Chapter One

Introduction to Machine
drawing

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 Machine Drawing
It is pertaining to machine parts or components.
It is presented through a number of
orthographic views, so that the size and shape
of the component is fully understood. Part
drawings and assembly drawings belong to this
classification.

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 Drawing as a means of communication
 Exchange of ideas needs means of
communication. As the idea becomes
technical the usual means of communication
(talk or listen, read or write) will be less
exact.
 For this reason visual language is developed
to be technical and accurate means of
communication.
 This visual language in broad term is called
graphic language. We call it universal
language of industry when it is used for
production
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purpose.
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 Continued…
The v-block is to be made of
cast iron and machined on all
surfaces. The overall sizes are
two and one-half inches high,
three inches wide, and six
inches long. A v-shaped cut
having an included angle of 90°
is to be made through the entire
length of the block. The cut is to
be made with the block resting
on the three inch by six inch
surface. The v-cut is to begin
one-quarter inch from the
outside edges. At the bottom of
the v-cut there is to be a relief
slot one-eighth inch wide by
one-eighth inch deep.
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 Types of Technical Drawings
 Three Basic Types of
Technical Drawings
◦ Freehand sketches
◦ Instrument drawings
◦ Computer drawings and
models

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 Visualization and Implementation

 There are two principles in drawing

◦ Visualization
• The ability to see what an object looks like in the mind
of eye.
◦ Implementation
• Drawing of an object that has been visualized

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 Plane and solid Geometry
Study of drawing can be categorized as
 Plane geometry

 Representation of an object having two dimensions (2D)

 Solid geometry

 Representing three dimensions of objects (3D)

 Present 3-D objects with 2-D media

 2-D 3-D

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 Mechanical drawing for Engineer
 Mechanical drawing for Engineer
◦ Advantage
 It is technical
 Exact
 Clearest way to communicate
 It is a universal language
◦ Disadvantage
 Time consuming to produce
 It needs skill

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 Types of Drawing
 Sketches
◦ describe the concept in general
 Layout
◦ show the relationships of parts and defines key dimensions
 Production Drawing (for production)
◦ Details
◦ Assembly
 Pictorial
◦ for technical manuals, sales literature, or Internet

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 Continued…
 Production Drawings
◦ Used to:
 transmit and communicate information for the production
of objects and assemblies (critical in Concurrent
engineering environment!)
◦ Classified in two major categories:
 detail drawings
 assembly drawings

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 Detail Drawing
 Detail drawings should contain enough information
to manufacture that part as well as suitable, fully
dimensioned orthogonal views of each part, with
other information that may be required in the
manufacturing process.
 Detail drawings should at least contain the
information on the following slides.
Detail Drawings
1. Sufficient orthogonal views of the part concerned
2. Dimensions and instructional notes
3. Scale used
4. Projection used, for example third angle
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 Detail Drawing

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 Assembly Drawing
 Assembly drawings show how components are
fitted together to make a complete component.
 Subassembly is a product unit which combines with
other subassemblies to make an assembly.
For example, an assembly drawing of a motorcar
engine would show a number of complete units
included on the drawing, such as the distributor,
generator, carburetor, etc. Each of these units is
referred to as a subassembly of the engine assembly.

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 Continued…
There are basically two types of assembly drawings:
 General assembly:- where the main purpose is to
identify the individual components and show their
working relationship.
 Working or detailed assembly:- a combined detail
and general assembly drawing which fulfils the
function of both types

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 Features of general Assembly Drawing
1. Views are selected which show the parts fit together
and indicate how the unit may function.
2. Sectional views are used extensively in this type of
drawing to facilitate 1 and to eliminate the use of
hidden detail lines where possible.
3. Dimensions which relate to the function of the unit as a
whole are indicated; for example, maximum and
minimum operating heights of the jack.
4. Individual components are identified by the use of
numbers contained in circles which are connected by
leaders to the related parts

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 Continued…
5. A parts list relates to the numbers on the
drawing and identifies the component.
6. A revisions table is provided to record
modifications to individual components which
may occur from time to time.
7. Some assemblies may be so large that it is
necessary to draw different views of the
assembly on separate sheets.

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 Continued…
 Assembly Drawings
◦ Show how parts fit
together or are
functionally related
◦ Dimensions typically
refer to relationships
among the parts
◦ Often a bill of materials
(listing of all parts
necessary to make up the
total assembly) is
included.
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 Continued…
 Assembly Drawings
◦ An assembly drawing is handy for a technician
servicing a machinery or machinery component.
◦ By studying an assembly drawing and keeping it
handy as the part is repaired, you can be sure that
all parts are installed in their proper place.

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 Continued…

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 Assembly drawing

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 ENGINEERING STANDARDS
 Standards are generally acceptable uniform
procedures, criteria, dimensions, materials, or parts
that affect the design, drawings, production,
installation, operation and maintenance of equipment
or facilities.
 They may describe the dimensions and sizes of small
parts like screws and bearings, the minimum
properties of materials, or an agreed-upon procedure
to measure a property like fracture toughness,
draughting procedure approved by BSI or ISO.

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 Objectives of standardization
I. To make available the best practice to everyone,
thereby ensuring efficiency and safety.
II. To provide interchangeability and compatibility
between similarly functional products
manufactured by different organizations.
III. To establish performance criteria for products,
materials or systems.
IV. To establish a common basis for testing the
performance and characteristics of products,
materials or systems.
V. To promote uniformity of practice among countries
of the world.
VI. To increase the efficiency
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of engineering effort.23
Machine drawing
 Continued…

Examples of Stand organizations:

1. BSI: British Standards Institute.
2. ISO: International Organization for Standards.
3. SON: Standards Organization of Nigeria.
4. SAE: Society of Automotive Engineering.

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 Conventional Representation
 Certain draughting conventions are used to represent
materials in section and machine elements in
engineering drawings.
Materials
As a variety of materials are used for machine components
in engineering applications, it is preferable to have
different conventions of section lining to differentiate
between various materials. The recommended conventions
in use are shown in figure below
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 Conventional Breaks
Long members of
uniform cross sections
such as rods, shafts,
pipes, etc. are generally
shown in the middle by
the conventional breaks
so as to accommodate
their view of whole
length on the drawing
sheet without reducing
the scale. The exact
length of the member is
shown by a dimension.
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 Machine Components
 When the drawing of a component in its true projection
involves a lot of time, its convention may be used to
represent the actual component. Figure below shows
typical examples of conventional representation of
various machine components used in engineering
drawing.

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 Standard Abbreviations
• Standard abbreviations in
draughting are
recommended as notes to
provide a brief and clear
instructions.
• Table provides the
draughting abbreviations
for general terms

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 Types of Machine Drawings
Shop Drawing:-
 A shop drawing may be defined as the complete
drawing of an object comprising the number of
drawings required to facilitate the fabrications of all
part of the object and their subsequent assembly into a
complete product.
 A shop drawing will usually include both the assembly
drawing and the part drawing.
Drawing of Catalogues:-
• Special assembly drawings are prepared for company
catalogues. These drawings show only the pertinent
details and dimensions that would interest the potential
buyer. Figure below shows a typical catalogue drawing,
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showing the overall drawing
and principal dimensions. 32
 Continued…

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 Schematic diagram
◦ shows the relative location of all of the parts in a
system, but does not give the location of the parts in
the machinery.
◦ Schematic drawing are of great help when
troubleshooting a system.

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 Drawing layout
 Borders
◦ Provides a safety area to prevent the loss of
important information
◦ Improves appearance for presentation purposes
 Title Blocks
◦ Some items standard: drawing number, sheet
number, title, company name, logo, scale, date,
tolerances, drafter, checker, supervisor

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 Continued…
All engineering drawings
should feature a title block.
The title block should include:
Title:- title of the drawing
Name:- name of the person who produced the drawing
Checked:- before manufacture, drawings are usually
checked
Version:- many drawings are amended, each revision must be
noted
Date:- the date the drawing was produced or last amended
Notes:- any note relevant to the drawing
Scale:- the scale of the drawing
Company name:- name of the company
Projection:- the projection system used to create the drawing

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 End of Chapter One

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