Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)

Vol-2, Issue-4, 2016

ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

A Comparative Study of Member Based

and Non Member Based Vegetable and
Fruit Vendors under Decent Work in
Ahmedabad City
Avi Jain1, Kanksha Shah2, Ami Desai3, Anupama Kumarswami4, Mili
Sharma5, Priya Bindal6, Vidhi Sanghvi7, Sunny Patel8, Prashant
Jethwani9, Ishika Garg10, Utsav Adani11 , Apoorv Bafna12
1
BBA (Hons.) Student, BKMIBA, Ahmedabad University.
2
IMBA Student, BKMIBA, Ahmedabad University
3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12
BBA Student, BKMIBA, Ahmedabad University

Abstract: We started with the research as we illiteracy, small and scattered size of
came across some interesting pieces of literature establishments” (Broomley, 2000).
on the topic of street vendors in informal sectors
and their role in development of economy of the Definition of ‘Street Vendors’
country. While searching through the internet, The term “street vendor” in English is frequently
magazines, newspapers, books, journals, etc. our used interchangeably with “street trader,”
group found that there were significant “hawker”. Street vendors are distinguished from
researches done on the concept of decent work vendors who use off-street markets, which can
which showed the provision of decent working be public/private. When they move off the
life of street vendors in many countries. While streets, they are referred to as market
gathering the literature on the topic, we found vendors/micro entrepreneurs, although their
various researches done upon the concept of businesses might be the same (WIEGO, Street
decent work on street vendors in India. There Vendors).
were many researches that talked about the role
of member based organization in providing An integral component, distributors of goods
decent work to street vendors and also stated and services at affordable prices and those who
important reasons highlighting the importance provide consumers with retail options and form
of street vendors in India. The researches also a vital part market of a city are described as
talked about the poor conditions of vegetable Street Vendors (Broomley, 2000).
and fruit vendors in India. From our interview of
various academicians working on street vendors Street vendors have many options of distribution
and social workers, we came to know the vehicles like kiosks, semi-fixed stalls like
importance of doing research on vegetable and folding tables; crates, collapsible stands, or
fruit vendors in Ahmedabad City. wheeled pushcarts that are moved and stored
overnight. Other vendors operates from fixed
locations without a stall structure, mobile
1. Introduction vendors walk or bicycle through the streets as
they sell (International Labour Organisation,
2002).
What is Informal Sector?
The First Indian National Commission on The employment topic for street vendor varies
Labor (1966-69) defined ‘unorganized sector from one to the other. Many work from the same
workforce’ as –“those workers who have not site on regular basis. These vendors and their
been able to organize themselves in pursuit of families are dependent on profits from vending
their common interest dues to certain constraints as their primary source of household income.
like casual nature of employment, ignorance and Other vendors operate among two or more sites,
taking advantage of different types of clients and

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-4, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

different patterns of urban movement and • Guaranteeing rights at work – to gain

infrastructure. Some vendors work on a more respect and recognition for the rights of
part-time basis, as seasonal vendors of specialty workers.

•
items. While some are dependent on street
vending as a regular primary or secondary Extending social protection – to
occupation, others operate only when an promote inclusion and productivity by
opportunity presents itself to earn extra income ensuring that women and men can have
(WIEGO, Street Vendors). safe working conditions, leisure time,
social life etc.

•
Asian perspective- Facts and Figures
Promoting social dialogue – engaging
• In India, street traders constitute about strong and independent workers is the
3 % of total non-agricultural prerequisite for productive work and to
employment. According to official avoid disputes at work (Decent work
statistics, this depicts more than 3.1 agenda).
million street traders. Unofficial
A research paper indicates that employment
estimates there are more than 10
refers to both quantitative and qualitative
•
million.
dimensions. Thus the notion of decent work is
According to local statics data, NGOs applicable not just to workers in the formal
and academics, there are about 90,000 economy but also to “unregulated wage workers,
street vendors in Dhaka (Bangladesh); self-employed, and home workers”.
10,000 in Colombo (Sri Lanka);
100,000 in Bangkok (Thailand); 50,000 A concept of decent work raises the question of
in Singapore; 47,000 in Kuala Lumpur the nature and priority of its different
(Malaysia); 50,000 in Manila components. For any particular purposes, it is
(Philippines); and 800,000 in Seoul convenient to group the different components of
•
(South Korea). decent work into two categories: employment
The informal sector consist more than and social security and workers’ rights and
90 % of total trade employment in India social dialogue. (Decent work).
•
and Indonesia.
Women represent over two thirds of SEWA
street vendors in Hanoi and Ho Chi Trade union registered in 1972, SEWA (Self
Minh City, Vietnam. In Ahmedabad- Employed Women’s Association) is an
India, women represent about 10 per organization of poor and self-employed women
cent of street vendors (Bhowmik,
workers. These women earn a living through
2010).
their own labor or small businesses. They fall
under the unprotected labor force of our
Decent Work country. These workers which are unorganized
Decent work is a term founded by International are 93% of India’s total workforce.
Labour Organization (ILO) in a report in June,
1999. The research paper described the goal as SEWA aims at providing full employment to
‘not just creation of jobs, but also the creation of women and their family members and organize
jobs of acceptable quality (Eurofound, 2012). them for the same. Full employment
encompasses the obtaining of work security,
To understand and bifurcate decent work, ILO income security, food security and social
has developed an agenda which works for security by the workers.
providing integration programs in coordination The guiding force for SEWA’s poor, self-
with its constituents. The agenda can be employed members in organizing for social
explained through these 4 strategic objectives: change is based on Gandhian principles. SEWA
•
follows the principles of Satya (truth), Ahimsa
Creating jobs – an economy which
(non-violence), Sarvadharma (integrating all
creates opportunities for investment,
faiths, all people) and Khadi (promotion of local
entrepreneurship, skills development,
employment and self-reliance).
employment and sustainable
livelihoods.
What is a Comparative Study?

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-4, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Comparative research or analysis is a wide underestimate the total number of people

ranging concept, which encompasses both engaged in street vending (Bhowmik, 2005).
quantitative and qualitative comparison of social
entities. These social entities can be classified Street vendors in Mexico City; push-cart
into various lines, such as geographical or vendors in New York city; rickshaw pullers in
political ones based on the form of cross- Calcutta; garbage collectors in Bogota; and
national or regional comparisons. The roadside barbers in Durban. Those who work on
comparative analysis aims at finding similarity the streets or in the open-air are the more visible
and variance. The existence of social patterns is occupational groups in the informal economy.
often assumed as universal and independent The streets of cities, towns, and villages in most
from time and space. But, it remains complex to developing countries – and in many developed
establish these universal patterns in social countries – are lined by barbers, cobblers,
research. Hence, the segregation of the more garbage collectors, waste pickers, and vendors of
general and isolated regularities from context vegetables, fruit, meat, fish and snack foods of
laden environment is executed using non-perishable items ranging from locks and
comparative research is used to separate patterns keys to soaps and detergents, to clothing. In
that are more general and isolate regularities many countries, head-loaders, cart pullers,
from the context laden environment. Keeping in bicycle peddlers, rickshaw pullers, and camel,
mind Weber’s comparative sociology, an bullock, or horse cart drivers jostle to make their
emphasis is placed on perspective and difference way down narrow village lanes or through the
to understand specificities while the search for maze of cars, trucks, vans, and buses on city
variance takes place. At last, not only the streets (WIEGO, 2014).
differences between social entities are uncovered
but also the unique aspects of which would have Introducing India’s Informal Economy
been virtually impossible to detect otherwise Shopping and marketing in the traditional Indian
(Mills, 2009). sense have always been informal (Genesis of
Municipal Laws Regarding Vendors). India, the
terms ‘unorganized sector’ and ‘informal sector’
2. Literature Review are being used interchangeably (NCEUS,
August, 2007). According to NCEUS’ report
Introducing Street Vendors (2007), the unorganized sector in the Indian
According to Women in Informal Employment: context is defined as a sector which ‘consists of
Globalizing and organizing the term “street all unincorporated private enterprises owned by
vendor” in English is typically used individuals or households engaged in the sale
interchangeably with “street trader,” “hawker,” and production of goods and services operated
and “peddler.” Also there are many local terms on a proprietary or partnership basis with less
and regional variations. Street vendors are than ten workers which is characterized by a
sometimes distinguished from vendors who high incidence of casual labor mostly doing
operate in the types of public spaces that are not intermittent jobs at low wage rate at low
specifically streets or related to streets viz. train investment rate’ (NCEUS, August, 2007).The
stations, buses, public parks, and so on but most informal sector workforce in India is estimated
commonly the term is used inclusively. In to be about 422 million workers, representing
official statistics in some countries, street nearly 92 percent of the total workforce about
vendors are a part of the category “informal 457 million (NCEUS, August, 2007).
traders,” which also includes people who trade
According to National Commission on Labor,
from their homes (WIEGO, Street Vendors,
there are 106 categories of workers including
2014).
agricultural workers, agarbatti makers, beedi
rollers, construction workers, home-based
Street Vending- A Global Perspective
workers, rickshaw pullers, and street vendors
A research paper, ‘Street Vendors in Asia’ by
and so on. Around 10 million vendors in India
Sharit Bhowmik in 2005 claims Street Vendors
and about 250,000 vendors in Mumbai are
to be the most visible segment of the urban
meeting ends from these professions (NCEUS,
informal economy, it is indisputable that there
August, 2007).
are thousand’s – and in some cases, tens or
hundreds of thousands – of street vendors in
Role of Street Vendors in the Urban
most big cities of the developing countries. In
some countries, official statistics on street
Informal Sector in India
On account of street vendors being identified as
vendors are available, though they likely
self-employed workers in the urban informal

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-4, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

sector, this sub section mainly focuses on the doing hard work of coming early in the morning
role of the street vendors in the urban India. and going late in the evening. They also get the
According to the level of income, NCEUS permission from the government to stay after 9
(2007) has also categorized workers in the for selling their vegetables and they are also
unorganized sector. Interestingly, it has found suffering from health issues (SV Mohan).
around 75 percent self-employed workers belong
to poor and vulnerable group and only around 25 Role of Member based Organizations
percent belong to high income group in India
(NCEUS, August, 2007). Debdulal Saha in his research has clearly
defined the need of member based organizations
In a research ‘Condition of Decent Working in providing the decent working life to these
Life’ of Street Vendors in Mumbai” conducted street vendors (Debdulal Saha, 2011). Another
by a PhD. Scholar Dr. Debdulal Saha of Tata research done by Ana Maria Bargas Falla on
Institute of Social Sciences, it was found that ‘Legal empowerment of Informal Workers’ in
street vendors play a very important role in Colombia states, the research talks about the role
urban India by providing employment and of member based organization in providing
income and other aspects. Street vendors prop up rights and better working conditions to the
urban rich to provide daily requirements, such as informal workers which ultimately lead to
availability on their doorsteps because some reduction in poverty and made these vendors
street vendors built up their profession in front live a decent working life (Falla, 2012).
of housing complexes. Also, there is a need to
provide decent work in terms of access to formal A research done by Ana Vargas Fella in
financial institutions, social protection and Columbia in 2012 talks about the role of legal
occupational well-being (Debdulal Saha, 2011). empowerment in providing a better working
condition and increasing productivity of
An article published in Bloomberg View ‘India's informal workers at the workplace. The research
Street Vendors Come Out of the Shadows’ talked about the role of law in providing a
written by famous novelist Mr. Chandrahas standard to these workers leading to a poverty
Chaudhary on September 26, 2013 states the reduction in the economy. It further illustrated
estimated number of Street Vendors in India to upon the fear of these workers who faces
be 10 million. Moreover, the article talks about frequent eviction, harassment and other
the bill passed by Lok Sabha for organizing the constraints due to the element of law missing out
working of Street vendors in India. Also, the of them. The research talks about the theory of
measure acknowledges that street vending is an formalization of informal worker to bring a
economic reality that works to the advantage of better development of these workers which
both sellers and consumers, providing would ultimately lead to a decent working life of
productive employment for many and cheap the informal workers (Falla, 2012).
goods and services for the urban poor. This
shows the importance of street vendors in whole Introducing Ahmedabad
of informal sector identified by the Government The city of Ahmedabad shares the same
of India (Chandrahas Chauhdhary, 2013). statistics about population of street vendors as
the other states of country with a population of
Vegetable and Fruit Vendors and India around 127,000 of vendors.
The sub category of street vendors i.e. vegetable
and fruit vendors suffers from the real hardships Even CEPT University has been working for
as compared to other categories of street researches on street vendors. A very good
vendors. This is clearly shown in one of the literature related to Ahmedabad city by Darshini
researches done by Debdulal Saha in Mumbai. Mahadevia has portrayed street vendors as ‘they
The research states that, “those who sold raw are eyes on the street’. The planning activities
material namely vegetable and fruit vendors should take care of their spatial and services’
have miserable working condition. They start needs. Women are predominantly found in this
their activity from 5 am in the morning to till sector because of its characteristics like- ease of
around 12 o’clock at night and they work around entry and exit, low initial and working capital
365 days in a year and most of the vegetable and requirements, flexible work hours, etc.
fruit vendors are women (Debdulal Saha, 2011). (Mahadevia, 2012).

An article talks about the problem of the For identifying the market sites for field work,
vegetable and fruit vendors by not having any the concept of ‘Natural Markets’ developed by
type of cold storage and health facilities by SEWA was used. A 'natural markets' is one

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-4, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

which develops because of commercial providing employment and essential

opportunity created in a location on account of commodities at affordable prices, indeed it has
its good accessibility and a significant pedestrian been an intemperate activity since decades. After
flow. In 2003 SEWA supported a survey of 165 decades of struggle their right to the street has
‘natural markets' in Ahmedabad (Mahadevia, been recently recognized by the Street Vendors
2012). Bill – 2014 (Munshi, 2014).

SEWA has a strong presence in Manek Chowk Ahmedabad has approximately 67,000 street
and Jamalpur market, wherein, it has organized vendors and has been classified among the cities
the vegetable and fruit vending women. with most street vendors in India. The
Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) has
The research done by C.N. Ray in 2011 explains developed the Street Vendors Scheme in 2009
the natural market. In Gujarat the Municipal following the guidelines proposed by the
Law prohibits the hawking of goods without National policy (2009). The challenge for AMC
having a license. The Municipal Corporation is has been to define general rules that set city
also empowered to remove any encroachments scale principles, while at the same time develop
and obstruction made on the streets. Natural planning tools that respond to the specific needs
market means a place where vending activities of the vendors at specific locations (Munshi,
take place, because of the profitable location. In 2014).
According to Kulkarni (2010) the location map
of Ahmedabad city shows approximately 142 Another research done by Mahadevia done in
natural markets and illustrates that street vending 2012 regarding ‘Decent work in Ahmedabad- an
is not related to one specific location in the city. integrated approach’ talks about how
Usually vendors concentrate on places having improvement in some areas of informal sector
high traffic and high residential densities. The can impact and improve the quality of life of
spatial dimensions at the macro level are guided urban poor in Gujarat and thus leading to overall
by forces of factors, which create demand at growth of Gujarat and ultimately India as a
particular locations, extent of demand, and the whole (Mahadevia, 2012).
reasons for choices of location. In fact he natural
markets are distributed all over the city. This is It starts with a concept of “decent work” which
because street vendors cater a variety of revolves around labor protection and their social
demands at many diverse locations such as security. This concept talks about 4 steps:
residential neighbourhoods, squares, parks and creating jobs, assuring right at work, social
other nodes (C.N.RAY, 2011). protection and promoting social welfare. This
decent work concept believes that if a labor is
Researches done under the periphery of given minimum wages, safe working condition
Ahmedabad showed a strong presence of and social protection, Gujarat can bring
Member based organization of SEWA who were sustainable growth. Other than these aspects
involved in protecting the rights of these safety and social protection, shelter is also an
customers. important factor for growth of labor of informal
sector. Shelter security will lead to increased
The report by Munshi in 2014 had data and access to basic services, such as housing, water
schemes related to street vendors in Ahmedabad. and sanitation, electricity, education, health and
Ahmedabad has been recently ranked as the 3rd employment (Mahadevia, 2012).
fastest growing city by Forbes Lists. The local
government has undertaken many ambitious The research by Saha conducted in 2009 has
projects like the Sabarmati Riverfront project studies various problems related to street
and Bus Rapid Transit System and vendors. According to National Commission on
requalification projects like the Kankaria Lake Labor, street vendors are identified as self-
and Bhadra Plaza to uplift the city’s real estate employed workers in the informal sector who
and attract foreign investments by promoting a offer their labor for selling goods and services
global image of the city. But the challenge is not on the street without having any permanent
only redefining the city’s look and ambiance but built-up structure. However, literatures have
also accommodating contradictory needs. As stated many problems of street vendors
quoted by Ms. Oriard Ahmedabad’s current regarding their social protection, working
dilemma is to ‘promote the city’s image to condition, credit accessibility, and their public
develop market and simultaneously space utilization. Vegetable and fruit vendors
accommodate the needs of the urban poor’. form a part of such street vendors. They have a
Street vending is an ecosystem by itself, huge market coverage and Ahmedabad does not

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-4, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

have any study on the Decent life of vegetable static vegetable vendors have been

•
and fruit vendors in particular (Saha, 2009). considered in the research.
The research is scope is supported by the
Contribution by various organizations “Decent Work Approach” research by
Darshini Mahadevia which shows the strong
Vendors are an important part of the urban presence of SEWA and independent
economy, yet they are treated as criminals. In vegetable vendors in Kalupur, Jamalpur and
1995 SEWA took the campaign for ‘Legal rights Khodiyarnagar (Mahadevia, 2012).
for Street Vendors in our cities’ to the
international arena, with a meeting of vendors of
11 mega cities of the world organized in
Bellagio, Italy. The meeting passed an 5. Research Methodology
International Declaration demanding policy and
space for vendors. In 1996, they began a survey Pilot Survey
of vendors in Ahmedabad and other Indian
In order to obtain a base for our research, the
cities. They also contacted various groups
group conducted a pre-testing experiment where
working with vendors and disseminated
the street vendors were asked to give their
information on the Bellagio Declaration. In
reviews on a few questions. It was important for
addition, they continued their campaign at the
us to derive which standards to be considered for
local level with the municipal authorities, for an
our research. We took a sample size of 40
end to forcible eviction of vendors and to obtain
respondents (10 respondents from 4 different
alternative vending sites. Negotiations for more
areas) for our pre-testing and asked the
sites, and an end to forced eviction till suitable
following questions:
alternative sites which are given, are in progress.
In 1997, SEWA formed NASVI – the National Q1. Do you work under any union or member
Alliance of Street Vendors of India which now based organisation?
has – organizations in its network. In 2001,
through SEWA’s and NASVI’s efforts, a Q2. What are the problems do you face in your
national policy on street vendors was developed. daily working life?
The struggle to implement this policy continues
(SEWA's Campaigns). Q3. Do they support or help you in your daily
working life?
The literature review collected shows the need to
study the working life and conditions i.e. From the pre-testing, it was found that there is a
concept of decent work of the lion’s shareholder strong presence of member based organisation
of street vending sector i.e. vegetable and fruit (SEWA) in all the 4 areas we did the testing. We
vendors of India. also found that a major chunk of street vendors
were working independently, without the
3. Objective support of any organisations or unions. So we
•
decided to carry out our research in the form of a
To conduct a comparative study between comparative study between the street vendors
vegetable and fruit vendors covered under working under member based organisations and
member based organization (SEWA) those who are working independently with the
and those who are working independently reference to Decent Work parameters.
on the decent work parameters which are
guaranteeing rights at work, working Analysis of Interview
conditions and access to credit facility The group got a few researches for the vegetable
drawing analyses for the same. vendors of Ahmedabad City. In order to have a
better understanding of the situation of vegetable
vendors in Ahmedabad the group then decided
to conduct interviews of various experts in
4. Scope
•
Ahmedabad. The group carried out interviews of
The scope is limited to city area of various experts who were in the field of social

•
Ahmedabad. work like Mr. Ramesh Srivastav, academicians
Further the areas for the research are limited like Professor Chandranath Ray, Professor at

•
to Kalupur, Jamaplur and Khodiyarnagar. CEPT University and Mrs. Ela Ben Bhat,
The scope is also limited to the vendors who founder of SEWA. The group also conducted
vend in these Mandis (markets). Hence the interviews of two leaders of SEWA who were
Shanta Ben and Kanta Ben. They are the people

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-4, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

who have been protecting the rights of vegetable local authorities, which turns out to be
vendors in Ahmedabad from past 40 years. havoc to them.

• The population of Gujarat is of 6 crore Research Design

and from that 90 lakh is of unorganized The research design is the “framework or
labor. And from 90 lakh only 7000 are blueprint” for collecting the information needed
registered. But those who are registered for your project in the best possible way.
only few get the medical facilities or
This research is an exploratory research. In
•
compensation from the government.
The street vendors do not get any exploratory research, the researcher has an idea
medical facilities as they are self- or has observed something but does not have
employed and so if anything happens to enough information on a topic and further seeks
him then he is only responsible and no to understand more about it. As a group we had
one else. Like in construction sites if knowledge about the member based
anything happens to labor then at least organizations (SEWA) and its connection with
the compensation can be claimed under vegetable and fruit vendors. Based on this
workmen compensation act but there is knowledge of member based organizations
no such law or act in favor of street (SEWA) providing help and assistance to
vegetable and fruit vendors, the research studies
•
vendors.
The biggest advantage of getting into the more detailed aspects of help and assistance
the street vending profession is that and also takes into account the situations of
small amount of investment is required, vegetables and fruit vendors who are not a part
there are no regulations and it is easily of member based organization (SEWA) for
accessible and the disadvantage is that better understanding.
they are harassed by the police because
Sampling Design
•
they don’t have the license.
In Ahmedabad there are “no vending Based on the research Decent Work in
zones”. Many acts have been passed for Ahmedabad- an Integrated Approach done by
street vendors but they have still not Darshini Mahadevia, the group found that

•
been implemented. majority of vegetables and fruit vendors who are
There is a need of city planning for a part of member based organization (SEWA)

•
designing the space for street vendors. vend in the market of Jamalpur, Khodiyarnagar
They suggested the need of research on and Kalupur. And so the scope of this study is
the role of member based organization limited to these three areas of Ahmedabad city
in protecting the rights of these vendors only (Mahadevia, 2012).
and providing them better social

•
security. Sampling Method
It is important to study on Vegetable
and Fruit vending profession because it Sampling method stands very useful when we
is large in size i.e. the number of look at the kind of sample we are researching on.
vegetable and fruit vendors is large,
there is no skill is required in this The sampling methods used for questionnaire
business, there working conditions is includes:

•
miserable, they change their places and
Strata sampling
•
work for 365 days.
The sampling method applied is stratified
There is also no proper system of
sampling. In stratified sampling, the strata
registration, they don’t know where to
are intergroup homogeneous and intra group
get registered and so they are not able
heterogeneous the two strata include: 1)
to issue the license. And if they don’t
vendors who are part of member based
have license then they are either forced
organizations (SEWA) and 2) vendors who
to close their business by police or they
•
vend independent of any organization.
have to bribe the police, so half the
Convenience sampling
income of theirs go to bribe the police
The sampling of our research is also
otherwise they won’t be able to do their
convenience sampling because the
•
business peacefully.
respondents i.e. vegetable and fruit vendors
There has been constant harassment
chosen to fill the questionnaire from all the
that is faced by these vendors from
three areas are based on convenience of the
group member.

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ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

The sampling method used for interview vendors who vend independent of organization.
includes:

•
Data Collection Method Used

•
Snowball sampling
Snowball Sampling is a type of non- Primary Data Collection
probability sampling technique wherein the o Questionnaires: The group used
researchers collect data from the few questionnaires as one of the
members of the target population they can
methods for primary data
locate and subsequently ask those
individuals to give references or information collection. The questionnaires were
needed to locate other members whom they filled from vegetables and fruits
know. In this study the group has taken vendors who vend in Jamalpur,
interviews of various experts who were in Kalupur and Khodiyarnagar areas
the field of social work like Mr. Ramesh of Ahmedabad city.
Shrivastav, academicians like Professor • Secondary Data Collection
Chandranath Ray, Professor at CEPT
University and Mrs. Ela Ben Bhat, founder o Web pages / sites
of SEWA. The group also conducted o Journals / magazines
interviews of two leaders of SEWA who o Research papers
were Shanta Ben and Kanta Ben. o SEWA (Street Vendors
Department)
Sample Size

Sample size refers to the size of the sample that

is to be targeted for conducting the research. The 6. Data Analysis
sample size for our study is 300 respondents,
wherein the numbers of vendors who are part of Table 1. License for vending
member based organization (SEWA) are 150
Independently
and the number of vendors who work License SEWA members
working
independent of any organization are 150. Number of Number of
% %
vendor vendor
Sampling Mix Have license 3 2 - -
Don’t have
147 98 150 100
license
Our sampling mix consists of vegetable and fruit
vendors who are part of member based
organization (SEWA) and the vegetable and fruit
Inference and Analysis:
The very first question made us find that
majority (98%) of the vendors vend without
Vendors who are Vendors who vend having license. SEWA has been ineffective in
part of member
based organization independent of providing the right to have proper recognition of
(SEWA) any organization these vendors. AMC lacks in guaranteeing rights
at their work place.

Table 2. Do you have a secured place for vending?

Jamalpur-50 Jamalpur-50 Independently
Secured place SEWA members
working
Number of Number of
% %
vendor vendors
Have a
84 56 131 87
Khodiyarnagar- secured place
Khodiyarnagar- Don’t have a
50 50 secured
66 44 19 13

Inference and Analysis:

Kalupur-50 Kalupur-50
As compared to Independent vendors, more
(44%) vendors working under SEWA believe of
not having a secured place. While only 13% of

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independent workers said that they do not have a difference can be seen in work done under
secured place for vending. proper guidelines and assistance.
The analysis again shows us the ineffective
working of SEWA is providing a secured place Change in Independently
SEWA members
to vendor. The analysis could be further income working
supported with the question of constraints faced Number of Number of
% %
vendors vendors
during vending. Interestingly vendors who got a
secured place, none of them paid any rent for the Increase 30 20 - -
secured place. Decrease 51 34 82 54
Same 69 46 68 46
Table 5. How frequently do you borrow money?
Table 3. Are you willing to pay rent for a secured
place? Inference and Analysis:
People working under SEWA have a tendency to
Secured place
SEWA members
Independently borrow money after certain time period even
and vending working survival in market of 6% of vegetable vendors
Number of
%
Number of
% depends on borrowing money. This shows
vendors vendors clearly that non-members have free nature in
Have and pay 50 40 31 19 borrowing money and generally they tend to
Have and don’t
pay
25 16 43 68 borrow when market is low but not certainly
Don’t have and over period of time.
33 24 28 2
willing to pay
Don’t have and Frequency of Independently
42 20 48 11 SEWA members
not willing to pay borrowing working
Number Number
Inference and Analysis: of % of %
vendors vendors
There are 24% of vendors under SEWA who are
Everyday 8 6 150 100
willing to pay for a secured place while on the Every month 75 50 - -
other hand there are only 2% of independent When needed 67 44 - -
workers who would like to pay for a secured Table 6. Why do you borrow money?
place. This question and graph completely
shows that the presence of SEWA is motivating Inference and Analysis:
enough for these vendors that they are willing to It is clearly noticed that some SEWA members
pay for a secured place even when their earnings do take insurance policy as a security while non-
are not very high. Also it is easily observed that members don’t do so eventually their family
SEWA can charge money for a secured place as health and medical borrowing is higher as
there is willingness in vendors as compared to compared to member vegetable vendors. Even
independently working vendors. non-members borrow a huge amount for social
occasions like weddings while member
Table 4. Has your income changed in the past 2
vegetable vendors are prepared with savings for
years?
it.
Reasons of Independently
SEWA members
borrowing working
Number of Number of Sources of Independently
% % SEWA members
vendors vendors borrowing working
Number of Number of
Child education 33 22 20 13 % %
vendors vendors
Child marriage 5 4 42 28 Personal
Family 38 25 - -
22 14 55 37 savings
healthcare Money lenders 40 27 - -
Insurance 3 2 - - Co-operatives 11 7 - -
Daily needs 63 42 33 22 Retailers 24 16 88 58
Other 25 16 - - Wholesalers 11 7 62 42
Commercial
Inference and Analysis: 3 2 - -
banks
It is evident from the table that people working SEWA 24 16 - -
under SEWA have an increase in income while Table 7. Sources of borrowing?
non-members don’t have an increase in income.
SEWA guides them for proper utilization of
funds and provides financial products i.e., loans,
savings, gold investment and others. A clear

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Inference and Analysis: Question 9. Have you ever met with an accident at
SEWA members have various sources for your workplace?
borrowing money while non-members borrow
from traditional ways i.e. wholesaler and from Mostly, both the members and non-members
relatives. SEWA banking facilities have been have not met with an accident, while it is
great help to the vendors though the procedure surprising to know that still a less number of
was bit lengthy. Even members have proper SEWA members have met with an accident.
sense of saving money and corporative bank Table 10. Income (Per Day)
help as well as from money lenders i.e. generally
on 10% of rate of interest while in that case non- Income SEW Percenta Non- Percenta
members doesn’t pay great amount of interest as (RS) A ge SEWA ge
100-150 9 6 0 0
money is majorly borrowed from relatives. 150-200 12 8 0 0
Social Protection 200-250 18 12 15 10
250-300 18 12 9 6
300-350 21 14 27 18
Independently 350-400 15 10 9 10
SEWA members
working 400-450 12 8 0 0
Facilities
Number of Number of 450-500 15 10 12 8
% %
vendors vendors 500-550 12 8 21 14
Toilet 37 25 75 50 550-600 15 10 3 2
Drinking 600-650 0 0 21 14
35 24 - -
water 650-700 0 0 0 0
Shades 13 9 - - 700-750 0 0 6 4
Place to take 750-800 0 0 0 0
10 6 - -
rest 800-850 0 0 15 10
Street light 10 6 - - 850-900 0 0 0 0
Storage 7 5 - - 900-950 0 0 0 0
Disposal of 950-1000 3 2 12 8
38 25 75 50
garbage 150 100 150 100
Table 8. Facilities at Workplace Average 365 520

Inference and Analysis:

Inference and Analysis:
The members under SEWA have more and
better facilities than non-SEWA members. What In the above table, the income slabs of vegetable
is more striking is that non-SEWA members vendors belonging to the member group and
have no access to proper drinking, neither a non-member are stated. The number of members
proper place to take rest nor storage facilities. belonging to SEWA in the income slab of 100 to
150 are 9 while those of independent street
Question 9. What time of the day do you usually vendors are 0. The number of members
vend? belonging to SEWA in the income slab of 150 to
200 are 12 while those of independent street
Time of SEWA vendors are 0. The number of members
Independently working
vending members
Number
belonging to SEWA in the income slab of 200 to
Number of 250 are 18 while those of independent street
of % %
vendors
vendors vendors are 15. The number of members
Morning 45 30 55 37 belonging to SEWA in the income slab of 250 to
Afternoon 30 20 62 41 300 are 18 while those of independent street
Evening 5 3 16 11
Entire
vendors are 9. The number of members
70 47 17 11 belonging to SEWA in the income slab of 300 to
day
350 are 21 while those of independent street
Inference and Analysis: vendors are 27. The number of members
It is evident from the graph that majorly SEWA belonging to SEWA in the income slab of 350 to
members vend entire day while only 11% of 400 are 15 while those of independent street
non-members vend entire day. While morning vendors are 9. The number of members
belonging to SEWA in the income slab of 400 to
share of vending of members and non-members
450 are 12 while those of independent street
are close, on-members have a major part of them vendors are 0. The number of members
vending in the afternoon as compared to belonging to SEWA in the income slab of 450 to
members. 500 are 15 while those of independent street
vendors are 12. The number of members
belonging to SEWA in the income slab of 500 to

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550 are 12 while those of independent street secured place regardless of their
vendors are 21. The number of members involvement with Member Based

•
belonging to SEWA in the income slab of 550 to Organisation.
600 are 15 while those of independent street SEWA came out as inefficient in

•
vendors are 3. The number of members guaranteeing rights to their members.
belonging to SEWA in the income slab of 600 to Proper working facilities has been
650 are 0 while those of independent street permitted to the member street vendors
vendors are 21. The number of members of SEWA. Although there is a need of

•
belonging to SEWA in the income slab of 650 to storage demanded by the members.
700 are 0 while those of independent street The working hours are comparatively
vendors are 0 as well. The number of members poor for the people working
belonging to SEWA in the income slab of 700 to independently as they work for 14
750 are 0 while those of independent street hours/day in comparison to the
vendors are 6. The number of members members of SEWA who work for 11
belonging to SEWA in the income slab of 750 to hours/day (Average of working hours
800 are 0 while those of independent street
•
has been taken).
vendors are 0. The number of members Nearly all of them work as street
belonging to SEWA in the income slab of 800 to vendors and it is their only source of
850 are 0 while those of independent street
•
income.
vendors are 15. The number of members SEWA members has seen a gradual
belonging to SEWA in the income slab of 850 to increase in their income while on the
900 are 0 while those of independent street other hand no increase has been noted
vendors are 0. The number of members in the case of the vendors working
belonging to SEWA in the income slab of 900 to
•
independently.
950 are 0 while those of independent street SEWA has been ineffective in
vendors are 0. The number of members providing proper credit facility as all of
belonging to SEWA in the income slab of 950 to their members borrow money while
1000 are 3 while those of independent street only few of them borrow from SEWA
vendors are 12. Bank.
Irregularities Handled
The reasons they gave for the same were-
• Some vendors were not ready to co-ordinate
1. Lengthy procedure involved in
with us for filling up of the questionnaires.
acquiring funds from the bank.
The other vendors that coordinated were
2. Many of them are unaware of
taken into the consideration as respondents
the credit schemes provided by
for the research.
•
SEWA.
It was difficult to talk to vendors during their There are no fatalities faced by the
working hours. The group members used street vendors (fruit and vegetable).
informal way of asking questions to them from
the questionnaire. Also the languages used in the 8. Recommendations
field were Gujarati and Hindi. Further, the
collected data is purely based on respondents’ SEWA:

•
responses which might lead to personal bias as a
factor affecting the study. Recognizing through provision of
licenses:
The first recommendation that the
7. Findings
group has to offer is to insist SEWA to
• We have seen through our survey that help its vegetable and fruit street
nobody has the license for vending and vendor members to get the license, as
hence are not recognised under the law the theory of formalization states that
despite their involvement in any the legal recognition will provide them
Member Based Organisation (SEWA) with self-esteem and it will help them

•
increase their productivity.
•
or independently working.
.Member Based Organisation (SEWA) Communicating the updated schemes
does not play any role in providing a of SEWA:
secured place to its member street An improved communication system
vendors. Majority of them had a needs to be put in place, as a
significant proportion of the

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respondents being a part of SEWA are which will serve the purpose of
not aware of SEWA bank, moreover, lending money to its needy members
the proportion of the respondents who and thus solve the problem of high
do not know about its schemes is even interest loans from moneylenders.
larger, which in itself defeats the
purpose of the setting up of the SEWA 9. Further Research Gaps
•
bank.

•
Using regional leaders as liaisons:
Our third recommendation is, to let the The research can be further conducted
regional leaders of SEWA carry an on the laws and policies available for
amount of money that they can use to the benefit of vegetable and fruit
lend to its fruit and vegetable street vendors and their effective
vendor members, who, according to implementation, as per our research
our findings rely heavily on limitations we were not able to work

•
borrowings from relatives and money upon the same.
lenders, who charge them heavily. Even further research can be conducted
on the micro financing for vegetable
AMC: and fruit vendors for their daily

•
requirements as well as the buying

•
Providing storage facility: vegetables and fruits for vending
AMC (Ahmedabad Municipal A research in terms of urban space
Corporation) in co-operation with designing for providing better work
SEWA should provide storage facility place to vegetable and fruit vendors
to vegetable and fruit street vendors as
it leads to the safety of their goods and
an improvement in their working 10. Limitations
condition due to increased longevity of
•
•
their goods. The data’s accuracy is only limited to
Shortening time of issuance of license: the sample population considered for
Our second recommendation for AMC
•
the primary data collection.
is to make the issuance process of The group has only taken into
license as short as possible, in the consideration the confounding factors
earliest possible time as, one of our
 there was hesitation while the
during the experiment which are:
findings reflect that the reason for the
street vendors to not have the license is vendors were answering our
because of the long and cumbersome
 personal biasness of vendors while
questionnaire
•
issuance process.
Implementation is the key:
•
answering the questions
Our third recommendation to AMC, The outcome of the research is to the
insists it to, put emphasis on the
•
best of the groups’ efforts.
implementation of the laws and hence
The research may have missed out
it should carry out an inspection for the
several points, which were not
•
same.
considered due to time constraints.
Redesigning of the working space:
Our last recommendation to AMC is to
11. Conclusion
plan a proper redesigning of the
working space of these street vendors
in a way which provides them ease of Street vendors have always been an integral part
work. of economic development of any country. They
contribute to a large portion of Informal Sector
Independent: in Indian economy. In India, Street vending
•
provides a scope of a healthy profession and
Formation of a union: employs a number of 10 million people in it. The
The only recommendation for the profession of street vending is serving to a large
independent fruit and vegetable vendor number of urban poor in India. The biggest pie
is to initiate the formation of unions. of street vendors is covered by vegetable and
The members of these unions will fruit vendors. Vegetable and fruit vending forms
contribute a definite sum of money to be the easiest and most viable sector among
towards the formation of its fund,

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all other street vending businesses. At the same [1] Eurofound. (2012 йил 07-february) 2014
time the investment in terms of finance is also йил 7-10 from www.eurofound.europa.eu:
low and hence attracts a larger portion of people http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/areas/indus
to roll into the profession of vegetable and fruit trialrelations/dictionary/definitions/decentw
vending. The literature also showed various ork.htm
researches which provided findings for the role
of member based organizations in providing [2] Bhowmik, S. (2005). Street Vendors In
decent work to these workers. Also the theory of Asia. Economic and Political Weekly.
formalization also talked about the legal
empowerment of street vendors to boost their [3] Bhowmik, S. K. (2010). Street Vendors in
productivity at their workplace. the Global Urban Economy. New Delhi:
Routledge.
After the analysis of the responses we received
from the survey the group did in different [4] Broomley, R. (2000). Street Vending and
vegetable and fruit vending zones including Public Policy: A Global Review.
vegetable vendors working under SEWA and International Journal of Sociology and
working independently the group came across Social Policy.
some mixed findings. The group observed that
SEWA as a member based organization has been [5] C.N.RAY, A. M. (2011). Vendors and
ineffective in providing proper credit facility and informal sector. Surat: CEPT University.
guaranteeing rights of the vegetable and fruit
vendors at their workplace as compared to [6] Chandrahas Chauhdhary. (2013 йил 26-
people who are working independently. SEWA September). Indian Street Vendors comes
has proved to be effective in providing proper out of Shadows. Bloomsberg View.
working conditions such as toilet facilities,
shades, drinking water etc. The group also came [7] Debdulal Saha. (2011). CONDITIONS OF
across a need of vegetable and fruit vendors for ‘DECENT WORKING LIFE’ OF STREET
having a proper storage facility for their goods. VENDORS IN . Mumbai: International
Also the group found that majority of vendors Labour Organization.
even though facing different problems at
workplace found their place to be secured. Also [8] Decent work. 2014 йил 7-10 from
there has been no role of SEWA in providing a www.ilo.org:
secured place. Poor working hours of vendors http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/decent-
have also been sparked from our research where work/lang--it/index.htm
we found that these vegetable and fruit vendors
are working for 11-14 hours a day. Talking [9] Decent work agenda. (n.d.). Retrieved 2014
about Income of these vendors, a decent йил 07-10 from www.ilo.org:
percentage of vegetable and fruit vendors under http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-
SEWA have seen an increase in their income ilo/decent-work-agenda/lang--de/index.htm
while vendors working independently have
either seen a decrease or no change in their [10] Falla, A. v. (2012). Legal empowerment of
income. The research on overall basis is able to Informal workers. Colombia.
bargain over the role of member based
organization to not being very effective in [11] Genesis of Municipal Laws Regarding
providing decent work to vegetable and fruit Vendors. (n.d.). NASVI. From NASVI:
vendors, while there is a good opportunity to http://nasvinet.org/newsite/statistics-the-
develop upon the same. SEWA should also street-vendors-2/
develop upon the micro financing facility and
make it more viable to the vendors working [12] Mahadevia, D. (2012). Decent work in
under them. Also there is a decent work deficit Ahmedabad: An integrated approach.
that has been observed in the vegetable vendors ahmedabad: ILO Asia- pacific working
in Ahmedabad which could only be removed by paper series.
providing them recognition, facilities like
storage, and proper credit facility. [13] Mahadevia, D. (2012). Devent Work in
Ahmedabad- An Integrated Approach.
12. Bibliography Ahmedabad: International Labour
Organization.

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Vol-2, Issue-4, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

[14] Mills, M. (2009). Comparative Research. (3) WIEGO- Women in Informal Employment:
New Delhi: SAGE. Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO) is a
global action-research-policy network that seeks
[15] Munshi, A. (2014). Integrating Vendors in to improve the status of the working poor,
City Planning. ahmedabad: CEPT especially women, in the informal economy.
university.
(4) ILO- 'International Labor Organization -
[16] NCEUS. (August, 2007). Condition of work ILO' A United Nations agency that strives to
and promotion of livelihood in informal serve as a uniting force between governments,
sector. Dolphin Printo Graphics. businesses and workers to "promote decent work
throughout the world.
[17] Organization, I. L. (2002). Women and Men
in the Informal Economy: A Statistical (5) Informal economy-The informal economy
Picture, 1st edition. Geneva: International is the diversified set of economic activities,
Labour Organization. enterprises, jobs, and workers that are not
regulated or protected by the state. The concept
[18] Saha, D. (2009). CONDITIONS OF originally applied to self-employment in small
‘DECENT WORKING LIFE’ OF STREET unregistered enterprises. It has been expanded to
VENDORS IN MUMBAI. ahmedabad. include wage employment in unprotected jobs.

[19] SEWA's Campaigns. 2014 йил 14-october (6) Unincorporated private enterprises- (of a
from www.sewa.org: company or other organization) not formed into
http://www.sewa.org/images/Annual_Repor a legal corporation.
t/PDF/SEWA%E2%80%99s%20Campaigns
(7) NDP- 'Net Domestic Product - NDP' An
.pdf
annual measure of the economic output of a
[20] SV Mohan. Lack of cold storages and health nation that is adjusted to account for
facilities a big concern. Meri news. depreciation, calculated by subtracting
depreciation from the gross domestic product
[21] WIEGO. (2014). Informal Economy. 2014 (GDP).
from WIEGO: http://wiego.org/informal-
(8) NCEUS- The National Commission for
economy/occupational-groups
Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector (NCEUS)
[22] WIEGO. (2014). Street Vendors. 2014 from has been set up as an advisory body and a
wiego: http://wiego.org/informal-
watchdog for the informal sector to bring about
improvement in the productivity of these
economy/occupational-groups/street-
enterprises for generation of large scale
vendors
employment opportunities on a sustainable basis.
[23] WIEGO. Street Vandors. From WIEGO
(9) Self-employed- Working for oneself as a
ORGANIZATION:
freelance or the owner of a business rather than
http://wiego.org/informal-
for an employer.
economy/occupational-groups/street-
vendors (10) Decent work- Decent work is a term coined
by International Labor Organization (ILO) in a
report in June, 1999. The research paper
described the goal as ‘not just creation of jobs,
13. GLOSSARY but also the creation of jobs of acceptable
quality. The society had a notion of decent work
(1) Street vendor- The term “street vendor” in which was proven wrong by the report and clear
English is typically used interchangeably with demarcations were made under the report that
“street trader,” “hawker,” and “peddler.” quantity of employment cannot discount quality
of employment.
(2) Informal sector- “Those workers who have
not been able to organize themselves in pursuit (11) BBC- The British Broadcasting
of their common interest dues to certain Corporation (BBC) is a UK-based public-service
constraints like casual nature of employment, broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting
ignorance and illiteracy, small and scattered size House in London.
of establishments”.

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(12) Member based organization- An contributing to the growth of the individuals of

association or corporation established for the which it is composed.
purpose of providing services on a non-profit
basis to its shareholders or members who own (20) Secured place- A place which gives feeling
and control it. of safety as well as sense of security with
regularity without any botheration from legal
(13) CEPT university- ‘Center for authorities. The problems like eviction, cattle,
Environmental Planning and Technology’ violence doesn’t prevails.
(CEPT) University focuses on understanding,
designing, planning, constructing and managing (21) OECD countries- The Organisation for
human habitats. Its teaching programs build Economic Co-operation and Development
thoughtful professionals and its research (OECD). The mission of the Organisation for
programs deepen understanding of human Economic Co-operation and Development
settlements. CEPT University also undertakes (OECD) is to promote policies that will improve
advisory projects to further the goal of making the economic and social well-being of people
habitats more liveable. around the world even India became its part to
achieve common goals.
(14)APMC- Agricultural produce market
committee. The state government of Gujarat, in (22) Vegetable and fruit vendor- Vegetable
order to facilitate farmers to sell their produce and fruit vendors refer to a sector of street
and get reasonable prices, created APMCs in vendors who sells perishable agricultural goods
many towns. Most of the APMC have market to earn their living.
where traders and other marketing agents are
provided stalls and shops for purchase of (23) Secured place- A secured place refer to a
agriculture produce from farmers. Farmers can place where a vendor is operating his business
sell their produce to agents or traders under without the fear of any constraints that could be
supervision of APMC. certain or uncertain.

(15)AMC- Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. (24) Comparative study- Comparative research

or analysis is a wide ranging concept, which
(16)SEWA-Self Employed Women’s encompasses both quantitative and qualitative
Association. SEWA is a trade union registered in comparison of social entities. These social
1972. It is an organisation of poor, self- entities can be classified into various lines, such
employed women workers. These are women as geographical or political ones based on the
who earn a living through their own labour or form of cross-national or regional comparisons.
small businesses.

(17)Minimum wages-The lowest wage

permitted by law or by a special agreement,
which are necessary for survival.

(18) NASVI- NASVI is an organization working

for the protection of the livelihood rights of
thousands of street vendors across the country.
Beginning as a Network in 1998, NASVI was
registered in 2003 under the Societies
registration Act of 1860.

(19) Gandhian principles- The first principle

which guided all his thoughts and activities is
the complete unity and integrity of body, mind
and soul in the individual human being. The
second principle of Gandhian philosophy may be
stated as follows: All social action should be
governed by the same simple set of moral
values, of which the main elements are
selflessness, non-attachment, nonviolence and
active service. His third conviction was that no
society, state or any other institution has any
worth or importance apart from its part in

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