HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)

Part II Microscopic world I

Chemistry: Chapter 7 Chemical bonding: ionic bonding and metallic bonding

Combined Science (Chemistry Part): Chapter 7 Chemical bonding: ionic bonding and
metallic bonding

Structured questions

Sections 7.17.5
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Lithium is an alkali metal in the Periodic Table. It occurs in two isotopic forms.

(a) What is the meaning of the term ‘isotope’? (1 mark)

(b) The two isotopes are and , with the relative abundance of 7.6% and
92.4% respectively. Calculate the relative atomic mass of lithium. (2 marks)

(c) When lithium is exposed to air, the metal surface becomes dull.
(i) Name the compound that makes the metal surface become dull. (1 mark)

(ii) Draw the electron diagram of the compound, showing electrons in the
outermost shells only. (1 mark)

(iii) Suggest a method to store lithium in the school laboratory. (1 mark)

(d) Compare the reactivity of lithium and sodium. Explain briefly. (2 marks)

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(a) Isotopes are different atoms of the same element, with the same number
of protons but different numbers of neutrons. 1
(b) Relative atomic mass of lithium = 6 × 7.6% + 7 × 92.4% 1
= 6.924 1
(c) (i) Lithium oxide 1
(ii)

1
(iii) Store under paraffin oil 1
(d) Sodium is more reactive than lithium. 1
Sodium is below lithium in the Periodic Table. The reactivity of Group I
metals increases down the group. 1
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Sodium carbonate is very useful in the manufacture of glass.

(a) Explain whether carbonate ion is a simple ion or a polyatomic ion. (1 mark)

(b) Suggest a test for sodium ion. (2 marks)

(c) Suggest a test for carbonate ion. (2 marks)

(d) Name the type of bonding that holds the sodium ions and carbonate ions together
in sodium carbonate. (1 mark)

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(a) Carbonate ion is a polyatomic ion as it is derived from a group of atoms. 1

(b) Perform flame test. 1
A golden yellow flame is observed. 1
(c) Add dilute hydrochloric acid to the sample. 1
Colourless gas bubbles which turn limewater milky evolve. 1
(d) Ionic bonding 1
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The electronic arrangement of selenium (Se) is 2, 8, 18, 6.

(a) Which group of the Periodic Table does selenium belong to? (1 mark)

(b) State whether selenium is a metal, semi-metal or non-metal. (1 mark)

(c) Selenium reacts with aluminium to form compound X.

(i) Name the type of bonding in X. (1 mark)

(ii) Write the chemical formula of X. (1 mark)

(iii) Draw the electron diagram of X, showing electrons in the outermost shells
only. (1 mark)

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(a) Group VI 1
(b) Non-metal 1
(c) (i) Ionic bond 1

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(ii) Al2Se3 1
(iii)

1
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The following diagrams show the atomic structure of three particles:

8p+ 8p+ 11p+

8n 10n 12n

X Y Z
+
p = proton; n = neutron

(a) Name the particles X and Z. (2 marks)

(b) Which Period does Z belong to? (1 mark)

(c) What is the relationship between X and Y? (1 mark)

(d) X forms a compound with the element form of Z. Draw the electron diagram of
the compound formed. (1 mark)

(e) Y also forms a compound with the element form of Z. State ONE difference
between two compounds. (1 mark)

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(a) X is an oxygen atom. 1
Z is a sodium ion. 1
(b) Period 3 1
(c) They are isotopes. 1
(d)

1
(e) They have different masses. 1
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Elements X and Y form ionic oxides X2O and Y2O3 respectively.

(a) Which groups of the Periodic Table do X and Y belong to? (2 marks)

(b) X and Y are in the same period. Which element, X or Y, has a greater atomic
number? Explain your answer. (2 marks)

(c) Y reacts with chlorine to give compound Z.

(i) In terms of electron transfer, describe how Z forms. (2 marks)

(ii) Draw the electron diagram of Z, showing electrons in the outermost shells
only. (1 mark)

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(a) X belongs to Group I. 1
Y belongs to Group III. 1
(b) Y has a greater atomic number. 1
In the Periodic Table, elements are arranged in ascending order of atomic
number. As X is a Group I element while Y is a Group III element, Y
should be on the right-hand side of X in the table. 1
(c) (i) Each Y atom loses three electrons to attain an electronic structure of
the nearest noble gas. 1
Each chlorine atom gains one electron to attain an octet structure. 1
(ii)

1
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Sections 7.67.7
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In the set-up below, a small crystal of potassium permanganate was placed at the
centre of a piece of filter paper soaked with sodium sulphate solution.
small crystal of KMnO4(s)

filter paper moistened

with Na2SO4(aq)
electrode P electrode Q

6 V d.c. supply

(a) (i) State the purpose of moistening the filter paper with sodium sulphate

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solution. (1 mark)

(ii) State and explain whether the filter paper can be moistened with copper(II)
sulphate solution instead of sodium sulphate solution. (2 marks)

(b) A purple spot was later found on the filter paper closer to electrode Q. Name the
substance responsible for the observation. (1 mark)

(c) Deduce the polarity of electrode Q. Explain your answer. (2 marks)

(d) What would happen if the polarities of the two electrodes were reversed?
(1 mark)

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(a) (i) To increase the electrical conductivity of the filter paper 1
(ii) The filter paper cannot be moistened with copper(II) sulphate solution. 1
Copper(II) ions are blue in colour and the colour will interfere the
migration of ions being studied. 1
(b) Permanganate ions 1
(c) Electrode Q is the positive electrode. 1
Permanganate ions are negatively charged and move towards the positive
electrode. 1
(d) The purple spot would migrate towards the opposite direction. 1
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Consider the set-up as shown below.

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carbon rod carbon rod

dilute hydrochloric acid dilute hydrochloric acid

a gel containing copper(II)

ions and dichromate ions

(a) Explain why dilute hydrochloric acid is added to each side of the tube. (1 mark)

(b) Which colour slowly migrates towards the cathode? Which type of ions is
responsible for this colour migration? (2 marks)

(c) Which colour slowly migrates towards the anode? Which type of ions is
responsible for this colour migration? (2 marks)

(d) State the hazardous nature of dilute hydrochloric acid. (1 mark)

(e) What would happen if the carbon rods are replaced by wooden rods? (1 mark)

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(a) To increase electrical conductivity. 1
(b) Blue 1
Copper(II) ions 1
(c) Orange 1
Dichromate ions 1
(d) It is irritating. 1
(e) There is no observable change. 1
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X, Y and Z are three elements in Period 2 of the Periodic Table. Y is the most abundant
component in air. Z is the most reactive non-metal. X is a metal with the density lower
than water.

(a) (i) What is element Z? (1 mark)

(ii) What is the special name of the group which Z belongs to? (1 mark)

(iii) State the appearance of element Z at room conditions. (1 mark)

(b) X can form a compound with Y. Draw the electron diagram of the compound
formed, showing electrons in the outermost shells only. (1 mark)

(c) X can also form a compound with Z.

(i) Name the compound. (1 mark)

(ii) Predict the colour of the compound in solid state. (1 mark)

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(a) (i) Fluorine 1
(ii) Halogen 1
(iii) It is a pale yellow gas. 1
(b)

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1
(c) (i) Lithium fluoride 1
(ii) White 1
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*Outline an experiment to show that copper(II) dichromate is made up of ions. State
the observable changes in the experiment. (5 marks)

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- Moisten a filter paper with sodium sulphate solution and fix it on a
microscope slide with crocodile clips. 1
- Add a few drops of copper(II) dichromate solution to the centre of the
filter paper. Switch on the power supply and pass electricity for at least
15 minutes. 1
- An orange spot moves towards the positive electrode. 1
- A blue spot moves towards the negative electrode. 1
It shows that copper(II) dichromate contains ions.
- Communication mark 1
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