2
2
= cot 4
π/3
π /6
(a) f3 b 16 l = cot c
3r 8 # 3r/16 m 3r
= cot 4 = 2 - 1.
4
(b) f5 b r l = cot c 14 # r/28 m = cot r = 2 + 1 = 3 + 2 2 .
28 4 8
f7 b 60 l = cot c
(c) r 20 # r/60 m r
` +B = 2 ^a + bh = 2 , +A = 6 , +C = 3
r r r 4
= cot 12 = 2 + 3 = 7 + 4 3
(d) f1 b 2 l = cot c
r 2 # r/2 m r
= cot 4 = 1
& ABC is a 30° - 90° - 60° triangle. 4
Hence, a-r , b-q , c-d , d-p
57. Area of the circle circumscribing
DABC = r b 2 l = 4 . 64. (a) sin2 35° + sin2 65° + sin2 80° - 2 cos 35° cos 65° cos 80° = ?
1 2 r
Here 35° + 65° + 80° = 180° . and we know that in a
triangle ABC,
58. DBOC is equilateral
sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C - 2 cos A cos B cos C = 2
b l
3 1 2
D 2 2 1 Thus sin2 35° + sin2 65° + sin2 80° - 2 cos 35° cos 65° cos 80°
&r= s = = =2
1b3l 4 3
2 2 (b) Similarly, we know that in a triangle ABC,
r 1 r 3 A B C
59. BD = OB sin 3 = 2 sin 3 = 4 cos A + cos B - cos C - 4 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 =- 1
3 & cos 20° + cos 60° - cos 100° - 4 cos 10° cos 30°
` BB' = 2BD = 2
sin 50° =- 1
PASSAGE - 4 (Question 60 - 62)
(c) 3 ^tan 10° + tan 70° - tan 50°h
cos 4 x sin 4 x 1 cos2 x + sin2 x = 3 6tan 10° + tan ^60° + 10°h + tan ^10° - 60°h@
We have, a + b = a+b = a+b
= 3 # 3 tan ^3 # 10°h = 3 # 3 #
1
= 3.
3
4.32 Mathematics
(d) tan 6° tan 42° tan 66° tan 78°
& - 1 # 5/4 - ^cos2 i + 1/2 h # 1
2
6tan 6 tan ^60° + 6°h tan ^60° - 6°h@ tan 42° tan 78°
°
= (d) A = tan2 i + 2 cot2 i
tan 54°
= ^tan i - 2 cot i h + 2 2 $ 2 2
2
tan 18° tan 42° tan 78°
=
tan 54°
66. (a) 9 + 16 + 24 sin ] A + Bg = 37
tan 18° tan ^60° - 18°h tan ^60° + 18°h
= (on squaring and adding)
tan 54°
24 sin ] A + Bg = 12
tan 54°
= = 1 . Thus, a-q , b-s , c-p , d-r
sin ] A + Bg = 2 & sin C = 2
tan 54° 1 1
or 2 sin 4x = 1
0 # sin2 i # 1 1
or sin 4x = 2
& - 3/2 # sin2 i - 3/2 # - 1/2
or 4x = 30°
& 1/4 # ^sin2 i - 3/2 h # 9/4
2
or x = 7.5°
& 1 # ^sin2 i - 3/2 h + 3/4 # 3
2
(d) Obviously, AEOD is a cyclic quadrilateral, we
have +COD = 120° + 45° = 165°
(c) A = sin2 i - cos 4 i A
2 4
= 1 - cos i - cos i 60°
r r r r
= 4 cos6 - 4 sin6 - 3 cos 4 + 3 sin 4
use the formula for the sum of infinite terms of a 8 8 8 8
G.P.
= 4 =d cos 2 - sin 2 nG
r r
& = 2_ i
cos2 x
E 1 - cos2 x
8 8
& = 2_ i
=d sin 4 + cos 4 + sin 2 cos 2 nG
r r r r
2
E
cos x
sin2 x
& = 2 cot x
E
2
.....(i) 8 8 8 8
- 3 =d cos 2 - sin 2 nG
Now given quadratic equation is r r
t 2 - 9t + 8 = 0
.....(ii) 8 8
=4 d1 - sin 2 cos 2 n - 3G
(
& t - 1) (t - 8) = 0 r r r
cos
=
4 8 8
t
& = 1 or t = 8
1 1 1
As given that E satisfies the equation (ii)
= <1 - F =
2 2 2 2
cot2 x 2
&2 = 1 or 2 cot x = 8
& cot x = 20 or 2cot x = 2cot x = 23
2
2 2 2
7. Given, 3(sin q – cos q)4 + 6(sin q + cos q)2 + 4sin6 q
cot
& 2
x = 0 or cot 2 x = 23 = 3((sin2q + cos2q – 2sinq cosq)2) + 6(sin2q + cos2q
cot
& x = 0 or cot x = ! 3 + 2sin q cos q) + 4sin6 q
4.34 Mathematics
= 3((1 – sin2q)2) + 6(1 + sin2q) + 4sin6q
2 # 4 - b cos 2x + 2 l # 4
17 1 2 17
= 3(1 + sin22q – 2sin2q) + 6 + 6 sin2q + 4sin6 q
= 9 + 12sin2 q ∙ cos2 q + 4(1 – cos2 q)3
17 17 9
= 9 + 12(1 – cos2 q) cos2 q m = 2, M = 4 & M - n = 4 - 2 = 4
+ 4(1 – cos6 q– 3cos2q+ 3cos4q)
a+b
= 13 – 4cos6 q 11. i= 2
8. P = "i: sin i - cos i = 2 cos i , 3
cos a + cos b = 2
1
sin a + sin b = 2
& sin i = ^ 2 + 1 h cos i
sin ^a + bh + cos ^a + bh = ?
& tan i = 2 + 1
3r
& i = nr + 8 , n ! Z a+b a-b 3
2 cos 2 cos 2 = 2
Q = "i: sin i + cos i = 2 sin i , a+b a-b 1
& ^ 2 - 1 h sin i = cos i
2 sin 2 cos 2 = 2
10.
1
4 + 2 sin2 2x - 2 cos 4 x & ]2 cos ig2 = ]1 - sin ig2
& 4 ^1 - sin2 ih = ]1 - sin ig2
= 4 + 2 sin2 2x - 2 ^2 cos2 xh2
1 1
& 4 ]1 + sin ig = 1 - sin i 6since sin i ! 1@
= 4 + 2 sin2 2x - 2 ]1 + cos 2xg2
1 1 -3
& sin i = 5
2
& tan ^i + zh =
2. sec i = tan i + tan z
3 =1
1 - tan i tan z
r
& i = 2nr ! 6 , n ! I & i + z = 45°
cos b 2 l = 0
-i 8.
3. tan i + tan 4i + tan 7i
& 2 = ]2n + 1g 2 , n ! I
-i r = tan i tan 4i tan 7i
2r 1
& x = nr or 2kr ! 3 ; n, k ! I. & 1 - cos2 i - 2 cos i + 4 = 0
y = tan x intersect in b 4 , 2 l
r r
&- 6 < 4 sin x + 2 < 6
- 6- 2 6- 2 2r 2r
& < sin x < 7. x+y = 3 & y = 3 -x
4 4
cos x + cos b 3 - x l = 2
2r 3
&- e o < sin x <
3 +1 3 -1
.
2 2 2 2
cos x 3 3
& x ! b 12 , 12 l or x ! b 24 , 24 l cos x - 2 + 2 sin x = 2
- 5r r - 10r 2r
& t = 2! 5
Hence there are three ordered pairs.
x But t ! :1e , eD
4. 1 + sin x. sin 2 2 = 0
x 1
sin x. sin 2 2 =- 1 2 + 5 > e and 2 - 5 < e
x
& sin x =- 1 and sin 2 2 =1 & No solution
& x = ]4n - 1g 2 and
r x
sin 2 = ! 1
1 - cos2 x
9.
& x = ]4n - 1g 2 and x = ]2n + 1g r
r sin y = sin x - sin x = sin x
1 - sin2 x
&x!z and cos y = cos x - cos x = cos x
3x + y = 2kr
& 4k ! Z
or x - y = 2kr
But x - y = 2kr is rejected due to (1).
π π
4 2 Thus, 3x + y = 2kr and x - y = ]2n + 1g r
2k + 2n + 1 2k - 6n - 3
&x= 4 r, y = 4 r, n, k ! Z
Trigonometric Equations 5.3
10. sin x = ] x + 1g + 1
2
r
& x = 2 and x =- 1
EXERCISE - 1
1 1 1 6. Given, sin x tan 4x = cos x
1. sin i + cos i = 1 & sin i + cos i =
2 2 2
& tan 4x = cot x
Dividing by 12 + 12 = 2 ,
& tan 4x = tan b 2 - x l
r
we get sin b i + 4 l =
r 1 r
= sin 4 r
2 & 4x = nr + 2 - x n ! I
-3 ! 9 + 8 - 3 ! 17
& cos i = 4 = 4 9π 13π
8 8
- 3 - 17
cos i = 4 is rejected
r 5r 9r 13r
x= 4, 8 , 8 , 8
Let cos i = cos a
& i = 2nr ! a, where a = cos -1 c
- 3 + 17 m 5r 9r
4 For x = 8 and x = 8 , cos x will give negative
& 5i = n r + 6 & i = b n + 6 l 5 .
r 1 r & tan i ]tan i - 1g - 3 ]tan i - 1g = 0
r r
& 4 cos2 x = 2 + 2 sin 2x & i = n r + 3 , nr + 4 .
1
& 2x = 2nr ! b 2 - 2x l
r & sin x =- 1, + 2
- 5 ! 25 + 24 r
& sin x = & tan x = 1 = tan 4
4
1 r
& sin x =- 3 (impossible) and sin x = 2 & x = nr + 4 n ! I
1 r 5 -1
20. cos x + sin x = 2 Since i is acute & i = 10 & sin i = 4 .
x x 13
1 - tan2 2 2 tan 2 1 26. 2 + 7 tan 2 i = 4 sec 2 i
& + =2
2 x 2 x
1 + tan 2 1 + tan 2
8 + 28 tan 2 i = 13 sec 2 i
8 + 28 ]sec 2 i - 1g = 13 sec 2 i
x x
& 3 tan2 2 - 4 tan 2 - 1 = 0
x 4 ! 28 4
& tan 2 = 6 sec 2 i = 3
x r
2 tan 2 cos 2 i = cos 2 6
` tan x = x
1 - tan2 2 r
& i = nr ! 6
- ^4 + 7 h
& tan x = & 4 solutions
3
21. The given equation can be written as i
27. We have, 1 - cos i = sin i. sin 2
sin2 i i i i i
& + 3 tan i = 0 & tan i sin i + 3 tan i = 0 & 2 sin2 2 = 2 sin 2 . cos 2 . sin 2
cos i
tan i ^sin i + 3 h = 0 & tan i = 0
& 2 sin2 2 :1 - cos 2 D = 0 & sin 2 = 0 or
i i i
& i = n r, n ! Z .
i
2 sin2 4 = 0
22. 1 - cos x ! 0 & cos x ! 1
i i i
& sin 2 = 0 or sin 4 = 0 & 2 = kr
sec x 1
1 - cos x = 1 - cos x i
or 4 = kr.
& sec x = 1 & cos x = 1
Hence, i = 2kr or i = 4kr, k ! I.
But cos x ! 1, hence no solution
5.6 Mathematics
28. sin 2x + cos 4x = 2 33. cosec i + 2 = 0
4 r r r
2A - 6 = 2 & A = 3 .
tan x = 3 or tan x =- 1
38. Here cos i = 1 - 2 cos2 40° =-^2 cos2 40° - 1h
& x = kr + tan -1 b 3 l, nr + 4
4 3r
=- cos ^2 # 40°h =- cos 80°
= cos ^180° + 80°h = cos ^180° - 80°h
31. Given relation is
Hence, cos 260° and cos 100°
tan i + tan 2i + 3 tan i tan 2i = 3
i.e., i = 100° and 260° .
& tan i + tan 2i = 3 ]1 - tan i tan 2ig
= 1 & cos b x + 4 l =- 1
1 1 r
39. sin x - cos x
= 3 & tan 3i = tan ^r/3h
tan i + tan 2i 2 2
&
1 - tan i tan 2i r 3r 5r
& x + 4 = 2nr ! r & 2nr + 4 or 2nr - 4 .
& 3i = nr + 3 & i = ]3n + 1g 9 .
r r
1
40. Given equation is, cos x - sin x =
tan ] A + Bg = 1 - tan A tan B
tan A + tan B 2
32.
1 1 1
Dividing equation by 2, cos x - sin x = 2
tan ] A + Bg =
2 2 2
1 - ]- 1g
=1
cos b 4 + x l = cos 3 . Hence, 4 + x = 2nr ! 3
r r r r
& sin ] A + Bg =
1
2 r r r
x = 2nr + 3 - 4 = 2nr + 12
& sin 2 ] A + Bg = 2
1
r r 7r
or x = 2nr - 3 - 4 = 2nr - 12 .
Trigonometric Equations 5.7
41. Given sin x + sin y + sin z =- 3 is satisfied only ]sin x + cos xg = 12 + 12 = 2 . Hence there is no
‘ x ’ satisfying sin x + cos x = 2.
when x = y = z = 2 , for x, y, z ! 60, 2r@.
3r
44. Given equation is 3 sin x + cos x = 4 which is of
5 x + 5 -x
42. We know 2 $ 1, (using A.M. $ G.M.)
the form a sin x + b cos x = c with
But since cos ^e xh # 1
a = 3 , b = 1, c = 4.
So, there does not exist any solution.
Here a2 + b2 = 3 + 1 = 4 < c2,
43. No solution as sin x # 1, cos x # 1 and both of
therefore the given equation has no solution.
them do not attain their maximum value for the same
angle. Aliter: Since the maximum value of 45. sin x cos x = 2 or sin 2x = 4, which is impossible.
EXERCISE - 2
sin i
& 2 sin i + =0 5r
cos i ` 2A + B = 6 ...(i) Given that
& sin i ]2 cos i + 1g = 0 6a cos i ! 0@
2B = A + C ...(ii) We know
1
& sin i = 0 or cos i =- 2
A + B + C = r ...(iii)
2r
i = nr or i = 2mr ! 3 n, m ! I
r
From (ii) and (iii) 3B = r & B = 3
5
3. sec2 i + tan2 i = 3 , also sec2 i - tan2 i = 1
5r r r
From (i) 2A = 6 - 3 & A = 4
& tan i = 3 = tan2 b 6 l & i = nr ! 6 .
2 1 r r
= r - b 3 + 4 l & C = 12
& 2 cos2 x - 3 sin x = 0 r r 5r
4 - 4 cos2 i + 2 ^ 3 + 1 h cos i = 4 + 3
& 2 - 2 sin2 x - 3 sin x = 0
7.
& ]2 sin x - 1g]sin x + 2g = 0
& 4 cos2 i - 2 ^ 3 + 1 h cos i + 3 = 0
1 r 5r
2 ^ 3 + 1 h ! 4 ^ 3 + 1 h - 16 3
& sin x = 2 or sin x =- 2 ` i = 6 , 6 2
& cos i =
sin 4i = cos i - cos 7i & sin 4i = 2 sin ]4ig sin ]3ig
8
5.
3 r
& cos i = 2 or 1/2 & i = 2nr ! 6
& sin 4i = 0 & 4i = nr or sin 3i = 2 = sin b 6 l
1 r
or 2nr ! r/3.
& 3i = nr + ]- 1gn 6 & i = 4 , 3 + ]- 1gn 18 .
r nr nr r
5.8 Mathematics
sin 3i 1 r
8. Given, = Trick: Since i = 4 satisfies the equation and
2 cos 2i + 1 2
r
3 sin i - 4 sin3 i 1 therefore the general value should be 2nr ! 4 .
& =2
2 - 4 sin2 i + 1
12. 4 cosec 2 ^r ]a + xgh + a 2 - 4a = 0
& 2 sin i 63 - 4 sin i@ = ^3 - 4 sin ih
2 2
sin 2 ^r ]a + xgh =
4
& ]2 sin i - 1g^3 - 4 sin2 ih = 0 4a - a 2
0 # sin 2 ^r ]a + xgh # 1
` sin i = 2 & i = nr + ]- 1gn 6 , n ! I
1 r
4
&0# #1
3 r 4a - a 2
or sin i = 4 & i = nr ! 3 , m ! I
2
4
which does not satisfy the given equation #1
4a - a 2
4
9. tan i + tan 2i + tan 3i = tan i tan 2i tan 3i & -1 # 0
4a - a 2
tan i + tan 2i + tan 3i - tan i tan 2i tan 3i 4 - 4a + a 2
tan 6i =
1 - / tan i tan 2i 4a - a 2
#0
= 0, (from the given condition) ]a - 2g2 1
# 0 & a = 2 and #0 ...(1)
4a - a 2 4a - a 2
& 6i = nr & i = nr/6.
4 1
Also, $0& $ 0 ...(2)
Trick: In such type of problems, the general value of 4a - a 2 4a - a 2
nr From (1) and (2) a a = 2
i is given by . So the general
sum of number of i
2nr
nr nr
value of i is 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 . 13. cos pi = cos qi & pi = 2nr ! qi & i = p ! q .
10. Given sin 3i = 4 sin i. sin 2i sin 4i, where 14. tan2 x - sec10 x + 1 = 0
Then r = ^ 3 + 1 h + ^ 3 - 1 h = 2 2
2 2 & sin 2 x = cos 2 x
& cos 2x = 0
3 - 1 1 - ^1/ 3 h
= tan b 4 - 6 l & a = 12
r r r
3 + 1 1 + ^1/ 3 h
tan a = = r
& x = nr ! 4 , But cos x > 0
The given equation reduces to r
& x = 2nr ! 4
2 2 cos ]i - ag = 2 & cos b i - 12 l = cos 4
r r
23. sin x = cos 3x x ! 6- 2r, 2r@
r r r r
& i - 12 = 2nr ! 4 & i = 2nr ! 4 + 12 . Case (I): sin x = cos 3x
But - 1 # sin x # 1
r r
3 x = 2 nr + 2 - x & 3 x = 2 nr - 2 + x
Hence, x ! z
4x = ]4n + 1g 2 ; 2x = ]4n - 1g 2
r r
19. On expanding determinant,
x = ]4n + 1g 8 ; x = ]4n - 1g 4
r r
or cos 2B = cos r n =- 4, - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3; n =- 1, 0, 1, 2
or B = ]2n + 1g 2 , n ! Z.
r Case (II) : - sin x = cos 3x
cos b 2 + x l = cos 3x
r
20.
2 2
2 sin x + 4.2 cos x = 6
3x = 2nr ! b 2 + x l;
r
Let 2 sin x = t
2
n!I
r r
` t + t = 6 & ]t - 4g]t - 2g = 0 3 x = 2 nr + 2 + x & 3 x = 2 nr - 2 - x
8
2nr
` x = 3 ,n ! I sin i = 2, which is not possible and sin i =- 1.
25. cos 6i + cos 4i + cos 2i + 1 = 0 Therefore, solution of given equation lies in the
interval b 4 , 4 l .
5r 7r
& 2 cos2 3i + 2 cos 3i. cos i = 0
- 74 - 1 # 2k # 74 - 1 ` x = 2nr ; n ! I
Trigonometric Equations 5.11
Case-II : If cos x < 0, then - cos x = cos x - 2 sin x 0 # n # 50 or 60, 100r@
5 4 4 3
` One root lies in the interval :0, 2 D.
r cosec i = 4 , 3 ; ` sin i = 5 , 4 .
12 cosec2 i - 31 cosec i + 20 = 0
EXERCISE - 3
Numerical Type
but only tan x ! d , 1 n as x ! b 0, r l
1
1. cos x = ]tan x + cot xg 3 2
]tan x + cot xg $ 2 or tan x + cot x # - 2 & x ! b 6 , 4 l & a = 6 ,b = 4
r r r r
cos x $ 2 or cos x #- 2
& r ]b - ag = 3
36
Not possible, Number of solutions is zero.
sin x sin 3x sin 9x
4. cos 3x + cos 9x + cos 27x = 0
2. sin x cos x + tan x + cot x = 3
or 22cos
sin x cos x 2 sin 3x cos 3x 2 sin 9x cos 9x
3x cos x + 2 cos 9x cos 3x + 2 cos 27x cos 9x = 0
1
& sin x cos x + = 3
sin x cos x
]3x - xg sin ]9x - 3xg sin ]27x - 9xg
1 or 2sin
cos 3x cos x + 2 cos 9x cos 3x + 2 cos 27x cos 9x = 0
sin x cos x + $2
sin x cos x
or ]tan 3x - tan xg + ]tan 9x - tan 3xg
Hence, there is no solution.
+ ]tan 27x - tan 9xg = 0
3. tan x tan 3x < - 1
or tan 27x - tan x = 0
tan c m < - 1 & 1 - tan 2x < 0
3 tan x - tan3 x 4
2
1 - 3 tan x 1 - 3 tan x
or tan x = tan 27x
Let tan x = t
& 27x = nr + x, n ! I
]1 - tg]1 + tg
& <0 nr
1 - 3t2 or x = 26 , n ! I.
2 b1 + 8 l x ! ; 6 + nr, 2 + nr l
3 1 r r
1 44 1 If tan x $ ;
& -2 & 9 -2 3
9
then common solution ; x ! & 6 , 6 0
16 7r 19r
79 p
& 18 = q & p + q = 97 8. 2 sin i = r 4 - 2r3 + 3
c 5 -1m 1 +
10 + 2 5 1
9. sin x 4 $ cos x cos x = 2
4
& 2 tanb x - 4 l = 1
r
sin 18° cos 18°
& sin x + cos x = 2
& x = r/4, which is not
& sin ^ x + 18°h = 2 sin x cos x = sin 2x
possible as cos 2x = 0 for this value of x, which is
& 2x = x + 18° or 180° - 2x = x + 18°
not defending the original equation.
` sum of all values of x ! b 0, 2 l
r
7. From (i) 2 cos x - 1 + 1 - 3 = ^2 - 3 h cos x
2
4r
= 18° + 54° = 72° = 10 `k=4
2 cos x - ^2 - 3 h cos x - 3 = 0
2
` x ! ; 6 , 0l , c 3 , 2 D
-r r r
14. Given, 4y 2 + 2 cos 2 x = 4y - sin 2 x
Now, 1 + cos x + cos 2x + sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x = 0 & 4y 2 - 4y + 1 + cos 2
x=0
& 2 cos2 x + cos x + sin 2x + 2 sin 2x cos x = 0
& ^2y - 1 h + cos 2 x = 0
2
& cos x ]2 cos x + 1g + sin 2x ]2 cos x + 1g = 0
1 r 3r
y
` = 2 and cos x = 0 & x = 2 , 2
& ]cos x + sin 2xg]2 cos x + 1g = 0
So, two ordered pairs are possible i.e., b 2 , 2 l
r 1
& cos x ]1 + 2 sin xg]2 cos x + 1g = 0
and b 2 , 2 l
3r 1
-1
& cos x = 0 or sin x = 2
15. tan 2i = tan 6i
(as for given interval, cos x > 0)
& sin ]4ig = 0 & i = 4 , n ! I
sin 2i sin 6i nr
& =
r -r cos 2i cos 6i
& x = 2 or x = 6 r 3r 5r 7r 9r 11r
But i = 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 (Rejected)
Hence, there are 2 solutions.
So, possible solutions are
11. We have sin 3i = sin 7i - sin i r 3r 5r
i = 2 , r, 2 , 2r, 2 .
sin
& 3i = 2 cos 4i sin 3i
16. Squaring both sides;
sin
& 3i ]2 cos 4i - 1g = 0
2 + cos 2x = 1 + sin 2x
& either sin 3i = 0 or cos 4i
cos 2x - sin 2x + 1 = 0
1
= 2
sin 4x = 0
r r 5r
` Solutions are 3 , 12 , 12 .
4x = nr; n ! I
12. sin 2x cos y = ]a 2 - 1g2 + 1
nr
x= 4
& 2 - 1 = 0 & a2 - 1 = 0
a
n =- 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
& 2=1
a
but n = 1 and 2
cos 2x sin y = a + 1 & a # 0
only acceptable.
x 4 + 1 ^2 sin y cos yh
2
0 20. =
8x 2 4
12 2
1
& x 2 + 2 = 2 sin 2 2y
x
L. H. S $ 2 and R. H. S # 2
& 2 - 3 < tan x < 2 + 3
r 5r
L. H. S = R. H. S will hold only if
& nr + 12 < x < 12 + nr, n ! I
only if L. H. S = 2 = R. H. S.
r 5r 13r 17r 25r 29r
& 12 < x < 12 , 12 < x < 12 , 12 < x < 12
` Integral values of x can be 1, 4 and 7.
EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct 1
& x = n - 4 ,n ! I
1. 2 ]2 cos 2x - 1g + 3 - 4 cos 2x + ^2 cos2 2x - 1h = 2
Now, Sum = b1 - 4 l + b2 - 4 l + ... + b100 - 4 l
1 1 1
2 ]2 cos 2x - 1g + 2 ]1 - cos 2xg = 2
2
= ]1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 100g - 4
100
2 cos 2x - 1 + 1 - cos 2x = 1
= 5050 - 25 = 5025
cos 2x = 1
5. tan 4 x + cot 4 x + 1
2x = 2nr
= ]tan 2 x - cot 2 xg2 + 3 $ 3 and 3 sin 2y # 3
` x = nr ; n ! I
- 4 ]sin x - cos xg - 2 = 0
& tan 2 x = 1 and sin 2y = 1
r r
& ]sin x - cos xg^sin x cos x - 2 ]sin x - cos xg - 4h = 0 & x = nr ! 4 and y = nr + 4
r r
& tan x = 1 & x = ! 4 and y = 4 & Two solutions.
y = x2 - 6x + 10 = ]x - 3g2 + 1 $ 1
r
& x = nr + 4 6.
& 2 sin 4x cos 3x + sin 4x = 0 & log2 ]2. sin x. sin 3xg $ 0
cos2 a = 2 cos2 b 1 1
& 2 # sin x #
2
1 - sin2 a = 2 ^1 - sin2 b h
x ! : 6 , 4 D , : 4 , 6 D
r r 3r 5r
...(2)
2 2
2 sin b - sin a = 1.
(1) + (2) given
9. Here the equation becomes
x ! :6 , 4 D,: 4 , 6 D
r r 3r 5r
cos d + n cos d - n=1
i i i i
2 2 2 2
i i 11. We have ^tan2 2x + cot2 2xh + 2 ]tan 2x + cot 2xg = 6
& cos2 - sin2 2 = 1
2
&c m + 2 b sin 2x + cos 2x l = 6
sin2 2x cos2 2x
6a cos ] A + Bg cos ] A - Bg = cos A - sin B@
2 2 +
cos2 2x sin2 2x cos 2x sin 2x
& 4x = nr + ]- 1gn b 6 l, n ! I
-r
14. The given equation is 1 + sin2 x i = cos i or
& x = 4 + ]- 1gn + 1 24 , n ! I
nr r
1 - cos i =- sin2 xi & 2 sin2 i/2 =- sin2 xi ...(i)
12. Given 20 sin2 i + 21 cos i - 24 = 0 & i = 0 is one solution. LHS has period 2r and
7r RHS has period r/x. The solution other than zero
4 < i < 2r
& 20 - 20 cos2 i + 21 cos i - 24 = 0 exist iff LCM of 2r and r/x exist. So x must be
a-4
& cos x = log a ^3 ! 2:2h &- 1 # 2 #1
&- 2 # a - 4 # 2
& x ! b - 10 , 10 l
1 r 3r
cos x = 1, 2
1
cos x = 1 or cos x = 2 21. L.H.S # 2 and R.H.S $ 2
r
Not possible or x = 2nr ! 3 4 solution. Hence equality will hold if both sides are equal to 2.
` Number of solution = 8 r2
` = 1 & x =!r
x2
18. cos 2x + a sin x = 2a - 7
If x = r ; L.H.S =- 2 and R.H.S. = 2 (reject)
& 1 - 2 sin2 x + a sin x = 2a - 7
If x =- r ; L.H.S = 2 and R.H.S. = 2
& 2 sin x - a sin x + ]2a - 8g = 0
2
a ! a2 + 4.2 ]8 - 2ag
& sin x = 4
Trigonometric Equations 5.19
Multiple Options Correct
26. Equation can be written as
22. sin b 3 x2 l = 1
r
sin b 12 l cos b 12 l
r r
r r
& 3 x 2 = 2 nr + 2 ; n ! I
sin x + cos x = 2
& 3 x2 = ]4n + 1g 2
r r
c a sin r = 6- 2 r
and cos 12 =
6+ 2m
12 4 4
` x2 = 2 ]4n + 1g; n ! I
3
sin b x + 12 l = sin 2x
r
Only n = 0 and n = 1 is possible.
r 11r
& x = 12 , 36
3 15
` x2 = 2 or x2 = 2
27. sin i + 3 cos i =- 2 - ^ x2 - 6x + 9h =- 2 - ]x - 3g2
3 15
2 or x = ! ` sin i + 3 cos i $ - 2 and - 2 - ]x - 3g2 # - 2
` x =! 2
& For each value of x, we will get 2 values of y. As a result, we have sin i + 3 cos i =- 2 and then
or 4 sin 4 x = 1 - cos 4 x r
i.e., i - 6 = r, 3r
= sin2 x ^2 - sin2 xh 2
2 tan x = tan 4 x - 1
or sin2 x 65 sin2 x - 2@ = 0 or sin x = 0
Then 2m = m2 - 1
or sin x = ! 2/5
2 where m = tan2 x
& x = nr or x = nr ! sin -1 5,n ! Z
m=3
9
24. 5 sin x cos x + 2 cos2 x + 2 sin2 x = 2
& tan2 x = 3 & ^ 3 h = tan2 3 & i = ! 3
2 r r
5 9
& 2 + 2 sin 2x = 2
29. The given equation is
r
& sin 2x = 1 & 2x = 2nr + 2 , n ! I
2 ^sin x + sin yh - 2 cos ^ x - y h = 3
25. We have tan i = 1 - cos 2i = 2 sin i or
2 2
x+y x-y
2 2
& 2 # 2 sin 2 cos 2
cosec i tan i = 2
- 2 ;2 cos2 E= 3
x-y
or ^1 + cot2 ih tan2 i = 2 or tan2 i - 1 = 0 2 -1
` sin2 c m$ 1
& sin2 i = 0 & i = nr x+y x+y
& sin 2 =! 1
2
Since x and y are smallest and positive, we have
5.20 Mathematics
x+y x+y r
sin 2 = 1 and 2 = 2 2 sin2 x - 3 sin x + 1 = 3 or
i.e., x + y = r ...(i) 2 sin2 x - 3 sin x + 1 = 0
Also, cos c m= 1
x-y 1
Hence, sin x = ! 2 or sin x = 1
2 2
2r 2r 33. The given inequality can be written as
& x - y = 3 or - 3 ...(ii)
2 cosec x ^y - 1 h + 1 # 2
2 2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
^ x = 5r/6, y = r/6 h or ^ x = r/6, y = 5r/6 h Since cosec2 x $ 1 for all real x, we have
30. Let t = ]sin x + cos xg 2 cosec x $ 2 ...(ii)
2
Also ^y - 1h + 1 $ 1
2
& sin 2x = ^t2 - 1h
& 2t2 - t ^ 6 + 2 h + 3 = 0
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
2 cosec x ^y - 1h + 1 $ 2
2
...(iv)
2
& t + tc
2 6 2m 3
+ 2 =0
2 + 2 Therefore, from Eqs. (i) and (iv), equality holds only
3 1
&t= 2, 2 when 2 cosec x = 2 and ^y - 1 h2 + 1 = 1. Thus,
2
` 2 = 2nr ! 2 or 2 = 2nr ! b 2 - x l, n ! Z
x r 5x r
8
k + k = 9 & k2 - 9k + 8 = 0 & k = 1 or k = 8
Trigonometric Equations 5.21
` 2 = ]4n ! 1g 2 or 2 = 2nr + 2 - x or
x r 5x r & f ]xg = A cos x - B sin x
1 1 Comprehension Type
& tan i = 1 & a = or a =-
2 2 Passage - 1 (Question 41 - 43)
& sum of possible values of ‘a’ is zero. tan i = 1
The given equation is: ]1 + ag cos x. cos ]2x - bg =
37. c cos2 x +
1
m^1 + tan2 2y i]3 + sin 3zg = 4 & ^cos x. cos ]2x - bg - cos ]x - bgh = a (cos 2x. cos
cos2 x
1 ]x - bg - cos x cos ]2x - bg)
Since cos2 x + $ 2 , 1 + tan2 2y $ 1
cos2 x
& cos ]3x - bg + cos ]x - bg - 2 cos ]x - bg = a (cos
cos2 x +
1
= 2, 1 + tan2 2y = 1, 3 + sin 3z = 2 & cos ]3x - bg - cos ]x - bg = a ^cos (x + bh - cos
cos2 x
^ x - b)h
Thus, cos x = ! 1 & x = nr ;
&- 2 sin ]2x - bg sin x =- 2a sin x sin b
mr
tan 2y = 0 & y = 2 and
& sin x ^sin (2x - bh - a sin b) = 0
sin 3z =- 1 & z = ]4k - 1g 6 ; m, n, k ! I
r
& sin x = 0 or sin ]2x - bg = a sin b
b r , 0 lb r , 2r l, b 3r , 0 l, b 3r , 2r l nr b
&0< 2 +2 <r
2 2 2 2
& b ! ^- nr, 2r - nr h, n ! I
- c 1 + 2 + ... + n - 1 m sin x
sin a1 sin a2 sin an
2
5.22 Mathematics
Passage- 2 (Question 44 - 46) 48. Clearly, f ]c g = 0
4 ]1 + k g 4 ]1 + k g
33 cos 2x + 4 sin 2x
& 4 sin 2 c $ cos 2 c = ]
3 + 2k g
& sin 2 2c = ]
3 + 2k g
minimum value of 3 cos 2x + 4 sin 2x is - 5
4 ]1 + k g
As, 0 # sin 2 2c # 1 so 0 # 3 + 2k # 1
1
so minimum value = 3 -5 = 243
45. When sin x = 1, cos x = 0
4 7
` On solving above inequality, we get
so in 60, 2r@, number of solution = 2
k ! :- 1, 2 D
-1
d As, 3 = c 3 m n
2
r r
& p sin x = 2 - p cos x ` 2x = nr ! 3 , n ! I
then maximum value of ]sin x + cos xg will give Passage - 4 (Question 50 - 52)
minimum positive value of p
See given figure for the solution.
r r
so p # 2 = 2 , p =
2 2
Passage - 3 (Question 47 - 49)
47. We have
y sec
f ] xg = ]sin x + cos xg + k ]sin x + cos xg
6 6 4 4
y sec cos ec
= ]1 - 3 sin3 x $ cos 2 xg + k ]1 - 2 sin 2 x $ cos 2 xg
]3 + 2k g
-3
=0&k= 2
y'
-2 2 < y < 2 2 . 29
(d) sin10 x + cos10 x = 16 cos 4 2x
r
& 2x = nr ! 4
^cos2 x - sin2 xh^1 - 4 cos2 x sin2 xh = 0
or x = 2 ! 8 ] Rg
nr r
& cos 2x = 0 or sin 2x = 1 = sin r/2
2
x = nr ! 3 ^ p h
r
Total number of solution = 3
(c) 2 tan x - 1 + 2 cot x - 1 = 2
-1 ! 3 r nr 2n r
& sin i = x = 2n3 3 , x = 24 , x = 55
4
` 2 real solutions & x = 0, 2r are common solutions.
1
(d) 3 sin2 i - 4 sin i + 1 = 0 (c) 2 1 - cosx = 4
r 2r
& i = 3 , 3 satisfy equation only.
Numerical Type 1
sin 2x = !
2
1. 3 cos 2 2i + 6 cos 2i - 10 cos 2 i + 5 = 0
3 cos 2 2i + 6 cos 2i - 5 ^1 + cos 2ih + 5 = 0
1
3 cos 2 2i + cos 2i = 0
2
- 1 2
1
cos 2i = 0 OR cos 2i =- 3
2
i d 6- 4r, 4r@
Number of solution = 8.
2i = ]2n + 1g $ 2
r
Single Options Correct
4. cos b 3 + x l cos b 3 - x l = 4 cos 2 2x
r 3r 15r r r 1
` i = ! 4 $! 4 ........ ! 4
1
Similarly cos 2i =- 3 gives 16 solution
x d 6- 3r, 3r@
4 b 2 b 3 l - sin 2 x l = cos 2 2x
r
2. Given 3 (cos 2 x) = ( 3 - 1) cos x + 1 cos
4 b 4 - sin 2 x l = cos 2 2x
1
& 3 (cos x) 2 - 3 cos x + cos x - 1 = 0
(
& 3 cos x + 1) (cos x - 1) = 0 1 - 4 sin 2 x = cos 2 2x
cos
& x = 1 or cos x =-
1
(reject) 1 - 2 ^1 - cos 2xh = cos 2 2x
3
x
& = 0 only. let cos 2x = t
- 1 + 2 cos 2x = cos 2 2x
3. log1/2 ; sin x ;= 2 - log1/2 ; cos x ;
t 2 - 2t + 1 = 0
log1/2 ; sin x cos x ; = 2 ]t - 1g2 = 0
1 t=1
; sin x cos x ; = & cos 2x = 1
4
Trigonometric Equations 5.25
2x = 2nr Put ^1, 2h in Put ^sin i, cos i in
x = nr So, f
pf p> 0
given line given line)
n =- 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3
& ]1 + 2 - 1g]sin i + cos i - 1g > 0
(D) option is correct.
& sin i + cos i > 1 #' by 2 -
5. Given inequality is 1 1 1
& sin i + cos i >
sin 2i + tan 2i > 0 2 2 2
& bi + 4 l >
sin 2i r 1
sin
& 2i + >0 sin
cos 2i 2
sin 2i cos 2i + sin 2i r 3r
& >0
r
& 4 < i+ 4 < 4
cos 2i
sin 2i ]cos 2i + 1g
& >0 3
cos 2i
4 4
use the formula 1 + cos 2i = 2 cos 2 i
sin 2i #
& (2 cos 2 i) > 0
cos 2i
& tan 2i (2 cos 2 i) > 0
as we know that
2 cos 2 i > 06i ! [0, 2r] - & 2 , 2 0, then
r 3r
r
tan
& 2i > 0
& 0<i< 2
5.26 Mathematics
13. ^ fogogof h]xg = sin2 ^sin x2h
8 cos x & 4 - 1 + cos 2 x 0 = 1
1
^ gogof h]xg = sin ^sin x2h
8 cos x &cos x - 4 0 = 1
32
` sin2 ^sin x2h = sin ^sin x2h
2 " 4 cos x - 3 cos x , = 1
3
cos 2x = 2 b 3 l - 1 =- 3
1 1 Also 2 cos2 i - 3 sin i = 0
cos 4x = 2 b - 3 l - 1 =- 9
1 2 7 or 2 sin2 i + 3 sin i - 2 = 0
or ]2 sin i - 1g]sin i + 2g = 0
11. 2 cos 2x cos x + 2 cos 3x cos x = 0
& 2 cos x (cos 2x + cos 3x) = 0
r 3r r 3r 7r 9r
x = 2 , 2 , r, 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 7 Solutions & i = r/6, 5r/6, where i ! 60, 2r@ (ii)
12. sin x + 2 sin 2x - sin 3x = 3
r 5r
Combining Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get i = 6 , 6
3
& sin x + 4 sin x cos x - 3 sin x + 4 sin x = 3
& sin x 6- 2 + 4 cos x + 4 ^1 - cos2 xh@ = 3 Therefore, there are two solutions.
or a ]a - bg2 - 2b ]b - ag]a - bg = 0
0.5
1
where a, b ! 6- r, r@
a a
or b = 1 or b = 2
a 0 < 1/e < 1 and 2a ! 6- 2r, 2r@ & tan b 4 l # tan x # tan b 4 l
-r r
= 1/e in 60, 2r@ and two in 6- 2r, 0@ . Therefore, ` tan x = 1 & x = r/4
there will be four values of a in 6- r, r@ and Therefore, there is only one real root.
or ]2 sin i + 1g]sin i - 2g = 0
four sets of ^a, bh .
1
17. We know that or sin =- 2 [ a sin i - 2 = 0 is not possible]
a b b
Then the equation becomes b a b = 0
b b a
Operating C2 $ C2 - C1 ; C3 $ C3 - C2 , weget
5.28 Mathematics
^i + {h < 1
r 1
& x = nr ! 12 ; n ! Z
2 < sin
x ! &! 12 , r ! 12 , - r ! 12 0
r r r
& 6 + 2r < sin ^i + {h < 6 + 2r
r 5r
Six solutions in given range
r 5r
(IV) & x ! :- 4 , 4 D :sin x - cos x = 1 0
7r 7r 2r + 6 - i max < { < 2r + 6 - i min
r 4r
cos x - sin x =- 1
& 2 <{< 3
& x ! :4 , 4D
1 5
& 2 [cot i - cot ^i + r/4h + cot ^i + r/4h
&b-a = 1
- cot ^i + r/2h + ... + cot ^i + 5r/4h - cot ^i + 3r/2h] = 4 2
3 ac
1 - t2 m
+ 2b c m = c, where t = tan x
2t
8. 2
1 + t2 1 + t2
& tan i + cot i = 4
3 a ]1 - t2g + 4bt = c ]1 + t2g
& tan i = 2 ! 3
t2 (c + 3 a) - 4bt + c - 3 a = 0
r 5r
& i = 12 or 12 a+b r
2 = 6
6. f ]xg = ]1 - xg2 sin2 x + x2 6x ! R
tan b l= 1
a+b
For statement P:
2 3
f ]xg + 2x = 2 ^1 + x2h (i) t +t 1
⇒ 1 1- t t2 =
& ]1 - xg2 sin2 x + x2 + 2x = 2 + 2x2 3
1 2
4b 1
& ]1 - xg2 sin2 x = x2 - 2x + 2 = ]x - 1g2 + 1
⇒
c+ 3a-c+ 3a
=
3
& ]1 - xg2 ^sin2 x - 1h = 1 b 1
a = 2
& - ]1 - xg2 cos2 x = 1
5
& ]1 - xg2 cos2 x =- 1
9. 2 4 4 6 6
4 cos 2x + cos x + sin x + cos x + sin x = 2
& 4 cos2 2x + ^sin2 x + cos2 xh2 - 2 sin2 x cos2 x + (sin2 x
5
So equation (i) will not have real solution. So, P is
wrong. For statement Q: + cos2 x) 3 - 3 sin2 x cos2 x ^sin2 x + cos2 xh = 2
sin
& i ]4 + cos 2ig $ 0 & 2 sin2 2i + sin 2i - 1 = 0
sin
& i$0 & ]2 sin 2i - 1g]sin 2i + 1g = 0
& i ! 60, r@ & 0 # rx - 4 # r
r
1
& sin 2i =- 1 or sin 2i = 2
5.30 Mathematics
f’(x) = 0 ⇒ – cos(p cosx) p sinx = 0
& cos 2i = 0 and sin 2i =- 1
⇒ sinx = 0 or cos(p cosx) = 0
r r ⇒ x = n3p or p cosx = (2n4 + 1) p/2
& 2i =- 2 & i =- 4
⇒ cos x = – ½, ½
3 1
⇒ x = n5p ± p/3
or cos 2i = ! 2 , sin 2i = 2
Y = & 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 ...... 0
r 2r 3r 4r 5 r 6 r
r 5r r 5r
& 2i = 6 , 6 & i = 12 , 12
g(x) = 0 ⇒ cos(2p sinx) = 0
r
r r 5r
` i =- 4 , 12 , 12 ⇒ 2p sinx = (2n6 + 1) 2
2n + 1 3 1 1 3
11. Let xyz = t ⇒ sin x = 64 =- 4 , - 4 , 4 , 4
b a 3 a
or, sin B = a sin A 2 - b = 0 and 2 - c = 0
3
since, a = 3, b = 4, sin A = 4 , & 3 a = 2b = 2c 3 = k ]letg
4 3 k k k
we get, sin B = 3 # 4 = 1 &a= ,b = 2 ,c =
3 2 3
` +B = 90° a b2 + c2 = a2
a b c 3
Use sine rule = = =k b
sin 75° sin 45° sin 60° ` sin B = a = 2
=k
3 +1
= 2k
3 +1 s ]a + b + cg a b c
5. R = 2R = 2R + 2R + 2R
2 2 2
= 2k sin 75° = 2k sin A = 2a = sin A + sin B + sin C
3. Let a = 6 + 12 , b = 48 , c = 24 b2 - c2
6. 2aR
Here c is the smallest side.
4R2 ^sin2 B - sin2 C h
=
4R2 sin A
+C is the smallest angle of the triangle.
sin ] B + C g sin ] B - C g
2 2 2
= sin A
a +b -c
Now cos C =
6a sin ] B + C g = sin ]r - Ag = sin A@
2ab
^48 + 24 3 h + 48 - 24 3
=
4 ^3 + 3 h 4 3
= 2 = sin ] B - C g
so, +C = r/6 3 3a
7. We have, 3= 4 a2, s = 2
4. We have a2 + b2 + c2 = ca + ab 3
3 a
`r= s = ,
2 2 2
& a + b + c - ca - ab 3 = 0 2 3
abc a3 a
R = 43 = =
&c m + b a - cl = 0
2
a 3 2
3 a2 3
2 -b 2
3 3 /4a2 3
and r1 = s - a = = 2 a
a/2
a a 3
Hence, r: R: r1 = : : 2 a
2 3 3
= 1: 2: 3
6.2 Mathematics
1 1 1 10. If p1, p2, p3, are altitude from A,B,C respectively,
8. r1 , r2 , r3 are in A.P.
s-a s-b s-c then 1 1 1 23 23 23
3 = 2 ap1 = 2 bp2 = 2 cp3 & p1 = a , p2 = b , p3 = c
& 3 , 3 , 3 are in A.P.
a b c ^ h
&- a, - b, - c are in A.P. sin A = sin B = sin C = k say
9. From the right angled 3 CAD, we have 23 23 23
2 2 2
` p1 = k sin A , p2 = k sin B , p3 = k sin C
b 2b a + b - c
cos C = & a = 2ab
a/2
Now, sin A, sin B, sin C are in A.P.
a2 + b2 - c2 = 4b2 & a2 - c2 = 3b2 .
& p1, p2, p3 are in H.P.
°
A − π/2
a/2 a/2
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
We have tan 2 = tan b90° - 2 l = cot 2
C A+B A+B Also, cos C = 1 - tan2 ^C/2h = 1 - 63/81 = 18 = 1
2
1.
1 + tan ^C/2h 1 + 63/81 144 8
cot ^ A/2h cot ^ B/2h - 1 c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C = 25 + 16 - 2.5.4 ^1/8h = 36 & c = 6
cot ^ A/2h + cot ^ B/2h
=
& a + b + c = 3b & a + c = 2b
1 = 4 and a = 7
& AG = 3 2b2 + 2c2 - a2
b
angle as B. So sin B = 2R will be given for both the
A1 triangles. So their circumradii and therefore their
1 1
& AG = 3 a, BG = 3 b2 + 4c2 as a2 = b2 + c2 sizes will be same.
5 1 2
& AG = 3 , BG = 3 16 + 36 = 3 13 b2 + c2 - a2
9. cos A = 2bc
1
Also, AB = c = 3 and 3 GAB = 3 3 ABC = 2 & c2 - 2bc cos A + b2 - a2 = 0.
] AG g] BG g] ABg 5 2 1 5 13 & c12 + c22 - 2c1 c2 cos 2A = ]c1 + c2g2 - 2c1 c2 ]1 + cos 2Ag
R1 = 4 3 GAB = 3 . 3 13 .3 4.2 = 12 units.
5.
r
AC = d, OA = OB = r, CD = BD = l, +COA = 3 = 4b2 cos2 A - 2 ^b2 - a2h 2 cos2 A = 4a2 cos2 A.
Hence proved.
A1 A 2
2r r
Also, +BOD = +COD = 3.2 = 3 C2 C1
r BD l
& tan 3 = OB = r & l = r 3 = d 3
EXERCISE - 1
Relation Between Sides And Angles 9. a sin ] B - C g + b sin ]C - Ag + c sin ] A - Bg
]s - ag]s - bg
= 1 = tan b 4 l, from
C r
s ]s - cg
1.
= k ^/ sin A sin (B - C h = k # / sin ] B + C g sin ] B - C g-
tan 2 =
°
given data. Hence C = 90 .
= k & / 2 ]cos 2C - cos 2Bg0 = 0.
1
2. A, B, C are in A.P. then angle B = 60°,
°
Note: Students should note here that most of the
a2 + c2 - b2 )since A + B + C = 180 and 3
cos B = 2ac , expression containing the cyclic factor associating
A + C = 2B & B = 60°
with ' - ' reduces to 0.
1 a2 + c2 - b2
&2 = 2ac & a2 + c2 - b2 = ac
10. It is obvious. Trick: Obviously it is not an equilateral
2 2 2
& b = a + c - ac.
triangle because A = B = C = 60° does not satisfy
3. ]b + cg cos A + ]c + ag cos B + ]a + bg cos C = a + b + c
From expanding and collecting terms using the given condition. But B = 90° then sin2 B = 1
projection rule, a = b cos C + c cos B etc. and cos2 A + cos2 C = cos2 A + cos2 b 2 - A l
r
7.
B
2s = a + b + c ; cos 2 =
30 # 6 3 14. / a2 ^cos2 B - cos2 C h = / a2 ^sin2 C - sin2 Bh
320 = 4 .
A B A B = k2 / a2 ^c2 - b2h = 0.
A B cos 2 cos 2 - sin 2 sin 2
8. 1 - tan 2 tan 2 = A B
cos 2 cos 2 15. Angles are x + 2x + 3x = 180° or 30°, 60° and 90°
therefore sides are ratio of sin 30°: sin 60°: sin 90°
cos b 2 + 2 l
A B C
sin 2
= A B = A B
cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 1 3
= 2 : 2 : 1 = 1 : 3 : 2.
2 # ]7mg # ]6mg
& C = 45° so that A = 180° - 60° - 45° = 75° . Now, cos C = 2ab =
17.
A-B a-b C a-b b A+Bl =
49m2 + 36m2 - 25m2 60m2 5
= = .
tan 2 = a + b cot 2 = a + b tan 2 84m2 84m2 7
& tan
A-B A+B a-b 23. Let a = 6, b = 10, c = 14
2 cot 2 = a + b .
cos A cos B cos C cos A cos B cos C a 2 + b 2 - c 2 36 + 100 - 96
18. cos c = = 2 # 6 # 10 < 0
a = b = c & k sin A = k sin B = k sin C 2ab
3 24. It is obvious.
`3= 4 a2 = 3 .
25. ab2 cos A + ba2 cos B + ac2 cos A + ca2 cos C
19. Since cos 3A + cos 3B + cos 3C = 1
+ bc2 cos B + b2 c cos C
= ab ]b cos A + a cos Bg + ac ]c cos A + a cos C g
3A 3B 3C
& 4 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 = 0
3A 3B 3C + bc ]c cos B + b cos C g
Either 2 = 180° or 2 = 180° or 2 = 180°
= abc + abc + abc = 3abc.
Either A = 120° or B = 120° or C = 120° .
B-C B+C B-C
26. b - c sin B - sin C 2 sin 2 cos 2 sin 2
tan b 2 l sin 2 sin b 2 l
B B C-A a = sin A = A A = A
2 sin 2 cos 2 cos 2
20. We have, =
cos b 2 l cos 2 cos b 2 l
C-A B C-A
& ]b - cg cos 2 = a sin 2 .
A B-C
= sin C + sin A = kc + ka = c + a = 3a = 3 , !a c = 2a + .
sin C - sin A kc - ka c - a a 1
27. Here ] ABg2 = ]a - cg2 + ]b - dg2
A B
]OAg2 = ]a - 0g2 + ]b - 0g2 = a2 + b2 and
21. Trick: Take A = B = C = 60°, then cot 2 , cot 2
]OBg2 = c2 + d2
C
and cot 2 are in A.P. with common difference zero.
Thus R = ]4kg]5kg]6kg 16
= 43&
a cos C + c cos A 0
= 4 3bb l = 4 3 .
b = 7 .
4 b 2 - 4k lb 2 - 5k lb 2 - 6k l
r 15k 15k 15k
b
29. We have, a2 + b2 + c2 - ac - ab 3 = 0 39. a a = 2R sin A, b = 2R sin B, c = 2R sin C
2 2
a 2 3a 2
4 - ac + c + 4 + b - ab 3 = 0 ` a cos A + b cos B + c cos C
2 2
i.e., a = 2c and 2b = 3 a i.e., b2 + c2 = a2 = R ]sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C g = 4R sin A sin B sin C.
Hence triangle is right angled.
40. Area of the triangle ABC ]3g = 2 sin A. From the
bc
sin B 2 ^c 2 + b 2 - a 2 h b
30. 2 cos A = sin C & 2bc = c
a
sine formula, a = 2R sin A or sin A = 2R .
& c 2 = a 2 & c = a.
1 a abc abc
32 + 52 - 72 &3= 2 bc. 2R = 4R or R = 4 3
31. cos C = 2 # 3 # 5 & C = 120° .
Circle And Triangle 41. In a 3 ABC, r1 < r2 < r3
sin A sin B sin C 1 a
32. a = b = c = 2R & sin A = 2R etc. 1 1 1 s-a s-b s-c
& r1 > r2 > r3 & 3 > 3 > 3
a b c
Therefore 2R2 sin A sin B sin C = 2R2 2R . 2R . 2R
& s - a > s - b > s - c & - a > - b > - c & a < b < c.
abc
= 4R = 3 .
42. Radius of circum-circle
33. a 5
cos A = 0 & 36 + 64 - a2 = 0 & a = 10 & R = 2 sin A = 1 .
] Rg = a b c
2 sin A = 2 sin B = 2 sin C
3 8
34. r= s = 7. b 2
R = 2 sin B = =2
2 sin 30°
35. a=b=c=2 3
Now, area of circle = rR2 = 4r.
3= c
3 a2 m abc
= 3 3 sq.cm, ` R = 4 3 = 2cm. Solution of Triangle
4
sin A sin B 3 sin B 21
36.
A B C
r = 4R sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 43. a = b & 4 # 5 = 7 & sin B = 20 ,
49 + 16.3 - 13
R
&r= 2 . 44. cos i = & i = 30° .
2.7.4 3
120 °
3 & AB = ^ 3 + 1 h
C-B c-b A
2 56. We have tan 2 = c + b cot 2
60°
` tan b
C-Bl 3 +1-2 1
2 = cot 15° =
3 +1+2 3
1
or 4 + 25 - 2.2.5. 2 = 9 + d2 + 3d C-B °
& 2 = 30 .
& d2 + 3d - 10 = 0 & d =- 5 or d = 2 ; ` d = 2.
57. Let A = 6 + 12 , b = 48 , c = 24 . Clearly, c is
^b + c - a h
2 2 2
49. cos A = 2bc the smallest side. Therefore, the smallest angle C is
1 9 + c2 - 16 3
& cos 60° = 2 = 2.3c & c 2 - 3c - 7 = 0 given by cos C =
a2 + b2 - c2 r
= 2 &C= 6.
2ab
a2 + b2 - c2 a b
50. cos C = =- 1 58.
2ab sin A = sin B
& +C = 180°, which is inadmissible in a triangle. ]b sin Ag ^4 3 sin 60° h 6
& sin B = a = 5 = 5 > 1,
51. Here b sin A = 8 sin 30° = 4, a = 7
which is inadmissible.
Thus, we have b > a > b sin A.
sin B sin C c
59. b = c & sin C = b sin B > 1
Hence angle B has two solutions.
]a b < c sin Bg, which is impossible.
52. Hence c sin B = 4 sin 3 = 2 3 > b ]= 3g
r
Hence no triangle is possible.
Thus, we have b < c sin B.
sin B sin A sin B 5/13
60. Applying sine rule, b = a or 8 = 3
Hence no triangle is possible i.e., the number of
40
triangles that can be constructed is nil. or sin B = 39 > 1, which is not possible. Hence no
EXERCISE - 2
Relation Between Sides And Angles 1 1 1
5. C are in A.P.
]s - bg]s - cg
, ,
A 2 A 2 B
1. sin 2 = sin 2 sin 2 sin2 2
bc
1 1 1 1
& - = -
& bc sin2 2 = ]s - bg]s - cg Hence x = bc.
A 2 C 2 B 2 B A
sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin2 2
sin B sin B b ab ac
&]
2.
sin ] A + Bg sin C s - ag]s - bg ]s - ag]s - cg
= = c. -
cos B cos C ac bc
3. cot B + cot C - cot A = sin B + sin C - cot A =
]s - ag]s - cg - ]s - bg]s - cg
sin ] B + C g cos A b ]s - cg - c ]s - bg m b c lc a ]s - bg - b ]s - ag m
& b s - a lc ]
sin C cos B + cos C sin B a
s - bg]s - cg ]s - ag]s - bg
= - cot A = sin B sin C - sin A = s-c
sin B sin C
sin2 A - sin B sin C cos A a2 - bc cos A & abs - abc - acs + abc = acs - abc - bcs + abc
k ]abcg
= sin A sin B sin C =
& ab - ac = ac - bc & ab + bc = 2ac or
{Since a = b = c = k ^say h
sin A sin B sin C
1 1 2
c + a = b , i.e., a, b, c are in H.P.
and cos A = b +2cbc- a 0
2 2 2
Note: Students should remember this question as a
fact.
]b 2 + c 2 - a 2g
a 2 - bc 2bc sin A ]a - b cos C g
= ]abcg k 6.
sin C ]c - b cos Ag
^a 2 - a 2 h
= 0, & As b + c2 - a = 3a 2- a = 22a = a2 0 . sin A ]b cos C + c cos B - b cos C g
2 2 2 2 2 2
=
sin C ]a cos B + b cos A - b cos Ag
abc k =
s ]s - cg C 5 2 5 2
=c
]s - ag]s - bg = c cot 2 . = 1 + cot B = 5
1 + 12
Trick: Such type of unconditional problems can be
60 2
` CD = 17
checked by putting the particular values for CD BD
Also from same triangle, sin B =
sin 45°
a = 1, b = 3 , c = 2 and A = 30°, B = 60°, C = 90° . & BD = 17
65
s-b 1
& s = 2 & 2s - 2b - s = 0 & a + c - 3b = 0.
x2 + x2 - AB2
cos 120° = 13.
cos A cos B cos C
2x2 a + b + c
2x2 - AB2 - 1 b2 + c2 - a2 + a2 + c2 - b2 + a2 + b2 - c2
& = 2 =
2x2 2abc
& 3x2 = AB2 a2 + b2 + c2
= 2abc .
ba +c l
2 2 2
^a2 + c2h2
AP c c
sin ^2B/3h sin 690° + ^ B/3h@ cos ^ B/3h
= = 2
]acg 4 ]acg2
=- 1 + 2 =- 1 +
[by the sine rule]
^a2 + c2h2 - 4a2 c2
= b c 2- a2 l2 .
2
4 ]acg
=
c sin ^2B/3h 2c sin ^ B/3h cos ^ B/3h
2
ac
or AP =
cos ^ B/3h cos ^ B/3h
=
16. Given c sin B $ a
= 2c sin ^ B/3h
& sin C sin B $ sin A
sin A
& sin c $ sin A $ sin B $ sin C
B
90° +
3 ` sin2 c $ 1
B
90° − r
3 & sin C = 1 & +C is 2
B /3
17. 2b = a + c & 2 sin B = sin A + sin C
B-C b-c A
2 = b + c cot 2 & sin b 2 l = 2 cos b 2 l # 2 & B # 60°
tan B 1 A-C 1
A B - C b + c 3c
cot 2 cot 2 = b - c = c = 3
6.10 Mathematics
R ^b2 + c2 - a2h 23. From the given relation
cot A abc
18. cot B + cot C = R ^a2 + c2 - b2h R ^a2 + b2 - c2h 1 - cos A cos B
+
sin C = sin A sin B # 1 ....(i)
abc abc
& 1 # cos A cos B + sin A sin B
b2 + c2 - a2 2a2 - a2 1
= = =2
2a2 2a 2 & cos ] A - Bg $ 1 ; a cos i $ 1 ....(ii)
19. From the right angled 3 CAD, we have
` A - B = 0 or A = B
π 1 - cos2 A sin2 A
A− Hence from (i), sin C = = =1
2 sin2 A sin2 A
` C = 90° & A + B = 90° or A = B = 45° {by (ii)}
sin z sin C
From 3 AEC, EC = AE
20. Using cosine rule, we get
x2 = ]x + 1g2 + b2 - 2 ]x + 1g b cos 3
r
& 0 = 2x + 1 + b2 - ]x + 1gb
& b2 - ]x + 1gb + 2x + 1 = 0
sin ^ x + y h sin ^y + z h
& x2 - 6x - 3 $ 0
Therefore sin x sin z
& x $ 3 + 12
BE DC AD AE 2BD # 2EC
The least integral value of x is 7. = AE # AD # BD # EC = BD # EC = 4.
21.
b+c sin 3C + sin C ]b cos C + c cos Bg + ]b cos A + a cos Bg
4c = 4 sin C =
b ]c + ag
2 sin 2C cos C a+c
= ]
b c + ag
& 4 sin C = cos C , (using projection formulae)
b - c sin 3C - sin C 2 cos 2C sin C A 1
2c = 2 sin C = 2 sin C = cos 2C = sin 2 . = b.
22. 2a2 b2 + 2b2 c2 = a 4 + b 4 + c 4 26. 4x + x + x = 180° & 6x = 180° & x = 30°
Also, ^a2 - b2 + c2h2 = a 4 + b 4 + c 4 - 2^a2 b2 + b2 c2 - c2 a2h sin 120° sin 30° sin 30°
a = b = c
& ^a2 - b2 + c2h2 = 2c2 a2 &
a2 - b2 + c2 1
` a: ]a + b + cg = ^sin 120°h: ^sin 120° + sin 30° + sin 30°h
2ca =! = cos B
2
& B = 45° or 135° .
3 3 +2
= 2 : 2 = 3 : 3 + 2.
Solution of Triangles 6.11
a2 + b2 - c2
` cos C = 2ab
a2 + b2 - 2ab + a2 + b2 + 2ab - 3a2 - b2
2 ^a2 - b2 h
& cos C = °
^a2 - b2 h 30.
b 2r l
2 ^a - b h
& cos C =- 2 2 = cos 3
3 ACD + 3 CDB = 3 ABC
& +C = 3 , ^largest angleh .
2r
5.r 3.r 4.3
& 2 + 2 = 2
R a # 2+ 2 + 2R sin ] A + Bg $ cos ] A - Bg
` r = a = 2 +1
= R 5sin 2B + sin 2C + sin 2C + sin 2A + sin 2A + sin 2B?
2
a b c abc
= 8R 2R 2 R 2 R = 2
R
6.12 Mathematics
a2 + b2 + c2 38. Let OP = x
33. In triangle ABC,
R2
Circumradius = R
= 4 ^sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C h
BC
= 8 ]1 + cos A cos B cos C g # 8 b1 + 8 l # 9
1 ` = 2R
sin 45°
or R = 4 2
34. Let area of triangle be 3 , then according the
1 1 1 Now PB $ PC = PM $ PN
question, 3= 2 ax = 2 by = 2 cz
or 15 = ] R - xg] R + xg or x = 17
` c + a + b = c b a l+ a b b l+ b b c l
bx cy az b 2 3 c 23 a 23
i.e., R: r = 7: 2. a a 3
Hence, r: R: r1 = : : 2 a = 1: 2: 3
2 3 3
Solution of Triangles 6.13
9a 2 - c 2
or sin 2 b 2 - sin 2 l = 16 & sin 2 = 4
C 1 C 1 C 1 & sin A = .
8c2
c2 + b2 - a2
C 1 7
or cos C = 1 - 2 sin2 2 = 1 - 8 = 8 48. We have cos A = 2bc
43. Let a and b be the roots of x2 - 7x + 8 = 0 & c2 - 2bc cos A + ^b2 - a2h = 0
2 sin 60° 3 a2 + b2 - c2
& sin B = =
2
. 2 =
1
& B = 45°, we get, cos C = 2ab
6 6 2
^a B ! 135° h 2 81 + 64 - x 2
2 ]9 g]8 g
&3 = & 96 = 145 - x 2
EXERCISE - 3
Numerical Type
a 3 c 60
1. r = 30 = 2
4 = 12 = sin C
5 13
13 A(0,12)
a= 5
I'
0,0 5,0
b2 + c2 - a2
cos A = 2bc
Hence, I = ^2, 2 h ; m AI = 0 - 2 =- 5
3 169 12 - 2
2 # 3 # c # 5 = b2 + c2 - 25
1
18c 225 - 169 Hence, slope of line l = 5
5 = 25 + 25c2
Equation of line l passing through (0,8) is
25c2 - 90c + 56 = 0 & c =
90 ! 50 14 4
50 & c = 5 , 5 ^ y - 8 h = 1 ] x - 0g
5
5y - 40 = x ; x - 5y + 40 = 0
Check cos B with both value of c.
Point M can be obtained by solving equation of line
4 4
Using c = 5 , cos B < 0. Hence c = 5 is rejected AB and x - 5y + 40 = 0
` M b 13 , 13 l
5c 5 # 14 20 108
` 2 = 5#2 & 7
0 12 1
2. Interior angle of regular polygon of side n is 1 0 8 1 = 40
Now, Area 3 AMN = 2 13
20 108
13 13 1
b180° - 360 l .
°
n Area of quadrilateral
Hence, a = 108°; b = 120°; c = 144°; d = 150° OBMN = Area of 3 AOB - Area
350 m
of 3 AMN = 13 = n
` cos a = cos 108° =- sin 18° =- c
5 -1m
4 3
4. r= s
°
sec b = sec 120 =- 2
s = 5 or a + b + c = 10
&bs-a + s-cl=bs-b - s l
3 3 3 3
2s - ]a + cg b
&]
s - ag]s - cg s $ ]s - bg
=
& ]s - ag $ ]s - cg = s ]s - bg
sin ^ x + y h sin ^y + z h
` sin x $ sin z =4
6.16 Mathematics
Ist term = a
where
Ratio = r
]s - bg = 5 ]s - cg 1
]2 g19 ]2 g19
; =
c = 290
Hence, area of 3 ABC = s $ ]s - ag]s - bg $ ]s - cg
b = 48
9#3#5#1 2160
]2 g76 ]2 g80
= =
B
2160 2160 C a = 286
]2 g40
`3= = N
Now 143k # 24k = 2 # 6864 (As a: b = 143: 24 )
& N = ]2 g (on comparing)
40
& 12k 2 # 143 = 6864 & 143k 2 = 572
AB BE
bisector, we have AC = EC
Solution of Triangles 6.17
12. Suppose that BD = x, 14. Clearly sum of radii
CE = x + 1 and AF = x + 2. Then 3 3 3 3
= s + s-a + s-b + s-c
b As 3= 1 ]4g]3 g = 6 and s = 4 + 3 + 5 = 6 l
CD = CE = x + 1
4 2
AE = AF = x + 2 Y
BF = BD = x
B
x
F
D (0, 3)
x+2
X’ X
O (4, 0)
A
E x+1
C
(0, 0) 3x
+
Hence a = BC = x + x + 1 = 2x + 1 4y
=
b = CA = x + 1 + x + 2 = 2x + 3 12
c = AB = x + 2 + x = 2x + 2 Y’
a+b+c 6 6 6 6
Now, s = 2 = 3x + 3
= 6 + 6-3 + 6-4 + 6-5
s - a = x + 2, s - b = x, s - c = x + 1 1
= + 2 + 3 + 6 = 12
C
a
14a 15a ]13 + 14 + 15g a
B D b=?
Hence 2s = a + 13 + 3 = a = 27
13
42a 21a
2s = 13 & s = 13 4
21a b 8a lb 7a lb 6a l 84a 2 A
B
3= 3 13 13 13 = 169 c = 48
1 84a 2 b 27
But 3 = 2 $ 210 $ a = 169 ;
Again =
sin 4i sin i
105 $ 169 15 $ 169 845 b sin 4i 2 sin 2i cos 2i
a= 84 = 12 = 4 ;
& 27 = =
sin i sin i
m
` + n = 849
6.18 Mathematics
= 4 cos i cos 2i = 4 cos i ]1 - 2 sin 2 ig
sin
&
56
A = 65
& 27 = 4 1 - sin 2 i ]1 - 2 sin 2 ig
b
Now perpendicular length from O on BC
14 # 65 33 33 m
1 - 36 b1 - 36 l
11 22 cos
R A = 2 # 56 # 65 = 8 = n
4
=
m
` + n = 41
& 27 = 4 b 6 lb 36 l
b 5 14
P’ ( 2, 4)
21.
y=x
Hence b = 35 Q
17. Sides of triangle are
a = ]4 - xgm, b = ]2x - 1gm, c = ]2x + 4gm P (4, 2 )
Z] 4 - x > 0
]]
] 1
& [] 2x - 1 > 0 & 2 < x < 4 x
]] (0, 0)
] 2x + y > 0
\ P” (4, 2 )
Since, sum of two sides > third side
]]Z 4 - x + 2x - 1 > 2x + 4
]] Let P' ^ 2 , 4 h & P" ^4, - 2 h be the image of
& [] 2x - 1 + 2x + 4 > 4 - x
]]
] 2x + 4 + 4 - x > 2x - 1 P ^4, 2 h in y = x & y = 0 respectively.
\
]]Z x < - 1
& Perimeter = PQ + QR + PR
]]
& [] x > 15 & x ! z
= P'Q + P"R + QR
]]
]x < 9
\
Whose minimum value is P'P"
18. Solving equations we get, = ^4 - 2 h + ^4 + 2 h = 6
2 2
1
a = 3, b = c = 3 22. We have ]a cot A + b cot B + c cot C g
n
& =9 = 2 ]R + rg = 2 ]10 + 3g = 26.
A
a2 + b2 - c2 23.
19. cos C =
2ab
now 3= a 2 + b 2 - c 2
5 5
3
Hence cos C = 2ab (1)
1 23
also 3 = 2 ab sin C & sin C = ab
23
sin
& C = ab (2) B 2 D 4 C
from (1) and (2)
6
2 3 2ab
tan C = ab $ 3 = 4.
Let AD = l (from figure)
4 + l 2 - 25 ]r - ig = 16 + l - 25
2
20. a = 14, b = 13, c = 15
cos i = & cos
4l 8l
225 + 169 - 196 33
cos A = 2 # 13 # 15 = 65 2 l2 - 9
l
& - 21 + 2 = 0 & l = 17
Solution of Triangles 6.19
24. Given 2b = a + c & 3b = 2s = a + b + c C 9
& 2 cos 2 2 - 1 = 16
A C 3 3 s-b
tan 2 tan 2 = ]
s s - ag s ]s - cg s - b
$ $ C 5
cos 2 =
4 2
s - b 2s - 2b b 1
= s = 2s = 3b = 3 .
Hence, CD = 72
C
A
12 8
A f
B a/2 C
AD AC 3
25. Given that DB = BC = 2 A D
B
EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct 122 + 82 - 102 9 C 9
2 ]sin B - sin C g
cos C = 2 $ 12 $ 8 = 16 & 2 cos2 2 - 1 = 16
sin A
1. In 3 ABC, ]
cos B + cos C g
= 1 - cos A
C 5
cos 2 = . Hence, CD = 72
2 $ c 2 $ cos b
B+Cl
$ sin b 2 lm 2 sin A $ cos A
B-C 4 2
2 2 2
& = 3 8 16
c 2 $ cos b B + C l $ cos b B - C lm 2 A
2 sin 2 3. r = s = s = 2s
2 2
for maximum value of r, 2s must be minimum
& 2 tan b 2 l = cot b 2 l
B-C A
14444444244444443 i.e. 2s = a + b + c Now R = 2
AD AC 3 16 4
2. Hence r = 12 = 3
DB = BC = 2
max .
sin B sin C c b
or c + b = ab + ac
b sin B + c sin C c2 + b2
or bc = abc
b2 + c2
or a = b sin B + c sin C
A+B A-B 2 C
b - c 2 ^ 2 - 1h
& 2 cos 2 cos 2 = 4 sin 2 b 2+ 3 + 2 -1
9. c = 2 + 3 - 2 + 1 & b + c = 2 ^2 + 3 h
A-B C
& cos 2 = 2 sin 2 B-C l bb-cl
Now, tan b
A
2 = b + c cot 2
C A-B C C
& 2 cos 2 cos 2 = 4 sin 2 cos 2
10. Let a = 11, b = 13, c = 290 + 143 3
A+B A-B
& 2 sin 2 cos 2 = 2 sin C
` c is longest side of triangle
& sin A + sin B = 2 sin C
a2 + b2 - c2
` cos C = 2ab
& a + b = 2c (constant)
]11g2 + ]13g2 - ^290 + 143 3 h
2 ]11g]13g
=
So, locus of vertex C is an ellipse with vertices A and
B as foci. - 3 5r °
& cos C = 2 &2 +C2 = 62 or 150
b +c -a
= b b +abc
c2 - a2 l R
b2 + c2 - a2 cos A 2bc 2
7. cos A = 2bc 11. cot A = sin A = a
c2 - ]2b cos Ag c + b2 - a2 = 0
2R
= s ]s - cg ( 2
4h 4 + 13h 2 + 9 = 50h 2
2s - a - b
]s - ag]s - bg
4h 4 - 37h 2 + 9 = 0
s ]s - cg C
4h 4 - 36h 2 - h 2 + 9 = 0
=c
]s - ag]s - bg = c cot 2
4h 2 ]h 2 - 9g - 1 ]h 2 - 9g = 0
15. In 3 ABP, 9 = c2 + x2 - 2cx cos B
1
h = 2 or h = 3
c
But, cos B = 3x
10 3 5
So, 9 = c2 + x2 - 2cx b 3x l
10 c
AB =
4 = 2 or 2 2
c
& 9 = 3 + x2 ....(1)
13.
Similary, from 3 ACQ,
2
b2
16 = 3 + x2 ....(2)
25 = b b + c 2 l + 2x 2
2
1 3
A = 2 b2 sin 2i = b2 sin i cos i ...(1)
` BC = 3x = 3 5 = 45
x 65 - x
Now, 24 = 36 ]a3 PMB , 3 PNC g
16. In 3 ABC, given that cos A + cos B + 2 cos C = 2
or 60x = ]24g]65g or x = 26
& cos A + cos B = 2 ]1 - cos C g
12 5
` sin i = 13 and cos i = 13
& 2 cos b
A+Bl
$ cos b 2 l = 4 sin2 2
A-B C
65 ]65g]13g 13 2 2
or b = = ] g] g = 2
& cos b
2 cos i 2 5 A-Bl C
2 = 2 sin 2
From Eq.(i), we get
C
A = 4 # 13 # 13 = ]169g]15g = 2535
13 4 12 5 ` On multiply both sides with 2 cos 2
6.22 Mathematics
abc abc p1
Also, 3 = 4R & 2R = 2 3
& options (a) and (b) are obviously true. Now, for
option (d), according to triangle inequality
a+b > c b+c > a c+a > b
4b > 3bm b + 3bm > 3b 3bm + 3b > b
4 2 2
h1 m < 3 + m > 3 + m > - 3
2 4
& 3 <m< 3
1 3
We have, 3 = 2 ah1 & ah1 = 2 3 , 20. r= s =1&s=6
]abcg
& 63 - 12 # 36 + ]ab + bc + cag]6 g - 60 = 6
2/3
a a 2a 2^ 2 2
h ]
2 1/2
sin A = sin 60° = 3 = 3 a + a + a
135° − θ c2 + b2 a2
In 3 ABC, AD2 = m12 = 2 - 4
18.
bal
2
2 2
AD + c 2
° In 3 ABD, AE = m2 =
2 2
2 - 4
a /2 a /2 [Apollonius theorem]
Apply m-n theorem
bal
2
2 = cot i - b cot i + 1 l
- cot i + 1 b2 + c2 a2
` m22 + m32 = AD2 + 2 - 8
& 2 ]cot i + 1g = cot2 i + 2 cot i - 1 a2 a2 a2
= m12 + m12 + 4 - 8 = 2m12 + 8
1 a2
& cot2 i = 3 & tan2 i = 3 or m22 + m32 - 2m12 = 8
Solution of Triangles 6.23
Q1 R1
& b+ c> a
3 AP1 P2 ` 3 ABC
& ^ b + c - ah > 0 & x > 0
t h - 2r 2r
& a1 = h = 1 - h
Similary y > 0 & z > 0
(where 3 / ar ]3 ABC g)
t 23
& a1 = 1 - sh
26. Given, 2b = a + c & 2 ]2R sin Bg = 2R ]sin A + sin C g
1
& 2 b2 sin 2 $ cos 2 l = 2 sin b 2 l $ cos b 2 l
t1 2 2 ah t a B B A+C A-C
& a = 1 - sh & a1 = 1 - s
t t t ]a + b + cg B
` a1 + b2 + c3 = 3 - = 3-2 = 1 ` On multiplying both sides by 2 cos 2 , we get
s
z = ^ a + b - ch 3 3 3
27. S-1 : Here r1 = s - a , s - b = r2, s - c = r3
` a =c m; b = b z+x l; c = c m
y+z x+y
a+b+c 2s
2 2 2 So, r + r + r =
1 2 3
bs-
3
a + s-b + s-cl
3 3
So, expression = c m+c z + x m+c m
y+z x+y
2s. ]s - ag . ]s - bg . ]s - cg
2x 2y 2z
3^]s - ag . ]s - bg + ]s - bg . ]s - cg + ]s - cg . ]s - agh
=
Using A.M. $ G.M. (For positive numbers)
23
^3s2 - 2s. ]a + b + c g + ]ab + bc + cagh
=
1 d n+d + z n+b z + x l 1
y x y
= 2> x + y z y x z H = ]2 + 2 + 2g $ 3
2 ]2 3g
14444244443 14444244443 14444$2244443 2 43
^2 ]ab + bc + cag - 2s2h 2s2 + ^2 ]ab + bc + cag - 4s2h
$2 $2
= =
6.24 Mathematics
43 15 5
2s2 + 2 ]ab + bc + cag - ]a + b + cg2
= AF = 2 & GF = 2
43 Let BC = a
^2s2 - ^a2 + b2 + c2hh
= ....(1)
GF = 2 2 ] BG g2 + 2 ]GC g2 - ] BC g2
1
Also, a + b + c = a b c
r1 r2 r3 3 + 3 + 3
s-a s-b s-c
25 = 18 + 32 - a2 & a = 5
= 3 6a ]s - ag + b ]s - bg + c ]s - cg@
1
1
area of 3 ABC = 3 3 BGC = 3 # 2 # 3 # 4 = 18
= 3 6]a + b + cgs - ^a2 + b2 + c2h@
1
b ra +
+b+c l ba b
r2 + r3 . r1 + r2 + r3 l = ]4 3g . 3 = 4
c b1 l
1
& AE is HM of b and c.
9
30. BD = 2 & BG = 3
A
EF = ED + DF = 2DE = 2AD tan 2
CE = 6 & CG = 4
Solution of Triangles 6.25
2 2 2
2bc A A 4bc A a +c -a
= 2 b + c cos 2 tan 2 = b + c sin 2 34. Cos A = 2bc
As AD = EF and DE = EF and AD is bisector, C1
⇒ C − (2bCA )C + b − a = 0
2 2 2
C1 + C2 = 2bCos A
A A
b2 - a2
2 2 C1 C2 = 1
C12 + C 22 + C1 C2 = a 2
]C1 + C2g2 - C1 C2 = a 2
AB 2 Cos 2 A - ]b 2 - a 2g = a 2
b 2 ^ ACos 2 A - 1h + a 2 = a 2
35. A + C = 120°
= 2: 6 : ^ 3 + 1 h 3 ]3kg2 + ]4kg2 - c2
2 ]3kg]4kg
&4 = & c = 7k
(c) Area ]3 PBC g : Area ]3 PCAg : Area ]3 PABg As, b2 = a2 + c2 & +B = 90°
1 ]2R cos B cos C g 1 ]2R cos C cos Ag
2a :2b
Also, ac = 3 & ]3kg^ 7 k h = 3 & k =
1
]7 g1/4
: 2 c ]2R cos A cos Bg
1
b
As, +B = 90° & sin B = 2R
= sin A cos B cos C : sin B cos C cos A : sin C cos A cos B
b
= tan 45° : tan 6° : tan 75° = 1 : 3 : ^2 + 3 h
& = 2R, Where R is circumradius.
sin 90°
(A) ^/ phc / 1p m = b a + b + c lb 2 3 + 2 3 + 2 3 l
= sin 2A : sin 2B : sin 2C = 2 : 3 : 1 23 23 23 a b c
37. In 3 ABC, ac = 3, bc = 4
= 2 3 b a + b + c lb 2 3 l
1 1 1 a+b+c
& a = 3 & 4 = 3 = k ]letg
b 4 b a
Also, tan b
B-Al bb-al 2 3 2 3 2 3 ]2 3g3 a + b + c
(C) LHS = b a + b + c l abc b 2 3 l]abcg
C
2 = b + a cot 2
s ]s - ag]s - bg]s - cg 2 2 2
= ]a b c g
34
c = 7k
= b abc l ] g2
2
3 = 4R = 16R = RHS
2
a2 + b2 - c2
Now, using cosine law, cos C = 2ab
Solution of Triangles 6.27
40. ^a - 2ac + c h + ^a - 4ab + 4b h = 0
2 2 2 2 45. 3 DEF is pedal triangle for 3 ABC &
3 ABC is ex-central 3 for 3 DEF.
or ]a - cg2 + ]a - 2bg2 = 0
Hence the options.
& a = c and a = 2b
s-x s-y s-z
Therefore, the triangle is isosceles. 46. Let 4 = 3 = 2 =k
a 2 + c 2 - b 2 7b 2 7
Also, cos B = 2ac = 2 =8 ` s - x = 4k & y + z - x = 8k
8b
b2 + c2 - a2 1 s - y = 3k & x + z - y = 6k
cos A = 2bc =4
x - z = 2k & x + y - z = 4k
41. 2a2 b2 + 2b2 c2 = a 4 + b 4 + c 4
& x = 5k, y = 6k, z = 7k
Also, ^a2 - b2 + c2h2 = a 4 + b4 + c4 - 2^a2 b2 + b2 c2 - c2 a2h
& 3x - ^ x + y + zh = 9k
` ^a2 - b2 + c2h2 = 2c2 a2
a2 - b2 + c2 1 & 3s = 9k
` 2ca =! = cos B
2
or B = 45° or 135°
42. BD - CD
= ]s - bg - ]s - cg
43° x2 + y2 - z2 25 + 36 - 49 1
As cos Z = 2xy = 2$5$6 =5
129°
° 1
°
94° 86 43° 1 + cos Z 1 + 5
So, sin b
43 2 X+Y l 2 Z 3
2 = cos 2 = 2 = 2 =5
(As X + Y + Z = r)
6.28 Mathematics
47. a + c = 2b........ ^a, b, c are in A.P.h 3x + 2y = ] AC g $ ] BDg
a + b > c bb_
bb = 3 5 + 2 2 = 19
b + c > a `b 3 ABC & 3b > 2c & 2 < bc
b 3 ` AC ⋅ BD
c + a > b bb
a = 3 2 + 2 5 = 16
b+c > a
& Sum = 19 + 16 = 35
& b + c + c > a + c & 2c > b
b 2 b
& c <2& 3 < c <2
49.
b π
Similarly for a
n
48. Area of quadrilateral = ar $ ]3 ABC g + ar $ ]3 ACDg
r :sin 2n + cos 2n D
r r 2
or R = r b1 + cosec b n ll =
r
r
120°
sin n
50.
& 4 3 = 2 c3 + m
3 xy
2
& xy = 10 .....(1)
Applying m - n theorem for 3 ABE,
Now, from 3 ABC, 2 cot a = 1 $ cot B - 1 $ cot a
]2 g2 + ]3 g2 - ] AC g2
& 3 cot a = cot B .....(i)
2 ]2 g $ ]3 g
(cosine rule) cos 120° =
& 3 tan B = tan a
- 1 13 - ] AC g 2
Similarly for 3 ADC,
& 2 =
2 cot ]r - ag = 1 $ cot a - 1 $ cot C
12
R
(iii) Circumradius of pedal triangle = 2
3 3 3 r r
54. OD = R cos n , AD = R sin n
s - a : s - b : s - c = 1:2:3
3 3 3 3 An = Area of circle (circumscribing polygon)
Let s - a = s - b = s - c = 6k
- Area of polygon
1 2 3
An = rR2 - 2 R2 sin b n l
1 1 1 1 1 1 n 2r
& s - a = 6k , s - b = 3 k , s - c = 2 k
` a = 5k, b = 8k, c = 9k 3 3
57. If n = 6 then An = rR2 - 2 R2
Hence, ratio of sides is 5 : 8 : 9
58. If n = 4 then value of
55. Area of triangle,
Bn = 2R2 - 2 = R2 b 2 l
rR 2 4-r
3 = k2 11 # 6 # 3 # 2 = 6 11 k2
n 2r
An r - 2 sin n
3 6 59.
So, r = s =
11
k Bn = n b 2r l 2 r
2 sin n - r. cos n
abc 5#8#9 15
And, R = 3 = k= k
4 # 6 # 11 11 2i - sin 2i
put r = ni . we gets
sin 2i - 2i cos2 i
` R: r = 5:2
i - sin i. cos i i - sin i. cos i
sin i. cos i - i. cos2 i cos i ]sin i - i cos ig
= =
6.30 Mathematics
Passage - 4 (Question 60 - 62)
or cosec2 i - 1 = ^cosec2 A - 1h + ^cosec2 B - 1h
+^cosec2 C - 1h + 2
OA AB
sin +ABO = sin +AOB = 4 tan i 7^a2 + x2 - y2 i + ^b2 + y2 - z2 i + ^c2 + z2 - x2hA
1
c sin ] B - ig b sin i
sin B = sin A
or 2R sin C sin A ]sin B cos i - cos B sin ig Similary, distance of circumcenter from AC and AB
= 2R sin B sin i ]sin A cos C + cos A sin C g are R cos B and R cos C.
Applying sine rule in triangle OBC, we have
Dividing both sides by
a a R
2R1 = sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A = cos A
2R sin i sin A sin B sin C, we get
R
or R1 = 2 cos A
cot i - cot B = cot C + cot A
R R
or cot i = cot A + cot B + cot C ...(iii) Similarly, R2 = cos B and R3 = cos C
] g
HE = 2R cos A cos C and HD = 2R cos B cos C 3
(a) 1 1 1 # p1 p2 p3 HM # GM
3
+ +
p1 p2 p3
I2
cos A cos B cos C
(b) p1 + p2 + p3
I3 a cos A + b cos B + c cos C
= 23
R ]sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C g
= 23
]` a = 2R sin Ag
= 2 3 b a +abc
b3 + c3 l
3
ID r
In 3 IDB, BI = sin +IBD =
sin ^ B/2h
$ abc ] AM $ GM g
r r a3 + b3 + c3
Similary, CI = and AI =
sin ^C/2h sin ^ A/2h
Now, 3
Also in 3 IBI1, a3 + b3 + c3
$3
r/ 6sin ^ B/2h@
abc
BI
II1 = cos +BII =
cos b 2 - 2 l & 2 3 . b a +abc
b3 + c3 l $ 6 3 .
1 r C 3
r
sin ^ B/2h sin ^C/2h / p1-2 = /
= a2
(d)
432
6.32 Mathematics
bb 12 lb 23 ll
R c s c 6m c 5 2
= 2 sin ] A + C g = 2 sin B = 2 # 2 = 3 .
3
a 2+ 3 a+b 3+ 3
2. b = 1 ` a-b = = 3
3 +1
6. Using cosine rule of +C, we get
tan
A-B a-b C 1 ° 3 ^ x2 + x + 1h2 + ^ x2 - 1h2 - ]2x + 1g2
2 = a + b cot 2 = 3 cot 30 = 1 2 = 2 ^ x2 + x + 1h^ x2 - 1h
A-B ° ° 2x2 + 2x - 1
2 = 45 & A + B = 120 A = 105 , B = 15 or 3=
x2 + x + 1
3. Using sine rule in triangle ABD or ^ 3 - 2 h x2 + ^ 3 - 2 hx + ^ 3 + 1 h = 0
A B ^2 - 3 h ! 3
or x =
π− θ+α 2^ 3 - 2h
or x =- ^2 + 3 h, 1 + 3 or x = 1 + 3 as ]x > 0g .
p
p +q
2 2
7. Given AB CD, CD = 2AB. Let AB = a. Then
θ
CD = 2a. Let the radius of the circle be r.
D q C
Let the circle touches AB at P, BC at Q, AD at R,
AB BD
sin i sin ]i + ag
=
and CD at S. Then AR = AP = r, BP = BQ = a - r,
p 2 + q 2 sin i p 2 + q 2 sin i DR = DS = r, and CQ = S = 2a - r.
& AB = =
sin i cos a + cos i sin a sin i.q cos i.p
2 2
+ 2 2
p +q p +q
Solution of Triangles 6.33
2a b-c
a 8. Let us consider a .
S E
D r a r C
b - c sin B - sin C
a = sin A
2a − r
2 cos b
B+Cl bB-Cl
2 sin 2
R O
2 sin ^ A/2h cos ^ A/2h
=
Q
3r2 3
or ar = 6 or 2 = 6 [using Eq.(i)] =
2+ 3
or r2 = 4 or r = 2
S 1
Q
T
70
PS # ST = QS = SR (Secant property of circle) 80 15
Now A.M. > G.M. P Q
6.34 Mathematics
Apply sine-rule in TPRQ:
So, one of cos Q or cos R can be negative
a 1 1 p p
.... (1)
Therefore cos Q > r and cos R > q cannot hold
sin 30c = sin 80c & a = 2 sin 80c
always.
Apply sine-rule in TPRS
b 1 5. X
sin 40c = sin i & b sin i = sin 40c .... (2)
4 sin 40c 4 sin 40c
4ab sin i = 2 sin 80c = ]
2 2 sin 40c cos 40cg
y
= sec 40c
Now sec 30c < sec 40c < sec 45c
Z
Y x
2 X Z 2y
& < sec 40c < 2
tan 2 + tan 2 = x + y + z
3
4. 2y
3 3
]
S S - xg S ]S - zg 2S
P + =
3 c 2S - ] x + zg m y
S ]S - xg]S - zg = S
q
r
3y y
& ]
S S - xg]S - zg S
=
(A) cos P =
q2 + r2 - p2
and
q2 + r2
$ q 2 .r 2 & ^S - y h = ]S - xg]S - zg
S
& ^ x + y + z h^ x + z - y h = ^ y + z - x h^ x + y - z h
2qr 2
Use (AM $ GM)
& ] x + zg2 - y 2 = y 2 - ] z - xg2
2 2
q
& + r $ 2qr
& ] x + zg2 + ] x - zg2 = 2y 2
2
2qr - p r
So, cos P $ & 2 + z 2 = y 2 & +Y = 2
x
2qr
2
& +Y = +X + +Z
p
cos P $ X 3
tan 2 = ]
S S - xg
2qr
(q - r) cos P + (p - r) cos Q X
(B)
p+q
(q cos P + p cos Q) - r (cos P + cos Q)
p+q
r (1 - cos P - cos Q)
=
p+q
Y Z
r (q - p cos R) - (p - q cos R) 1
= tan
X 2 xz
^ y + z h2 - x 2
p+q & 2 =
(r - p - q) + (p + q) cos R 4
= X 2xz
p+q tan
& 2 = y 2 + z 2 + 2yz - x 2
r-q-p
= cos R + # cos R (a r < p + q) X 2xz 2 2 2
p+q tan
& 2 = 2z 2 + 2yz (using y = x + z )
q+r sin Q + sin R 2 sin Q $ sin R X x
tan
& 2 = y+z
(c) p = $
sin P sin P
6. By sine rule
(d) If p < q and q < r
sin P 1 3
So, p is the smallest side, therefore one of Q or R can P = 2R & sin P = 2 & P = 60° or 120°
be obtuse
Solution of Triangles 6.35
sin Q 1 1 35
P = 2R & sin Q = 2 & Q = 30° or 150° R = 24 6
so only possible combination, P = 120º & Q = 30º X Y Z
r = 4R sin 2 sin 2 sin 2
⇒ ∠ R = 30° X Y Z 4
sin
& 2 sin 2 sin 2 = 35
(C) Length of RS ⇒ (PR)2 + (QR)2 = 2 (RS2 + PS2)
X + Y l = 1 ^1 - cos ] X + Y gh
⇒RS = 2
7 sin 2 b
2 2
3
= 2 ]1 + cos Z g = 2 b1 + 15 l = 5
(A) area (DPQR) = ½ PQ . PR sin 120º = 4 1 1 3
⇒ PE = ½
⇒ OE = 1/3 PE = 1/6 9. P
3 s a
2. 4 M
= 2 ^2 - 3 h
(B) r = Ds = p +2qD+ r = 3 3
3 + 2 2 ^2 + 3 h
=
N
s c
(D) area of DOSE = ½ SE . OE sin (∠SEO)
1 1 1 3
2 $ 2 $ 6 sin 60º = 48 unit
2
Q s−b L R
P
Let s - a = 2k - 2, s - b = 2k, s - c = 2k + 2,
k ! I, k > 1
Adding we get, s = 6k. So,
S 1
a = 4k + 2, b = 4k, c = 4k - 2
O
1 b2 + c2 - a2 1
Now, cos P = 3 & 2bc =3
2+ 3 2- 3 2
2
10 3 10
by sine rule sin R = sin Q ⇒ +R = 30 o
E
PR 10
2(circumradius) = sin Q = ⇒circumradius=10 B
1/2 D
C
A sin ] X - Y g 1
A 4bc sin 2 `m= sin Z =2
Again EF = 2DE = 2AD tan 2 = b + c
Now cos ]nrmg = 0
Integer Type
& cos b 2 l = 0
nr
11. With standard notations
` n = 1, 3, 5
Given : c = 23 , a = 3, b = 4
X
cos A cos C
+
cot A + cot C sin A sin C
Now =
cot B cos B
c b
sin B
b2 + c2 - a2 a2 + b2 - c
+
2bc. sin A 2ab sin C
= Y a Z
c2 + a2 - b2
1 + cos 2X - 2 cos 2Y = 2 sin X sin Y
2ac sin B
2 cos2 X - 2 cos 2Y = 2 sin X sin Y
b2 + c2 - a2 a2 + b2 - c
+ 1 - sin2 X - 1 + 2 sin2 Y = sin X sin Y
4O 4O 2b 2
= = =2
c2 + a2 - b2 a2 + c2 - b2 sin2 X + sin X sin Y = 2 sin2 Y
4O sin X ]sin X + sin Y g = 2 sin2 Y
1 2 3 2 # 15 3 3 & a ]a + bg = 2b2
12. 3 = 2 ab sin C & sin C = ab = 6 # 10 = = 2
& a2 + ab - 2b2 = 0
°
& C = 120
&bb l + b -2 = 0
a 2 a
& c = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C
a
= 62 + 102 - 2 # 6 # 10 # cos 120° = 14 & b =- 2, 1
3
Now r = s a
& b =1
225 # 3
& r2 = =3
b 6 + 10 + 14 l2 Note: Solution of the remaining parts are given in
2
their respective chapters.
Matching Column Type
13.
X
a b
Y c Z
2.
2
is - 2 + 4 = 1. Equation of AD is x - y =- 4 .
Intersection of EC & AD :- b 2 , 2 l .
-5 3
9. A
6.
m = 1/7
m = 4/3
B C
m = 3/4
& 4 ] X 2 - Y 2g - 3 ] X 2 + Y 2 - 2XY g = 2a 2
& h + k - 1 = 0, h - k - 1 = 0
& ^h, k h = ^1, 0h
& X 2 - 7Y 2 + 6XY = 2a 2 .
4. x = X cos i - Y sin i 9. y 2 - 4x + 4y + 8 = 0
& ^ y + 2 h - 4 ] x - 1g = 0
2
& Y 2 - 4X = 0
y = X sin i + Y cos i
2x + 3y = 6 10. x = X cos θ - Y sin θ
& 2 ] X cos i - Y sin ig + 3 ] X sin i + Y cos ig = 6 y = X sin θ + Y cos θ
& X ]2 cos i + 3 sin ig x 2 + xy + y 2 = 1.
] X cos θ - Y sin θg2 + ] X cos θ - Y sin θg(X sin θ +
+ Y ]3 cos i - 2 sin ig = 6
+ Y cos θ) + ] X sin θ + Y cos θg2 = 1
a = ]2 cos i + 3 sin ig/6
coefficient of XY
b = ]3 cos i - 2 sin ig/6
=- 2 sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ - sin 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ =0
13
a 2 + b 2 = 36 & cos 2 θ - sin 2 θ = 0
π
&θ= 4
INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
x y 1 4. Clearly, x2 + y2 = p2
1. a 0 1 =0
0 b 1 5. ]x - 2g2 + ^y - 4 h2 = x2
& x ]- bg - y ]ag + 1 ]abg = 0 & y2 - 8y - 4x + 20 = 0
& bx + ay = ab
x y
& a + b = 1. 6.
2. Perpendicular bisector x = 0
3. y = 1 x2 + y2
2
& 4y2 = x2 + y2
& x 2 = 3y 2 .
Straight Lines 7.3
y-6 y & 9y2 + 162 - 96y = 16x2 + 16y2 + 16 # 9 - 96y
x # x - 6 =- 1
& y2 - 6y =-^ x2 - 6xh & 16x2 + 7y2 = 16 # 7.
& x2 + y2 - 6x - 6y = 0 2
x2 y
k = 6. & 7 + 16 = 1
& 2ax ! k2 = 0.
x 2 + ^y - 3 h + x 2 + ^y + 3 h = 8
2 2
8.
& x2 + ^y + 3 h = _8 - x2 + ^y - 3h2 i
2 2
it lies on xy = 1
& 12y - 64 =- 16 x2 + ^y - 3 h
2
Hence the equation of required straight line is 6. Angle between both the lines is
x + 5y = ! 5 2 . 2m
tan -1 m ! tan -1 m = tan -1 or tan -1 0
- y' 1 - m2
3. Slope = 2a . 2mx
Therefore equation of lines are y = 0, y = .
1 - m2
Hence equation is y'x + 2ay = y'x' + 2ay'.
7.4 Mathematics
7. The equation of lines passing through (1,0) are given 21 23
9. Point of intersection y =- 5 and x = 5
INTEXT EXERCISE: 5
1. 3.
PQ = ?
& r =- 5 & PQ = 5.
2.
b 36 - 4 l + b 12 - 12 l
2 2
length = 13 5 5 13
16 b 13 # 5 l + 144 b 13 # 5 l
32 2 8 2
=
32 # 5 32
= 13 # 5 = 13 .
Clearly, OA = OB = C
which implies the perpendicular from O to AB will
divide AB in the ratio 1 : 1.
Straight Lines 7.5
5. Shift the origin to (1, 3). In new system | x | + | y | = 1 x y
let P be (h, k). Then equation of AB is h + k = 1
1 3
(1, 3) lies on AB. & h + k = 1
1 3
Locus is x + y = 1
8. 1 ]a 2 + ab + 1g > 0 6a ! R
& b2 - 4 < 0
& b ! ^- 2, 2h
Area = 2 sq.units. Since b > 0, b ! ^0, 2h
6. y + 3x = 2
9.
x=0
B
(0, 2 )
P
A
4/ 3
y − 3x = 2
A = d0 +
4 4
cos θ, 2 + sin θ n
3 3
PA + PB minimum
where tan θ = 3 & PA' + PB minimum
4 # 3o & A', P, B are in a straight line. Equation of A'B is
& A =e
4 #1
,2 + 2 . 10x - 3y = 31. Coordinates of P are b 7 , 7 l .
3 2 3 31 31
=d
2
,4n 10. mx - y + c = 0
3
Algebraic sum of distances
Clearly, equation of angle bisector is x = 0. 2m - 1 + C 3m - 2 + C - 4m - 7 + C
= + + =0
& AB is parallel to x-axis m2 + 1 m2 + 1 m2 + 1
& Equation of AB is y = 4 Thus, B is (0, 4). & m - 10 + 3c = 0
If we consider negative θ, then we get B ^0, 0h .
m 10
& 3 - 3 +C = 0
Similarly, you can consider the other angle bisector
& line passes through b 3 , 3 l .
1 10
y = 2 and solve for the remaining two points.
7.
INTEXT EXERCISE: 6
2
g - ac
a ]a + bg
1. Distance betweeen parallel lines is 2
1
4 +6 = 2# 5 # 1 = 5.
1 ]1 + 4g
=2 2 5
7.6 Mathematics
2. Let the required line be y = mx . Equation of pair is & 7x 2 + 8y 2 - 4xy + 3x 2 + 2y 2 - 7xy
^2y - x h^ y - mx h = 0
- 2 _9x 2 + y 2 - 6xy i = 0
& mx 2 - ]2m + 1g xy + 2y 2 = 0
Equation of pair of angle bisectors is &- 8x 2 + 8y 2 + xy = 0
x2 - y2 xy Clearly, angle between the lines is 90°
m - 2 = - ]2m + 1g /2
7. Eliminating the linear terms in order to obtain the
x2 - y2 xy equation of the pair of straight lines
Given is 7 = 12
m-2 2m + 1 a1 x 2 + 2h1 xy + b1 y 2 a2 x 2 + 2h2 xy + b2 y 2
Comparing, 7 =- 24 =
2g1 2g2
& 24m - 48 =- 14m - 7 & ^a1 g2 - a2 g1 h x 2 + 2 ^h1 g2 - g1 h2 h xy
& 38m = 41
Equation is 41x - 38y = 0 + ^b1 g2 - b2 g1 h y 2 = 0 . lines are perpendicular
3. 3= 0 & a1 g2 - a2 g1 + b1 g2 - b2 g1 = 0
k -1
2 2 2 & ]a1 + b1gg2 = ]a2 + b2gg1
a h g
8. Angle bisectors of x 2 - 2pxy - y 2 = 0 is
h b f = 2k - 3 - 2 = 0
g f c x2 - y2 xy
-1 = -p
2 -2 -1 2
-2
& 2 ]3 - 4g - 2 b 2 - 1 l - 2 b - k - 2 l = 0
k -k 1 3 & x 2 - y 2 = p xy
Comparing with x 2 - 2qxy - y 2 = 0, we have
k2 k k 3
&- 2 + 4 + 2 + 2 + 4 = 0 -2
2q = p & pq =- 1.
k2 5
& 4 +k = 4
9. Let equation of OA be y = mx . Then equation of
&k=1
-1
OB is y = m x . We know that angle between OA
4. Let the chord be ax + by = 1. Homogenizing curve
with chord, we get, 4x2 + y2 + (4y - x)(ax + by) = 0 and AB is 45°
& ]4 - agx 2 + ]1 + 4bgy 2 + ]4a - bgxy = 0
m + 2/3 3m + 2
& tan 45° = 1 = 1 - 2m/3 = 3 - 2m
Since this pair is perpendicular,
4 - a + 1 + 4b = 0
& a - 4b = 5
a 4
& 5 -5b=1
Fixed point is b 15 , 54 l
-
centroid is b
0+1+7 0+2+6 l =b8 8 l
3 , 3 3, 3
EXERCISE - 1
Basics (distance, section formulae, centroid, area of 4.
triangle)
1.
7-3 Y
11. Slope of DE = 5 - 1 = 1 & Slope of AB = 1
A
O
−5,7 D X
5,7 3 x+y=8
B E C 3 x + y = −8
1,3
c
Hence equation of AB is Now 2 = 4 & c = ! 8 & x 3 + y = ! 8.
y - 7 = ]x + 5g & x - y + 12 = 0.
Straight Lines 7.9
20. x cos i - y sin i = a ^cos i - sin ih = a cos 2i.
4 4
A
27.
21. The end-points of intercept made by the line between
y = 2x
y + 2x - 2 = 0 is ^3, - 4h
1
&m= 2
^ y - 1 h = 12 ] x - 2g & y = 2x
is y - 0 = 3 ]x - 0g & 4x + 3y = 0.
-4
1
axes are a and b . Therefore the area is 2 a # b = 6 x=0 x =1
& ab = 12 ......(i)
0,0 A D 1,0
and hypotenuse is 5, therefore a2 + b2 = 25 ....(ii) y=0
y - 1 =- 1 ]x - 0g & x + y = 1.
a = ! 4 or ! 3 and b = ! 3 or ! 4 Hence equation 1
x y x y
of line is ! 4 ! 3 = 1 or ! 3 ! 4 = 1. 29. Slope = 2 & Equation is 2x - y = 2.
Trick: Check with options. Obviously, the line 30. y - 3 = tan ^i ! 60°h]x - 2g
x y
4 + 3 = ! 1 satisfies both the conditions. As i = 135°,
or 3x + y - 8 = 0.
7.10 Mathematics
31. It is clear from figure that angle = 60° 37. Gradient of the line which passes through (1,0) and
^- 2, 3 h is m = - 2 - 1 =- 1
3 -0
Y y = 3x + 9
3
b a
& m1 = a and m2 = b 40. Equation y - 3 = m ]x - 2g cut the axis at
b a y
-b 2 2
-1 a -1 b - a
Therefore i = tan b a = tan 2ab .
1+ a.b 2,3
34. Here equation of AB is x + 4y - 4 = 0 ....(i)
x
and equation of BC is 2x + y - 22 = 0 ....(ii) O
1 2m - 3
-1
-4 +2 7 &y=0 & x= m
tan = tan -1 6 .
1 + b - 4 l]- 2g
1
& x = 0 & y =- ]2m - 3g
makes an angle of 45° with x-axis. The second line or 4m2 + 12m + 9 = 0
is parallel to x-axis. Hence the obtuse angle between ]2m + 3g2 = 0 & one value roots of m
L2 ^8, - 9h = 6 ]8 g + 9 ]- 9g + 8 =- 25
1, −3
Hence point lies on same side of the lines.
3
48. Here, equation of line is
y = x tan a + c, c > 0
d1 - n or d1 + n
9 6 9 6
,-3+ ,-3-
13 13 13 13 Length of the perpendicular drawn on line from
42. Here the lines are, 3x + 4y - 9 = 0 ....(i)
point ^a cos a, a sin ah
and 6x + 8y - 15 = 0 ....(ii) - a sin a + a cos a tan a + c c
p= ; p = sec a = c cos a.
1 + tan2 a
Now distance from origin of both the lines are
49. Given, equation of line y - x + 2 = 0 and coordinates
-9 9 - 15 15
of points ^ x1, y1 h = ^3, - 1h and ^ x2, y2 h = ^8, 9h . We
=- 5 and =- 10
32 + 42 62 + 82
Hence distance between both the lines are
know that if the ratio in which a line ax + by + c = 0
intersecting point c 2 1 ,
Ailter: Put y = 0 in the first equation, we get x = 3 mx + x my2 + y1 m
lies on
m+1 m+1
therefore, the point (3,0) lies on it. So the required
ax + by + c = 0. Thus any point on the line joining
distance between these two lines is the perpendicular
^3, - 1h and ^8, 9h dividing it in the ratio m: 1 is
length of the line 6x + 8y = 15 from the point (3,0).
b 8m + 3 , 9m - 1 l and if it lies on y - x + 2 = 0,
m+1 m+1
6 # 3 - 15 3
i.e., = 10 .
62 + 82 then
9m - 1 8m + 3
- +2 = 0
7 7 m+1 m+1
43. Required distance =
]12g2 + 52 13
= .
or 9m - 1 - ]8m + 3g + 2 ]m + 1g = 0
4 ]3 g + 3 ]1 g + 20
44. Required length 5 = 7. 2
or 3m - 2 = 0, m = 3 i.e. ratio is 2:3.
45. Let the distance of both lines are p1 and p2 from
50. Trick : Clearly, lengths of perpendicular from (0,0)
8 3
origin, then p1 =- 5 and p2 =- 5 . Hence distance on the given lines are each equal to 2.
5
between both the lines = p1 - p2 = 5 = 1.
7.12 Mathematics
51. Let p be the length of the perpendicular from the y - 3 -1
57. - y + 3x + 4 = 0 and perpendicular is x - 2 = 3
vertex (2, –1) to the base x + y = 2 .
or 3y + x - 11 = 0. Therefore foot is
2-1-2 1
Then p = = -1 37
12 + 12 2 x = 10 , y = 10 .
If ‘a’ be the length of the side of triangle, then
58. Applying the formula
a 3 x2 - x1 y2 - y1 - ^ax1 + by1 + c h
1 2
p = a sin 60° & = 2 &a= 3. a = b = a2 + b2
2
x2 - 2 y2 - 4 - ]1.2 + 1.4 - 1g
52. 3 ^12x + 10y - 3 h - 2 ^15x - 18y + 1 h 1 = 1 = 12 + 12
-1 3
= 6x + 66y - 11 = 0 Hence the lines are concurrent. & x2 = 2 , y2 = 2
bx + 3y + 1 = 0 and cx + 4y + 1 = 0 are concurrent, Now the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular
a 2 1 are the intersection point of the lines, hence point is
therefore b 3 1 = 0
c 4 1 (5, 6). Aliter : Apply the formula given in the theory
2 - 3 + 11 3 - 2 + 11 l ^5, 6h
l m n l+m+n m n =b , =
55. m n l = 0 & l+m+n n l = 0 2 2
n l m l+m+n l m 60. Here O is the point ^0, 0h . The line 2x + 3y = 12
1 m n
& ]l + m + ng 1 n l = 0 & ]l + m + ng = 0. meets the y-axis at B and so B is the point (0,4).
1 l m
The equation of any line perpendicular to the line
56. Given lines are 3x + 4y = 5, 5x + 4y = 4, 2x + 3y = 12 and passes through ^5, 5h is
B (5, 5 ) 63. After first transformation, the point will be (1, 4) and
O
C A
D 64. Suppose the axes are rotated in the anticlockwise
^2 2 /3, 2 2 h.
2
O(0,0)
perpendicular to x + 3y - 7 = 0 is 3x - y - 1 = 0.
68. We take the coordinates axes as two perpendicular Let the angle between the line 3x - 4y + 7 = 0 and
lines. Let P ^ x1, y1 h be the required point. From
3 11
m1 - m2 4- 3 35
(i) is a, then tan a = 1 + m1 m2 = 3 # 11 = 45 < 1
P ^ x1, y1 h, we draw PM and PN perpendicular to OX
1+ 4 3
& a < 45°
and OY respectively.
Hence 11x - 3y + 9 = 0 is the bisector of the acute
Given, PM + PN = 2 .....(i) angle between the given lines.
But, PM = y1, PN = x1 71. The equations of the bisectors of the angles
x - 2y + 4 4x - 3y + 2
Hence from (i), y1 + x1 = 2 between the lines are =!
1+4 16 + 9
Thus locus of ^ x1, y1 h is x + y = 2
Taking positive sign, then
which is a straight line ^4 - 5 h x - ^3 - 2 5 hy - ^4 5 - 2 h = 0 ....(i)
Y
Let i be the angle between the line (i) and one of the
1 4- 5
N P x1 , y1 2 - 3-2 5
given line, then tan i = = 5 +2 > 1
1 4- 5
1+ 2.
3-2 5
Hence the line (i) bisects the obtuse angle between
X
O the given lines.
Straight Lines 7.15
72. Equation of angle bisectors between x and y-axis - 2h
78. Here m1 + m2 = b ...(i)
]a - 2bgx + ]a + 3bgy + 3a + 4b = 0 or
m1
73. m2 , therefore with the help of (i) and (ii), we get
b b b
represents a family of straight lines through point of h
& m1 - m2 = b ...(iii)
intersection of x + y + 3 = 0 and - 2x + 3y + 4 = 0
Now on solving (i) and (iii), we get
i.e., ^- 1, - 2h . Trick: Point ^- 1, - 2h satisfies the -h - 3h
m1 = 2b and m2 = 2b ; ` m1: m2 = 1: 3.
given equation of striaght line.
79. It is a fundamental concept.
2 1 1
74. a, b, c are in H.P., then b = a + c ....(i)
80. 4x2 + 12xy + 9y2 = 0
x y 1
Given line is a + b + c = 0 ....(ii)
Here h2 - ab = 36 - 36 = 0, c from tan i = ! 2 h - ab m
2
a+b
Subtracting both a ]x - 1g + b ^y + 2 h = 0
1 1
Hence, lines are real and coincident.
So, ]x - 1g = 0 & x = 1 and ^y + 2h = 0 & y =- 2. from origin on ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Trick : Checking from options, let a, b, c are is bx2 - 2hxy + ay2 = 0. Therefore, the required
Pair of Straight Lines 83. Applying the condition, 4mh2 = ab ]1 + mg2 Here
76. A second degree homogeneous equation in x and
m = 2, therefore 4 # 2 # b 2 l = 1 # 2 ]1 + 2g2
h 2
y always represents a pair of straight lines passing
through origin. But general equation of pair of & h2 = 9 & h = ! 3.
straight lines, circle and conics are not homogenous.
84. Point ^2, - 3 h lies on the line kx2 - 3y2 + 2x + y - 2 = 0
b 31 l + 10 b 1 l - k b 11 l = 0
2 2 2
77. 11.1.31
& ]2 g2 k - 3 ]- 3g2 + 2.2 - 3 - 2 = 0
- 6.10k + 4 - 6 2 2 2
361 5415
& - k 4 = 4 & k =- 15.
` 4k - 28 = 0 & k = 7.
7.16 Mathematics
85. Here the equation is ax2 - bxy - y2 = 0 and given 92. The equation is
88. Given lines are not perpendicular i.e., a !- b Also equations of bisectors of ax2 - 2hxy + by2 = 0
a+b 0,a
& a + a'm + b + b'm = 0 & m =- a' + b' and a /2,a /2
x 2 + y 2 − a2 = 0
Now on putting the value of m, we get
i.e., combined equation of both axes.
g ]a' + b'g = g' ]a + bg.
100. Equation can be found by homogenising the curve
98. First check for parallel lines
g - 3/2
w.r.t. line i.e., x2 + y2 = 4 c m or
a h 1 3 y-x 2
i.e., h = b = f & = 3 =
3 - 3 3 /2 2
which is true, hence line are parallel. Applying x 2 + y 2 = ^y - x h .
2
EXERCISE - 2
Basics (distance, section formulae, centroid, area of Z] x + x = 10 , y + y = 0
triangle), translation and rotation of axes 4. ]] 1 3 1 3
]
[] x2 + x3 = 0 , y2 + y3 = 24
]]
1. since the points are collinear option D is correct ] x1 + x2 = 10 , y2 + y2 =- 24
\
B x 2 ,y 2
2. Let the point of intersection be (a, 0) and the ratio be
m:1
6m - 4 2
& = 0 & m = 3 & Ration = 2 : 3. 5,12
m+1 0,12
3. 3 right angled
0,4 x3 ,y3 C 5,0 x x1 , y1
x1 = x2 = 10, y1 - y2 =- 24
x1 = 10, y1 = 0
x2 = 0, y2 = 24
x3 = 0, y3 = 0
x1 = 10 , y1 = 0 b_b A ^10, 0 h on x - axis
0,0 3,0 bb
x2 = 0 , y2 = 24 `b & B (0, 24) on y - axis
& circum centre b
x3 = 0 , y3 = 0 bb C (0, 0) is origin
= mid point of hypotenuse = b 2 , 2 l
3 a
3 ABC is right angled & orthocentre is (0,0)
7.18 Mathematics
a cos i b sin i 1 8. ^2a, 3a h, ^3b, 2bh & ^c, ch are collinear
5. 1
3 = 2 - a sin i b cos i 1
- a cos i - b sin i 1 2a 3a 1
& 3b 2b 1 = 0
0 0 2
R1 " R1 + R3 c c 1
- a sin i b cos i 1
& ]3bc - 2bcg - ]2ca - 3cag + ]4ab - 9abg = 0
- a cos i - b sin i 1
B 1,5 C 7, −2
of CD = F b
a' - a b - b' l
2 , 2 . Hence equation of line
3k - 5 5k + 1
1
1 k+1 k+1 b + b' b - b' - b - b' b a + a' l
2 1 5 1 = 2 EF is y - 2 = a' - a - a - a' x - 2
7 -2 1
A a, b E B a',b'
& 1. ]- 2 - 35g - 1. b k + 1 - k + 1 l
- 6k + 10 35k + 7
+b k + 1 - k + 1 l = ! 4
15k - 25 5k + 1
equation of the line passing through (1,1) and ^r, 0h 83x - 35y + 92 = 0.
y - 3 = m ] x - 2g
14. The required equation of line which passes through
....(i)
x-1 y-5
= =r ....(i) & c = p 1 + m2 .
cos i sin i
where ‘r’ is the distance of any point ^ x, yh on the
20. The given lines intersect at b a + b , a + b l and join
ab ab
Point Q ^b, ah is on 4x - y = 5 8
m - 15
tan 45° = ! 8
So, 4b - a = 5 ...(ii) 1 + 15 m
y - y1 = x - x ]x - x1g & y - 2 = 2 - 3 ]x - 3g
y2 - y1 3-2
2 1
& y - 2 =- ]x - 3g & x + y = 5.
45°
23. Given, line AB making 0 intercepts on x-axis and
45°
y-axis or ^ x1, y1 h / ^0, 0h and the line is perpendicular D 1,2 C
to line CD, 3x + 4y + 6 = 0. We know that standard Hence the equation of DC and AD are
perpendicular to the line CD, therefore slope of the 27. Let p be the length of the perpendicular from the
y - 0 = 3 ] x - 0g
4 or 3 x + y = 2p
3 sin b 2 + i l + 2 cos b 2 + i l = r
r r k
` Area of 3 OAB = 2 e
1 2p o 2p2
2p =
3 3
It is passing through ^- 1, r/2 h 2p2 50
By hypothesis = & p = ! 5.
k 3 3
3 sin r + 2 cos r = - 1 & k = 2
Hence the lines are 3 x + y ! 10 = 0.
2
` 3 cos i - 2 sin i = r & 2 = 3 r cos i - 2r sin i.
Straight Lines 7.21
28. Since the median passes through A, the intersection 33. Mid point of ^a cos a, a sin ah and ^a cos b, a sin bh
of the given lines. Its equation is given by a ^cos a + cos bh a ^sin a + sin bh m
is P c ,
2 2
^ px + qy - 1 h + m ^qx + py - 1 h = 0 , where m is
Y
some real number. Also, since the median passes
A a cos α,a sin α
through the point ^ p, q h, we have
P
^ p2 + q2 - 1 h + m ^qp + pq - 1h = 0
B a cos β,a sin β
p2 + q2 - 1
& m =- 2pq - 1 and the equation of median
X
O
through A is ^ px + qy - 1h - 2pq - 1 ^qx + py - 1h = 0
2 2
p +q -1
a sin b - a sin a sin b - sin a
Slope of line AB is a cos b - a cos a = cos b - cos a = m1
& ^2pq - 1h^ px + qy - 1 h = ^ p + q - 1 h^qx + py - 1 h .
2 2
sin a + sin b
1 and slope of OP is = m2
29. m1 = 3, m2 = 2 and m3 = m cos a + cos b
sin2 b - sin2 a
Let the angle between first and third line is i1 and Now m1 # m2 = =- 1
cos2 b - cos2 a
between second and third is i2 , then Hence the lines are perpendicular.
1
3-m m- 2 34. It is obvious.
tan i1 = 1 + 3m and tan i2 = m
1+ 2
35. L1: x + y = 5, L2: y - 2x = 8
1
3-m m- 2
But i1 = i2 & 1 + 3m = m L3: 3y + 2x = 0, L4: 4y - x = 0
1+ 2
L5: ^3x + 2yh = 6
2 1!5 2
& 7m - 2m - 7 = 0 & m = 7 .
Y
i = tan -1 c m
° °
- cot 30 + cot 60
30.
1 + cot 30° cot 60°
= tan -1 c m = 30° .
- tan 60° + tan 30° −1,6 B
1 + tan 30° tan 60° L1
L2
31. Angle between the lines = i A 4,1
−3,2 C
- b b - a' l
a - b' aa' - bb' L3
L4
& tan i = a'b tan i = ab' + a'b X
1 + b'a O L5
a a +b b
& cot i = a1 b2 - a1 b2 L5 ]Og =- 6 < 0
2 1 1 2
L5 ] Ag = 12 + 2 - 6 = 8 > 0
7.22 Mathematics
L5 ] Bg =- 3 + 12 - 6 = 3 > 0 Y
P
L5 ]C g =- 9 + 4 - 6 =- 11 < 0
O & C points are same side & A & B point are A 0,1
P1
other same side w.r.t to L5 and So L5 divides the
X
quadrilateral in two quadrialteral O B 2,0
Y k 2 2
2 k 3 = 0 & k = 2, 3, - 5
3 3 k
C
90° − θ θ P
X
O 0,0
y = 3x + k
Equation of OP / y = 3 x
or y ]cos a + sin ag + x ]cos a - sin ag = a
& Coordinates of P: c 5 ,
5 3m
2 2
0-1
37. The equation of AB is y - 1 = 2 - 1 x or 2
b5 l +c5 3 m = 5
2
& OP = 2 2
x + 2y - 2 = 0 40. By solving the sides of the rhombus, its vertices are
x' ^ y" - y' h - y' ] x" - x' g x + y - 1 = 0, they should be of same sign.
Length of prependicular =
]x" - x'g2 + ^y" - y' h2 ` sin i + cos i - 1 > as 3 + 2 - 1 > 0
x'y" - y'x"
& 2 sin b i + 4 l > 1
=
]x" - x'g2 + ^y" - y' h2
r
A 2, −1 ax + by + c = 0 ....(i)
bx + cy + a = 0 ....(ii)
cx + ay + b = 0 .....(iii)
a b c
The lines will be concurrent, if b c a = 0
60° c a b
& a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = 0.
B D C
x + 2y − 1 = 0
7.24 Mathematics
53.
a - at22
=
- 2at2 59. Slope of perpendicular =- < cos a - cos b F = tan a + b
at22 - at12 2at2 - 2at1 sin a - sin b 2
& ^1 - t22h =- t2 ]t2 + t1g or t1 t2 =- 1. Hence equation of perpendicular is
54. m1 - 1 c1
y = tan b lx
a+b
m2 - 1 c2 = 0 ....(i)
2
m3 - 1 c3
Now on solving the equation (i) with the line, we get
& m1 ]c2 - c3g + m2 ]c3 - c1g + m3 ]c1 - c2g = 0.
the required point. Trick : Take suitable value of
Note: Students should remember this question as a
formula. a, a, b and then check with options.
p-q q-r r-p 0 q-r r-p
55. q-r r-p p-q = 0 r-p p-q = 0 x2 - x1 y2 - y1 - ^ax1 + by1 + c h
60. a = b =
r-p p-q q-r 0 p-q q-r a2 + b2
Hence the lines are concurrent. _a 2 x1 + aby1 + ac i
x2 = x1 -
a2 + b2
Aliter : Since sum of the coefficient of x, y and the
constant term is zero, hence the lines are concurrent. b 2 x1 - aby1 - ac
x2 =
a2 + b2
56. If the given lines are concurrent, then
a 2 y1 - abx1 - bc
a 1 1 a 1-a 1-a y2 =
a2 + b2
1 b 1 = 0 & 1 b-1 0 = 0
1 1 c 1 0 c-1 61. Suppose we rotate the coordinates axes in the anti
{Apply C2 " C2 - C1 and C3 " C3 - C1} clockwise direction through an angle a. The
& a ]b - 1g]c - 1g - ]b - 1g]1 - ag - ]c - 1g]1 - ag = 0
a 1 1 equation of the line L with respect to old axes is
& 1-a + 1-b + 1-c = 0
x y
{Divide by ]1 - ag]1 - bg]1 - cg } a + b = 1. In this question replacing x by
1 1 1 x cos a - y sin a and y by x sin a + y cos a, the
& 1 - a + 1 - b + 1 - c = 1.
65. m1 =- cot a m2 =- cot b 69. Since the origin and the point ^1, - 3h lie on the
m -m cot b - cot a
tan i = 1 +1 m m2 = same side of x + 2y - 11 = 0 and on the opposite
1 2 1 + cot a cot b
side of 3x - 6y - 5 = 0. Therefore, the bisector of
= tan ^a - bh
tan a - tan b
=
1 + tan a tan b
7.26 Mathematics
the angle containing ^1, - 3h is the bisector of that The distance is greatest if required line is
3
angle which does not contain the origin and is given perpendicular to PM mPM = 4
-4
=- e o i.e., 3x = 19.
- x - 2y + 11 - 3x + 6y + 5
by & Slope of required line = 3
5 45
& Equation: y - 0 = 3 ] x + 2g
-4
a1 x + b1 y + c1 a2 x + b2 y + c2
70. By direct formulae 2 2
=!
a1 + b1 a22 + b22
& 4x + 3y + 8 = 0
3x + 4y - 7 12x + 5y + 17
]12g2 + ]5 g2
=!
2
3 +4 2 75. Since a1 /a2 = b1 /b2 = c1 /c2, u = 0 and v = 0 are
3x + 4y - 7 12x + 5y + 17 the same straight line. Hence, u + kv = 0 is also the
5 =! 13 .
same straight line.
71. The equation of bisector of acute angle formed
between the lines 4x - 3y + 7 = 0 and a b c
76. -2 = c + b
bc
4x - 3y + 7 3x - 4y + 14
3x - 4y + 14 = 0 is =- or a = b + c + 2 bc
16 + 9 16 + 9
& 7x - 7y + 21 = 0 & x - y + 3 = 0. or a = ^ b + c h
2
72.
Y or ^ a - b - c h^ a + b + c h = 0
O R 3,3 √ 3
or a- b- c =0
x =- 1, y = 1.
Y'
77. The first two families of lines pass through (1,1) and
3 3 -0 °
Slope of QR = 3 - 0 = 3 i.e., i = 60
(3,3) respectively. The point of intersection of the
Clearly, +PQR = 120°
lines belonging to the third family of lines will lie on
OQ is the angle bisector of the angle, so line OQ
makes 120° with the positive direction of x-axis. line y = x. Hence, ax + x - 2 = 0 and
P (2, 3) x2 + y2 - 2x - 4y + 4 = 0.
Straight Lines 7.27
79. Let P be on x + 2y = 1. Then, From the figure, the refracted ray makes an angle of
t !c
-4 2 5 2 m 83. The lines are coincident, if H2 - AB = 0,
3 , 3
a ]b + cg 02
so & 2 - a2 ]bcg = 0 & a2 ]b - cg2 = 0
x + 2y = 1
& a = 0 or b = c.
2x + 4y = 15 84. Substituting the value of y in the equation.
80. Angle bisectors will make angle ]i1 + i2g/2 and & ax2 + 2h ]mxgx + b ]mxg2 = 0 & a + 2hm + mb2 = 0.
"r/2 + ]i1 + i2g/2 , with x-axis. Hence their 85. Equation is 2x2 - xy - 6y2 + 7x + 12y - 15 = 0
30° m2 -m 1
°
we get 2ha' - 2h'a = ba' - b'a = 2bh' - 2b'h
15°
45
X
O A 1,0 ha' - h'a
& m2 = bh' - b'h ....(v)
]ab' - ba'g2
4 ]bh' - b'hg2
and m2 = ....(vi)
B 0, −1
From (v) and (vi), we get the required condition.
7.28 Mathematics
87. The lines are parallel, if h2 = ab, af2 = bg2 or & x2 - 4xy - y2 = 0
2 h2 - ab
a h g 2 2
Angle between these two lines is tan i = a+b
h = b = f & 4f = 9g
2 4+1
3
& f = 2 g & g = 2, f = 3 (let) = 0 = 3 i.e., lines are prependicular
25
Now abc + 2fgh - af2 - bg2 - ch2 = 0 92. Angle = tan -1 f 2 4 - 6 p = tan -1 b 15 l and it is
2+3
& 4 # 9 # c + 2 # 3 # 2 # 6 - 4 ]3 g2 - 9 ]2 g2 - c ]6 g2 = 0 1
given by tan m. Hence m = 5 .
-1
2 ^25/4h - 4
m1 = m, m2 = 3m
3 4
` tan i = 2+2 & tan i = 4 & cos i = 5
2h
` m1 + m2 =- b ....(i)
& i = cos -1 b 5 l .
4
a
and m1 .m2 = b ....(ii)
94. From x + y = 1, to make the curve
2h
From equation (i), m + 3m =- b
x2 + y2 - 2x - 1 = 0 homogenous.
-h
or m = 2b
& x2 + y2 - 2x ^ x + y h - ^ x + y h = 0
2
a
From equation (ii), m.3m = b
` 2x2 + 4xy = 0 or x2 + 2xy = 0
h2 a h2 4
3. 2 = b & ab = 3 .
4b 2 h2 - ab
` tan i = a+b and a = 1, b = 0, h = 1
Trick: If the gradients of two lines are in ratio 1: n.
& i = tan -1 ]2 g .
2 12 - 0
h ]n + 1g
2
]3 + 1g 2
4 2 ` tan i = 1
Then ab = 4n = 4.3 = 3 .
95. The given equation being homogeneous of third
89. Here, m1 + m2 =- 4 ....(i)
degree represents three straight lines through the
and m1 m2 = a ....(ii)
origin. Since two of these lines are to be at right
Given that m1 = 3m2 .
angles. Let pair of these lines be ^ x2 + pxy - y2 i, p is
By (i), 3m2 + m2 =- 4 & m2 =- 1
constant and other factor is ^ax - dy h . Hence,
Hence, m1 =- 3. Now, by (ii) a = 3.
ax3 + bx2 y + cxy2 + dy3 = ^ x2 + pxy - y2 i^ax - dy h
2 tan A
90. m1 + m2 = - 1 = 4
comparing the coefficients of similar terms, we get
& tan A =- 2 & +A = tan -1 ]- 2g .
b = ap - d ....(i) ; c =- pd - a ....(ii)
91. Making equation of curve homogeneous w.r.t line
Multiplying (i) by d and (ii) by a and adding , we get
3x2 + 4xy - 4x ^2x + y h + ^2x + y h = 0
2
bd + ac =- d2 - a2 & a2 + ac + bd + d2 = 0.
2 2 2 2
& 3x + 4xy - 8x - 4xy + 4x + y + 4xy = 0
Straight Lines 7.29
96. Bisectors of ax + 2hxy + by = 0 are
2 2 103. The distance between the pair of straight lines given
x2 - y2 xy 9/4 - ]- 4g 25/4
]a + mg - ]b + mg
....(ii) 1 ]1 + 9g
= h = 2# = 2# 10 = 5/2 .
Which is the same equation as equation (i). Hence 104. Making the equation of curve homogeneous with the
x2 - y2 xy x2 + y2 - 2 ^hx + ky h + ^ h2 + k2 - c2h = 0
or 0 = or x2 - y2 = 0.
cot i
a - b a' - b' Making it homogeneous, we get
99. Since bisectors are same, therefore h = h'
& ]a - bgh' = ]a' - b'g h. & ^ x2 + y2 i - 2 ^hx + ky hc x + m +
y
2h 2k
100. Equation of bisectors of angle between the lines
^ h2 + k2 - c2hc x + m =0
y 2
represented by px2 - 2rxy + qy2 = 0 is 2h 2k
x2 - y2 xy If these lines be perpendicular, then A + B = 0
p - q = -r ....(i)
^ h2 + k2 - c2h ^ h2 + k2 - c2h
on putting y = mx in (i), we get <1 - 1 + 2 F + <1 - 1 + F= 0
4h 4k2
p - q = - r & r 1 - m + m ^ p - qh = 0.
1 - m2 m ^ h
or ^ h2 + k2 - c2hc 2 2 m = 0
2
h2 + k2
4h k
101. Let one line be x + y = 0 & m1 =- 1 and we know
` h2 + k2 = c2 .
2h
that m1 + m2 =- b ....(i) 106. If the equation of line is y = mx and the length of
angle is 90° .
7.30 Mathematics
107. Making the given equation homogeneous with the " m 2' =- tan ]a 2g,
y 110. 2x + 3y = 6
L2
m - ^- 2/3h
tan 45° =
α2
L1
1 + m ^- 2/3h
α1
x
Hence, m1 =- 5, m2 = 1/5.
α2
0,0
EXERCISE - 3
1 y=3
0,40 3
P 20,7
x 6
O O
X
24,0 1
24 ,0 y = −3
5
Therefore, the area of shaded region is x = −5 x =5
10
A = 2 b 42 - 40 3 l 20
1 1
` Area A = 10 # 6 = 60 sq.units
= 2 b 3 l 20 = 3 ^sq.unitsh
1 5 50
Straight Lines 7.31
3. Lines ]k + 1gx + 8y = 4k and kx + ]k + 3gy = 3k - 1 The maximum slope can occur if it passes through
or m ! b - 1, 5 l
k+1 8 4k 1
coefficients as k = k + 3 = 3k - 1
or k2 + 4k + 3 = 8k and 24k - 8 = 4k2 + 12k 1
or a =- 1 and b = 5
or ]k - 3g]k - 1g = 0 and ]k - 2g]k - 1g = 0
or b a + b l =- 1 + 5 = 4
1
or k = 1
6. Given pair of lines x2 - ^y2 - 4y + 4 i = 0 or
4. The equation of the angle bisector of angle A is
x2 - ^y - 2 h = 0 or ^ x + y - 2 h^ x - y + 2 h = 0
2
3x + 4y 4x + 3y
5 =! 5 or x = ! y y
0,3
x−y +2 = 0
The equation of internal bisector is x =- y
0,2 1,2
Since h and k lie on the line x =- y, we have
h+k = 0
x
y x =3 −2,0 x+y =3
x+y=2
1#1 1
The required area is A = 2 =2
x
A
B 3, −9 / 4 7. Let x = r cos i; y = r sin i. Then,
6
3x + 4y = 0 2r cos i + 3r sin i = 6 or r =
3, −4 C 2 cos i + 3 sin i
and r = x2 + y2 For r to be minimum,
4x + 3y = 0
y 6
Therefore, rmin =
13
Any point on the line x + y = 4 is ^t, 4 - t h, where
x+
x − 3y + 2 = 0 8.
y-
2=
2
0
4t + 3 ]4 - tg - 10
−5, −1 A m = 1/5
1
5 = 1 or t + 2 = 5
Now, ^- 5, - 1h line on x - 3y + 2 = 0 .
i.e., t = 3 or t =- 7
In the limiting case, the line passing through
Therefore, the sum of values is - 4
^- 5, - 1h can be parallel to x + y - 2 = 0, i.e.,
m >-1
7.32 Mathematics
= 2 ;0 - 12 b8 + 2 l + 1 ]- 8gE
1 13
x=C
= 2 6- 6 ]29g - 8@ = 91
A 1,1 D C,1 1
B 9,1
12. A 1, −2
C
E C,
9
x x-
y=
=0
O 0,0
3
+y
1
The equation of OB is y = 9 x
2x
Hence, the point E is ^C, C/9h .
B x py q C
Now, the area of 3 BDE is 2 sq.units. Therefore, −q 2q 3p + q q − 3
2p − 1 , 2p − 1 ,
p +1 p +1
or 2 b1 - 9 l]9 - C g = 2
1 C
P is the orthocenter. Therefore, AP = BC
or ]9 - C g = 36 or 9 - C = ! 6
2
or c - p mb 2 - 1 l =- 1
1 3+2 5
or p = 1 or p = 5
or C = 3
Since BP = AC, we have
10. Lines ]2a + bgx + ]a + 3bgy + ]b - 3ag = 0 or
27 - 2q
a ^2x + y - 3 h + b ^ x + 3y + 1 h = 0 are concurrent at 18 + q =- 1 or q = 27 + 18 or q = 45
5 C x, y
mx + 2y + 6 = 0 must pass through this point. B
Therefore, 2m - 2 + 6 = 0 or m =- 2. 12
Now, the line through ^0, - 1h and parallel to the +BOC = +BAC
tan b 2 - i l = 12 .
x-axis is y =- 1. The coordinates of C where line (i) r 5
7x + 2y - 10 = 0 D
15. y 2x + y = 3
1
7
area of parallelogram = 2 AC $ BD $ sin i = 8
0,
2 1 3
(0,p ) = 2 $ 4 $ BD $ 5 = 8
4y + x = 14 20 10
x BD
& = 3 & BP = 3
3y − 2x = 5 −5 −2 ,0 0,0 14,0 AP 2 + BP 2 - AB 2
,0 3
In 3 APB, cos i = 2AP $ BP
2 0, −2
100 2
4 4 + 9 - AB 2 10
=5 = 10 & AB = 3
y + 3x + 2 = 0 2.2. 3
a
& +b = 5
5 7
` 3 <p< 2 18.
L:x=h
y
y=x
So, p integer = 2,3. A
& 1 - a = ! ]a - 6g
Let the triangle formed by ABC such that
p
` = 15 & q = 32 p = 20 & q = 7
A (0, 0)
So, p + q = 47 p + q = 27
3x + 4y = 0
Hence, largest possible value = 47
4x + 3y = 0
a 1 1
15/4 22. For concurrent lines, 1 b 1 = 0
5
1 1 c
Applying c2 - c1 and c3 - c1, we get
B C
x=3 a 1-a 1-a
(3, 9/4)
7/4 (3, 4) 3= 1 b - 1 0 = 0
20. a = 2 + d, b = 2 + 2d & c = 2 + 5d 1 0 c-1
]2 + d gx + ]2 + 2d g y + ]2 + 5d g = 0
a ]b - 1g]c - 1g - ]1 - ag]c - 1g -
]1 - ag]b - 1g = 0
2 ^ + y + 1 h + d ^ x + 2y + 5 h = 0
x
lines are x + y + 1 = 0 & x + 2y + 5 = 0 Dividing ]1 - ag]1 - bg]1 - cg, we get
a 1 1
By solving (p, q) = (3, - 4) 1-a +1-b +1-c = 0
]39/2g - q
1 1 1 1-a
21. ] 1-a +1-b +1-c = 1-a = 1
35/2g - p
=- 5 " From slope
23. ^ x1, y2 h lies on line
39 - 2q =- 5 ^35 - 2p h
` 3x1 - 4y2 - a ]a - 2g = 0
39 - 2q =- 175 + 10p
` 4y2 = 3x1 - a ]a - 2g = 0
i.e. 5p + q = 107
3x1 - a ]a - 2g
A(p, q)
Now, y2 < y1 & 4 < y1
& 3 ]2b + 3g - a ]a - 2g < 4b
2
Put x1 = 2b + 3; y1 = b 2
& 2 - 2a + 4b 2 - 6b - 9 > 0 6 a ! R
a
& < 0 & 4 - 4 ]4b 2 - 6b - 9g < 0
D
& 1 - 4b 2 + 6b + 9 < 0
& 4b 2 - 6b - 10 > 0
& 2b 2 - 3b - 5 > 0
& ]2b - 5g]b + 1g > 0
& b ! ^- 3, - 1h , b 2 , 3 l
5
C (x1, y1)
B (
35 ,39
2 2 ) (23, 20)
3x 4y a (a 2) = 0
(12, 19) (x2, y2) x1 = 2b + 3
y1 = b2
O
p q 1
Also, ! 12 19 1 = 140 " From Area
23 20 1 Hence, least positive integral value ‘b’ is 3.
Straight Lines 7.35
24. Let the equation of a line is 26. For perimeter of 3 ABC to be least ] AC + BC g
x y must be least hence C should be (0, 0).
a + b = 1; passes through (2, 3);
ab = 22 (given 3 = 11)
x=y
B(0, 4)
|
2 3
a + b = 1 & 2b + 3a = ab
C(, )
]2 + 3ag = a b
b 2 2 2
A
| |
4b 2 + 9a 2 + 12ab = a 2 b 2
(2, 4) O B’(4, 0)
(0, 0) (image of B in y = x)
4b 2 + 9a 2 = ]abg2 - 12ab = 484 - 264 = 220
x-3 y-4
25. = =! 2
cos i sin i
& x = 3 ! 2 2 cos i and y = 4 ! 2 2 sin i
27. Point b 2 a, 1 l lies between two different lines
3
i = 135°
x + y = a and x + y = 2a.
` b 2 a + 1 - a lb 2 a + 1 - 2a l < 0
3 3
a ! ^- 3, - 2h , ^2, 3h
EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct 3. Point of trisection is (5,4). After rotation the slope of
1. Sum of area of all triangles
1
1 1+ 2
= 4 c12 + b 2 l + b 14 l + ...3 m = 4 f 1 - 1 p =
3 1 2 2 3 1 tan 45° + tan i2
the line tan i1 = = =3
4 3 1 - tan 45° tan i2 1 - 1
2
m m2 + 2
2. Now 2 + 2 = m2 ....(1)
A ^0, 3h, B b 7 , 7 l, C b 17 , 17 l
- 15 - 24 60 6
4.
m2 - 2 m # ]- 1g
and c =- 1 ....(2) If P ^a, 0h always lie inside the 3 then
m-0
(i) Point A and P are on the same side of 2x - 3y = 6
M λ, λ 2
now 2 ]0g - 9 - 6 = negative. & 2a - 6 is also
3x + 4y - 12 = 0
N 0,2
` On solving, we get m =- 1, 2
7.36 Mathematics
1 1 1
` = +
OP2 OM2 ON2
]cos i + 2 sin ig2 ]cos i + 2 sin ig2
3x − y + 3 = 0 3x + 4y − 12 = 0
1
& 2 = 9 + 16
r
& 144 = 16 ]r cos i + 2r sin ig2 + 9 ]r cos i + 2r sin ig2
Now 3 b 7 l + 4 b 7 l - 12 = negative.
- 15 - 24
` Locus of P ^h, kh is ^ x + 2y h = 25
2 144
AC = V2 = b 5 - 1 l S
i + b 5 + 2 lUj
a#4 ....(2) 11 2
3x - y + 3 = 0 Now 3 b 17 l - 17 + 3 = positive.
60 6
θ
i.e., a $ - 1 ....(3)
]1 g + ]2 g + ]3 g gives - 1 # a # 3
x-0 y-0
= 5Si + 5 Uj = 5 _ S
i + 2Uj i
= = r & x = r cos i ; y = r sin i 6 12 6
cos i sin i
` putting ^ x = r cos i; y = r sin i h in L1 = 0, we _- S
i + Uj i $ _ S
i + 2Uj i -1 + 2 1
^ 2 h^ 5 h
` cos i = = =
1 ]cos i + 2 sin ig 10 10
get OM = 3 ....(1)
y & tan i = 3
7. S-1: We have
L=0
M 2x sin2 i + y cos2 i = 2 ^cos2 i - sin2 ih
So, S - 1 is true.
` 6a + 8b + 6 = 0 or 3a + 4b + 3 = 0 A x1 , y1
Now bx - ay + 4 = 0 and 3x + 4y + 5 = 0 meets
axis in concyclic points. So, m1 m2 = 1
b b l.b - 3 l = 1 S circumcentre
a 4
& 4a + 3b = 0
B x 2 ,y 2 sin2C D sin2B C x3 , y 3
9 - 12
Solving (1) and (2), we get a = 7 , b = 7 11.
D = c x3 sin 2C + x2 sin 2B , m
y3 sin 2C + y2 sin 2B
& Line ax + by + 3 = 0 always passes through the sin 2C + sin 2B sin 2C + sin 2B
point ^- 1, 1 h Clearly, the equation of AD is given by
Algebraic sum of distance = 0 x y 1
a + 2b + 2 2a + b + 2 3a + 5b + 2 x1 y1 1
& + + =0 =0
a2 + b2 a2 + b2 a2 + b2 x3 sin 2C + x2 sin 2B y3 sin 2 C + y2 sin 2 B
sin 2C + sin 2B sin 2C + sin 2B 1
& 3a + 4b + 3 = 0 ....(1)
x y
Also, the other two lines are or x1 y1
y x x y x3 sin 2C + x2 sin 2B y3 sin 2C + y2 sin 2B
4/a - 4/b = 1 and - 5/3 + - 5/4 = 1 1
As the points are concyclic 1 =0
sin 2C + sin 2B
OA.OC = OB.OD
& 3b =- 4a ....(2) x y 1 x y 1
i.e., sin 2B x1 y1 1 + sin 2C x1 y1 1 = 0
9 - 12
From (1) and (2), a = 7 , b = 7 x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1
(Using properties of determinants.)
& Line ax + by + 3 = 0 always passes through the
point ^- 1, 1h
7.38 Mathematics
12. Since point of intersection lies in IV quadrant and 16. A ^ x1, y1 h, B ^ x2, my2 h, C ^ x3, y3 h
equidistant from axes, let the point of intersection be
E A D
^h, - hh h > 0
& 4ah - 2ah + c = 0 and 5bh - 2bh + d = 0
-c -d
So, 2a = 3b
θ1 θ2
−n, m B n,m x
y x O
C
A m,n
x
O C 15, −2
B −9, −8 D
D
−n, − m E n, −m
Angle bisector of A is origin containing
Let Q divides AB in k: 1
AQ k x
QB = 1 O
Qc m, m PQ = 1
p pk
k + 1, k + 1
y
0,p x2 - y2 xy x2 - y2 xy
a-b = h & 1 - 1 = -2
B
1
& x2 - y2 = 0
Q & ^ x + y h^ x - y h = 0
°
45
x + y = 0 is || to third side altitude / angle bisector
P
k & isosceles 3
2 h2 - ab 2 4-1
Now tan i = = = 3
45 ° a+b 2
x
O A p,0 & i = 60°
c m +c m
p 2 pk pk p 2
PQ = BQ =
k+1 k+1 - k+1 + k+1 ax − by + c
ax − by − c = 0 a
2 pk m2 =
= k+1 b
3 3 1 3 ax + by + c = 0
Area 3 APQ = 8 3 OAB = 8 . 2 p2 = 16 p2
a
m1 = −
1 2 pk 2p 3 2 b
&2]
k + 1g ]k + 1g 16
. = p
a a
m1 =- b , m2 = b
& 16k = 3 ]k + 1g2 & 3k2 + 6k + 3 = 16k
c c
c1 =- b , c2 = b
1
& k = 3 k = 3 is reject c c
d1 = b , d2 =- b
(a P lies on OB only)
]c1 - c2g]d1 - d2g
19. x - 4xy + y = 0, x + y + 4 6 = 0 angle bisector of
2 2
Area of rhombus =
]m1 - m2g
c 2c
2b # b 2c2
given pair of st.lines = = sq.units
a ab
2b
7.40 Mathematics
D b 4, 2 l, AB = 4 + 1 = 5
3 23. 3x - 4y + 2 = 0
21.
4x - 3y + 5 = 0
O x Negative sign 3x - 4y + 2 =- 4x + 3y - 5
P'
7x - 7y + 7 = 0
PD =
5
5- 4 =
15 x - y + 1 = 0 (not containing origin)
2
Acute/Obtuse a1 a2 + b1 b2
1 15 15
G.D. = 3 . 2 = 6
= 3 ]4g + ]- 4g]- 3g
[Centroid / orthocentre in equilateral]
= ]12g + ]12g = 24 > 0
-1 -1
m PD = m AB = 1 = 2 = tan i
-2 Positive sign obtuse angle bisector
x = 4!
1 3
,y = 2 !
1 24. 9a + 4b = 5
2 3 3
Using AM $ GM
Gc4 +
3 3 3m c 3 3 3m
$ ]9ag]4bg
, G' 4 - 9a + 4b
6 ,2 + 3 6 ,2 - 3
2
OG > OG' & c 4 +
3 3 3m 5
6 ,2 + 3 & 2 $ 6 ab
22. 2 x +3 y # 6 5
& ab # 12 ...(1)
area ABCD = 4 ]3 OABg
Now ^3 a + 2 b h = 9a + 4b + 12 ab
2
B = 5 + 12 ab
2x − 3y = −6 2x + 3y = 6
C 2 # 5+5
O 3 ^3 a + 2 b h # 10
2
A
2x + 3y = −6 2x − 3y = 6
D & 3 a + 2 b # 10
= 4 b 2 .2 # 3 l = 12 sq.units
1
Straight Lines 7.41
lim ;1 + 3 + 2 + ... + n - 1 E
1 1 1 4 4 1 1 1
25. x-coordinate: 1 + 4 + 16 + ...3 = 1 =3 = 4#
1- 4 3 3 n"3 3 3
1 16 # 1 8
= =
1 1 1 2
y-coordinate: 2 - 8 + 32 + ...3 = 2 1 = 5 3 3 1- 1 3
3
1+ 4
y 28. If the line cuts of the axes at A and B, then the area
1
of triangle is 2 # OA # OB = T
1/ 4 1 2T
or 2 # a # OB = T or OB = a
1/8
x y
1/ 2 1/16 Hence, the equation of line is - a + =1
2T/a
1 x or 2Tx - a2 y + 2aT = 0
0 1,0
29. sin ^a + bh sin ^a - bh = sin c ^2 sin b + sin ch
Hence b 3 , 5 l
4 2
or sin2 a - ^sin b + sin ch = 0
2
H = d 4, n; G1 = d 4, n; G2 = d 4, n
4 4 4 y
x
3 3 3 9 3 The equation of BN is 4 + h + 4 = 1
: : y 4-x 4y
: : or h + 4 = 4 or h + 4 = 4 - x
Gn = d 4, n
4
3n 3 4y - 16 + 4x
or h = 4-x
` lim ] A1 + A2 + ....Ang. [All 3 's are isoceles]
n"3 4 ^y - 4 - x h 4y
or 4-x = 4 + x (Eliminating h)
= 2 # 8< F
1 4 4 4
+ + ... n
3 3 9 3 3 3 or 2xy - 16 + x2 = 0, which is the required locus
7.42 Mathematics
5y 1 3
31. We have 3x + 5y = 2007 or x + 3 = 669 sin i = 2 , cos i = 2
Clearly, 3 must divide 5y and so y = 3k, for some x y
= 1 =! a
k ! N. Thus, x + 5k = 669 or 5k # 668 3
2 2
668
or k # 5 or k # 133
& Ac
a 3 a m c -a 3 -a m
, A'
32. The coordinate of circumcentre are 2 ,2 2 , 2
l/ ^l2 - m2h, m/ ^m2 - l2h . Hence
Dc
3a a m c 3a a m
, D' -
l 4 ,4 4 ,4
h= 2 (i)
l - m2
m In equation of B1 B2, mB B =- 3
(ii)
1 2
k =- 2
l - m2
3a a
x" 4 = y " 4 =! 3 a
y x 1 3 2
-2
h,k y x 2
x + my = 1
3 a - a m ^0, ah c - 3 a a m
B1 c , B2 , B3 ,
1 1 2 , 2 2 ,2
1 1 m+,m+
B4 ^0, - a h
,
− m m − 45°
0,0 34. Distance between x + 2y + 3 = 0 and
x + 2y - 7 = 0 is 10/ 5 . Let the remaining side
Squaring and adding (i) and (ii), we get parallel to 2x - y - 4 = 0 be 2x - y + m = 0. We
2
l +m 2
1 m+4 10
h2 + k2 = have = or m = 6, - 14
^l2 - m2h2 ^l2 - m2h2
=
5 5
Thus, the remaining side is 2x - y + 6 = 0 or
(Putting l2 + m2 = 1)
2x - y - 14 = 0.
= ^h2 - k2h2
1
Also,
^l2 - m2h2
-b
35. m AB = a
Therefore, the locus is x2 + y2 = ^ x2 - y2 i .
2
a
m PQ = b
Multiple Options Correct
1 parametric from of PQ
33. y = x
3
P
1
tan i = , B
3
B2 0, b a b
,
y 2 2
a A
x − 3y = 0
B3 O 0,9
a A Q
a b
x- 2 y- 2
c a2 + b2 m
a x
a = a = !
O b 2
a a 2
a +b 2
a2 + b2
D
A' a a b
B1 x- 2 y- 2 1
a b = a =! 2
a b b a
& x = 2 ! 2 ,y = 2 ! 2 ba ! b, b ! a l
B4 2 2
Straight Lines 7.43
36. m1 + m2 = a; m1 m2 =- ]a + 1g or
]m1 - m2g2 = ]m1 + m2g2 - 4m1 m2
y α, α 2
5x − 6y − 1 = 0 = a2 + 4 ]a + 1g = a2 + 4 ]a + 1g = ]a + 2g2
1 1 ^4 + 3 , 3 - 3 h & ^4 - 3 , 3 + 3 h
a b -1
1 1 40. Since the given point lies on the line
b a -1 = 0
1 1
c d -1 lx + my + n = 0, a, b, c are the roots of the equation
& a b a + d l - b b b + c l - 1 b bd - ac l = 0
1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 lb t -
t3 l + m b t2 - 3 l + n = 0
1 t-1
or lt3 + mt2 + nt - ]3m + ng = 0 (i)
& d b a - b l + c b a - b l - b a + b lb a - b l = 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
m
Hence, a + b + c =- l
38. The vertices of the given triangle are ^0, 0 h, ^a/m1, a h, n
ab + bc + ca = l (ii)
and ^a/m2, a h . So the area of the triangle is equal to 3m + n
abc = l
a2 ]m2 - m1g/ ]2m1 m2g. Since m1 and m2 are the So, from (i) , (ii), and (iii), we get
roots of x2 - ax - a - 1 = 0, we have abc - ]bc + ca + abg + 3 ]a + b + cg = 0
7.44 Mathematics
41. L1: 2x + y = 5 OA2 + AB2 - OB2
or cos 150° = 2OA # AB
L2: x - 2y = 3
OB2 = 8 + 4 3 or OB = 2 ^ 3 + 1 h
! 2 ^ 3 + 1 h sin 45°) .
B
A
43. L1: x + y = 0 m1 =- 1
C
C
L2: 3x + y - 4 = 0 m2 =- 3
1
2,3 L3: x + 3y - 4 = 0 m3 =- 3
B L2
A
Line BC passing through (2,3)
m1
^y - 3 h = m ]x - 2g m is equal to slope of
m2 x+y=0
3x + y − 4 = 0
2x + y - 5 x - 2y - 3
2
=!
2 +1 1 + 22 C
& 2x " x + y ! 2y = 5 " 3 x + 3y − 4 = 0
B
m3
& Angle bisectors are
Slope in decreasing order m3 > m1 > m2
x + 3y = 2
1 1
& m =- 3 -3 >-1 >-3
& 3x - y = 8 1
-3 +1 2 3 1
m3 - m1
tan C = 1 + m m = 1 =3 4 =2
#
&m=3 3 1
1+ 3
BC line m -m -1 + 3 2 1
tan A = 1 +1 m m2 = 1 + 3 = 4 = 2
y - 3 = 3 ]x - 2g 1 2
C 0,b
°
Here +COA = 30 . X
O A B c,0
1
Aare of rhombus = 2 # 2 # OA # OC sin 30° or a,0
1
2 = 2 x2 or OA = OC = 2 Also, +OAB = 150° Let the coordinates of the point of intersection be
Straight Lines 7.45
]b - dg bd ]c - ag or h = 2 c1 -
3 3m
, k = 2 d1 - n
^h, kh . Then h = ac
3 4
bc - ad , k = bc - ad 4 3
Given c2 + a2 = b2 + d2 . Since ac = bd, we have
or h = 2 c1 + , k = 2 d1 + n
3 3m 3 4
4
]c - ag2 = ]b - dg2 or ]c - ag = ! ]b - dg
3
47. m1 - m2 = 2
Then the locus of the points of intersection is
y = ! x. k-1 k-1
m1 = h - 1 , m2 = h + 1
45. Let vertex A ^a, a + 3 h
3 ABC = 5 sq.units
P h,k
a a+3 1
1 2 1 1 −1,1
2 =! 5
3 -2 1 1,1
A O
y =x+3
&bh-1 - h+1l = 4
k-1 k-1 2
2,1
C 3, −2
& ]k - 1g2 c m =4
B 2 2
2
& ]3 g a - ]a + 3g]- 1g + ]- 4 - 3g = ! 10
h -1
& ]k - 1g2 = ^h2 - 1h & ^y - 1 h = !^ x2 - 1h
2
7 -3
& 4a = ! 10 + 4 & a = 2 , 2
y = x2 or y = 2 - x2
A b 2 , 2 l or b - 2 , 2 l
7 13 3 3
48. 3 6
AB = 5, D / b2, 2 l
3 ,
46. 7 7
x + 3 y −1 = 0
3 5 3
CD = 5 # 2 = 2
3 4 1 x, y
Slope of AB =- 4 Slope of CD = 3 − , −1 2 x +1 + y = 0
2
Y
y = 2x
Solving y = 2x, 2 ]x + 1g + y = 0, we get
C
0,3 B
x =- 1/2, y =- 1.
D
Solving y = 2x, x + 3 ^y - 1 h = 0, we get
X
O A 4,0
x = 3/7, y = 6/7.
If C / ^h, kh, then
h - 2 k - 3/2 5 3
= =! 2
3/5 4/5
7.46 Mathematics
49. B should be ^0, 0h given diagonal AC is
P ^3, 2h y = 2x + C passing through P
D 4x + 5y + c = 0 C & 2 = 6 + c & c =- 4
y =9 AP = BP = CP = DP, BP = 22 + ]- 1g2 = 5
7x + 2y + d = 0 x +7 7x + 2y = 0
11 parametric form of AC : tan i = 2, P ^3, 2 h
7c + 4d 2c + 5d cd x y 1
compare (i) and (ii) 11 = 7 = -9
14444444444244444444443 x1 y1 1 = 0 Now, the given expression is
x2 y2 1
]Z] 7c + 4d cd
]] 11 = - 9 x y 1 x y 1
]
49c + 28d = 22c + 55d & c = d []& 9c + c2 = 0 x1 y1 1 + x1 y1 1 = 0
]]
]] ]c + 9g x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1
c =0
\
x y 1
c = 0 not possible
or x1 y 1 1 =0
& c =- 9 & d =- 9 x2 + x3 y2 + y3 1
Diagonal BD is ^4x + 5y h^7x + 2y - 9h x y 1
x1 y1 1
- ^4x + 5y - 9 h^7x + 2y h = 0 or
x2 + x3 y 2 + y3
=0
1
&- 9 ^4x + 5y h - ]- 9g^7x + 2y h = 0 2 2
This is the equation of the line passing through the
& 3x - 3y = 0 & x-y = 0
points ^ x1, y1 h and ^]x2 + x3g/2, ^y2 + y3 h /2 h. This is
50. The area of the triangle is given by
the equation of median through vertex A.
1 # 2b # 2b 2b2
c = ac = 2 or b = ac
2
2 a Comprehesion Type
Passage - 1 (Question 53 – 55)
Therefore, a, b, c are in G.P. So, a, - b, c are in GP.
53. The equation of any line parallel to 2x + 6y + 7 = 0
51. y = 2x + c
is 2x + 6y + k = 0.
x
So, y-intercept = 4/3. 0,0 A B 1,0
55. The equation of a line = to 5x - y = 0 is x + 5y = c.
]1 g2 + b 2 l =
2
13
This meets with the coordinate axes at A ^c, 0h and L AQ = 3 3
B ^0, c/5h . So, area of 3 OAB = ^1/2h c.c/5 = c2 /10. Passage - 3 (Question 59 – 61)
-^1/2h # ^ 3 /2 h - 3 4 - 1
1 - ^1/2h # ^1/2h
F 0, x tan i2 = = 4 #3 =
3
A x
Let the angle between the lines be z. Then,
0,0 E x,0 B 1,0
tan i1 - tan i2
tan z =
A = 1 - 2 x2 - 2 ]1 - xg;
1 1 1 + tan i1 tan i2
^ 3 /2h + ^1/ 3 h
1 - ^ 3 /2 h # ^1/ 3 h
2 2 =
2-x -1+x 1+x-x
= 2 = 2
or z = tan -1 d n
5
1 1 3
1+ 2 - 4 5 1
` Amax = 2 = 8 at x = 2 .
sin 60°
61.
sin ^30° - 60°h
m= =- 3
57. ] PAg2 - ] PBg2 + ] PC g2 - ] PDg2
Therefore, the equation of the line is
= ^a + c h - ]a + d g + ^d + b h - ^c + b h = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
y - 0 =- 3 ]x - 2g i.e., 3x+y = 2 3
y
D 0,1 C 1,1
A x
0,0 B 1,0
δ
7.48 Mathematics
Passage - 4 (Question 62 – 64) 64. AM - BM min & AM = BM.
Let M be ]h1 - hg AM = BM
& ]h - 1g2 + ]- h - 2g2 = ]h - 3g2 + ]- h - 1g2
Let C be the reflection of A in L / x + y = 0
& C / ^- 2, - 1h . Now AM + BM = CM + BM, &- 2h + 1 + 4h + 4 =- 6h + 9 + 2h + 1
Now, equation of BC is ^y + 1 h = 0 ]x + 2g 1
using the formula 2 # base # height
& y + 1 = 0 ....(1) where, height = distance of M from AB
y Matching Column Type
65. (a) OA = 1 + 4 cot i
A 1,2
OB = 4 + tan i
OA + OB = 5 + 4 cot i + tan i $ 5
O
B 3, −1
+ 2 4 cot i tan i
= 5 + ]2 # 2g = 9
C −2, −1 M
x+y=0
L≡x+y=0 A 1,2
x
O P 4, −1 X
B 3, −1
The reflection of P ^4, - 1h on y = x is Q ^- 1, 4 h .
AB : 3x + 2y = 7
Hence, PQ = ]4 + 1g2 + ]- 1 - 4g2 = 50 = 5 2
M 7, −7
(c) AB = 2 2
` On solving equation (1) with x + y = 0, we get
M / ^7, - 7h . Hence distance of M ^7, - 7h from OC = 2
N ^1, 1h = MN = ]7 - 1g2 + ]- 7 - 1g2
= 36 + 64 = 10 units
Straight Lines 7.49
The maximum value of d is
66. (a) Solving y = mx with y = 3x2 - 4x + 7.
OF = 2 + 2 2
3x2 - ]4 + mgx + 7 = 0 ; x1 + x2 =
4+m
3 =3
=3 2
m=5
E
Y 3 ^ x 2 + 2x + 1 h + 3 3 ]x + 1g2 3
2 ] x + 1g 2 ] x + 1g 2 ] x + 1g
F (b) y = ; y = +
y = 2 ] x + 1g + ]
D 3 3 3#3
2 x + 1g min
;y $ 2 2 2
0,2 B
C ymin $ 3
45°
O X (c) We know, BQ = ]s - bg where s is semi
A 2,0
1 ey+1o perimeter of 3 ABC. Hence BQ = 10
d. The given line is x = 4 + or
2 2
A
y = 2x - 9
B Q C
a = 16
Numerical Type
Hence max values of area is 3 a 2
1. A = d
3
, an
And according to the question
a
3 a 2 = 12
B = d-
3
, an
2a = 16
a
a=8
C = d-
3
, - an 2. Since orthocentre and circumcentre both lies on
a
Area of ACD y-axis
3
& Centroid also lies on y-axis
a
a
& / cos a = 0
3
1 - a - a
cos a + cos b + cos c = 0
T= 2
3
3 cos i a sin i cos
& a + cos3 b + cos3 c = 3 cos a cos b cos c
3
a cos 3a + cos 3b + cos 3c
a
`
cos a cos b cos c
1
]
2 6 a cos i - sin i
g
4 (cos 3a + cos3 b + cos3 c) - 3 (cos a + cos b + cos c)
3 a ]cos i - sin ig
=
cos a cos b cos c
= 12
We know cos i - sin i d 6- 2 , 2 @
7.50 Mathematics
3. P will be centroid of O ABC k-a
slope of PQ = =- 1
17 8 24 2 9 h - 2a
Pd
, n & PQ = d n +d n = 5
& k - a =- h + 2a
6 3 6 3
h+k
Single Options Correct
& a= ......(1)
3
4.
Also 2h = 2a + b
R
2k = a + b
& 2h = a + 2k
& a = 2h - 2k ......(2)
5
a
2
from (1) & (2)
h+k
= 2 (h - k)
3
60
P Q
so locus is 6x - 6y = x + y & 5x = 7y
x+y=5
7. The given set of lines is px + qy + r = 0
5/ 2
sin 60c = a
Also, given condition is 3p + 2q + 4r = 0
5 2 3 1
a= 3 which can be written as 4 p + 2 q + r = 0
6. -2
y=x Equation of CF is (y – 1) = 3 (x - 1)
⇒ 3y + 2x – 5 = 0 ...(iv)
Solving (ii) and (iv), we get vertex C b 2 , - 10 l
Q 35
x = 2y
(h,k) ∴Equation of side BC is
33
- 10 + 2
^ h b x - 35 l
P(2
, )
y 10 = 35
+ 2
2 + 13
Straight Lines 7.51
& ^y + 10 h = 61 b x - 2 l
13 35
h=6
^h k h = ^6, 2h
,
⇒ 26x – 122y = 1675
9. Let the coordinates of the centroid G of the DPQR
are (h, k) and coordinates of P are (m, n). AC = 81 + 9 = 90 (Diameter)
m+1+3 n+4-2 90 3 5#2 5
` h = 3 and k = 3
radius = 2 = =3
2 2
12. Equation of line y – 3 = m (x – 2)
mx – y = 2m – 3
⇒ m = 3h – 4 and n = 3k – 2
Now, P(m, n) lies on the line
2x – 3y + 4 = 0
∴ 2m – 3n + 4 = 0
x y
⇒ 2(3h – 4) – 3(3k – 2) + 4 = 0 2 - 3/m + 3 - 2m = 1
⇒ 6h – 8 – 9k + 6 + 4 = 0
h = 2 - 3/m k = 3 - 2m
3 3-k
⇒ 6h – 9k + 2 = 0
m = 2 - h, m = 2
3 3-k
2-h = 2 6 = 6 - 2k - 3h + hk
∴Locus of (h, k) is 6x – 9y + 2 = 0
2
locus xy - 3x - 2y = 0 or xy = 2x + 3y
So, slope of the above line is 3 .
- 23
`k= 5 or k = 2
Now, perpendicular distance from (h, h) to the line
As k is an integer, so k = 2
3x + 4y = 24 is the radius h.
A 2, −6
3h + 4h - 24
` =h
32 + 42
⇒ 7h – 24 = ±5h ⇒ h = 2 [ a h ≠ 12]
11. A ^- 3, 5h, B ^3, 3h
H E
α, β
B
D
C −2,2
5,2
2h - 3 2k + 5
3 = 3 3 =3
& orthocentre is b2, 2 l
2h = 12 k=2 1
7.52 Mathematics
14. ] x - 2g] x - 1g + ^ y - 2 h^ y - 3 h = 0
& b 2 - 2 lb 2 - 1 l + b 2 - 2 lb 2 - 3 l = 0
h+2 h+2 k+3 k+3
& ] x - 1g2 + ^ y - 2 h = 0
2
17.
8
m AC = 4 = 2 0,2 2 2
1
& mBD =- 2 . 1,1
18.
x + 3y = 3
60° 60°
30 ° 30°
3,0
=
40 # 39
= 780. 19. Let P be the point dividing ^1, 1h and ^2, 4 h in the
2
B (2,3 )
ratio 3: 2.
16.
M 3 2
1,1 P 2,4
A B' (h,k )
(1, 2 )
` P is b 5 , 5 l .
8 14
8 14
Let M is mid-point of BB' and AM is perpendicular Put x = 5 and y = 5 in 2x + y = k
1 22.
Area of 3= 2 ab
a2
&3= a - 1
d3 a 2 - 2a
da = ]a - 1g2 = 0
a ]a - 2g
]a - 1g2
& = 0 & a = 0, 2
2π / 3 (3, 4 )
1 R
,0
3 3x + y = 1
(0, 0 ) (6, 0 )
Line L has two possible slopes with inclination;
Multiple Options Correct
r
i = 3 ,i = 0
3. Point of intersection of both lines is
r
` equation of line L when i = 3 ,
c- c c m
y + 2 = 3 ] x - 3g ]a + bg , - ]a + bg
x 2 +y-1 x 2 -y+1
C: = m2
3 3
& C: | 2x 2 - (y - 1) 2 | = 3m 2
C cuts y - 1 = 2x at R (x1, y1) and S (x2, y 2)
3
So, | 2x 2 - 4x 2 | = 3m 2 & x = !
|m|
2