DR Benudhar Patra
DR Benudhar Patra
JOURNAL
OF
INDIAN HISTORY
AND
CULTURE
September 2019
Twenty Fifth Issue
Editorial Board
Published by
Subscription
CONTENTS
EDITOR’S NOTE
The 25th issue of the Journal is in your hands. It has been a long
journey since 1996, encompassing a time of learning and
facing new challenges.
I would like to sincerely thank all our referees for finding time
for us.
Dr. G. J. SUDHAKAR
Journal of Indian History and Culture
1
Preservation and Conservation of Archival Materials
at the Library of
C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Institute of Indological
Research
1
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
2
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
3
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
4
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
5
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
6
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
7
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
8
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Others:
9
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
10
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Bibliogrpahy
11
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
12
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Besnagar
13
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
14
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Part I
Line I. Devadevasa Vasudevasa Garudadhvaje ayam
Line 2. Karate ia Heliodorena Bhaga-
Line 3. Vatena Diyasa putrena Takhkhasilakena
Line 4. Yonadutena agatena Maharajasa
Line 5. Amtalikitasa upamta sakasam rano
Line 6. Kasiputrasa Bhagabhadrasa tratarasa
Line 7. Vasena chatudasena rajena vadhamanasa.
Part II
Line I. Trini amuta-padani (iya) su-anuthitani
Line 2. Neyanti svagam dama chaga apramada (Sircar Vol. I
1942: 90-91).
15
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
16
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
17
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
18
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
could only have been a Greek who had read the Mahabharata
and taken the name directly from it (Tarn 1922: 380- 381).
19
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
20
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
1967: 22; Khare 1975: 92-96, Khare 1989: 62). The purpose of
the pillars was religious, not decorative as argued by
John Irwin (Irwin 1975-76: 166-176). Each pillar had a capital
associated with the Vrisni cult (Khare 1975: 95). Khare made
a conjectural drawing of the temple.
21
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Nagari
22
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
23
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Mathura
24
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Mora doorjamb
25
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
26
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
References
27
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
28
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Bibliography
29
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
30
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
3
Early Icons of Agni
V. Sandiyalakshmi, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor,
C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Institute of Indological Research,
Chennai
Abstract
31
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
with another, the fire is formed and it consumed the very own
parent wood. In another passage, Agni is said to have been
brought down by the sky, generated by Indra between two
clouds by Dyaus and in water. He has a triple existence. Agni
is thought to exist on earth as fire, in the atmosphere as
lightning and in the sky as sun3. The Vedic rishis had
conceived Agni as an important God for the sacrifices who
played the prime role in their rituals.
32
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
33
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
chariot.
Agni is
34
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
riding a
ram.
35
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
36
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
37
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
As the god of fire, Agni may well have been of Iranian origin
and this would explain his early predominance and Indra’s
rivalry. The Iranian fire God Athsho is depicted in the
Kanishka and Huviska coins of the Kushana period. He is
bearded, and is standing with two arms with flames emanating
from his shoulders. In the Kanishka coin (Plate1a) he has a
fillet in his right hand and his left hand rests on his hip,
whereas in the Huviska coin, he carries tongs in the left hand
and a hammer in the right (Plate1b). Athsho, the god of fire,
metals and the forge, was the Iranian equivalent of the Greek
god Hephaistos.
Plate 1a
38
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Plate 1b
Plate 1c
39
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Agni in Sculptures
40
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Plate 2
41
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Plate 3
Plate 4
42
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Plate 5
Plate 6
43
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Plate 7
In Kalinga art from the Raja Rani temple (Plate 8,) Agni
is standing on a lotus pedestal and his ram vāhana is carved
at the base of the pedestal. He has a long and tapering beard
and moustache. In Chola art Agni is standing, with four arms
holding the akshamālā and kamaṇḍalu in his upper two arms,
the lower arms in anjali pose. The upper part of the body is
bare and the lower garment reaches up to the mid-thigh and
all the Chola ornaments adorn the image.
Plate 8
44
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Plate 9
Plate 10
45
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Plate 11 Plate 12
Conclusion
46
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
References
47
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
48
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
&
Punit
Research Scholar,
Department of History, Punjab University, Sector 14,
Chandigarh.
49
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
50
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
51
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
52
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
53
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
54
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
55
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
56
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
57
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
58
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
59
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
60
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
References
61
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
62
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Bibliography
63
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
64
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
65
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
66
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
972 km. that makes it the third longest coast line in India. It
lies between 120 41 and 220 northern latitude, and 770 and
84040’ eastern longitude. It is bordered by the Bay of Bengal
in the east, Karnataka in the west, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh,
Telangana and Odisha in the north, and Tamilnadu in the
south.
67
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
68
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
69
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Sources
70
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
India and India may be useful for the study of Āndhra history.
The source material for these works can be classified under (1)
archaeology, including epigraphs and numismatics apart from
monuments and other ancient relics and (2) literature, both
Indian as well as foreign. Inscriptional evidences are useful for
the early Āndhra history. They are numerous and authentic.
Inscriptions were carved on seals, stone pillars, rocks, copper-
plates and temple walls.
71
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
72
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
73
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
for the control over the Godavari and Krishna river basins,
but does not claim any success for the latter11. His invasion
should have given force to the spread of Jainism. The record
establishes the Jain character of the earliest monuments at
Guntupalli.
74
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
75
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
76
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
77
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
78
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
79
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
80
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
81
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
82
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
83
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
84
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
85
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
86
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
87
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
88
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
89
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
90
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
References
91
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
92
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
93
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
94
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Vedas
95
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Grammatical texts
96
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
97
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
98
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
99
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Ardha-vimśatika 20 36
Pāda-vimśatika or pañcamāṣaka 10 18
Kārṣāpaṇa Series
Kārṣāpaṇa (=prati) 32 57.6
Ardha- Kārṣāpaṇa(=bhāga) 16 28.8
Pāda- Kārṣāpaṇa 8 14.4
Aṣṭa bhāga- Kārṣāpaṇa 4 7.2
Raupya-adyardha māṣaka 3 5.4
Raupya –māṣaka 2 3.6
Raupya tri- kākaṇī 1.5 2.7
Raupya ardha māṣaka or 0.75 1.8
Dvi – kākaṇī
Raupya- kākaṇī 0.5 0.9
Raupya ardha – kākaṇī 0.25 0.45
Kārṣāpaṇa Series
Kārṣāpaṇa 80 144
Ardha- Kārṣāpaṇa 40 72
Pāda- Kārṣāpaṇa 20 36
100
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Tri- māṣa 15 27
Aṣṭabhāga- Kārṣāpaṇa or 10 18
Dvi- māṣa
Māṣa 5 9
Ardha- māṣa 2.5 4.5
Kākaṇī 1.25 2.25
Ardha- kākaṇī 0.623 1.125
Arthaśāstra
101
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
References
102
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Bibliography
103
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Abstract
104
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Cult of Ardhanárisvara
105
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
106
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
107
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
108
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
109
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
110
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
111
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
112
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Conclusion
References
113
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
5. Ibid., p.241
6. Swami Avinasanndhar(Ed.), Tevara, Tiruvasaga Thirattu,
Sri Ramkrishna Madam, Chennai,1998, (Tamil), p.26
7. Pranabananda Jash, History of Saivism, Roy and
Chaudhury, Calcutta, 1974,p.157
8. Swami Avinasanndhar (Ed.), op.cit., p.104
9. Dr. R. Nagasamy, Siva Bhakti, Navrang, New Delhi, 1989,
p.172
10. Ibid., p.173
11. Ibid., p.173
12. M.A, Doorai Rangaswamy, op.cit., pp.244-245
13. B.Natarajan, Tillai and Nataraja, Mudugala Trust,
Madras, 1994, p.320
14. Ibid.,
15. Ibid.,
16. Prabananda Jash, History of Saivism, Roy and Chaudhury,
Calcutta, 1974, p.158
17. Prabananda Jash, Ibid., p.158
114
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
115
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
116
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
117
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
118
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
119
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
The jīva, who wrongly identifies with the mind, body and the
sense organs, is ignorant of its essential nature and undergoes
transmigration. Hence, the Advaitins say that this wrong
identification which is produced by ignorance can be removed
by knowledge that its true nature is Brahman.
120
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
121
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
122
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
123
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
124
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
125
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
126
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
127
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Śakti taught this to his son Parāsara and it then came to the
latter`s son Vyāsa, who taught this to his son Śuka. Till
this, according to this invocation, this tradition went on
where the father taught Vedanta to his son. Śuka was not
married and he taught this to his disciple Gauḍapāda from
whom Govindabhagavatpāda learnt Advaita. Śaṅkara happens
to the disciple of Govinda and that is how the tradition has
been coming down till today. The chief contribution of
Śaṅkara is his bhaṣyas on Prasthānatrayi i.e. on the
Upaniṣads, Brahmasūtras and Bhagavadgīta.
128
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
129
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
130
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
References
131
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
132
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Om Prakash, Ph.D.
Assistant professor in history,
Executive Director, Centre for Human Welfare and
Empowerment
National Law University, Rajasthan
Abstract
133
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Introduction
134
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
135
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
136
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
137
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
138
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
139
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
140
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
and Cossijurah Case (1779). All these three cases reflect the
conflict between the executive and judiciary at the most
ridiculous and wretched level.
(a) This was the result of the tussle between the Supreme
Council comprising Warren Hastings and the four
councilors, in which Chief Justice Impey, the childhood
friend of Warren Hastings decided to side with
Warren Hastings.
141
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
142
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
143
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
144
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
145
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
146
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
147
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
148
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
murderer, the Judge shall not pass any sentence, but shall
forward the record of the trial to the Nizamat Adaulat, and
wait the sentence of that court (Colebrook 1807, p. 115).
149
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
150
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
151
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
152
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Conclusion
References
153
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
154
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
155
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
156
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
10
Abstract
Key words: Porto Novo, Josiah Marshall Heath, Parry & Co,
Salem, Carburet, Robert Brunton, cast and wrought iron,
157
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Introduction
158
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
159
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
The ore was procured in the form of iron sand from the
beds of streams or was dug from shallow pits. Since the iron
bearing strata was widely scattered and transportation was by
using donkeys and buffaloes, smelting was limited to regions
where there was timber for charcoal production. The smelters,
lived in crude huts and frequently moved about in search of
better ore or timber. Iron was smelted in crude furnaces built
of clay. Two smeltings could be accomplished in a day.
Various types of crude bellows were used to blast the furnace.
Generally, the iron from the furnace was very impure and
required further forging before it could be made into tools
and implements but when finished it was often of very high
quality7. The Madras government records mention that
small scale ironsmiths produced wrought iron(malleable and
of high tensile strength iron alloy of low carbon content,
usually obtained by puddling pig iron when molten) using
cone shaped furnaces. The volume of ore fired in each furnace
each day varied from 116 to 195 kgs. These conical furnaces
were similar to modern blast furnaces.
160
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
161
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
162
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
163
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
164
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
165
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
166
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
to collect iron ore and cutting fuel in the district of south Arcot,
Malabar and Coimbatore18. In 1834, he was granted exclusive
rights for raising iron ores in Canara for 21 years within the
limits of the district19.
The Factory
167
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
168
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
169
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
The production
170
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Financial problems
171
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
172
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Impact on environment
173
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Impact on employment
174
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
175
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
176
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
177
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Oakes & Co., a firm which had been fairly successful with
its Beehive iron factory located at Madras. The Palampatti
works were closed in 1858. The Porto Novo & Beypore works
shut down in 1864. Further, in 1874, the Company was
finally dissolved and its privileges were surrendered to the
Government39.
178
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
179
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
The Tata Iron and Steel Company and Indian Iron and
Steel Company were launched in 1907 and 1918 respectively.
It was the Indian firm of Tata Iron and Steel pioneered
by Jamshedji Tata that proved to be the first big success
story in the iron and steel industry. The Britishers were very
skeptical of Indian manufacturing capability. The Chief
Commissioner for Indian Railways, Frederick Upcott on
hearing of the Tata venture commented that he would
“eat every pound of steel rail the Tata’s succeeded in
making.” Most of the British industries of Madras, who had
ventured into the engineering industry purchased their raw
materials from the Tata Iron and Steel Co42.
Conclusion
180
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
References
181
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
182
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
183
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
11
G. Balaji, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor,
C.P.R. Institute of Indological Research, Chennai - 600018.
184
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
185
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
186
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
187
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
188
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
189
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
190
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
191
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
192
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
193
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Art Deco
Bungalows of Madras
194
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
195
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
References
196
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
17. Stagg, H.C., Fort St. George and St. Marry’s Church,
The Madras Tercentenary Commemoration Volume,
Oxford University Press, Madras, 1939, p. 372.
18. Kuriyan, G., Growth of the City of Madras, The
Madras Tercentenary Commemoration Volume, Oxford
University Press, Madras, 1939, p. 295- 315.
19. Op.cit. Love, H.D., 1996, p. 309.
20. Raghavan, A. D., Some Old Madras Houses, The
Madras Tercentenary Commemoration Volume, Oxford
University Press, Madras, 1939, p. 116 -17.
21. Ibid.
22. Op.cit. Edith Tomory, 1989, p. 416.
23. Op.cit. Muthiah, S.,1992, p.241.
24. Ibid. p. 216-17.
25. Ibid. p. 68-69.
26. Krishna, Nanditha, Madras Then - Chennai Now, Roli
Books, New Delhi, 2014, p. 26.
27. Op.cit. Muthiah, S.,1992, p.300
28. Op.cit. Krishna, Nanditha, 2014, p. 61.
29. Op.cit. Edith Tomory, 1989, p. 352 - 61
30. Kalpana, K., and Frank Schiffer, Madras: the
architectural heritage, INTACH, Chenni, 2003, p. 161.
31. Ibid. p.160-163
32. Ibid. p.136, 141
33. https://www.wikiwand.com/en/T._Namberumal_Chetty
34. Texier, Simon, Panorama de l'architecture (in French),
Parigramme, Paris, 2012, p.128.
35. "Do Chennai's art deco buildings have a future?". Madras
Musings. XIX (6). 1–15 July 2009. Retrieved 23 Sep
2012.
197
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Bibliography
198
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Fig. 1. View from the King’s barracks Fort St. George, Madras
199
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
200
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
201
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
202
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
12
Abstract
203
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Introduction
204
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
205
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
206
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
207
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
208
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
209
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
210
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
211
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
212
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
213
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
214
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
215
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
216
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
References
217
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
218
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
219
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
13
Abstract
220
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Introduction
221
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
222
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
223
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
224
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
225
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
226
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
227
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
228
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
229
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
230
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
231
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
References
232
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
233
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
234
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
235
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
14
Abstract
236
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
It was not till the 20th century, however, that the child at
last found his status in society; that he came to be recognized
as a person in his own right.
237
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
238
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
239
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
The Board was requested to renew the grant for the next
financial year 1958-59 also and to enhance the contribution in
view of the expanding activities of this particular section.
Somehow or the other, the grant was not given, but the section
was run from out of funds of the institution. This had put
the finances of the institution under great strain. A matching
contribution of Rs.2,500/- was met from fees collected
240
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
241
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
the previous year. On 1st April, 1961, there were 341 boys
and 22 girls6. The strength of the institution increased to
405 inmates, consisting of 380 boys and 25 girls during the
course of the year. On the 1st April, 1962, there were
380 boys and 25 girls7. At the end of the year, the strength of
the institution was 310 boys and 21 girls. A statement
showing the details of admissions, discharges, etc. is furnished
below:
Girls 25 2 5 2 1 21
242
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Education
243
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Crafts Section
244
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
245
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Industrial Sections
Conclusion
246
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
References
247
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
248
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
15
B. Pramila, Ph.D.
Associate Professor and Head
Department of Historical Studies, Bharathi Women’s College
(Autonomous), Chennai
Abstract
249
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Introduction
250
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
251
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
252
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
253
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
National Level
254
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
255
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Present Scenario
256
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
TABLE - 1
Details of cases related to trafficking of women registered
during 2005-2015
Source: National Crime Records Bureau, 2005 - 2015
257
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
258
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
259
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Rehabilitation Measures
260
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
261
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
Conclusion
References
262
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
263
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
264
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
16
Sreerekha P.L.
Senior Research Scholar
Department of History, University of Kerala
Abstract
265
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
266
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
267
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
268
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
269
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
270
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
271
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
272
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
273
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
274
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
275
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
In this work, the dialogue between the author and his facts
takes us to a higher plane of interpretation in examining the
relationship between Chithira Thirunal and C.P. Ramaswami
Aiyar. Menon brings in an exhaustive array of documentary
evidence to prove his thesis exonerating C.P. Ramaswami
Aiyar of the charges levelled against him by insufficient
scholarship. Archival and related documentary sources from
the National Archives and Nehru Memorial Library, New Delhi
are garnered in support of his historical averments. Here the
author re-examines his earlier contentions and initiates a
new dialogue with sources. C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar is
presented in a new incarnation as a compliant, devoted and
extremely loyal subject of the Maharaja. Menon expatiated
that: “Neither of the two let down the other by blaming each
other for the lapses and failures of the administration. At
the same time each gave credit to the other for all positive
achievements of the reign” 21. The one quality, which
stands out in C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar is his mature loyalty.
While he took the blame on himself for all the failures. He
attributed his success to the co-operation that he received
from the Maharaja in abundant measure. Sreedhara Menon
276
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
277
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
278
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
279
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
280
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
281
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
282
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
283
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
284
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
285
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
References
286
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
287
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
288
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
289
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
17
BOOK REVIEW - 1
Edited by
Ravi Korisettar
Vol.1
290
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
291
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
292
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
293
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
294
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
295
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
16
BOOK REVIEW - 2
R.N.Nandi
296
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
297
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
298
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
299
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
300
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
301
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
302
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
303
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue
Journal of Indian History and Culture
304
September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue