PSOC UNIT- 3

1. How stability studies are classified? What are they?

Ans: The power system stability of a power system can be of several types
depending upon the nature of the
disturbance, and for successful
analysis, it can be classified into the
following three types as shown below:

2. Define steady-state and transient stabilities.

Ans:
Steady state stability: “It is the ability of the system to remain in synchronism
when subjected to small disturbances”.
Transient stability: “It is the ability of the system to remain in synchronism
when subjected to large disturbances”.
3. What are the causes for large disturbances in the power system?

Ans: 1. switching on or off of large loads 2.large generators tripping

3.Faults etc.

4. What are the methods considered for improving steady state stability?

Ans: 1. Operate the system at higher voltages

2. Reduce the reactance(X) of the network.

a. By using parallel transmission lines b. By using Bundled conductors.

c. Use double circuits d. Series capacitors.
5. What are the methods considered for improving transient stability?
Ans: The following methods considered for improving transient stability
 selection of M values
 Employ fast acting circuit breaker
 Employ high speed governors
 System should operate low initial power angles.
 High speed voltage regulators
 Employ single pole circuit breaker operation.
6. Define swing curve? What is the use of this curve?

Ans: Swing curve (or) Power Angle Curve of Synchronous Machine is the
graphical representation of electrical output with respect to the power angle.
A swing curve can be used to see how a generator will stabilize after a
disturbance.

7. Write the list of electrical factors which will affect the stability
problem in the power system.

Ans: 1.Transfer reactance 2. Excitation voltage 3.load angle

Long questions:

1. Explain the elementary concepts of steady state, dynamic and

transient stabilities.
Ans: Stability: It is the ability of synchronous machine to deliver maximum
amount of power to the load by maintain the synchronization with the
externally connected transmission line.
The power system stability of a
power system can be of several types
depending upon the nature of the
disturbance, and for successful analysis,
it can be classified into the following three
types as shown below:
Steady state stability: “It is the ability of the system to remain in
synchronism when subjected to small disturbances”. Small disturbances can
be small load changes like switching on or off of small loads, line tripping,
small generators tripping etc.
Transient stability: “It is the ability of the system to remain in synchronism
when subjected to large disturbances”. Large disturbances can be faults,
switching on or off of large loads, large generators tripping etc.

Dynamic Stability:- Dynamic stability involves the response to small

disturbances that occur on the system, producing oscillations. The system is
said to be dynamically stable if theses oscillations do not acquire more than
certain amplitude and die out quickly. If these oscillations continuously grow
in amplitude, the system is dynamically unstable.

2. Explain the determination of steady state stability. or Derive the

expression for the maximum power transfer from the steady state power.

Ans: Concept of steady state stability: It is the study which implies small

and gradual variations (or) changes in the working state of the system. The

purpose is to determine the higher limit of loading in the machine before

going to lose the synchronism. The load is increased slowly.

 Consider the synchronous generator motor system as shown in fig.
below .the generator and motor have reactance’s Xg and Xm respectively. They
are connected through a line of reactance Xl.

The graph P vs δ is called power angle curve.

The system will be stable so long dP/dδ is
positive. Theoretically
 If the load power is increased in very
small increments from δ=0 to δ=π/2,
the system will be stable.
 At δ=π/2 the steady state stability limit
will be reaches to Pmax which is
dependent on EgEm and X
 The steady state stability limit of a particular circuit of a power system
defined as the maximum power that can be transmitted to the receiving end
without loss of synchronism.

3. Derive the expression for swing equation with a necessary diagram.

Ans: The Swing Equation: Fig a Shows the torque, speed and flow of mechanical
and electrical powers in a synchronous machine.

The differential equation governing the rotor dynamics can then be written as

Where
θm = angle in rad(mech)

Tm =turbine torque in Nm,

Te = electromagnetic torque developed in Nm

While the rotor under goes dynamics as per Eq-1, the rotor speed changes by
insignificant magnitude for the time perod of interst(1Sec). Eq-1 can therefore be
converted into its more convinent power form by assuming rotor speed to rem,ain
constant at the synchronous speed (Wsm).Multiply bothe eq-1 by Wsm we can write
Which

Pm = mechanical power input in MW

Pe=electrical power output in MW, Stator copper loss is assumed negligible.

Rewriting Eq-2

Where θe =angle in rad (elect) (Or)

It is more convenient to measure the angular

position of the rotor with respect to a
synchronously rotating frame of reference.

Let δ = θe + ωst

From above expression

Hence equation (3) can be written in terms of δ as

4. Draw a diagram to illustrate the application of equal area criterion to

study Transient stability when there is a sudden increase in the input
of generator.
Ans: Effect of increase in load (or) sudden change in mechanical input.
Consider a single generator feeding energy to infinite bus as shown fig.
the electrical power transmitted by the alternator is given by
 In Fig. point ‘a’ corresponding to the δ
is the initial steady-state operating point. At
this point, the input power to the
machine,Pm0 = Pe0 , where is the developed
power. When a sudden increase in shaft
input power occurs to Pm, the accelerating
power Pa , becomes positive and the rotor
moves toward point ‘b’.

Consequently, the rotor accelerates and power angle begins to increase.

At point Pm = Pe and δ =δ1. But dδ/dt is still positive and δ overshoots ‘b’, the
final steady-state operating point. Now Pa is negative and δ ultimately reaches
a maximum value δ2 or point ‘c’ and swing back towards point ‘b’. Therefore
the rotor settles back to point ‘b’, which is ultimate steady-state operating
point.

For stability, the area under the graph of accelerating Pa versus δ must
be zero for some value of δ; i.e., the positive (accelerating) area under the
graph must be equal to the negative (decelerating) area.
5. Derive the formula for calculating critical clearing angle. (or)
Derive the expression for critical clearing angle for a system having a
generator feeding a large system through a double circuit line.

Ans: Critical Clearing Angle and Critical Clearing Time:- If a fault occurs
in a system, δ begins to increase under the influence of positive accelerating
power, and the system will become unstable if δ becomes very large. There is
a critical angle within which the fault must be cleared if the system is to
remain stable and the equal area criterion is to be satisfied. This angle is
known as the critical clearing angle.

Initially the alternator is supplied with a mechanical input of Ps and the

corresponding electrical output of Pe1. It is represented by point a on the power
angle curve.

When a 3 phase short circuit or 3 phase taking place at the middle of

the transmission line, the electrical output becomes Pe2 hwere as the
mechanical input remains the same it is represented by the point b on Pe2
curve.

-ve, deceleration

Let us assume the breaker is open to disconnect the faulty line in a

graphical manner at C.

The angle corresponding to C is critical clearing angle δc and the speed

at c is maximum speed.
 When the breaker clear the fault,
there is no change in the mechanical
input but electrical output will be
transferred on to Pe3 curve which is
indicated by d.

There are no cycles which got lapse

inorder to transfer the real power from
Pe2 to Pe3. So the speed and angle at d will
be same as the speed and angle at c.

Due to inertia of the ratating body, the rotor angle will be further
increased to the extent that w=ws in a critical clearing manner.
 If the actual angle made by the breaker is less than the critical clearing
angle of the system then the system is stable.
 If the actual angle made by the breaker is more than the critical clearing
angle of the system then it is unstable.
6. Describe the latest methods for improving the transient stability.
Ans: The following methods considered for improving transient stability
1. Selection of M values: In order to maintain the transient stability the
moment of inertia of the machine is high. Because for a given
acceleration power there will be a slow rate of change of rotor angle.
2. Employ fast acting circuit breaker: If the speed of the CB is high then
the time taking by the breaker in order to clear the fault is less so that A1< A2.
3. Employ high speed governors: when fault occurs on the line Pe
decreases but mechanical input is constant this is not desirable as and when
fault occurs the Pe decreases.
Therefore mechanical input should be also decreases at faster rate. For
controlling mechanical input in modern power system electronic controllers
are using where as in olden days fly ball mechanism were used.

4. System should operate low initial power angles: If the steady state
stability limit of the system is high. The initial angle of the system is less. So
that transient stability of the system can be maintain.

5. High speed voltage regulators: If a short circuit fault occurs on any

one of the parallel transmission line it will reflect reducing in the voltage due
to inductive nature of the fault. The power transfer during the fault will
reduce, in order to increase the power transfer it is required to increase the
voltage of the system by controlling the capacitive reactive power. This can be
achieved by excitation of the synchronous machine at a faster rate (or) closing
the switched capacitors in a high speed manner.

6. Employ single pole circuit breaker operation: If LG fault occurs on

the system then, only one phase should be opened and other phases carry
power. So better to go for single pole circuit breaker operation. It is costly but
it is better to employ where stability effect is more.
7. Breaking resistor: When fault occurs if electrical output is zero, the
mechanical input remains constant, to maintain stability breaking resistors
act as load.
8. Improved steady-state stability: Transient stability of the system can
be maintain by increasing steady state stability limit of the system.
7. Explain Transfer reactance and Inertia constant related to power
system stability studies.
Ans: Transfer reactance: It is defined as the total reactance which directly
connects the two emf sources is known as transfer reactance. It has an
important effect on power angle curve maximum power transfer is inversely
proportional of the transfer reactance.
The maximum steady state power transfer Pm occurs when δ = 90.
Pm =EgEm/X
The maximum power limits is inversely proportional to the transfer
reactance.

Inertia constant:
8. Derive an expression for steady state stability limit of a short
transmission line having send end and receiving end voltages Vs and
Vr an impedance Z.
Ans:
9. Draw and explain the characteristics between power received and load
angle with necessary equations.
Ans: Power-Angle Curve: Consider a synchronous machine connected to
an infinite bus through a
transmission line of reactance
Xl shown in a figure below. Let us
assume that the resistance and
capacitance are neglected.
Equivalent diagram of synchronous machine connected to an infinite
bus through a transmission line of series reactance Xl is shown below:
Active and reactive power transferred to the system

The maximum steady-state power transfers occur when δ = 900

The graphical representation of Pe and the load angle δ is called the

power angle curve. It is widely used in power system stability studies. The
power angle curve is shown below
 Maximum power is transferred when δ = 90⁰.
As the value of load angle δ is above 90,
Pe decrease and becomes zero at δ = 180⁰.
The total reactance between two voltage
sources E and X is called the transfer
reactance. The maximum power limit is
inversely proportion to the transfer
reactance.

10. A double circuit, 3-phase feeder connects a single generator to a large

network. The power corresponding to the limit of steady state stability for
each circuit is 120 MW. The line is transmitting 90 MW, where one of the
circuits is suddenly switched out. Find with reference to appropriate
diagram whether the generator is likely to remain in stable.
11. An alternator has reactance of 1.3 p.u is connected to an infinite bus
bar with voltage 1.1 p.u through transformer and a line of total reactance
of 0.75 p.u. The alternator no load voltage is 1.04 p.u and its inertia
constant is 6 MW-Sec/MVA p.u with a frequency of 50 Hz. Find the
frequency of natural oscillations if the machine is loaded to (i) 50% and (ii)
75% of its maximum power limit.
12. A 4-pole, 50 Hz, 26 kV turbo alternator has a rating of 100 MVA, p.f 0.8
lag. The moment of inertia of rotor is 8000 kg-m2 . Determine M and H.
13. A 4 pole, 50 Hz, 60 MVA turbo generator has a moment of inertia of
9x103 kg-m 2 . Find the kinetic energy in MJ at rated speed, the inertia
constant M and H, the acceleration in degrees per sec2 and in rpm/sec. If
the input power is 20 MW and the output power is 14 MW.
14. An alternator supplies 50 MW to the infinite bus bar, the steady state
limit of the system being 100 MW. Determine whether the alternator will
remain the synchronism if the prime mover input is increased to 32 MW by
assuming the losses are zero.