I used to think that winning at any cost is the only way,

PHILOSOPHY but then i realised it is causing problems. thats like

doing philosophy reflecting and changing belief.
Derived from the Greek words Philos “love” and Sophia
“wisdom”; hence, Philosophy literally means “Love of Through reflection you recognize the pattern and
Wisdom”. change it, WHICH IS A FORM OF PHILOSOPHY IN
ACTION.
The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge,
reality, and existence, especially when considered as 3. “A reconstructed belief or a value system which
an academic discipline. shows universal and comprehensive character as a
result of reflection and analysis in a more
“The fundamental values or some basic assumptions comprehensive and systematic manner.”
about things, persons, institutions, and others which
form presuppositions that influence one’s beliefs, -philosophy is the byproduct of your careful systematic
decisions, and actions.” – Armando Bonifacio examination of your thoughts and belief that are
organized to make sense.
Pythagoras is said to be the first to use Philosophy
when he differentiated the three classes of people who ex. working non stop to achieve goal, after careful
attended the ancient Olympic Games. analysis and thinking through is this the best way or
1. Lovers of Gain; having breaks and before working give you a better
2. Lovers of Honor; result.
3. Lovers of Knowledge or Wisdom.
Talking about the Subject
Pythagoras called the third class of people as the best Another view on Philosophy is as a study of subjects
kind of people or Philosophers; those who seek to which can be understood on how they are talked about.
arrive at the truth, as they neither seek profit nor Talking about the subject means:
compete in the games.
1. Investigating the meaning of concepts or proposal
The Subject Matter of Philosophy of a new term in order to advance some area of
philosophical inquiry;
Three Concept of Philosophy as explained by Armando
Bonifacio: 2. Critiquing the use of these terms; or

1. “The fundamental values or some basic assumptions 3. A combination of both.

about things, persons, institutions, and others which
form presuppositions that influence one’s beliefs, By dissecting language and communication we uncover
decisions, and actions.” underlying assumptions and implications.

the important belief you have, the things you assume, It reveals hidden meanings and ideas showing us
ideas you dont even realize you are using all of it work deeper understanding of the conversation.
together to shape how you think, decide and act.
example: talking about freedom we all agree that
ex. important belief like being cautious this hinders you freedom is important,
from taking risk ,shapes your decision in taking actions. but if we talk what does it means to be free?

We realize that have different ideas.

2. “The activity of reflecting on and analyzing one’s
beliefs reasons for actions or decisions could be a kind So by examining how we use the word freedom we
of Philosophy as well.” uncover different assumptions that we dont even
consider before.
Examining and questioning your thoughts is a form of
philosophy. it’s a way of exploring the deeper meaning Philosophical and Non-philosophical Subjects
behind your actions and decisions.
Philosophical subjects differ from non-philosophical
ex. thinking why you believe certain thing or why you ones because they have a fundamental importance to a
are certain about this things reflective person and there is a lack of general
agreement on how subject of concern may be defined.
What is considered as philosophical subjects are Aesthetics
matters a reflective person believes in, counts as real, Comes from the Greek word aisthetikos which means
and considers as good which shapes his or her life. “sensitive” or “perspective”.

philosophical subjects involve deep questions and In this branch, the Philosopher is concerned with the
exploration of ideas. analysis of aesthetic experience and the idea of what is
beautiful.
existence and reality
ethics and morality The analysis is directed toward the nature of aesthetic
knowledge and truth judgment, standards of beauty, and the objectivity of
mind and consciousness these standards in response to the questions about the
free will and determinism meaning of aesthetic experience.

non-philosophical subjects are more practical and In aesthetics, Philosophers analyze whether beauty is
concrete. based on utility, experience, form, pleasure, or
expression.
Science, math, medicine, economics etc..
Epistemology
while philosophical subjects often deal with abstract Derived from the Greek word “epistēmē” which means
concept and deep inquiries “knowledge”.
NP subjects are more about practical application and
tangible outcomes in various fields. This branch of Philosophy deals with various problems
concerning knowledge; its origin, whether empiricism
thus, philosophy is an ongoing activity for it branches or rationalism, and the verification or confirmation
to many more questions that need to be discussed. knowledge.

Philosophy becomes an ongoing activity because there Epistemology specializes in the distinction between
may be many and varied answers to fundamental belief and knowledge, the nature of truth, the problems
questions. of perception, the external world, and meaning and
other minds.
Value of philosophy
Thus the value of philosophy lies in its ability to Logic
stimulate critical thinking. A branch of Philosophy that looks into whether there
are rules or principles that govern reasoning.
It encourages open-mindedness and creativity and the
development of analytical skills that can be applied in Logic incorporates the analysis of the methods of
various aspects of life. deduction and induction to provide the rules on how
people ought to think logically.
Major Branches of Philosophy
Logic gives a person the techniques to create sound
Ethics arguments and avoid fallacious reasoning.
Derived from the Greek term Ethos “moral philosophy”
and is concerned about human conduct. Logic increases one’s ability to reason correctly and
distinguish irrational reasoning.
Deals with norms or standards of right and wrong
applicable to human behavior. Metaphysics
A study of reality. This literally means “after Physics”.
Considered as prescriptive as it prescribes what people
ought to do rather what people do. This branch analyzes whether everything is material,
and if life, energy, and mind are its different
The systematic reflections in Ethics will lead to an manifestation.
understanding of the concept of right and wrong and
conceptions about morality which affects one’s actions Metaphysics reflect on the subject of appearances
towards others. (how something looks by how it appears) and reality
(that which actually is).
Ethics helps people prioritize their values.
Philosophizing Xenophanes, on the other hand, claimed that there is a
A reflective analysis and criticism of beliefs and values single God. He did not subscribed to the idea of an
of human beings. anthropomorphic God.

To speculate or theorize about fundamental or serious Pre-Socratic Period: Pythagoras and Pythagoreans
issues, especially in a tedious or pompous way. This group believes that the cosmos is a structured
system ordered by numbers. For them, things become
To explain or argue in terms of one’s philosophical knowable because they are structured in this way; the
theories. structure can apparently be expressed in a numerical
ratio.
BRIEF HISTORY IN PHILOSOPHY Hence, they believed that nature can be quantified.
Pre-philosophical Period Socrates and the Socratic Schools
Even before the birth of natural Philosophy, people had The second period in the history of Greek philosophy.
already attempted to explain the origin of things and Although comparatively short, it is considered as the
the events or occurrences in nature. most flourishing.

Such attempts are evident in the folklore, myths, and This period was dominated by three famous
legends that the ancient peoples believed in. However, philosophers – Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
these stories are characterized by religious elements or
supernatural powers and not by natural or rational The philosophers in this period mainly had to answer
explanation. the problem of how to save the intellectual and the
moral life of a nation, which was threatened by
Pre-Socratic Period: Miletians materialism and skepticism.
THALES
Philosophy begun in the Ionic Colonies of Asia Minor Socrates (469-399 B.C)
around 6th century BC. Father of Western Philosophy
The first Greek Philosopher and the Father of He left no writing at all yet he greatly influenced
Philosophy. western philosophical tradition through Plato’s
The first to engage in the inquiry of searching for causes Dialogues.
and principles of the natural world and various
phenomena without relying on supernatural Socratic Method or elenchus – a method of question
explanation and divine components. and answer which aims to provoke the one being asked
By observing nature, he believed that earth floats on to think for himself/herself and to clarify his/her
water, while it is considered as the first/ ultimate conceptions about what is asked.
substance.
Socrates is also regarded as one. Who argued self-
ANAXIMANDER examination and claimed that “the unexamined life is
Also wondered about the beginning of the universe and not worth living”. When the young men in the City
where it came from. started to question the same way Socrates did, he was
The universe is formed from the boundless (apeiron) then arrested for allegedly corrupting the minds of the
which is both the first principle (arche) and the youth.
substance (stoicheion) of the universe.
He was sentenced to death through hemlock poisoning.
ANAXIMENES
Anaximenes, another Melitian, argued that air was the “I Know that I Know Nothing”
fundamental element
True Wisdom is the knowledge of how little you know.
Heraclitus and Xenophanes continued the Miletian
claim of a single, proper substance. They also offered a Plato (428-347 B.C)
cosmological account, but they expanded their focus on Socrates taught that concept is the only true knowledge
the human subject and investigated the nature of - to which Plato concluded that the concept, or idea, is
inquiry itself in the physical explanations they provided. the only true reality.

Heraclitus claimed the “unity of opposites”.

Plato had the archetypal Greek belief, that humanity with the world which is to be studied and therefore
was born with an innate knowledge of everything, and engaged in substantive philosophy.
that learning was a process of unlocking the memories.
Human beings philosophize because they wonder about
Examination rather than acting on impulse. the world, and as they do, more things of their
experience appear puzzling.
Work 1: The Dialogues (written in a form of
conversation) where his philosophical ideas are found, His method focuses on analyzing phenomena or
which are accounts of what he is concerned with as experience and providing credible opinions about these
influenced by his teacher, Socrates. experiences to arrive at adequate proof.

Work 2: The Republic which discusses his social and He also believed that the aim of philosophy is truth, and
political philosophy and his belief that Greek city-states the endowment of senses will lead a person in direct
must be led by Philosopher kings in order to flourish, contact with the world, and therefore allow him to
and that justice is best manifested if persons would do analyze whether what appears upon scrutiny and
what is suited to each of his or her soul. analysis is correct.

Plato’s philosophy is the completion and extension of Medieval Period: Scholasticism

Socrates. Described as the confluence of faith and reason.
For Plato, Philosophy is the science of idea or of the Philosophers in this period used philosophy as a
unconditioned basis of phenomena. handmaid of theology.
His philosophical ideas are found in his dialogues which
are accounts of what he is concerned with as influenced Concerned with proving God's existence and
by his teacher, Socrates. understanding what man in relation with God is.

His works also encourage humanity to seek what is Directed its inquiry on how reason can be used to
good, what is true, and what is beautiful in the provide proofs that God exists.
intellectual realm beyond the appearances because the
senses are often deceitful. Medieval Philosophers’ attempt to reconcile faith and
He also urge that humans detach themselves to what is reason reveals that reflection and analysis may be used
corporeal because the soul without the limitation of the to clarify thought or provide pieces of evidence as
body can better recognize the eternal form of truth, proofs for a topic important to human, like religious
beauty, and goodness. beliefs.

THE ACADEMIA St. Anselm of Canterbury

People are taught not only Math and Spellings but how He argued that GOD's EXISTENCE IS PROVABLE;
to be good and kind
He offered a deductive argument for the existence of
Aristotle (384-322 B.C) God based on what he understood to be the nature of
His father was the Royal Doctor; God's being or the definition of God.
His modest nickname was the Master or simply, the
Philosopher; For him, God is the best possible thing we can imagine:
His first big job was to tutor Alexander the Great; "(GOD IS) THAT THAN NO GREATER CAN BE
He founded a little school called the Lyceum. CONCEIVED"
He likes to walk about while discussing lectures and
ideas. He was then nicknamed, The Wanderous. St. Augustine of Hippo, Africa
He served as Bishop of Hippo for 35 years proving
He was fascinated by how many things actually works popular and inspirational to the largely uneducated and
(how a chick grow in an egg, how squid reproduce, why poor congregation.
a plant grow well in one place and hardly at all in
another); Only his Cathedral and Library was left untouched when
For him, Philosophy was about practical wisdom. the Germanic tribe, the Vandals, burned the legion of
His philosophy is often described as an opposition to Hippo. This was out of respect for the elderly
the platonic philosophical tradition. He believed that Philosopher's achievements.
perceptual and cognitive faculties of people are
dependable; such belief places humans in direct contact
He furiously disagreed that Human life could be EMPIRICISM
perfected and that the society was just. Experience is also a source of knowledge;
the five senses concerned to the world can be used to
"We cannot properly love for we are constantly determine what can be known; truth is based on what
undermined by our egoism and our pride". corresponds to reality.

St. Augustine promoted "the argument by analogy" RATIONALISM: Rene Descartes

against solipsism or the philosophical idea that only Father of Modern Philosophy
one's own existence is the only thing that is real.
Solipsism - we can only be sure of the existence of our He questioned his belief and even his own existence;
self, everything else is just a projection of our mind. He pointed out that our senses fail us all the time.

St Augustine notes that of all creatures, only man is COGITO ERGO SUM
made in the "image" of God. He reasoned therefore, I think, therefore, I am.
that the best analogy for God's nature would be found
in the creature who bears his image. EMPERICISM: John Locke
He believed that we are born as Tabularasa or a blank
St. Thomas Aquinas slate; all knowledge is obtained through experience.
He dismissed Anselm's belief of God's existence.
He rejected the concepts of innate ideas but Locke
He believes in God, but as a Philosopher, it was agreed to Descartes' belief particularly that of the idea
important to have evidence of these belief. that our senses could be deceitful.

He argued the existence of God through his Immanuel Kant's Philosophy

understanding of Science and with the help of physical One of the most influential thinkers in modern
evidence. Philosophy.
Examined the extent to which human reason is capable;
AQUINAS' ARGUMENT FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD "to criticize reason by reason".

Argument from Motion (movers) Critique of Pure Reason

Argument from Causation (cause and effect) What can reason alone determine without the help of
Argument from Contingency (existence) our senses;
Argument from Degrees (measurement of perfection) The connection between Rationality (thinking) and
Teleological Argument (argument used by Theist to Experience (what we perceive).
argue the existence of God)
The Analytic Tradition
Modern Period of Philosophy A school of thought which dominated the the English
Recognized to be concerned about problems or issues speaking countries;
on knowledge. It is often described as dominated by
two school of thought - Empiricism and Rationalism - Concentrated in logical analysis of language to solve the
and ends with a synthesis made by Immanuel Kant. problems which beset philosophy;

The reflections and analysis are directed toward Philosophers under this tradition espouses a method of
answering the questions on the nature of knowledge verification which only accepts as meaningful and true
and the verification and types of knowledge claims to those which can be investigated by science.
be known by humans.
Modern Period of Philosophy Bertrand Russell
Analysis of meaningfulness of descriptions as opposed
RATIONALISM to names that designates or denotes a subject label and
Rationalists believe that reason is the sole source of description
knowledge.
Types of knowledge are limited to analytic or formal George Edward Moore
knowledge of mathematics and logic. Analysis is decomposing complex concepts into their
simple constituents.

ex. Computer
Ludwig Wittgenstein
He believes that the task of philosophy is to carefully
analyze ordinary language use, known as linguistic The Methods of Philosophy
analysis.
Philosophy as Speculative Thinking derived from the
The Continental Tradition
Latin word specula or “watch tower”;
Dominated the English speaking countries during the
19th and 20th centuries;
it implies a vision above that of an ordinary person; a
method which allows you to expand your perspective as
Existed in Continental Europe;
well as your way of thinking encouraging you to see the
bigger picture. (Bird's Eye View)
Philosopher during this period believes that the
scientific method is insufficient to provide an
Speculation is sometime considered as detached
explanation to the world;
because it is an activity best done alone and in
isolation.
This tradition takes into account the conceptions of the
past and the views that any analysis is contextualized in
It is often a result of contemplation which you can do
history.
on your own.
HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE and PARTIAL POINT OF VIEW
It is still said to be a Philosopher's vision because to
An effective understanding can make sense of the
speculate also means to participate in the world and
different perspectives, if one can distinguish them from
use the experience as basis or resource of ideas.
a partial point of view, and develop a holistic
perspective to see the whole or bigger picture. This
Speculation is what helps you to take the broadest
manner will give you the value of philosophizing.
possible perspective on a subject of inquiry.
The previous discussions give a perspective of what
Thus, speculation as a mode of philosophical inquiry will
philosophy is based on how it is done by the different
help you explore and take in a variety of perspective
philosophers and the common notions or
about the human person through personal
characterizations of it.
contemplation while at the same time having an
experience of the world.
The discussion on each philosophers and specific
concerns each inquired about gave a partial point of
Philosophy as Critical Analysis
views on the nature of philosophy.
To criticize means to “judge” and/or to “analyze”.
Philosophy as critical thinking/analysis, questions,
On the other hand, the synthesis of these partial points
judges, and evaluates any and all principles and
of views gave a holistic perspective of philosophy.
premises that may be gained through speculation;
The etymology of philosophy (i.e. love of wisdom) gives
a clue on how to philosophize.
A speculative insight through rational inquiry allows one
to gain clarity of knowledge and insights which are
When you love, you try to know everything about that
more valuable because they are tempted by reason and
which your love is directed to. At first, you might be in
dialectic;
knowing the material or physical manifestations of that
thing, but as your love for it grows deeper, you would
Through critical analysis, insights are validated as well;
want to know more about it.
As you subject an idea or insight through analysis, you
evaluate if the insight is clearly stated, if it is consistent
Like being a lover, a philosopher takes into account
with itself and finally, if it is consistent with the world.
every detail – the partial points of views- in order to
make a synthesis and develop a holistic perspective.
Modes of Critical Analysis
1. Logical Analysis
Hence, to philosophize is to take part in activities which
Philosophical problems are solved through careful
do not only give you a partial point of view but a holistic
analysis of the logical structure of the philosophical
perspective emanating from reflections and analysis.
assertions; In logical analysis, a statement is reduced
into its simplest form (Elementary Statement) which is
then verified through observation.(decomposition)
2. Linguistic Analysis a clear and comprehensive idea about a particular
Meaning of words are analyzed for their clarity and subject which arises from one’s experience
consistency;
Linguistic analysis requires a clear definition of words to The method of reflective inquiry is not far from
avoid ambiguity or vagueness and therefore ensures speculation which involves being part of or
clarity of claims. experiencing the world; However, while speculation can
be detached, reflective inquiry has to happen with
Philosophizing has to involve both speculation and others who are likewise involved in the process of
critical aspects of looking at things since philosophy is thinking;
directed toward holistic and a broader view of
explaining the world; Reflective Thought
- is better experienced in interaction with others and
Through speculation, insights begin and are formed. aims at change happening not only for the person
Insights become clearer if they are subjected to critical involved but eventually for others and the society.
analysis or evaluation;
Since the aim of philosophy is truth, the critical aspect Reflective Thinking
will subject the insight to rational inquiry and remove - a “meaning-making” process where the learner
whatever is inconsistent and contradictory to the deliberately seeks the adequate grounds for his or her
notion under scrutiny; beliefs through understanding the connections
between one experience with another experience and
It must also be noted that in the process of criticism, ideas with a progression of gaining a deeper
new insights may appear which will again require understanding.
evaluation. Hence, philosophizing, as previously
mentioned, is an ongoing activity. John Dewey believes that awareness of one’s attitudes
and emotions, and the discipline to harness them and
Philosophy as Reflective Inquiry use them to an advantage is part of the work of a good
thinker.
"A kind of thought where the grounds for belief is
deliberately sought and the adequacy to support the If reflection is guided by wholeheartedness, directness,
belief examined." - How we Think, John Dewey. open-mindedness and responsibility, though difficult to
do, the person stands a much better chance of
Accordingly, it is thought that this kind of thinking is broadening his or her true knowledge and awareness.
educative in value. This kind of reflection is seen as
"meaning-making" process that moves the learner from The three philosophical methods indicate that
one experience into the next with the deeper philosophizing is not purely an intellectual exercise - it
understanding of its relationship with connections to also involve the whole being of a person of his or her
other experiences and ideas; affective parts.

This method of reflection is also characterized as

systematic, rigorous, and disciplined, and rooted on
scientific inquiry which has to happen in a community
THE VALUE OF TRUTH
and in interaction with other people;
The critical aspect in doing philosophy is rational
Finally, this kind of thinking or inquiry requires attitudes inquiry;
that value the personal growth and of others.
Logic, one of the branches of philosophy, is even
Six Phases of Reflective Inquiry dedicated to the discovery of principles for correct
 The experience; reasoning.
 Spontaneous interpretation of the experience;
 Naming the problems or questions which arise; When you find an explanation adequate to prove that
 Generating possible explanations what you believe is true.
 Ramifying the explanations into full blown
hypotheses The Nature of Belief
 Experimenting the hypotheses - Belief is the acceptence that something is true-- a
firmly held conviction;
The six phases of reflection compromise the rigorous
and systematic process one may go through to achieve
- "...to believe is nothing but to think with assent." - St. The Pragmatic Theory of Truth
Augustine; - This theory holds that a proposition is true if it is
useful to believe (it). Thus, utility is the essential mark
- Some philosphers claim that believing as a of truth.
propositional attitude is directed toward the
propositions or statements about the object. - Truth is arrived at based on the beliefs that lead to the
best "pay off", that gives the ultimate benefit or
- A belief is a mental state of having some attitude, advantage that promotes success.
stance, take, or opinion about a proposition or about
the potential state of affairs in which that proposition is - Philosophers who subscribe to the pragmatic criterion
true. consider truth as what is expedient.

Structure of Belief: - Under this theory of truth, the given proposition is

true if it leads to success, that is, of it is expedient for
S believes that P is true. the person to believe that his/her dreams will come
true with visualization.
S = Person
P = Representation Shortcomings of the Theories of Truth

The Nature of Truth 1. Correspondence Theory

Three Theories of Truth - criticized in its limitation to give predictions of
the characteristic of being a proposition due to the
The Correspondence Theory of Truth indeterminate state of affairs it refers.

This theory states that the key to truth is the relation Example:
(or correspondence) between propositions and the The sun will rise tomorrow.
world;
2. The Coherence Theory
This means that "a belief is true if there exist an - criticized for its vulnerability that clarifies the
appropriate entity, a fact, to which it corresponds. If notion of consistency.
there is no entity, the belief is false."; - We cannot determine if a given proposition is
true in our notion or false in other notions.
This theory of truth compares the given proposition and
the truth conditions or state of affairs that will make 3. Pragmatic Theory
the proposition true. - Implies the relativity of truth
- What is useful to one person might not be
Example: useful to another.
1 There were a time when creatures bigger
than man and animals existed. Opinion's Purpose
2 The Philippines has its own Merlion. - Opinion a personal belief or judgment that is not
founded on proof or certainty;
The Coherence Theory of Truth - "We have the obligation to withhold assent from all
proposition whose truth we cannot clearly and
- This theory states that the truth of any (true) distinctly perceive." - Rene Descartes;
proposition consists in its coherence with some - We are obliged to have some sort of evidence before
specified set of propositions (or significant wholes); giving our assent.
- Though we cannot have certain demonstration of
- This means that the truth conditions of a proposition everything, we must still take sides, and in matters of
are based on other propositions (as opposed to the custom, embrace the opinion that seem the most
Correspondence Theory); probable, so that we may never be irresolute when we
need to act.
- This theory insists that a belief is true if and only if it is - If truth cannot be achieved, prudence is exercised
part of a coherent system of beliefs. through having an opinion.
- Not a criterion for truth but the nature of truth itself.
- Truth is a matter of how beliefs are related to each
other.
Cognition According to Plato Who is the Human Person?
- Cognition is the psychological result of perception and Throughout the history, the philosophers have come up with
learning and reasoning the explanation of who the human person is.

OXFORD DICTIONARY- define human being as “a man,

- In the Republic, Plato distinguished between opinion
woman, or a child of species homo sapiens, distinguished
(doxa) and intellect regarding the visible realm of from animals by superior mental development:
sensible objects; – Power of articulate speech
– Upright stance
- Under opinion and intellect, Plato discussed four Those are the physical and mental traits. However, some
distinct segment of cognition; philosophers would say that human beings are also spiritual,
ethical and existential beings.
Imaging (Eikasia)
Belief (Pistis) THREE ASPECTS OF HUMAN NATURE
Thought (Dianoia)
SOMATIC(physical Character)
Knowledge (Noesis)
>Refers to the body, material
>composition, or substance of a human person.
- Imaging (Eikasisa) or conjecture refers to the pictures
and other images in the lowest level of reality. This BEHAVIORAL(Physical Reaction/human’s Action)
segment is the appropriate degree of awareness, >Refers to the human person’ s mode of acting.
although it provides only the most primitive and >In the study of human behavior, B.F.Skinner(American
unreliable opinions; psychologist): known for the theory of behaviorism. Any
conditions that take effect on behavior must be taken to
- Belief (Pistis) is based on perception of ordinary account.
>By understanding and analyzing these conditions behavior
physical objects. Plato believes that this is the most
may be predicted.
accurate possible conception of man to the nature and
>He therefore suggested that human behavior can be
relationship of temporal things; manipulated or controlled.

ATTITUDINAL(Mental Reaction)
- Thought (Dianoia) is in the intelligible realm and a >Refers to the human person’s inclination,feelings,ideas,
step higher than belief. Directed towards simple form convictions, prejudices and biases.
of shapes, numbers, and other mathematical entities; >It is a person’s mental reaction to certain stimuli or
tendency to act.
- Knowledge (Noesis) is the highest level of all >These tendencies may define a person's future action and
what he or she values as right or wrong.
segments. Based on more significant forms--true
equality, beauty, truth, and good. These permanent THEORIES ON HUMAN NATURE
objects of knowledge are directly apprehended by the
intellect, which is the fundamental capacity of human HUMAN PERSONAS AN IMMORTAL SOUL(PLATO)
reason to comprehend the true nature of reality. One important theory on humannatureistheclaimthat the
Knowledge: Justified True Belief_____ human person has a soul.
- In 1963, Edmund Gettier, an American philosopher,
wrote an essay refuting the traditional analysis of - a claim that the human person has a soul.
knowledge or its definition as a "justified true belief" - A human person in a PLATONIC ACCOUNT has an immortal
(JTB). He gave a counterexample to the conception that soul which is the source of movement, THEREFORE, you, a
human person have a soul because you are moved from
knowledge is structured as follows:
within.
S knows that P is (if and only if)
- P is true; World of Body ______- Spirit/Soul-the soul of movement
- S believes in P; World of Matter
- S is justified in believing that P is true.
HUMAN PERSON AS A COMPOSITE OF BODY AND
S is the subject SOUL(ARISTOTLE)
P is the Representation or Proposition/ Idea Aristotle explained this theory through his work De Animus
(1968) which explains all the capacities possessed by all living
things. His work involves the relation of the psyche (soul) and
the body.
HUMAN PERSON AS EMBODIED
Soul- the source of everything-thoughts,movement,life.
SPIRIT (consciousness/awareness)(potentiality)
3 SUBSTANCES(Actuality)
-Matter The being-for-itself is the consciousness to itself or the being
-Shape/Form of action. Another concept central to existentialism is the
-Composite Body and Soul concept of Nothingness.

In effect, Aristotle is basically saying that the body cannot be NOTHINGNESS

separated from the soul, because the soul is the form of the Man, as consciousness, a being-for-itself who As
natural body. consciousness is present to itself. Having Transcendence, as
its essence, man has to exercise this freedom -- the
ARISTOTLE AND PLATO TRIPARTITE SOUL nothingness perpetually question at the very heart of his
brain- Rational/Logical(Plato)→Rational soul(Aristotle) being. Since man has no definite essence because of his
Heart- Spirited/Emotional(Plato)→Sensitive Soul(Aristotle) transcendent being, man has to create himself from the
Stomach- Appetitive/Physical desires(Plato)→Vegetative nothingness which reveals his lack of self identity.
Soul(Aristotle)
HUMAN NATURE AS EMBODIED SPIRIT
"A dead man is a Human in name only--it has the same body In Summa Theologica, he also addressed concerns about the
but it has lost its soul" . nature of the soul as a body:
This theory implies that without a soul, the body does not (1) it is the body's moving principle;
have life. (2) knowledge of corporeal things is caused by likeness;
hence, to know of the body is to be liked in nature; and
HUMAN PERSON AS A THINKING THING(RENE) (3) the soul moves the body and movement happens through
- Rene Descartes asserted that the human person is a contact; hence, the soul bea body because contact happens
thinking thing. between bodies.
- pure mind
- extension of our mind PHENOMENOLOGY
From the root word phenomenon,this philosophical
BEING AND NOTHINGNESS movement is concerned with the study of phenomena or
>It is nature that defines a person. appearance of things as they are experienced. Thus,
>But through the condition that the nature of the human phenomenology is the study of conscious experience as
person is revealed. experienced from the first-person point of view.

Human condition is defined as the inevitable positive or Edmund Husserl, a German philosopher and founder of
negative events of human existence. phenomenology, directed his studies toward understanding
the body's naturalistic presuppositions about it and the
-French Philosopher(Jean Paul Sartre) embodied personhood giving a description of an embodied
-BEING AND NOTHINGNESS: A phenomenological Essay on experience.
ontology
-He claimed that the human person has free will Maurice Merleau-Ponty, another phenomenological
-"Existence precedes essence" philosopher, expands on Husserl’s perspective and asserts
-Existentialism- focuses on the centrality of the human that the theory of the body is a theory of perception.
person's existence.
Gabriel Marcel used the concept of “my body" to explain the
- he recalled from the philosophy of Edmund Husserl unity of body and soul. In his work, The Mystery of Being, he
(German Philosopher) who formalized Phenomenology as analyzed the meaning of experiencing "my body.”
philosophical tradition, the conception of consciousness as a
consciousness of something. This means that consciousness
posits a transcendent being.

Transcendence - The state of excelling, surpassing or going

beyond usual limits. Two types of Being:

1. Being-in-itself
Being-in-itself is completely constituted.
>It is dissolved in identity- a “what is”.
>This is the reason why it is the being of material
objects;without consciousness, they are explicitly madeira
actuality which is solid or opaque.

2. Being-for-itself
It is the exact opposite of the being-in-itself because it's the
decompression (to restore or reconstruct) of being.
Individual Preferences. F-frequency – refers to the repetition of exercise
-Every individual has unique likes and dislikes undertaken or how often you exercise.
concerning foods. These preferences develop over I-intensity – refers to the amount of energy the
time, and are influenced by personal experiences such exercise required or how hard you exercise.
as encouragement to eat, exposure to a food, family T-time – refers to the number of minutes or hours you
customs and rituals, advertising, and personal values. spend exercising or how long you exercise.
T=type – refers to the type of exercise undertaken or
Cultural Influences. what kind of exercise you do.
-A cultural group provides guidelines regarding
acceptable foods, food combinations, eating patterns,
and eating behaviors. Compliance with these guidelines
creates a sense of identity and belonging for the
individual. TYPES OF BODY
Ectomorph
Social Influences. -More narrow shoulders and hips in respect to height.
-Members of a social group depend on each other, -Relatively smaller muscles in respect to bone length.
share a common culture, and influence each other's -Naturally fast metabolism makes it difficult for many to
behaviors and values. A person's membership in gain mass.
particular peer, work, or community groups impacts
food behaviors. Mesomorph
-Medium bone structure with shoulders wider than the
Religious Influences. hips.
-Religious proscriptions range from a few to many, from -Developed athletic musculature.
relaxed to highly restrictive. This will affect a follower's -Efficient metabolism; mass gain and loss both happen
food choices and behaviors. with relative ease.

Economic Influences. Endomorph

-Money, values, and consumer skills all affect what a -Stockier bone structures with larger midsection . and
person purchases. The price of a food, however, is not hips.
an indicator of its nutritional value. Cost is a complex -Carries more fat throughout the body.
combination of a food's availability, status, and -Gains fat fast and loses it slowly.
demand. -Naturally slow metabolism

Environmental Influences.
-The influence of the environment on food habits
derives from a composite of ecological and social
factors. Foods that are commonly and easily grown
within a specific region frequently become a part of the
local cuisine.

Political Influences.
-Political factors also influence food availability and
trends. Food laws and trade agreements affect what is
available within and across countries, and also affect
food prices. Food labeling laws determine what
consumers know about the food they purchase.

F.I.T.T PRINCIPLE
Prescribed to people to improve health. Guide to
creating a fitness program and a method to improve the
fitness or skill levels. Enables you to push your limits
just enough to make progress without harming your
body.