Unit II

Estimating Bill of Materials

Source: https://images.pexels.com/photos/416405/pexels-photo-416405.jpeg?cs=srgb&dl=pexels-pixabay-416405.jpg&fm=jpg

Building construction estimation is the determination of probable construction

costs for any given project. Many items have an impact and contribute to the cost of the
project; each item must be analyzed, quantified and priced. Because the estimate is
prepared before the actual construction, a great deal of study and thought must be
included in the construction documents. An estimator who can visualize the project and
precisely determine its costs will become one of the most important persons in any
construction company.

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Module 5: Rebar Works (Concreting)

Introduction
Reinforcement bars (rebars) are incorporated into concrete and other masonry
members primarily to prevent cracking when tension, compression and other forces or
loads that exceed the strength of the latter are applied without steel reinforcements.
Round bars are popularly used in the construction of reinforced concrete. They
could be plain or deformed. Deformed bars have lugs on the surface to provide increased
bond between concrete and steel to prevent slipping. In many instances, the ends of bars
would be bent or terminated in hooks.

Source: http://jps-ep.com/portfolio-item/m-s-round-bars
Figure 5-1. Plain round bar.

Source: https://www.freepik.com/premium-photo/stack-steel-bar-texture-construction-site-background_4614493.htm
Figure 5-2. Deformed bar.

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Rebar Size Chart (Deformed Bar)

Bar Size Nominal Area, Nominal Mass,

English Metric mm2 kg/m
#3 10 79 0.616
#4 12 113 0.888
#5 16 201 1.579
#6 20 314 2.466
#8 25 491 3.854
#9 28 616 4.833
#10 32 804 6.313
#11 36 1019 7.991

Note: Sizes 40 mm and 50 mm are only produced via special order.

Minimum Concrete Cover (Cast-in-place Concrete)

Concrete cover for reinforcement shall not be less than the following:
1. Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth – 75 mm
2. Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
20 mm Ø bar through 36 mm Ø – 50 mm
16 mm Ø bar and smaller – 40 mm
3. Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground:
a. Slabs, walls, joists:
42 mm Ø and 58 mm Ø bars – 40 mm
36 mm Ø bars and smaller – 20 mm
b. Beams, columns:
Primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals – 40 mm

The above mentioned minimum concrete cover is from the National Structural
Code of the Philippines.

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Estimating Rebars for Spread and Continuous Footing

The sample arrangements of steel reinforcing bars in concrete footings is as

follows:

Figure 5-3. Sample arrangements of steel reinforcing bars in concrete footings.

It can be seen in the figure above that the rebar used is only one length per piece
and does not have any lap splicing. Lap splice is when two pieces of reinforcing bar
(rebar) are overlapped to create a continuous line of rebar. The length of the lap varies
depend on concrete strength, the rebar grade, size, and spacing.

Lap splice length

Source: https://emedia.rmit.edu.au/dlsweb/Toolbox/buildright/content/bcgbc4010a/10_floor_systems/03_concrete_slab_reinforcement/page_006.htm
Figure 5-4. Rebar lap splicing.

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Figure 5-5. Section detail of footing.

Estimating the full-length bars required for the longitudinal reinforcements of

square and rectangular footings (column footing):

𝑩𝑻
𝑵=
𝒏𝒂

Where:
𝑁 = number of F/L bars required
(round up the value to the nearest whole number)
𝐵𝑇 = total number of footing bars
𝑛𝑎 = number of footing bars available from F/L bar that can be cut
without needing to splice the rebars to comply with the
required length of footing bars (round down the value to the
nearest whole number)
𝐵𝐹/𝐿
𝑛𝑎 =
𝐿𝐵
𝐵𝐹/𝐿 = full-length of rebar that can be purchased from the supplier
(6 m, 7.5 m, 9 m, 10.5 m, 12 m, 13.5 m, 15 m)
𝐿𝐵 = length of bar

If the quantity of rebars per footing is not given and just spacing of rebars is shown
in the detail plan, we can get the quantity of horizontal and vertical bars by:
L
16 MM Ø MAIN BARS,
SPACED @ 150 MM
O.C., B.W.

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Based on the footing detail above that has 16 mm Ø main bars, spaced at 150 mm
on center, both ways, and considering along horizontal side:

𝑾 − 𝟐(𝑪𝑪 )
𝑩𝑯 = +𝟏
𝑺𝑩
Where:
𝐵𝐻 = number of horizontal bars
𝑊 = width of footing
𝐶𝑐 = concrete cover as stated in the minimum concrete cover and
as shown in Figure 5-5.
𝑆𝐵 = bar spacing as shown in the detail plain

Considering along vertical side based from the figure:

𝑳 − 𝟐(𝑪𝑪 )
𝑩𝑽 = +𝟏
𝑺𝑩
Where:
𝐵𝑉 = number of vertical bars
𝐿 = length of footing
𝐶𝑐 = concrete cover as stated in the minimum concrete cover
𝑆𝐵 = bar spacing as shown in the detail plain

Note: Lengths 13.5 m and 15 m may be produced via special order. Two computations
are needed in rectangular footing because of two different length of footing bars.
All calculated final answers in normal rounding off must be written first before
including the rounded-up value to see to it that the process is correct.

Estimating Rebars for Slab-on-fill

Estimating the full-length bars required for the slab-on-fill:

𝒏 𝑩 𝑳𝒃
𝑵= (𝟏. 𝟏)
𝑩𝑭⁄𝑳

Where:
𝑁 = number of F/L bars required
(round up the value to the nearest whole number)
𝑛𝐵 = number of bars
𝐿𝑏 = length of bar
𝐵𝐹⁄𝐿 = selected full-length bar that can be purchased from the
supplier

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Note: Two computations are needed in rectangular slab-on-fill because of two different
length of rebars. All calculated final answers in normal rounding off must be written
first before including the rounded-up value to see to it that the process is correct.

Estimating Rebars for Column and Beam

Sample Plans Showing Rebar Details

Figure 5-6. Bungalow building section showing footing, and column and beam
connection details.

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Figure 5-7. Two-storey building section showing footing, and column and beam
connection details.

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Figure 5-8. Single span concrete beam with 4 steel rebars details.

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Figure 5-9. Three-span concrete beam with more than 4 steel rebars at supports and midspans details.

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Source: https://debug.pi.gr/default.aspx?ch=56
Figure 5-10. 3D model of concrete column-beam connection showing column ties at joint of interior column.

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Source: https://debug.pi.gr/default.aspx?ch=54
Figure 5-11. 3D model of concrete column-beam connection showing column ties at joint of corner column.

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Estimating Main Bars for Column and Beam

Estimating the full-length bars required for the main bars of columns and beams:

𝒏𝒏𝑩 𝑩𝑺𝑳
𝑵= (𝟏. 𝟏)
𝑩𝑭⁄𝑳

Where:
𝑁 = number of F/L bars required
(round up the value to the nearest whole number)
𝑛 = number of columns or beams
𝑛𝐵 = number of main bars
𝐵𝑆𝐿 = bar straight length, see table for formula of calculating the
straight length according to main bar diameter
𝐵𝐹⁄𝐿 = full-length of rebar that can be purchased from the supplier

Note: Multiplying the initial result of the calculation by 1.1 as shown, adds 10% as margin
for bar splicing and wastage. To identify the number of main bars you must identify
the continuous bars specially in beams/girders and you do that by identifying what
rebars is continuous throughout at the support and midspan of the beam/s. All
calculated final answers in normal rounding off must be written first before
including the rounded-up value to see to it that the process is correct.

Figure 5-12. Required bar straight length for beams and girders

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Formulas for Calculating Bar Straight Length

Size/Diameter
Formulas for Calculating the Straight Length of Main Bar
of Main Bar
12mm (1/2”) Bar Straight Length = Column/Beam Overall Length + 0.40m
16mm (5/8”) Bar Straight Length = Column/Beam Overall Length + 0.55m
20mm (3/4”) Bar Straight Length = Column/Beam Overall Length + 0.70m
25mm (1”) Bar Straight Length = Column/Beam Overall Length + 0.85m
28mm (1-1/8”) Bar Straight Length = Column/Beam Overall Length + 1.00m
32mm (1-1/4”) Bar Straight Length = Column/Beam Overall Length + 1.15m
36mm (1-3/8”) Bar Straight Length = Column/Beam Overall Length + 1.30m

Note:
Overall length:
Beam = from exterior to exterior faces of columns
Column = from bottom of footing to top of roof beam

Estimating Rebars for Beam’s Short Bars

Estimating the full-length bars required for the short bars of beams:

𝑩𝑭𝑳
𝒏=
𝑳𝑺𝑩
𝒏𝑺𝑩
𝑵=
𝒏
Where:
𝑛 = number of short bars per full-length bar.
𝐵𝐹⁄𝐿 = full-length of rebar that can be purchased from the supplier
𝐿𝑆𝐵 = short bar length, see table for formula of calculating the short
bar length according to short bar diameter
𝑁 = number of F/L bars required
(round up the value to the nearest whole number)

Note: Round down the calculated value of 𝑛 to the nearest whole number to get the
quantity of short bar that can be cut from a F/L bar. All calculated final answers in
normal rounding off must be written first before including the rounded-up value to
see to it that the process is correct.

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Whichever is greater between Whichever is greater between

𝑳𝟏 𝑳 𝑳𝟐 𝑳
and 𝟐 , + Col. Width and 𝟑 , + Col. Width
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒

Figure 5-13. Required short bar length for beams and girders.

Size/Diameter Formulas for Calculating the Short Bars

of Short Bar over the End Supports
12mm (1/2”) Short Bar Length = Column Width + 𝐿⁄4 + 0.20m
16mm (5/8”) Short Bar Length = Column Width + 𝐿⁄4 + 0.25m
20mm (3/4”) Short Bar Length = Column Width + 𝐿⁄4 + 0.35m
25mm (1”) Short Bar Length = Column Width + 𝐿⁄4 + 0.40m
28mm (1-1/8”) Short Bar Length = Column Width + 𝐿⁄4 + 0.50m
32mm (1-1/4”) Short Bar Length = Column Width + 𝐿⁄4 + 0.60m
36mm (1-3/8”) Short Bar Length = Column Width + 𝐿⁄4 + 0.70m

Where:
𝐿 = clear distance between supports

Estimating Rebars for Column Ties and Beam Stirrups

Estimating the full-length bars required for the ties/stirrups of columns/beams:

𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝒔
𝑵=
𝒏𝒂

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Where:
𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑠 = required number of ties/stirrups
𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑠 = 𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑠 +𝑛𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑛𝑆1 + 𝑛𝑆2 +. . . +𝑛𝑆𝑛
𝑛𝑎 = number of footing bars available from F/L bar that can
be cut without needing to splice the rebars to comply
with the required length of footing bars (round down the
value to the nearest whole number)
𝑛𝑆1 , 𝑛𝑆2 , 𝑛𝑆𝑛 = number of ties/stirrups per section of spacing
𝑁 = number of F/L bars required
(round up the value to the nearest whole number)
𝐹 ⁄𝐿 = full-length of rebar that can be purchased from the
supplier

Note: Round down the calculated value of number of ties/stirrups per F/L bar to the
nearest whole number to get the quantity. The number of ties/stirrups in
column/beam can be calculated depending on the details. In the column and beam
connection, always choose the largest height of beam to be deducted to get the
clear distance from top of column footing to the bottom of beam and use spacing
of 100 mm O.C in the column to beam connections. All calculated final answers in
normal rounding off must be written first before including the rounded-up value to
see to it that the process is correct.

𝑳𝒄 − 𝑺𝟏 − 𝑺𝟐 − 𝑺𝟑 −. . . 𝑺𝒏
𝒏𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒕 =
𝑺𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕

𝒅𝒃
𝒏𝒋 = +𝟏
𝑺𝑱

𝑳𝒃 − 𝑺𝟏 − 𝑺𝟐 − 𝑺𝟑 −. . . 𝑺𝒏
𝒏𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒔 =
𝑺𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕

Where:
𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑠 = number of ties/stirrups at the rest spacing section
𝐿𝑐 = clear distance length of column between footing and
beam, or between two beams
𝐿𝑏 = clear distance length of beam between supports
𝑆1 , 𝑆2 , 𝑆3 , 𝑆𝑛 = ties/stirrups spacings depending on plan details
𝑛𝑗 = number of ties at the joint connection of column and
Beam
𝑑𝑏 = largest depth/height of beam in the connection of
consideration
𝑆𝐽 = spacing at joint

Note: The number of ties/stirrups in column/beam can be calculated depending on the

details. In the column and beam connection, always choose the largest height of

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beam to be deducted to get the clear distance from top of column footing to the
bottom of beam and use spacing of 100 mm O.C in the column to beam
connections. The spacing of ties/stirrups applies from end supports up to the
midspan. All calculated final answers in normal rounding off must be written first
before including the rounded-up value to see to it that the process is correct.

Sample Column Ties Configurations

= + +

= + +

= +

Sample Beam/Girder Stirrups Configuration and Ties and Stirrups Hook Length to
be Used

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Sample Problem

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Other details of plans:

Door D-1 = 1.1 m Width x 2.1 m Height
Distance from FFL to top of RB = 3.2 m

From the given construction plans and details above, compute for the following:
Note: All dimensions are in millimeters.
1. Total number of 16 mm Ø x 9 m rebars required for main bars of column C3.
2. Total number of 20 mm Ø x 10.5 m rebars required for main bars of beam RB3 at
GL B/1-3.
3. Total number of 12 mm Ø x 6 m rebars required for ties of all column C1.
4. Total number of 10 mm Ø x 7.5 m rebars required for stirrups of beams RB1 at GL
A & C/1-3.

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5. Total number of 20 mm Ø x 12 m rebars required for short bars of beam RB3 at

GL B/1-3.
6. Total number of 16 mm Ø x 12 m rebars required for all footing F1.
7. Total number of 10 mm Ø x 12 m rebars required for slab-on-fill.

Solution:
1. Total number of 16 mm Ø x 9 m rebars required for main bars of column C3.
𝑛𝑛𝐵 𝐵𝑆𝐿
𝑁= (1.1)
𝐵𝐹⁄𝐿
1(12)(1.1+0.2+0.1+0.1+3.2+0.55)
𝑁= (1.1) = 𝟕. 𝟕 𝒐𝒓 𝟖 𝒑𝒄𝒔 𝟏𝟔 𝒎𝒎 Ø 𝒙 𝟗 𝒎
9

2. Total number of 20 mm Ø x 10.5 m rebars required for main bars of beam RB3 at
GL B/1-3.
@ Support @ Midspan

As we can see the details of roof beam RB3 above, we can identify the number of
continuous bars which is the main bars by counting the number of bars present both at
support and at midspan or as easy as counting the least number of bars between support
and midspan and that is the number of continuous/main bars.
𝑛𝑛𝐵 𝐵𝑆𝐿
𝑁= (1.1)
𝐵𝐹⁄𝐿
1(7)(6+0.15+0.15)
𝑁= (1.1) = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟓 𝒑𝒄𝒔 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎 Ø 𝒙 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎
10.5

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3. Total number of 10 mm Ø x 6 m rebars required for ties of column C3.

𝑟𝑚
𝐶𝑐 𝐷𝑡

Where:
𝐶𝑐 = clear cover based on minimum concrete clear cover
𝐷𝑡 = diameter of tie bar based on column details
𝑟𝑚 = radius of main bar based on column details

Note: Spacing of main bars at all sides must be equal.

The spacing of ties based on column C3 detail is 1@50, 4@100, rest @ 250 OC,
and the largest depth of beam connected to C3 has 400 mm height, so to compute for
the number of ties required:
1@50 𝑑𝑏 0.4
𝑛𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 = +1= + 1 = 5 𝑝𝑐𝑠
𝑆𝐽 0.1
4@100
𝐿𝑐 −𝑆1 −𝑆2
𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 =
𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡
[(0.8+0.2+0.1+0.1+3.2−0.4)−2(1)(0.05)−2(4)(0.1)]
𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 =
0.25
Rest @ 250 𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 12.4 𝑜𝑟 13 𝑝𝑐𝑠

𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 = 13 + 2(1) + 2(4) + 5 = 28 𝑝𝑐𝑠

Consider
4@100
𝐹/𝐿𝐵𝑎𝑟 6
𝑛𝑎 = =
𝐿𝑡 4[0.4−2(0.040)]+2(0.075)
1@50
𝑛𝑎 = 4.2 𝑜𝑟 4 𝑝𝑐𝑠

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𝑛𝑡 28
𝑁= = = 7 𝑝𝑐𝑠 10 𝑚𝑚 Ø 𝑥 6 𝑚
𝑛𝑎 4

Consider
𝐹
𝐿
𝐵𝑎𝑟 6
𝑛𝑎 = = = 5.71 𝑜𝑟 5 𝑝𝑐𝑠
𝐿𝑡 2(0.09467+0.016+0.02)+2[0.4−2(0.04)]+2(0.075)
𝑛𝑡 2(28)
𝑁= = = 11.2 𝑜𝑟 12 𝑝𝑐𝑠 10 𝑚𝑚 Ø 𝑥 6 𝑚
𝑛𝑎 5

𝑁𝑇 = 7 + 12 = 𝟏𝟗 𝒑𝒄𝒔 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎 Ø 𝒙 𝟔 𝒎

4. Total number of 10 mm Ø x 7.5 m rebars required for stirrups of beams RB1 at GL

A & C/1-3.

The configurations of RB1 in GL A & C/1-3 are all the same that’s why we just need
to compute for 1 span and just multiply it to 4 to compute for the required quantity. The
approach is quite similar to column ties just do not include stirrups in the joint since it is
already occupied by column ties.

𝐿𝑏 −𝑆1 [3−2(0.15)]−2(1)(0.05)
𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 = = = 17.33 𝑜𝑟 18 𝑝𝑐𝑠
𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 0.15
𝑛𝑠 = 18 + 2(1) = 20 𝑝𝑐𝑠

Consider
𝐹
𝐿
𝐵𝑎𝑟 7.5
𝑛𝑎 = = = 10.27 𝑜𝑟 10 𝑝𝑐𝑠
𝐿𝑠 2[0.3−2(0.040)]+2[0.15−2(0.040)]+2(0.075)
𝑛𝑠 4(20)
𝑁= = = 𝟖 𝒑𝒄𝒔 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎 Ø 𝒙 𝟕. 𝟓 𝒎
𝑛𝑎 10

5. Total number of 20 mm Ø x 6 m rebars required for short bars of beam RB3 at GL

B/1-3.

Consider end supports extra top bars

The configurations of RB3 in GL B/1-3 are all the same that’s why we just need to
compute for 1 span end support and just multiply it to 2 to compute for the required
quantity for 2 end supports at GL B/1 and GL B/3.
𝐵𝐹𝐿 6
𝑛= = 3−0.15−0.2 = 4.57 𝑜𝑟 4 𝑝𝑐𝑠
𝐿𝑆𝐵 0.3+ +0.35
4

𝑛𝑆𝐵 2(2)
𝑁= = = 1 𝑝𝑐 20 𝑚𝑚 Ø 𝑥 6 𝑚
𝑛 4

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Consider middle support extra top bars

𝐿
Identify first which is greater between 2 adjacent spans. But since the
4
𝐿
configurations of both spans are the same, therefore we just use any of 2 spans.
4

𝐵𝐹𝐿 6
𝑛= = 3−0.15−0.2 = 3.48 𝑜𝑟 3 𝑝𝑐𝑠
𝐿𝑆𝐵 0.4+2( )
4

𝑛𝑆𝐵 2
𝑁= = = 0.67 𝑜𝑟 1 𝑝𝑐 20 𝑚𝑚 Ø 𝑥 6 𝑚
𝑛 3

Consider midspan
The configurations of 2 spans are the same that’s why we just need to compute
for 1 span and just multiply it to 2 to compute for the required quantity for 2 spans.
𝐵𝐹𝐿 6
𝑛= = = 3.77 𝑜𝑟 3 𝑝𝑐𝑠
𝐿𝑆𝐵 0.6(3−0.15−0.2)

𝑛𝑆𝐵 2(2)
𝑁= = = 1.33 𝑜𝑟 2 𝑝𝑐𝑠 20 𝑚𝑚 Ø 𝑥 6 𝑚
𝑛 3

𝑁𝑇 = 1 + 1 + 2 = 𝟒 𝒑𝒄𝒔 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎 Ø 𝒙 𝟔 𝒎

6. Total number of 16 mm Ø x 12 m rebars required for all footing F1.

Footing F1 is square so we can compute only the one side then multiply it by 2 to
get the required bars in 1 footing. Since footing F1 is permanently exposed to earth, we
will use 75 mm concrete cover as stated in the minimum concrete cover.
𝐵𝑇
𝑁=
𝑛𝑎
𝑊−2(𝐶𝐶 ) 1.2−2(0.075)
𝐵𝐻 = +1= + 1 = 8 𝑝𝑐𝑠
𝑆𝐵 0.15
𝐵𝑇 = 8(2)(9) = 144 𝑝𝑐𝑠
12
𝑛𝑎 = = 11.43 𝑜𝑟 11 𝑝𝑐𝑠
1.2−2(0.075)

144
𝑁= = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟗 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟒 𝒑𝒄𝒔 𝟏𝟔 𝒎𝒎 Ø 𝒙 𝟏𝟐 𝒎
11

7. Total number of 10 mm Ø x 12 m rebars required for slab-on-fill.

Consider along horizontal bars:

8−2(0.15)
𝑛𝐵 = + 1 = 26.67 𝑜𝑟 27 𝑝𝑐𝑠
0.3

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Consider along vertical bars:

6−2(0.15)
𝑛𝐵 = + 1 = 20 𝑝𝑐𝑠
0.3

𝑛𝐵 𝐿𝑏 {27[6−2(0.15)]+20[8−2(0.15)]}(1.1)
𝑁= (1.1) =
𝐵𝐹⁄𝐿 12
𝑁 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟐𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝟗 𝒑𝒄𝒔 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎 Ø 𝒙 𝟏𝟐 𝒎

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Self-Assessment Question
From the given construction plans and details in sample problem, compute for the
following:
Note: All dimensions are in millimeters.

1. Total number of 16 mm Ø x 7.5 m rebars required for main bars of all column C2.
2. Total number of 16 mm Ø x 9 m rebars required for main bars of beam RB2 at GL
2/A-C.
3. Total number of 10 mm Ø x 9 m rebars required for ties of all column C2.
4. Total number of 10 mm Ø x 7.5 m rebars required for stirrups of beams RB2 at GL
2/A-C.
5. Total number of 16 mm Ø x 6 m rebars required for short bars of beam RB2 at GL
2/A-C.
6. Total number of 16 mm Ø x 9 m rebars required for all footing F1 if the rebar
spacing is changed into 125 mm OC BW.
7. Total number of 10 mm Ø x 10.5 m rebars required for slab-on-fill if the rebar
spacing is changed into 225 mm OC BW.

Answers to Self-Assessment Question

1. 12.32 or 13 pcs 16 mm Ø x 7.5 m
2. 4.18 or 5 pcs 16 mm Ø x 9 m
3. 7 pcs 10 mm Ø x 9 m
4. 4.33 or 5 pcs 10 mm Ø x 7.5 m
5. 3 pcs 16 mm Ø x 6 m
6. 22.5 or 23 pcs 16 mm Ø x 9 m
7. 43.28 or 44 pcs 10 mm Ø x 10.5 m

References
1. Tagayun, Vicente A. (2002), Estimating Bill of Materials.
2. Fajardo, Max Jr. B., Simplified Construction Estimate. 3rd Edition.

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