f (x) = L f (x) = L f (x) a f (x) = f (a) f (x) 0 f (x) ±1

x!a x!1 x!a = =

">0 >0 f (x) L x x!a g(x) 0 x!a g(x) ±1
0 < |x a| < |f (x) L| < " f (x) f 0 (x)
= a 1 1
f (x) b g(x) = b x!a g(x) x!a g 0 (x)
f (x) = L f (x) = L
x!a x! 1 ⇣ ⌘x!a
f (x) L x f (g(x)) = f g(x) = f (b)
x!a x!a
x a a
x=a f (x) = 1 p(x) q(x)
x!a p(x)
f (x) x x2 + 4x 12 (x 2)(x + 6) x q(x)
f (x) = L =
x!± 1 q(x)
a a
x!a+ x!2 x2 2x x!2 x(x 2) p(x) q(x)
x>a x=a
x+6 8 3x2 4 x2 3 4
= = =4 = x2
f (x) = L f (x) = 1 x!2 x 2
x!a x!a x! 1 5x 2x2 x! 1 x2 x5 2
x<a f (x)
4
3 x2 3
p p p = =
3 x 3 x 3+ x x! 1 5 2 2
= p x
x!9 x2 81 x!9 x2 81 3 + x
f (x) = L ) f (x) = f (x) = L f (x) = f (x) = L ) f (x) = L 9 x 1 ⇢
x!a x!a+ x!a x!a+ x!a x!a = p = p x2 + 5 x< 2
x!9 (x2 81)(3 + x) x!9 (x + 9)(3 + x) g(x) g(x) =
f (x) 6= f (x) ) f (x) x! 2 1 3x x 2
x!a + x!a x!a 1 1
= =
(18)(6) 108
g(x) = x2 + 5 = 9
x! 2 x! 2

f (x) g(x) c ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ g(x) = 1 3x = 7

x!a x!a 1 1 1 1 x (x + h) x! 2 + x! 2 +

 =
f (x) f (x) h!0 h x+h x h!0 h x(x + h)
[cf (x)] = c f (x) = x!a
g(x) 6= 0 g(x)
x!a x!a x!a g(x) g(x) x!a
✓ ◆ x! 2
x!a 1 h 1 1
h in = = =
n
h!0 h x(x + h) h!0 x(x + h) x2 g(x)
[f (x) ± g(x)] = f (x) ± g(x) [f (x)] = f (x) x! 2
x!a x!a x!a x!a x!a
hp i q
[f (x)g(x)] = f (x) g(x) n
f (x) = n f (x)
x!a x!a x!a x!a x!a

x
±1
x (x) x>0
x x
=1 =0 n xn = 1
x!1 x! 1 x!± 1 x (x) (x) x
(x) = 1 (x) = 1 n xn = 1 xn = 1
x!1 x!0+
x! 1 x! 1
p (x) (x)
n
x x 3⇡ ⇡ ⇡ 3⇡
b n a xn + · · · + b x + c = (a)1 x 6= · · · , , , , ,···
r>0 =0 x!± 1 p 2 2 2 2
x!1 xr
n
x x 0
n
n ax + ··· + bx + c = (a)1 x (x) (x)
x!1 x
r>0 xr x x 6= · · · , 2⇡, ⇡, 0, ⇡, 2⇡, · · ·
b n a xn + · · · + c x + d = (a)1
r
=0 x! 1
x! 1 x
(a) = 1 a>0 (a) = 1 a<0

f (x) [a, b] M f (a) f (b)

c a<c<b f (c) = M
 f (x + h) f (x) ✓
y = f (x) f 0 (x) = d h in ◆ h in 1 d
✓ h i◆ h i
h!0 h f (x) = n f (x) f 0 (x) f (x) = f 0 (x) f (x)
dx dx
y = f (x) y = f (x) ✓ ◆ ✓ h i◆ h i
d d
x=a f (x)
= f 0 (x) f (x) f (x) = f 0 (x) 2
f (x)
dx dx
df dy d df dy ✓ h
f 0 (x) = y 0 = = = (f (x)) = Df (x) f 0 (a) = y 0 |x=a = = = Df (a) d i◆ f 0 (x) d
✓ h i◆ h i h i
dx dx dx dx x=a dx x=a f (x) = f (x) = f 0 (x) f (x) f (x)
dx f (x) dx
✓ h i◆ h i ✓ h i◆
d d 1 f 0 (x)
f (x) = f 0 (x) f (x) f (x) = h i2
dx dx
1 + f (x)
y = f (x)
m = f 0 (a) f 0 (a)
y = f (x) x=a f (x) x=a
x=a f (t) t 2nd nth
y = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x a) d2 f dn f
f 0 (a) t=a f 00 (x) = f (2) (x) = f (n) (x) =
dx2 dxn
⇣ ⌘0 ⇣ ⌘0
f 00 (x) = f 0 (x) f (n) (x) = f (n 1)
(x)
0 st
f (x) (n 1) f (n 1)
(x)
f (x) g(x) c n
d ⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘0
c =0 f (x) ± g(x) = f 0 (x) ± g 0 (x)
dx y0 2x 9y
+ x3 y 2 = (y) + 11x y = y(x) x y
⇣ ⌘0 ⇣ ⌘0
c f (x) = c f 0 (x) f (x) g(x) = f 0 (x) g(x) + f (x) g 0 (x) y
✓ ◆0 y y0 y0
d ⇣ n⌘ f (x) f 0 (x) g(x) f (x) g 0 (x)
x = n xn 1
= ⇣ ⌘2 2x 9y 0 2 2 3 0 0
dx g(x) (2 9y ) + 3x y + 2x y y = (y)y + 11
g(x) 11 2 2x 9y 3x2 y 2
✓ ⇣ 2 2x 9y
9y 0 2x 9y
+ 3x2 y 2 + 2x3 y y 0 = (y)y 0 + 11 ) y0 =
d ⌘◆ ⇣ ⌘ 2x3 y 9 2x 9y (y)
f g(x) = f 0 g(x) g 0 (x) 3
2x y 9 2x 9y 0
(y) y = 11 2 2x 9y 2 2
3x y
dx

d ⇣ ⌘ d ⇣ ⌘ d ⇣ x⌘
x =1 (x) = (x) (x) a = ax (a)
dx dx dx x=c f (x) f 00 (x) > 0 x I
d ⇣ ⌘ d ⇣ ⌘ d ⇣ ⌘
f (x) I
(x) = (x) (x) = 2
(x) x
= x f 0 (c) = 0
dx dx dx f 0 (c) f 00 (x) < 0 x I
d ⇣ ⌘ d ⇣ 1
⌘ 1 d ⇣ ⌘ 1
(x) = (x) (x) = p (x) = , x > 0 f (x) I
dx dx 1 x2 dx x
d ⇣ ⌘
2 d ⇣ ⌘ 1 d ⇣ ⌘ 1 f 0 (x) > 0 x I
(x) = (x) 1
(x) = p |x| = , x 6= 0
dx dx 1 x2 dx x f (x) I x=c f (x)
d ⇣ ⌘
d ⇣ ⌘ 1 d ⇣ ⌘ 1 f 0 (x) < 0 x I x=c
(x) = (x) (x) 1
(x) = a (x) = , x>0
dx dx 1 + x2 dx x (a)
f (x) I
f 0 (x) = 0 x I
f (x) I
 x=c f (x) x=c f (x) t
t
f (c) f (x) x f (c) f (x) x c
x=c f (x) x=c f (x)
✓
f (c)  f (x) x f (c)  f (x) x c 1
4
✓ = 0.5
1st
f (x) x=c x=c f (x) x=c
x=c f (x) f (x) f 0 (x) > 0
x=c f 0 (x) < 0 x=c

f (x) [a, b] f (x) f 0 (x) < 0

✓0 = 0.01 x0
c d x=c f 0 (x) > 0 x=c x0 x
a  c, d  b f (x) f 0 (x x x0
x2 + y 2 = 152 ) 2x x0 + 2y y 0 = 0 (✓) = ) (✓) (✓) ✓0 =
f (c) [a, b] x=c 50 50
x = 10 12 14 = 7 ✓ = 0.5 ✓0
f (d) [a, b] p p
2nd y = 152 72 = 176 y0 x0
✓ ◆ (0.5) (0.5) (0.01) =
x=c f (x) f 0 (c) = 0 1 p 7 50
7 + 176 y 0 = 0 ) y 0 = p x0 = 0.3112
x=c 4 4 176
f (x) [a, b] f (x) f 00 (c) < 0
f (x) f 00 (c) > 0
f (x) [a, b]
f (x) f 00 (c) = 0
f (a) f (b)

y = x2 + 1
(0, 2)
f (x)
1st
2nd
f = d2 = (x 0)2 + (y 2)2
y = x2 + 1 x2
A = xy x+2y = 500
f (x) [a, b] (a, b) x x2 = y 1 ) f = x2 + (y 2)2
f (b) f (a) A = y(500 2y)
a<c<b f 0 (c) = =y 1 + (y 2)2 = y 2 3y + 3
b a x = 500 2y )
= 500y 2y 2
3
f 0 = 2y 3 ) y= 2
A0 = 500 4y ) y = 125 2nd
f (xn )
xn nth f (x) = 0 (n + 1)st xn+1 = xn 2nd x
f 0 (xn )
0
f (xn ) x x2 = 3
1= 1
) x = ± p12
2 2
x = 500 2(125) = 250 ⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘
p1 , 3 p1 , 3
2 2 2 2
 Z Z Z Z
1 1
k dx = k x + c xn dx = xn+1 + c, n 6= 1 x 1
dx = dx = |x| + c
f (x) f (x) n+1 x
Z Z Z
[a, b] [a, b] n x F (x) F 0 (x) = f (x) u u 1 1
Z du = +c dx = |ax + b| + c (u) du = u (u) u+c
x⇤i ax + b a
Z b n
X f (x) dx = F (x) + c Z Z Z
f (x) dx = f (x⇤i ) x (u) du = (u) + c (u) (u) du = (u) + c (u) du = | (u)| + c
a n!1 F (x) f (x)
i=1
Z Z Z
(u) du = (u) + c (u) (u)du = (u) + c (u) du = | (u)| + c
Z R Z ⇣u⌘
2 (u)du = 1 1 1
f (x) [a, b] (u) du = (u) + c du = +c
Z Z (u) + (u) + c a 2 + u2 a a
x u(x) ⇥ ⇤ Z Z
d R ⇣u⌘
g(x) = f (t) dt [a, b] f (t) dt = u0 (x)f u(x) 2 (u)du = p
1 1
a dx a
(u) du = (u) + c du = +c
Z (u) + (u) + c a2 u2 a
d x Z b
0
g (x) = f (t) dt = f (x) d ⇥ ⇤
dx a
f (t) dt = v 0 (x)f v(x)
dx v(x) Z b Z b Z g(b)
f (x) [a, b] F (x) Z
Z d u(x) ⇥ ⇤ ⇥ ⇤ u f (g(x)) g 0 (x) dx f (g(x)) g 0 (x) dx = f (u) du
0 0
f (t) dt = u (x)f u(x) v (x)f v(x) a a g(a)
f (x) F (x) = f (x) dx dx v(x) u = g(x) du = g 0 (x)dx
Z b
Z 2 Z 2 Z 8
f (x) dx = F (b) F (a) 5
a 5x2 x3 dx 5x2 x3 dx = (u) du
1 1 1 3
1 5
8
5 ⇣ ⌘
u = x3 ) du = 3x2 dx ) x2 dx = du = (u) = (8) (1)
Z Z Z Z Z 3 3 1 3
x=1 ) u = 13 = 1 :: x = 2 ) u = 23 = 8
f (x) ± g(x) dx = f (x) dx ± g(x) dx cf (x) dx = c f (x) dx c

Z b Z b Z b Z b Z b
R n R n
f (x) ± g(x) dx = f (x) dx ± g(x) dx cf (x) dx = c f (x) dx c (x) m
(x) dx (x) m
(x) dx
a a a a a
Z n n
a Z b 2 2
f (x) dx = 0 (x) = 1 (x)
c dx = c(b a) c 2 2
a a u= (x) (x) = (x) 1
Z b Z a Z b Z b m u= (x)
f (x) dx = f (x) dx 2 2
f (x) dx  f (x) dx (x) = 1 (x) m
a b a a 2 2
u= (x) (x) = 1 + (x)
Z b Z c Z b n m u= (x)
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx c n m n m
a a c
n m
Z b Z b
f (x) g(x) axb f (x) dx g(x) dx
2
a a (2x) = 2 (x) (x) 2
(x) = 12 (1 + (2x)) (x) = 12 (1 (2x))
Z b Z Z
f (x) 0 axb f (x) dx 0 3
(x) 5
(x) dx
5
(x)
dx
3 (x)
a
Z Z Z Z Z
Z b 3 5 2 4 5
x 4
x x ( 2
x)2 x
x x dx = x x x x dx 3x dx = 3 x dx = 3x dx
m  f (x)  M axb m(b a)  f (x) dx  M (b a) Z
a
Z h i
2 4 2 2
= (x) 1 (x) (x) (x)dx = (1 (x))
3 (x)
(x)
dx u= (x)
Z h i Z Z
2 4 (1 u2 )2 1 2u2 +u4
= u 1 u du u= (x) = du = du
u3 u3
1 7 1 5
= 7 (x) 5 (x) + c = 1 2
(x) + 2 (x) 1 2
(x) + c
2 2