INTRODUCTION

DIRECT AND
INDIRECT
PRESENTED BY:
Amna Mahboob
Eshal Fatima
Rimsha
Walija
 01 - ESHAL Introduction(narration,
direct/indirect, exceptions)

02 - WALIJAH TARIQ Direct Speech (complete topic

explanation)

03 - RIMSHA EJAZ Indirect Speech (complete topic

explanation)

04 - AMNA MAHBOOB (Rules of direct to indirect speech

+ examples)
WHAT IS NARRATION?
The action or process of narrating a story
·Act of reporting the words of a speaker.

TWO WAYS OF NARRATION:

Direct speech
Indirect speech

Eshal
1. DIRECT SPEECH:
Also known as “REPORTING SPEECH”

DEFINITION:
1. A word-to-word repetition of what the speaker or writer has conveyed.

2. According to the Macmillan Dictionary, direct speech is defined as “the exact

words that someone has said.”

The quoted words are enclosed in quotation marks or inverted commas (“”).

Eshal
 EXAMPLES:

1. The teacher said, “Why are you so late?”

2. “Open the door.”
3. Alia said, “my mother isn’t very well.”

Eshal
 SENTENCE STRUCTURE:
• It has a reporting clause, reporting verb, reported clause, and reported verb.

Example:
The teacher said, “Why are you so late?”

Reporting clause: The teacher said, “Why are you so late?”

Reporting verb: The teacher said, “Why are you so late?”

Reported clause: The teacher said, “Why are you so late?”

Reported verb: The teacher said, “Why are you so late?”

Eshal
2. INDIRECT SPEECH:
• Also known as “REPORTED SPEECH“

DEFINITION:

1. The Macmillan Dictionary defines reported speech as “the words that you
use to report what someone else has said.”

2. Reporting of what someone else said in your own words but without
changing the meaning of what was said.

Since we are just conveying the message and not quoting the actual words
of speaker, so we do not use quotation marks in indirect speech.
Eshal
 EXAMPLES:

1. The teacher asked him why he was so late.

2. He ordered me to open the door.

3. Alia said that her mother was not very well.

Eshal
DIRECT SPEECH
DEFINITION
Direct speech is a word-to-word repetition of what the speaker has said. It is a way
in which you can report exactly the speaker’s words.

DICTIONARY DEFINITION
According to the Cambridge’s dictionary:
“When you use direct speech, you repeat what someone has said using exactly the words they
used.”
The Collins Dictionary defined it as:
“Speech which is reported by using the exact words that speaker has used.”
EXAMPLES OF RULES TO BE
DIRECT FOLLOWED
SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH Direct speech is the exact repetition
1 Freeda asked her brother, “Can you 1 of what the speaker has said so you
pick me up on your way home?” can’t add or remove any words.

DIRECT SPEECH The words said by the speaker have

2 The little boy said excitedly, “That 2 to be put inside speech/quotation
was wonderful!” marks

DIRECT SPEECH
3 “What are you going to do with the
broken mirror?”, asked Mridula
 THE FOLLOWING FORMULA
SHOULD BE FOLLOWED:
NAME OF THE SPEAKER SAYS/SAID, “EXACT WORDS OF THE SPEAKER.”

You can also use words like stated, replied, shouted etc. to
convey what the speaker has said.
Immediately after one of the above stated verbs add a comma (,)
followed by quotation marks (“), the words of speaker (capitalize
the first letter), followed by period/ exclamation mark/ question
mark (depending upon the nature of sentence) and then close
quotation marks.
Always close quotation marks after full stop/exclamation
mark/question mark
INDIRECT SPEECH
Indirect speech is reporting what someone else said in
your own words but without changing the meaning of
what was said. Also known as
“REPORTED SPEECH”.

According to the Cambridge’s dictionary:

“When you use direct speech, you repeat what someone has
said using exactly the words they used.”

The Collins Dictionary defined it as:

“Speech which is reported by using the exact words that
speaker has used.”
 EXAMPLES
1. The teacher asked him why he was so late.
2. He ordered me to open the door.
3. Alia said that her mother was not very well.
RULES
Actual words are transformed
Said or written in simple language
Reporting verb will be changed
Quotation marks are not used in
Reported speech
Replace inverted commas with THAT
The actual words of the speaker
changed into the past tense
 SENTENCE STRUCTURE
It has a reporting clause, reporting verb, reported clause,
and reported verb.

Example:

The teacher asked him why he was so late.

Reporting clause: The teacher asked him why he was so late.

Reporting verb: The teacher asked him why he was so late.

Reported clause: The teacher asked him why he was so late.

Reported verb: The teacher asked him why he was so late.

 RULES OF DIRECT TO
INDIRECT
PRONOUNS PLACE THAT

COMMAS TENSE TIME THAT

Change the Only change Keep tense of the

pronouns from place or position reporting verb
you and I to he, words if at the the same and add
Removing the Change tense of Speaker’s words
she and they time of speaking, ‘that’
quotation marks the verb in the shift to 3rd
speaker is in a
means that the reporting speech person
different place
speaker is not from present to perspective so
longer saying the past whatever is in the
exact words present changes
to past

AMNA MAHBOOB
 AMNA MAHBOOB

EXAMPLES Direct: Maria says, “I want

to go to Karachi”
Direct: “Ms. Thompson, where
are you going?” I asked
OF Indirect: Maria says that (reporting verb).
she wants to go to Karachi Indirect: I asked Ms.
DIRECT TO Thompson where she was
INDIRECT going.

Direct: He says (reporting Direct: He says, ‘I will come.’

verb), “I am watching a new Indirect: He says that he
TV series.” will come.
Indirect: He says that he is
watching (reporting speech)
a new TV series.
 RULES OF INDIRECT TO
DIRECT
PRONOUNS PLACE THAT

COMMAS TENSE TIME THAT

Change the Only change Remove ‘that’ and

pronouns from place or position replace it with a
he, she and they words if at the comma to
Adding the Change tense of Speaker’s words
to you and I time of speaking, separate the
quotation marks the verb in the shift to 3rd
speaker is in a reporting verb
means that the reporting speech person
different place from the
speaker is saying from past to perspective so
reporting speech
a set of exact present whatever is in the
words past changes to
present

AMNA MAHBOOB
 AMNA MAHBOOB

EXAMPLES Indirect: Bob asked Felipe

to work with him.
Indirect: I asked Ms. Thompson
where she was going.
OF Direct: Bob said to Felipe, Direct: “Ms. Thompson, where
“Work with me.” are you going?” I asked..
INDIRECT TO
DIRECT
Indirect: He enquired indirect: She said that she
whether his name was was going to the store.
Ahmed. Direct: She said, “I am going
Direct: He said to him, “Is to the store”.
not your name Ahmed?”
 CHANGE IN
PRONOUNS TABLE
Direct Speech Indirect Speech Direct Speech Indirect Speech Direct Speech Indirect Speech

My His, her Me Him, her You He, she, they

Our Their Us them We they

Your His, her, their You them I He, she

Yours His, hers, theirs Mine His, hers

AMNA MAHBOOB
 CHANGE IN TENSES
TABLE
Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Present simple Past simple

She always wears a coat. He said that she always wore a coat

Present continuous Past continues

I am looking for my keys She said that she was looking for her keys

Past perfect
Present perfect
He said that she had written three letters for
She was written three letters for her friend
her friend

Past perfect
Past simple
He said that his friend had given him a bar of
My friend gave me a bar of chocolate
chocolate

AMNA MAHBOOB
Eshal
 EXCEPTION NO.1:

If reported speech has Universal Truth or Habitual Fact, then there will be
no change in tenses.

EXAMPLE:

Direct speech: She said,” The sun rises in the east.”

Indirect speech: She said that the sun rises in the east.

Direct speech: He said,” I write with my left hand.”

Indirect speech: He said that he writes with his left hand.

Eshal
 EXCEPTION NO.2:
If reported speech has two actions to happen at the same time, then
there will be no change in tenses.

EXAMPLE:

Direct speech: She said,” My husband was writing a letter while I was reading a
book.”

Indirect speech: She said that her husband was writing a letter while she was
reading a book.

Eshal
 EXCEPTION NO.3:
If reported speech has Imagined Condition or a Historical Fact, then
there will be no change in tenses.

EXAMPLE:
Direct speech: Alia said,” If I were you, I would help him.”
Indirect Speech: Alia said that if she were you, she would help
him.

Direct Speech: Students studied, “Pakistan became independent

on 14th August.”
Indirect Speech: Students studied that Pakistan became
independent on 14th August.

Eshal
 EXCEPTION NO.4:
If reported speech is given in had 3rd form, to infinitive, and would,
should, could, must, might, ought then there be no change in tenses.

EXAMPLE:

Direct speech: He said to me,” You should obey your parents.”

Indirect speech: He told me that I should obey my parents.

Eshal
EXERCISE 1: CHANGE INTO
INDIRECT SPEECH
Elizabeth told to me, “When are you leaving?”
“Where do you live?” the stranger asked Hassan.
The teacher said to Karen, “Why are you laughing?”
Amanda said to Diego, “Shoot the bird’s eye.”
“Call the first convict,” said the jury. AMNA MAHBOOB
“Call the ambulance,” said the man.
Bruce Wayne said to me, “I shall do the work.”
My mother said to me, “You were wrong.”
Mr Bob said to me, “Please wait here till I return.”
The captain said to me, “Bravo! You have played well.”
Raju said, “Alas! My pet died.”
Yuki said, “I may go there.”
Hojin said to Yeonbaek, “Do you hear me?”
The boy said, “Let me come in.”
Granny said to me, “May God bless you.”
ANSWER EX.1
Elizabeth asked me when I was leaving.
The stranger asked Hassan where he lived.
The teacher asked Karen why she was laughing.
Amanda ordered Diego to shoot the fish’s eye.
The jury ordered to call the first convict.
The man urged to call the ambulance. AMNA MAHBOOB
Bruce Wayne said to me he would do the work.
My mother told me that I was wrong.
Mr Bob requested me to wait there till he returned.
The captain applauded me, saying that I had played well.
Raju exclaimed sadly that his pet died.
Yuki said that she might go there.
Hojin asked Yeonbaek if he heard him.
The boy asked to let him come in.
Granny prayed that God might bless me.
EXERCISE 2: CONVERT THE
FOLLOWING INTO DIRECT
SPEECH
One of them told Andrei that the latter had forgotten one
thing that belonged to a mill. Andrei enquired what that
was. The friend asked where the miller was. Andrei replied
that (absence of the miller) was true – and he must look
for one.

AMNA MAHBOOB
 ANSWER EX.2
“But Issac,” said one of them, “you have forgotten
one thing that belongs to a mill.”
“What is that?” asked Issac.
“Why, where is the miller?” said his friend.
“That is true – I must look for one,” said Issac.

AMNA MAHBOOB
 EXERCISE.3
Rewrite these sentences by using appropriate punctuations

1. where are my gloves asked jeremy

2. he said I’m going to call alan
3. she said alas we lost the tournament
4. he said to zahra go grab me a glass of water
5. synthia said please tell me what to do
 ANSWER EX.3
1.“Where are my gloves?”, asked Jeremy.
2.He said, “I’m going to call Alan.”
3.She said, “Alas! We lost the tournament.”
4.He ordered Zahra, “Go grab me a glass of water.”
5.Synthia said, “Please tell me what to do.”
THANK YOU!