(Chapter 12) Electrolyte Solutions: Milliequivalents, Millimoles, and Milliosmoles

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(Chapter 12)

Electrolyte Solutions:
Milliequivalents, Millimoles, and
Milliosmoles

Lecture 2

Lecturer Anas Tarik Nafei


Millimoles and Micromoles

Electrolyte concentrations expressed in millimoles per liter (mmol/L)


in representing the combining power of a chemical species.
A mole is the (molecular weight of a substance in grams). A
millimole is one thousandth of a mole (molecular weight of a
substance in milligrams) and a micromole is one millionth of a mole
(molecular weight of a substance in micrograms).
Mole = wt. (g) / m.wt.
Millimole = wt. (mg) / m.wt.
Micromole = wt. (µg) / m.wt.
Important notes:
1- Millimolar conversions do not take into account the valence of an
electrolyte as do milliequivalent conversions.

For monovalent species, the numeric values of the milliequivalent


and millimole are identical.

2- Similar to milliequivalents, the millimoles of the compound are


equal to the millimoles of the cation, which are equal to the
millimoles of the anion, but this does not hold true for the actual
weights of the ions.
Example calculations of Millimoles and Micromoles

1) How many millimoles of monobasic sodium phosphate monohydrate (m.wt.


138) are present in 100 g of the substance?

m.wt. = 138
100 g = 100000 mg
mmol = wt.(mg) / m.wt.
mmol = 100000/ 138 = 724.64 mmol ≈ 725 mmol
or
According to the definition each 1 mole = 138 g
1 mole 138 g
X= 0.725 moles = 725 mmol
X mole 100 g
2) What is the weight, in milligrams, of 5 mmol of potassium phosphate
dibasic?

+ 2−
m.wt. of K 2 HPO4 = [2 x 39 (K ) + 96 (HPO4 ) = 174

mmol = wt. (mg) / m.wt.


5 = wt.(mg) / 174
wt. (mg) = 870 mg
3) Convert blood plasma levels range of 0.5 microgram/mL and 2
microgram /mL for tobramycin (m.w. = 467.52) to micromole /L?
Micromole = wt. (µg) / m.wt.
Micromole = 0.5 µg / 467.52 = 0.0010695

0.0010695 mcmol 1 mL
x 1000 mL = 1.07 mcmol / L
Micromole = 2µg / 467.52 = 0.0042778

0.0042778 mcmol 1mL = 4.28 mcmol / L


x mcmol 1000mL

Range = 1.07 – 4.28 mcmol / L


(4) If lactated Ringer’s injection contains 20 mg of calcium chloride
dihydrate (CaCl2 ・ 2H2 O) in each 100 mL, calculate the millimoles of
calcium present in 1 L of lactated Ringer’s injection.

m.wt. of CaCl2 ・ 2H2 O = 40 (Ca2+ ) + [2x 35.5 (Cl− )] + [2 x 18


(H2 O)] = 147
1 L = 1000 mL
Millimole = wt. (mg) / m.wt.
mmol = 20 / 147 = 0.136
0.136 mmol 100 mL = 1.36 mmol / L of CaCl2 ・ 2H2 O
X mmol 1000 mL = 1.36 mmol / L of Ca2+
(5) If lactated Ringer’s injection contains 20 mg of calcium chloride
dihydrate (CaCl2 ・ 2H2 O) in each 100 mL. How many micromoles of
calcium are present in each milliliter of lactated Ringer’s injection?

m.wt. of CaCl2 ・ 2H2 O = 40 (Ca2+ ) + [2x 35.5 (Cl− )] + [2 x 18 (H2 O)] = 147

Microgram = 20 mg X 1000 = 20000 µg / 100 mL

Micromole = wt. (µg) / m.wt.


mcmol = 20000 / 147 = 136

136 mcmol 100 mL


= 1.36 mcmol / mL of CaCl2 ・ 2H2 O
X mcmol 1 mL
= 1.36 mcmol / mL of Ca2+
(6) A patient is receiving a slow intravenous infusion containing 40 mEq
of potassium chloride in 1000 mL of fluid. If, after 12 hours, 720 mL of
infusion had been in used, how many millimoles of potassium chloride
were administered?

M.wt. of KCl = 39 (𝐾 + ) + 35.5 (𝐶𝑙 − ) = 74.5 Valence = 1


mg = mEq x Atomic, formula, or molecular weight /Valence
mg = 40 x 74.5 / 1 = 2980 mg / 1000 mL of KCl received by patient

2980 mg 1000 mL
= 2145.6 mg of KCl after 12 hours
X mg 720 mL

Millimole = wt. (mg) / m.wt.


mmol = 2145.6 / 74.5 = 28.8 mmol of KCl were administered
(7) A medication order calls for 1.8 g of potassium chloride in 60 mL of
solution. How many millimoles of KCl are contained in each milliliter?

M.wt. of KCl = 39 (𝐾 + ) + 35.5 (𝐶𝑙 − ) = 74.5

Mg = 1.8 gm x 1000 = 1800 mg

1800 mg 60 mL
= 30 mg of KCl
X mg 1 mL

Millimole = wt. (mg) / m.wt.


mmol = 30 / 74.5 = 0.403 mmol / mL of KCl
(8) Calculate the concentrations in mmol/L for each of the following
infusion solutions: (a) 5% NaCl, (b) 3% NaCl, (c) 0.9% NaCl (NSS), (d)
0.45% NaCl (half -NSS), and (e) 0.2% NaCl.
M.wt. of NaCl = 23 (𝑁𝑎+ ) + 35.5 (𝐶𝑙 − ) = 58.5
A) mg = 5 gm x 1000 = 5000 mg
5000 mg 100 mL = 50000 mg / L
X mg 1000 mL
Millimole = wt. (mg) / m.wt.
mmol = 50000 / 58.5 = 854.7 mmol / L

B) same as branch A: 30000 mg / L C) same as branch A: 9000 mg / L


mmol = 30000 / 58.5 = 512.82 mmol / L mmol = 9000 / 58.5 = 153.85 mmol / L
D) same as branch A: 4500 mg / L E) same as branch A: 2000 mg / L
mmol = 4500 / 58.5 = 76.92 mmol / L mmol = 2000 / 58.5 = 34.19 mmol / L
Osmolarity
Osmotic pressure is important to biologic processes that involve the diffusion of
solutes or the transfer of fluids through semipermeable membranes.

Ex: solutions that provide intravenous (I.V.) replenishment of fluid, nutrients, or


electrolytes, and the osmotic diuretic mannitol are required to state the osmolar
concentration.
whether the solution is hypoosmotic, isoosmotic, or hyperosmotic with regard to
biologic fluids and membranes.

Osmotic pressure is proportional to the total number of particles (molecules


or ions) in solution.
The unit used to measure osmotic concentration is the milliosmole (mOsmol).

For nonelectrolyte (dextrose), 1 mmol (1 formula weight in milligrams)


represents 1 mOsmol.

While electrolytes (the total number of particles in solution depends on the degree
of dissociation of the substance in question).

Ex: Assuming complete dissociation, 1 mmol of NaCl represents 2 mOsmol (Na+


+ Cl-) of total particles, 1 mmol of CaCl2 represents 3 mOsmol (Ca+ + + 2Cl-) of
total particles, and 1 mmol of sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7) represents 4 mOsmol
(3Na+ + C6H5O7- ) of total particles
.
The milliosmolar value of separate ions of an electrolyte may be
obtained by [dividing the concentration, in milligrams per liter, of the ion
by its atomic weight].
The milliosmolar value of the whole electrolyte in solution is equal to
the sum of the milliosmolar values of the separate ions.

Osmotic concentration = mOsmol


mOsmol = mmole ( mole x 1000) x Number of species
mOsmol= {Weight (mg) / Molecular weight } x Number of species

Osmolarity = no. of mOsmol / L of solution


mOsmol/L = (concentration of substance [g/L] / Molecular weight [g]) x Number of species x 1000
A distinction also should be made between the terms osmolarity and osmolality:
osmolarity is the milliosmoles of solute per liter of solution
osmolality is the milliosmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
For dilute aqueous solutions, osmolarity and osmolality are nearly identical.
For more concentrated solutions, however, the two values may be quite
dissimilar.

Osmometers are commercially available for use in the laboratory to measure


osmolality.
Note: Abnormal blood osmolality that deviates from the normal range can
occur in association with shock, trauma, burns, water intoxication (overload),
electrolyte imbalance, hyperglycemia, or renal failure.
Example calculations of Milliosmoles

1) A solution contains 10% of anhydrous dextrose in water for injection. How


many milliosmoles per liter are represented by this concentration?
Molecular weight of anhydrous dextrose = 180
Dextrose does not dissociate, therefore (no. of species)= 1

10 g 100 mL
= 100 g/L
X 1000 mL

mOsmol/L = (Weight of substance (g/L) / Molecular weight g) x Number of species x


1000
mOsmol/L = (100 / 180) x 1 x 1000 = 555.56 mOsmol/L
2) A solution contains 156 mg of 𝐾 + ions per 100 mL. How many
milliosmoles are represented in a liter of the solution?

Atomic weight of K + = 39
156 mg x 1000 = 0.156 g

0.156g 100 ml
X 1000 ml = 1.56g

mOsmol/L = (Weight of substance (g/L) / Molecular weight g) x Number of


species x 1000

mOsmol/L = (1.56/39) x 1 x1000 = 40


3) Calculate the number of milliosmoles corresponding to 0.386g of
NaCl (m.wt. 58.5)?

Wt = 0.386 g x 1000 = 386 mg

No. of species = 2 (Na+ + Cl− )

mOsmol= {Weight (mg) / Molecular weight } x Number of species


mOsmol = 386mg / 58.5 x 2 = 13.2 mOsmol
4) Calculate the osmolarity of 15 mOsm. Dissolved in enough water to
make a total volume 100 ml?

Osmolarity = no. of mOsmol / L of solution


Osmolarity = 15 mOsmol / 0.1 L = 150 mOsmol / L
5) A pharmacist added 25ml of 7.5% solution of magnesium acetate
(m.wt. 142) to a patient’s infusion solution. How many mOsmol of
magnesium acetate did the patient receive?

No. of species of magnesium acetate = Mg + + 2 (C2 H3 O2 ) = 3parts


7.5 g 100 ml
= 1.875g = 1875 mg
x 25 ml

mOsmol= {Weight (mg) / Molecular weight } x Number of species


mOsmol = 1875mg / 142 x 3 = 39.6 mOsmol
6) Calculate the osmolarity of a 3% hypertonic sodium chloride solution.
Assume complete dissociation.

M.wt. of NaCl = 58.5


No. of species = 2 (Na+ + Cl− )

3g 100 mL
= 30 g/L
Xg 1000 mL

Osmolarity = mOsmol/L = (Weight of substance (g/L) / Molecular weight g) x


Number of species x 1000

mOsmol/L = (30 / 58.5) x 2 x 1000 = 1025.64 mOsmol/L


7) Calcium chloride dihydrate injection is a 10% solution of CaCl2 .2H2 O.
How many milliosmoles are present in a 10-mL vial? Assume complete
dissociation.
M.wt. of CaCl2 . 2H2 O = 40 (𝐶𝑎+ ) + [2 X 35.5 (𝐶𝑙 − )] + [2 x 18 (H2 O)] = 147
No. of species = 3 (𝐶𝑎+ and 2 𝐶𝑙 − )

10 g 100 ml
xg 1000 ml = 100 g/L

mOsmol/L = (Weight of substance (g/L) / Molecular weight g) x Number of species x 1000


mOsmol/L = (100/ 147) x 3 x 1000 = 2040.81 mOsmol/L

2040.81 mOsmol 1000 mL


= 20.408 mOsmol in 10 mL vial
x mOsmol 10 mL
8) If a pharmacist wished to prepare 100 mL of a solution containing
50 mOsmol of calcium chloride, how many grams of calcium chloride
would be needed? Assume complete dissociation.

M.wt. of CaCl2 = 40 (𝐶𝑎+ ) + [2 X 35.5 (𝐶𝑙 − )] = 111


No. of species = 3 (𝐶𝑎+ and 2 𝐶𝑙 − )

50 mOsmol 100 mL
X 1000 mL = 500 mOsmol / L

mOsmol/L = (Weight of substance (g/L) / Molecular weight g) x Number of species x 1000


weight of substance (g/L)
500 = [ ] x 3 x 1000
111
Weight of substance = (500 x 111) / 3000 = 18.5 g/L

18.5 g 1000 mL = 1.85 g of CaCl2


x 100 mL
9) What is the osmolarity of a solution containing 5% dextrose and
0.45% sodium chloride (D5 1Τ2 NS)? Assume complete dissociation.

Molecular weight of dextrose = 180


Dextrose does not dissociate, therefore (no. of species)= 1

5g 100 mL = 50 g/L
x 1000 mL
mOsmol/L = (Weight of substance (g/L) / Molecular weight g) x Number of species x 1000
mOsmol/L = (50 / 180) x 1 x 1000 = 277.78 mOsmol/L

M.wt. of NaCl = 58.5


No. of species = 2 (Na+ + Cl− )

0.45 g 100 mL = 4.5 g/L


x 1000 mL
mOsmol/L = (Weight of substance (g/L) / Molecular weight g) x Number of species x 1000
mOsmol/L = (4.5 / 58.5) x 2 x 1000 = 153.85 mOsmol/L

Total = 277.78 + 153.85 = 431.62 mOsmol/L


10) PLASMA-LYTE 56 contains 32 mg of magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 128 mg
of potassium acetate, and 234 mg of sodium chloride in each 100 mL of solution.
What is the osmolarity of this solution? Assume complete dissociation.

M. wt. of Mg(C2 H3 O2 )2 = 24 (Mg + ) + [2 x 59 (C2 H3 O−


2 )] + [4 x 18 (H2 O]) = 214
No. of species = 3(Mg 2+ +2 C2 H3 𝑂2− )
32 mg 100 mL
= 320 mg/L = 0.32 g/L
x 1000 mL
mOsmol/L = (Weight of substance (g/L) / Molecular weight g) x Number of species x 1000
mosmol/L = 0.32 / 214 x 3 x 1000 = 4.49 mOsmol/L

M. wt. of potassium acetate (KC2 H3 O2 )= 39 (K + ) + [59 (C2 H3 O−


2 )] = 98
No. of species = 2(K + + C2 H3 𝑂2−)
128 mg 100 mL
= 1280 mg/L = 1.28 g/L
x 1000 mL
mOsmol/L = (Weight of substance (g/L) / Molecular weight g) x Number of species x 1000
mosmol/L = 1.28 / 98 x 2 x 1000 = 26.12 mOsmol/L
M.wt. of NaCl = 58.5
No. of species = 2 (Na+ + Cl− )

234 mg 100 mL
= 2340 mg/L = 2.34 g/L
x 1000 mL

mOsmol/L = (Weight of substance (g/L) / Molecular weight g) x Number of species x 1000


mOsmol/L = (2.34 / 58.5) x 2 x 1000 = 80 mOsmol/L

Total = 4.49 + 26.12 + 80 = 110.61 mOsmol/L


11) Calculate the milliequivalents of sodium, potassium, and chloride,
the millimoles of anhydrous dextrose, and the osmolarity of the
following parenteral fluid. Assume complete dissociation.
Dextrose, anhydrous 50 g
Sodium chloride 4.5 g
Potassium chloride 1.49 g
Water for injection, ad 1000 mL
Sodium Chloride
mEq = 4500 x 1/ 58.5 = 76.92 mEq NaCl = 76.92 mEq of 𝑁𝑎+ and 76.92 mEq of 𝐶𝑙 −
mOsmol/L = (Weight of substance (g/L) / Molecular weight g) x Number of species x 1000
mOsmol/L = (4.5 / 58.5) x 2 x 1000 = 153.85 mOsmol/L

Potassium Chloride
mEq = 1490 x 1/ 74.5 = 20 mEq KCl = 20 mEq of K + and 20 mEq of 𝐶𝑙 −
mOsmol/L = (Weight of substance (g/L) / Molecular weight g) x Number of species x 1000
mOsmol/L = (1.49 / 74.5) x 2 x 1000 = 40 mOsmol/L
Dextrose:
Millimole= 50000 / 180 = 277.78 mmol
mOsmol/L = (Weight of substance (g/L) / Molecular weight g) x Number of species x 1000

mOsmol/L = (50 / 1800) x 1 x 1000 = 277.8 mOsmol/L

76.92 mEq of 𝑁𝑎+ ; 20 mEq of K + ; 76.92 mEq of Cl− and 20 mEq of Cl− = 96.92 mEq of Cl−

Osmolarity = 153.85 mOsmol/L + 40 mOsmol/L + 277.8 mOsmol/L = 471.62 mOsmol/L

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