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Integration

The document provides an overview of integration, which involves calculating areas under curves and finding antiderivatives. It discusses indefinite integrals, which are used to find antiderivatives, and definite integrals, which are used to calculate areas. Various integration techniques are covered, including substitution, integration by parts, and integrating rational fractions by partial fractions decomposition. Examples are provided for each concept to illustrate the techniques. Applications of definite integrals like finding volumes and surface areas are also summarized.

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Sameer Sohail
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72 views15 pages

Integration

The document provides an overview of integration, which involves calculating areas under curves and finding antiderivatives. It discusses indefinite integrals, which are used to find antiderivatives, and definite integrals, which are used to calculate areas. Various integration techniques are covered, including substitution, integration by parts, and integrating rational fractions by partial fractions decomposition. Examples are provided for each concept to illustrate the techniques. Applications of definite integrals like finding volumes and surface areas are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Sameer Sohail
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integration

24 March 2023 14:52

Integration:
→ A branch of calculus in which we study how to find area of
indefinite shapes (Or) area under a curve and how to find
antiderivative of a function and to solve differential equations.

Two types of integrals:


• Indefinite Integral (Used to find antiderivative of a function and to
solve differential equations)
• Definite Integral (Used to find area under the curve)

a) Indefinite Integral (
→ Used to find antiderivative of a function

Let , then

Now,

Example:

a) Definite Integral (

→ Used to find area under a curve

Why don't we add constant of integration in Definite


Integrals?

Rules of Integration:

Remember: Derivative of 'x' w.r.t 'x' ( is 1 and derivative of just 'x' is dx

1)

2)

Integration Page 1
3)

4)

5)

Example 1:

Solution:

Example 2:

Solution:

Example 3:

Solution:

Example 4:

Solution:
=ln

Example 5:

Solution:

*Example 6:

Integration Page 2
Solution:

Evaluating Definite Integrals:

Example:

Solution:

Integration of Exponential Functions:

1)

2)

Example:

Solution:

Integration of Trigonometric Functions:

1) x dx = -cos x + C
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

Example:

Integration Page 3
Solution:

Techniques of Integration:

1) Integration By Substitution:

Example:

We will use substitution in this scenario

Let u=1+x x

Now substitute all the values in the integral

2) Integration By Parts:
Let u and v be two functions in product form

Now how to choose 'u' and 'dv'

Choose 'u' such that it can be differentiated easily

Note: We differentiate 'u' and we integrate dv

Use LIATE rule to choose 'u'

Here,
L=Logarithm Function
I=Inverse Trigonometric Function
A=Algebraic Function
T=Trigonometric Function
E=Exponential Function

Example 1:

Integration Page 4
E=Exponential Function

Example 1:

Solution:

Let &

&

Using Integration by Parts

Example 2:

Solution:

Let &

Using Integration by Parts

Example 3:

Solution:

Let

Using Integration by Parts

Integration Page 5
Example 4:

Solution:

Let

&

Using Integration by Parts

Again using integration by parts

Put in equation (1)

It is important to remember the following rule:

Example:

Solution:

1) Integration of Rational Fractions:

Partial Fractions

Partial Fractions Resultant Fraction

Integration Page 6
Examples:

In order to integrate these rational fractions first resolve them into partial fractions and then integrate

Case 1) If the denominator contains linear factors

Example:

Case 2) If the denominator contains repeated linear factors

Example 1:

Example 2:

Example 3:

Case 3) If the denominator contains reducable quadratic factors

Example:

Case 4) If the denominator contains irreducible quadratic factors

Example:

Example Question:

Integration Page 7
Solution:

Multiply both sides by

Put in eq(ii), we get

Put in eq(ii), we get

Therefore,

Integrating on both sides

Example Question:

Solution:

Multiply by









Put the values of A and C in above equation

Integration Page 8

Integrating on both sides

Solution:

Multiply both sides by (



Comparing coefficients of

Comparing constants
3=2A-C

Some Other Formulae of Integration

Integration Page 9
1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)

10)

Example 1:

Solution:

Example 2:

Solution:

Applications of Definite Integrals

1) Area of the region


2) Arc length
3) Volume of the solid of revolution
4) Surfaces of revolution

1. Area of the region/Area between two curves/Area of the region bounded by two curves

Integration Page 10
1. Area of the region/Area between two curves/Area of the region bounded by two curves

Formula:

Example:

Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of

Solution:

Either, or
x=0 , x-1=0
x=0, x=1

Using

Example:

Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of

Solution:

Equate both functions

Integration Page 11
Equate both functions

Either

or

2. Volume of the Solid of Revolution:

Formula:

Example:
Find the volume of the solid that is obtained when the region under the
curve y = over the interval [1, 4] is revolved about the x-axis

Solution:

Integration Page 12
3. Area of a Surface of Revolution:

If is a smooth, non-negative function on [ ], then the surface


area of the surface of revolution that is generated by revolving the portion of the curve
between and about the is defined as

If is a smooth, non-negative function on [ ], then the surface


area of the surface of revolution that is generated by revolving the portion of the curve
between and about the is defined as

Example:
Find the area of the surface that is generated by revolving the portion of
the curve between and about the x-axis.

Solution:

Integration Page 13
Example 2:
Find the area of the surface that is generated by revolving the portion of
the curve between and about the y-axis.

Solution:

Integration Page 14
Integration Page 15

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