Dr. Eman F.

Sawires
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communications
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University.
 E. Sawires
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DSP Scenario
➢ Modern systems generally…….
➢ get a continuous-time signal from a sensor
➢ a continuous-time system modifies the signal
➢ Represent signals by a sequence of numbers (Sampling or analog-to-digital conversions)
➢ Perform processing on these numbers with a digital processor (Digital signal processing)
➢ and then (if desired) reconstruct analog signal from processed numbers (digital-to-analog
conversion)

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DSP Scenario
➢ Analog input – analog output ➢ Digital input – analog output
➢ Digital recording of music ➢ Text to speech
➢ Analog input – digital output ➢ Digital input – digital output
➢ Touch tone phone dialing ➢ Compression of a file on computer

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Why DSP?
➢ Digital data storage and transmission is much more effective than in the analogue form
➢ Flexibility: processing functions can be altered or adjusted
➢ Possibility of implementing much more complicated processing functions than in
analogue devices
➢ Efficient implementation of fast algorithms and matrix-based processing
➢ Speed of digital operation tends to grow rapidly with the years of technical progress
➢ Avery high accuracy and reliability is possible to achieve
➢ Dynamic range can be increased
➢ Signal multiplexing: simultaneous(parallel)processing

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Analog to Digital(A/D) Conversion
➢ Consists of 3 processes:
1. Sampling: Conversion from Continuous-Time, Continuous-Amplitude
signal to Discrete-Time, Continuous-Amplitude signal.
2. Quantizing: Conversion from Discrete-Time, Continuous-Amplitude
signal to Discrete-Time, Discrete-Amplitude signal.
3. Coding: Conversion from a Discrete-Time, Discrete-Amplitude signal
to an efficient Digital data format.

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Analog to Digital(A/D) Conversion

Speech, Television

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Analog to Digital(A/D) Conversion

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Analog to Digital(A/D) Conversion
1. Sample and Hold :

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Analog to Digital(A/D) Conversion
1. Sample and Hold :
➢The sampling of a continuous time signal 𝑋𝑎 (t) consists of keeping the
information of the signal 𝑋𝑎 (t) once every 𝑇𝑆 second (sampling period).

sampling period, 𝑻𝑺

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The Sampling Theorem

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The Sampling Theorem
➢It is possible to perfectly reconstruct a sampled signal from its samples if
the following condition is met:
➢ The sampling frequency 𝑭𝑺 is at least twice as large as the maximum
frequency 𝐹𝑀 of the signal.
➢ 𝑭𝑺 ≥2 𝑭𝑴 (Shannon, Nyquis, 1940)
➢𝑭𝑺 ≥2 𝑩, where B is the positive bandwidth of the signal.
➢e.g., Audio signal (to store in memory), 𝐹𝑀 = 3.5 KHz → 𝑭𝑺 =7KHz at
least. (𝑻𝑺 =142 µs), 𝑭𝑺 ≥ 7KHz
Fs = 1/Ts is the sampling rate given in samples per second

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The Sampling Theorem and Aliasing

𝑭𝑺 =11𝑭𝑴 𝑭𝑺 =3.3𝑭𝑴

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The Sampling Theorem and Aliasing
𝑭𝑺 =1.05𝑭𝑴

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Analog to Digital (A/D) Conversion
Quantization & Coding :
➢ Analog to Digital Converter (e.g., Comparator
ADC)
2. Coding :
➢ We need to encode each sample value in order to
store it in b bits memory location.
➢ But as b is limited, we have to consider a finite
values of samples.
e.g., If b = 3, we can have 2b=8 different possible
sample values.

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Analog to Digital (A/D) Conversion
Quantization & Coding :
inputs Outputs
𝐷6 𝐷5 𝐷4 𝐷3 𝐷2 𝐷1 𝐷0 𝑏2 𝑏1 𝑏0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

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Representation of Discrete Time Signals

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Representation of Discrete Time Signals

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Important Discrete Time Signals
➢ The basic digital functions (signal or sequence) are
➢Unit Impulse
➢Unit Step
➢Rectangular Signal
➢Ramp Signal
➢Real value exponential
➢Sinusoidal Signal

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 1. Unit Impulse Function

• The unit impulse function δ[n] has an amplitude of zero at all samples except n
= 0, where it has the value 1.
• Every digital signal can be written as a sum of impulse functions, using the
amplitude at each sample.
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Example: Determine the following:
a) δ[0]
b) δ[3]
c) δ[-2]
Answers

a) δ[0] = 1

b) δ[3] = 0

c) δ[-2] = 0

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Scaled Unit Impulse Function
Example: Draw the following signal:

x[n] = 4δ[n]

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Scaled Unit Impulse Function
Example: Draw the following signal:

x[n] = -2δ[n]

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Shifted Unit Impulse Function
Example: Draw the following signals:

a) x[n] = δ[n-2]

b) x[n] = δ[n+2]

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Shifted Unit Impulse Function
Example: Draw the following signals:

a) x[n] = δ[n-3]

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Unit Impulse Function
➢ Hence, the unit impulse signal can be used as a basic building
block for the construction & representation of other signals.

e.g., x[n] = δ[n+1]+2δ[n]+0.5δ[n-1]+3δ[n-3]

𝑥[𝑛] = ෍ 𝑥 𝑘 𝛿[𝑛 − 𝑘]
𝑘=−∝

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 Unit Impulse Function
Example: Write a function to describe the signal in the following
figure.

x[n] = δ[n] + δ[n-1] + δ[n-2] + δ[n-3]

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 Unit Impulse Function
Example: Write a function to describe the signal in the following
figure.

x[n] = 4δ[n] - 2δ[n-1] + 3δ[n-2] - δ[n-3]

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2. Unit Step Function
Example: Determine the values of the following
a) u[-1], b) u[0], c) u[1]

Answers

a) u[-1] = 0
b) u[0] = 1
c) u[1] = 1

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2. Unit Step Function
Example: Draw the signal x[n] = 3u[n]

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2. Shifted Step Function
Example: Draw the signal (a) x[n] = u[n - 2]
(b) x[n] = u[n + 2]

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2. Unit Step Function
Example: Draw the signal x[n] = u[-n]

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Unit Impulse & Unit Step Functions

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 2. Unit Step Function
Example: Draw the signal
x[n] = u[n] + 2u[n - 2]
2u[n - 2]

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2. Unit Step Function
Example: Draw the signal
x[n] = u[n] - u[n - 3]

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3. Rectangular Signal

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4. Ramp Signal

r[n] = nu[n]

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5. Real value exponential

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6. Sinusoidal Signal

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Example:
A discrete-time signal x[n] is defined as:

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