U n i t - V l : T O A

TOPOL

U N I T - VII

Topolagy
Syllabus:

order t o p o l o g
subbases, subspace
topology,
Basic concepts of topology, bases, connectedness,
topology,
topology, metric
product topology, quotient Lemma.
axioms, Urysohn's
compactness, countability and separation

Content

***
337-342
**

7.0 Summary....
343-351
and Subspaces. . .
****

7.1 Topological Spaces

352-361
Compactness and Connectedness.....

7.2
Axioms *** *******
362-365
and Seperation
7.3 Countability
Theorem & Tieltze Extension Theorem 366-366
Metrization
Metrizability,
7.4

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338 GATE: MATHEMATICS Previous Year Solved
ed oPaper

Definition: Let X be a set. A collection If xeB nB, for

(ii) some
B,, B, e
B, then
TCP X) (of subsets of X) is said to be a
a B, e B.Such that xe B, c
B, n B,
topology on x if its satisfies the following .

properties. Here B is called a basis for a

topology r,
y
(a) element BeB is called a basis element fro.
o, Xer irom
B
(b) IfU er for aEA, where a is any index
Finer: Let t and r
topological be to two
set then Uu, er
aEA
on a topological space X. We say that
T' is finer thanr if rCr . We say
(c) If u,u,..., u, e r for some ne N then
is strictly finer than if rr'. r

O4er Coarser: We say that 7 is coarser than

Tif rc . If tg then we say r is
The pair (X, 7) is called a
topological space, strictly coarser than r'.
where X is a set andr is a
topology on X. Comparable: Two topologies r and '
The element u e r is called an open set. on a given set X is said to be

SOME IMPORTANT TOPOLOGICAL SPACES: comparable if either rC or tCT.

Discrete Topology: Let x be a set. If Not Comparable: Two topological r and
on a given set X is called not
T= P(X), i.e. a collection of all possible
subsets of X then forms comparable if r¢r and r' ET.
topology.
r a

This topology is called discrete

topology.
Indiscrete Topology/ Trivial Topology: SOME IMPORTANT TOPOLOGIES ON R
For a set X if T = {ø, X} then r forms a The topology generated by the basis

topology. This topology is called B={(a, b) : a,b e R} is called the usual

indiscrete topology o r trivial topology. topology on R.
Co-finite Topology: For a set X , let r The topology generated by the basisS
be the collection of all subsets of X
B ={la,b): a,b e R} is called the lower
such that X \u is either finite or is all

of limit topology on R. We usually call R

X.We prove that r forms a topology
on X . of the topological space R with the lower

Co-Countable Topology: For a limit topology.

topological space X, let r be a collection The topology generate d by the basi

of all subsets u of X such that X \u is B-{(a, b) : a,b e R{(a, b) \ k:a,beR)

either countable or is all of X. Then r
forms a topology is called co-countable where k - = ne N is called the

topology is
Basis for a Topology: topologyin R. This topological space
Let X be a set. A basis for a topology is a denoted by R.
collection B of subsets of X such that RESULTS
The
(i) For each xEX, 3 an element BeB topology of R, is strictly finer tha
such that x e B3. the usual topology on R

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U n i t - V l :

TOPOLOGY-Summary
T O P O L O G

339

The topology of R, 1s
strictly finer than Let Y be a subspace of X.
Let A be a

the usual topology on R A denote the closure

subset of Y. Let
A in Y
The topology ot
R, and R, are not of A in X. Then closure of
Comparable. equals AnY.
X is
Thebasis B Hausdorff Space: A topological space
={(a, b) : a, be o}generates
pair X, X2 of distinct
called Hausdorffiffor any
the usual topology on R.
Sub-Basis: A sub-basis S for a topology on X points of X ,
there exists neighborhoods U
such
is a collection of subsets of X whose union Containing and U, containing
equal X. that U, nU, =d.
Thetopology generated by a sub-basis S is Result:
defined to be the collection of all unions of Hausdorff space, then a
If X is a

finite intersections of elements of S. sequence of points of X converges to at

Product Topology: Let X and Y be two most one point of x .

finite set in Hausdorff space is

topological spaces. Let B be a collection of Any a

UxV where U is an open subset of X and closed.

CONTINUITY: Let X and Y be two topological
V is an open subset of Y.
space. A function f:X >Y is said to be
Itis easy to check that B forms a basis. The
continuous if for any open subset of Y, the
topology generated by B is called the product
set f-l(V) is an open subset of X.
topologyon XxY.
Let (X, T) be a Result:
Sub-Space topology:
Let S be a sub-basis for the topology on
topological space and YcX. Then the
Y. If fa (S.) is open for any S. eS
collection ry ={UoY:UE T} forms a topology.
then f is continuous.
This topology is called the sub-space topology.
RESULTSs Homeomorphism: Let X and Y be two
If B and B, are basis for the topological topological spaces. Let f:X Y be a
on X and X Then D={B, x B, bijection. If both function f and f are

is basis for the continuous then f is called a

: B, e B and B, E B} a

Y.
Homeomorphism.
X
product topology on x

Pasting Lemma: Let X

If B is a basis for the topology of X = AUB, where A
and B both are closed in X. Let
then the collection B, =
{BnY|BeB} 1s f: A>Y
and g: B>Y be continuous. If
a basis for the subspace topology
on Y. f (x) g (x)
=

of X U is for everyx EAOB, then the well defined

open subspace
=

Let Y be an

a n open set in Y. Then U is open

in
functionh:X>Y by h(x) =f(x) on A and
X of well. h (x) =
g (x) on B, is continuous on X .

of X. Then a set
Let Y be a subspace Product
and only if it equals
Topology: For a index set a, and
A is closed in Y if
closed set of X with topological spaces Xa e 2 we define the
the intersection of a
Y

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340 GATE: MATHEMATicS Previous Year Solved D-

product X X such that any element denote X = X/ ~ where

x if
&EA
y yelx] or
x =
y are in the same set of the
partition
x =(*),ea EX. iff x e X, for all ael. Connected Topological Space: Let
aEA x be a
topological space a separation of X is a air
Box topology on X . : The collection U and V of disjoint non-empty open
aEA subsets
of X whose union is X .The space X is
said
l|u where u is open in X,} forms a to be connected if there does not
ael exist a
separation of X.
basis. The topology generate d by that
collection/ basis is called the box topology on Result:
Let Y be a subspace of a
topological
I1x
ae space X. Then Y has a separationif
Metrizable and only if there exists sets A and B
Topological Space: A topological
space (X, 7) is called metrizable if the
topology
in such that Y = AUB, AnB=AOB
T is induced by a metrics d. =, A, B#.
Result: Let C,D form a separation of X, and

R" with box topology is not metrizable. Y be a connected subspace of X. Then

either YcC or Yc D.
Quotient Map: Let X and Y be topological If A is a connected subspace of a
spaces. Let P: X > Y be a surjective map.
topological space then A is alsso
The map P is said to be a quotient map if it connected.
satisfies the following condition: "A subset U Image of a connected space undera
Continuous map is also connected.
is open in Y if and only if P (u) is open in
X. Let X Y and
be two connected
topological spaces. Then XxY is
Quotient Topology: Let X be a topological
Connected.
space and A be a set such that P:X> A is
Path Connected Topological Space: Let X
a surjective function. Then there exists
be a topological space. A path in X from a
unique topologyr on A.
point x to a point y, where is
Induced by P given by U is open in A, ie., X, y E X, a

continuous map
UerifP (u) is open in X', This topology is f:[O,1]-> X such tha
called thequotient topology o n A and the map fCO) = x and f ) = y . If there is a path
P will be the quotient map corresponds to the Detween any two points in X , then X is said
quotient topology. to be a
path connected topological space
Quotient Space: Let X be a topological space. Result:
Let be a partition of X into disjoint subsets 1T A is path connected then it i1s

whose union is X. Let P: X->X be the connected.

Locally Connected: A space X is said to Do
surjective map defined by P(x) = [x], i.e., x
locally connected if, for each point x ana l
goes to the element of X containing x. We
anyopen set U containing x, there existsa
can generate a quotient topology on X
connected open set V such that x e VCO
induced by the map P. The new topological
Locally Path Connected: A space X is said
of X
space is called the quotient space , we to be
lo cally path connected if, for each pou

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 TOPOLOGY--Summary 341
U n i t - V

(respectively
a n d for any ope set U
containing x ,
spaces) is first
countable

there exists a path connected open set v second countable).

A topological
that x e VcU. Separable Topological Space:
such has a
X is said to be
separable if X
Onen Cover: Let X be a topological space. A space
countable dense subset.
collection A of open sets in X is said to be
Results
an 'open covering of X' or 'an open cover of countable topological
second
Every
X if UA =X. space is separable.
spaces 1s
Product of two separable
AEA

Compact Space: A topological space X is said separable.

not
space may
t obe compact if for every open covering A of Subspace of a separable
X containing a finite sub-collection Bc A, be separable.

Tychonoff Space: A topological

space (X, T)
which covers X.
two disjoint points
Result is called Tychonoff if any
for any two points
Every closed subspace of a compact in X a r e separated, i.e.,
contaitity x such
space is compact. X,y EX, 3 an open set U

Every compact subspace of a Hausdorff This topological space is also

is closed.
that y eU.
called T-space.
Let f:X>Y be a continuous function.
Hausdorff Topological Space: Let X be a
If X is compact then f (X) is compact.
topological space. Then X is called Hausdorff

compact then XxY is if for any two points are separated by open
If X and Y are
neighborhood, i.e., for any tow points
also compact.
is said to be first open sets and U, such that
First Countable Space: X x,y e X,3 U,
3 a countable
countable if for each x e X , and U, nU, =o. The
such that
xEU, yeU,
collection B, of neighborhoods of x
hausdorff topological space is also called T
open set U
containing x, 3BeB,
forany space.
suchthat x e Bcu. Regular Topological Space: Let X be a
Let X be a topological space such that one-point sets are
Countablity Space:
Second second
topological space, then
X is said to be closed in X. Then X is called regular if for
3a
c o u n t a b l e basis, i.e., any pair (x, B) with xEB xe X , and B is
countable if X has
such that
COuntable c o l l e c t i o n B
of open sets
set U
a closed set in X, open sets U, and U,
xEX and for any open
1or any
an element Be B such that such that xeU, and BeU and
Containing x 3
U, nUB = . The regular topological space is
xEBEUU.
Result also called 13-space.
and Y be
Let X be topological space, Normal
a
X is first Topological Space: Let X be a
a subspace of X . T h e n topological space such that one-point sets are
second
(respectively
countable closed in X. Then X is said to be normal if
Y is also first
implies pair of
countable)
second
any disjoint closed sets are separated
(respectively
countable by open neighborhoods i.e., for any two closed
countable). countable
sets A, B with AnB= o,3 open sets UA and
first
Countable product of
countable
second
Up Such that
spaces
(respectively
AcUA BCU and
Near
e a r 1.1.T., New Delbi.
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342 GATE: MATHEMATICS
-

Previous Year Solved Pan

aper

The Urysohn Lemma: Let X be a normal

UAnU =d. topologicalspace. Let A arnd B betwo disjoint
Results
closed sets in X. Then 3 a continuous
A subspace of a Hausdorff space is
Hausdorff. function f:X->[0,1] such that f(a) =o
A product of Hausdorff spaces is VaeA and f(b) =1 Vbe B
hausdorff in product topology.
Urysohn Metrization Theorem: Every regular
A subspace of a regular space is also
space X with a countable basis is metrizable,
regular.
A product of regular spaces of regular. Tietze Extension Theorem: Let X be a

A subspace of a T space is 7 .Aproduct normal space and let A be a closed subspace

of X. Then any continuous map
of T-spaces is T in product topology. f:A->-1,1] may be extended to a
Every metrizable space is normal.
Every compact Hausdorff space is continuous map 9: X>F-1,1] |ie., gl=f.
normal.
A subspace of a normal space may not
be normal.

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