7 Another name for the large intestine swallowing and taste ‘, ing, 11 Muscular organ which assists with cbev! 6 @) What is It processing and uptake of il the The digestive system is respon oie and an array of nutrients to necds, ¢ can be classified by their nutrition, Every cell in an organism ds; thes remain alive. Humans ingest a variety of fe fi ifts), and proteins, Your body nutrition content as carbohydrates (sugars; 1P" source of energy. There asa generally cannot utilize food in its most complex for is a need for food to be broken down. een igesti jin functions: digestion of food, absorption Thedigestive system has three main vaste. Digestion is the process of of nutrients and elimination of solid food. ) f breaking down food into components the body can absorb. It occurs in two stages: mechanical digestion and chemical digestion. mouth and the stomach. The * Mechanical Digestion takes place within the food is acted upon mechanically or physically by the teeth and the tongue to break it down into smaller pieces. To break down mechanically means to bite, cut, tear, grind and mash large bits of food into a fine mixture. © Chemical Digestion is the chemical breakdown of large, complex food molecules into smaller, simpler nutrient molecules that can be absorbed by the blood. At this stage, digestive enzymes are needed to hydrolyze (uses water) and break down starch into glucose molecules, proteins into amino acids, and fats into fatty acids and glycerol. This stage of digestion begins in the mouth and stomach but occurs mainly in the small intestine. After food is digested, the resulting nutrients are absorbed. Absorption is ‘the process in which substances pass into the bloodstream, where they can rculate throughout the body. Absorption of nutrients occurs mainly in the small sstine. Any remaining matter from food that cannot be digested and absorbed into the large intestine as waste. The waste later passes out of the body the anus in the process of elimination. digestive system includes the digestive tract and its accessory organs, 8 food into molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the cells of‘THE DIGESTIVE TRACT The digestive tract, also called the alimentary canalor gastrointestinal tract,consists of long continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. The accessory organs, which include salivary gland, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas, secrete fluids into the digestive tract that helps in digestion. Source: https://bit.ly/2ZweMLO Figure 1. The Organs of the Digestive System ‘able 1 shows the description and functions of the digestive organs. Table 1. Description and Functions of Digestive Organs ty Description « Anterior opening * Guarded by upper and lower lips Contains oral glands, ue, and teeth Functions 1. Ingests food 2. Chews and mixes food 3, Begins chemical breakdown of carbohydrates 4. Moves food into the pharynx 5, Begins breakdown of|, propels food fro; J ervhy to the enaphir’ ora | = Propels food to the ~~ stomach (peristalsi, movement) id Mi with gastric juices t chyme 0 form « Begins chemical j breakdown of proteins « Releases food into the quodenum as chyme «Absorbs some fat-so} sol epics (tr carte, alcohol, aspirin) ple, | « Possesses antimicrobj, functions oo pee es aera » Mixes chyme with | digestive juices | « Propels food at a rate slow | | | tube « Site of final digestion © About 22 feet longs enough for digestion and stays around 4.5 hours | absorption | is « Internally lined with + Absorbs breakdown | pa eer a folds or villi products of | that increase tS surface carbohydrates, proteins, for absorption lipids, and nucleic acide « It has three parts: along with vitamins, : duodenum, jejunum and minerals, and water | / ileum ees ee a shies > Further breaks down food |. Posterior part of the jp reaidues | | digestive tube « Absorbs most residual yooh ere forabout Sto | water, electrolytes, and 25 hours of more stecpins « thas three parts: caecum; |e Propels feces toward colon, rectum peptum « Eliminates feces | | j | j | | Is Exit of fecal matter, | _ regulated by the anal sphincter ‘Posterior opening of theTable 2 shows the description and functions of the digestive glands. | | ba "Table 2. - Description « and Functions sof Digestive Glands ription Present only terrestrial animals ; * Ithas three types: * Secrete saliva for Sali types: | ee seean parotid gland, lubrication of food in | submandibular gland the oral cavity 4 and sublingual gland * Secretes gastric juice | eee canes * Found in the rugae (Mucin, Hydrochloric | (folds) of stomach acid, Pepsinogen, and Lipase) 8 und along tbe * Secretes pancreatic Pancreas peripheral surface of juice (digestive enzyme) the duodenum and bicarbonate * Secretes bile which * The largest gland in ; emulsify lipids, aiding . iver the body their digestion and * Storage of glycogen absorption * A small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of your abdomen, just beneath your liver Gall bladder * Stores, concentrates, and releases bile THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS Digestion starts when food is taken into the mouth. This is called ingestion. As you chew, you are breaking the food into small pieces as a means of mechanical breakdown. The pieces mix with saliva before you swallow. Saliva is a [Drection watery liquid made by the salivary glands. It softens and wets the food > in the mouth and also initially starts chemical digestion through the enzymes present in it. Then the food passes through the esophagus. Muscle contractions in the esophagus help move the food down to thestomach, This process is called peristalsis: Source! hups:/ pit.ly/0ACRAU Figure 2: peristalsis in the esophaguy that help digest food, ‘Th. e body ay he food and break it inty Is made by fi als murn and nel mux © Stomach juices are chemic stomach is made up of muscles that chur even smaller pieces. The digestive glands in the sto digest proteins. These digestive juices thick mucus layer helps keep this acidic chem! tissues of the stomach. mach lining produce acids and enzymes tha could, in fact, harm the stomach. However, ical environment from destroying the 4 through the small intestine. The hat are lined Up with tiny fingcrlike turn covered with even smaller dare absorbe' Digested molecules of foo many folds # walls of the small intestine contain protrusions called villi. These villi are in F protrusions called microvilli. These structures increase the surface area through which nutrients are absorbed. During absorption, these nutrients pass through the walls of the intestine and into the bloodstream where they get transported to the different parts of the body. The undigested parts of food eliminated as feces. This process is or those that were not absorbed by the body are called elimination or defecation.