SUBJECT: MATHANA 13 Differential Calculus 7.

𝑓(𝑥+∆𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
, ∆𝑥 ≠ 0
2
Let function be 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 7
∆𝑥
TEACHER: Ma’am Rosemarie Veluya 4(𝑥+∆𝑥)+5−(4𝑥+5)
= ∆𝑥
8. f(x+h)
Functions =
4𝑥+4∆𝑥+5−4𝑥−5 2
= 4(𝑥 + ℎ) − 5(𝑥 + ℎ) + 7
∆𝑥
Calculus - A Latin name for pebbles/stones
4∆𝑥 2 2
Father of Modern Calculus - Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibnitz & Isaac Newton = ∆𝑥
=4 = 4(ℎ + 2ℎ𝑥 + 𝑥 ) − 5𝑥 − 5ℎ + 7
Functions - It is the relation between two variables, say x and y, such that for each 2 2
= 4ℎ + 8ℎ𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 5ℎ + 7
value of x, there corresponds a value of y.
- It is a set of ordered pairs of numbers (x,y) in which no two 2
Let the function be 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1
distinct ordered pairs have the same first number. 𝑓(2+∆𝑥)−𝑓(2)
- The set of all the admissible values of x is called the domain, and 9. ∆𝑥
, ∆𝑥 ≠ 0
the set of all the resulting values of y is called the range. 2
(2+∆𝑥)−[2+∆𝑥]+1−[(2) −2+1]
=
y = f(x) ∆𝑥
2
4+4∆𝑥+∆𝑥 −2−∆𝑥+1−3
“y is a function of x” = ∆𝑥
[was introduced by the Swiss mathematician Leonard Euler] 2
∆𝑥 +3∆𝑥+5−5
= ∆𝑥
A = f(s) 2
∆𝑥 +3∆𝑥
=
“A is a function of s” ∆𝑥
∆𝑥(∆𝑥+3)
V = t(r) = ∆𝑥
“V is a function of r” = ∆𝑥 + 3

2
Let the function f defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 3 Domain and Range of a Function
1.
2
f(4) = (4) − 4(4) + 3 2.
2
f(-2) = (− 2) − 4(− 2) + 3 Domain (x) - the totality of all the admissible values of the independent variable.
= 16 – 16 + 3 =4+8+3 Range (y) - the totality of the resulting values of the independent variable.
f(4) = 3 f(-2) = 15
2
3. f(3b) = (3𝑏) − 4(3𝑏) + 3 4.
2
f(x+2) = (𝑥 + 2) − 4(𝑥 + 2) + 3 INEQUALITY INTERVAL NOTATION
2 2
= 9𝑏 − 12𝑏 + 3 = 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 4 − 4𝑥 − 8 + 3 a<x<b (a,b)
2
=𝑥 − 1
2 2 a≤x≤b [a,b]
5. f( 3 ) = 4( 3 ) + 5
=
8
+5 a<x≤b (a,b]
3
23
= 3
𝑜𝑟 7. 67 a≤x<b [a,b)
Let the function f defined by f(x) = 4x + 5
1 1
x>a ( a , +∞ )
6. 𝑓( 8 ) = 4( 8 ) + 5
1 x≥a [ a , +∞ )
=5 2
𝑜𝑟 5. 5
x<b ( -∞ , b )
Graph of A Function
Types of Functions
● The graph of the function y = f(x) consists of all points ( x , f(x) ) where x is
● Algebraic Functions/Non-transcendental
in the domain of f.
1. Constant 4. Square root
● The Vertical Line Test. If you can draw a vertical line anywhere on a graph
2. Identity 5. Absolute value
so that it hits the graph on more than one spot, then the graph is NOT a
3. Polynomial 6. Rational
function.
● Transcendental Functions
1. Trigonomic and its inverse
2. Exponential and logarithmic
3. Hyperbolic and its inverse

❖ Linear Functions - These are

functions of the form y = mx +
b, where m and b are constants.
The identity function, y = x, is a
linear function, where m = 1;
Graphs of these functions are
straight lines.
 2
❖ Exponential functions - These are function of the form y = 𝑎𝑏 , where x is
in an exponent (not in the base as was the case for power functions) and a
❖ Quadratic Functions - and b are constants
2
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where a,b and c
are constants. Their graphs are called
parabolas.

❖ Polynomial Functions -
𝑛 𝑛−1 2
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛−1𝑥 +... + 𝑎2𝑥
+ 𝑎1𝑥 + 𝑎0 where 𝑎𝑛, 𝑎𝑛−1,... 𝑎2, 𝑎1
are constants. Only whole number
powers of x are allowed. The
highest power of x that occurs os
called the degree of the polynomial.

❖ Logarithmic functions - There are many equivalent ways to define

logarithmic function. We will define them to be of the form: y =
aln(x)+b, where x is in the natural logarithmic and a and b are
constants. They are only defined for positive x.
 HORIZONTAL SHIFTING
Suppose c > 0
➔ To graph y = f(x–c), shift the graph of y = f(x) to the right c units.
➔ To graph y = f(x+c), shift the graph of y = f(x) to the left c units.

Three Types of Transformation of Functions

● Shifting

VERTICAL SHIFTING
Suppose c > 0,
➔ To graph y = f(x) + c, shift the graph of y = f(x) upward c units
➔ To graph y = f(x) – c, shift the graph of y = f(x) downward c units
 ● Reflecting
➔ To graph y = –f(x), reflect the graph of y = f(x) in the x - axis.
➔ To graph y = f(− x), reflect the graph of y = f(x) in the y - axis.

● Stretching/Shrinking
Vertical Stretching and Shrinking

➔ To graph y = cf(x):

◆ If c>1, stretch the graph of y=f(x)

vertically by a factor of c.
 3
𝑥 −1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−1
, 𝑥≠1

x 0.75 0.9 0.99 0.999 1 1.001 1.01 1.1 1.25

f(x) 2.313 2.710 2.970 2.997 ? 3.003 3.030 3.310 3.813

> To get an idea of the behavior of the graph of f near x = 1, you can use two sets of
x-values: one set that approaches 1 from the left and one set that approaches 1 from
the right, as shown in the table above.

Limits & Continuities

Suppose you are asked to sketch the graph of the function f given by
3
𝑥 −1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−1
, 𝑥 ≠ 1. For all values other than x = 1, you can use standard curve -
sketching techniques. However, at x = 1, it is not clear what to expect.
Limit Notation
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 Read as “the limit of f(x) as
𝑥→𝑐
x approaches c, equals L.”
If we can make the values of f(x) arbitrarily
close to L by taking x to be sufficiently close
to c, but not equal to c.
One-sided Limits - Functions may
have two-sided or one-sided limit. A
function has a two-sided limit if it’s
defined on both sides and its values
approach L as x approaches c from
either sides. But if a function fails to
have a two-sided limit, then it may
only have an approach from one side.
If it approaches from the right, it is
called right-hand limit. If it
approaches from the left, it is called
left-hand limit.
Notice that the value of f(x)
increases without bound if x gets
close to 2 even from the right or
from the left.

The symbol + ∞ for the limit

denotes the behavior of f(x), that is,
increasing without bound, as the values of x approaches a certain number a.
DEFINITION:

Let f be a function which is defined at every number in some open interval

containing a, except at a itself. As x approaches a, f(x) increases without bound,
written as

lim f(x) = +∞
x→a
Let f be a function which is defined at every number in some open interval
containing a, except at a itself. As x approaches a, f(x) decreases without bound,
written as
lim f x = −∞
x→a
To be able to determine when the limit is + ∞ or - ∞, we have this theorem involving
“infinite” limits.
Theorem: If a is any real number and if lim f x = 0 and lim g x = k, where k is a
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
constant not equal to 0, then: If k > 0 and if f(x) approaches 0 through positive values
of f(x)
𝑔(𝑥)
lim 𝑓(𝑥) =+ ∞
𝑥→𝑎
If k > 0 and if f(x) approaches 0 through negative values of f(x)
𝑔(𝑥)
lim 𝑓(𝑥)
=− ∞
𝑥→𝑎 A function is continuous at a point x = a if
To be able to determine when the limit is + ∞ or - ∞, we have this theorem involving
“infinite” limits. ✓f a is defined
Theorem: If a is any real number and if lim f x = 0 and lim g x = k, where k is a ✓ lim f(x) exists
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
constant not equal to 0, then: If k < 0 and if f(x) approaches 0 through positive values ✓ lim f x = f(a)
of f(x) 𝑥→𝑎
𝑔(𝑥)
lim 𝑓(𝑥) =− ∞ Some important Continuous
𝑥→𝑎 Functions
If k < 0 and if f(x) approaches 0 through negative values of f(x) ● All Polynomial
lim
𝑔(𝑥)
=+ ∞ Functions
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 ● Rational functions, as
long as the denominator
is nonzero.
● The sum, difference,
product and quotient (as
long as the denominator is nonzero) of two continuous functions.
REMOVABLE & ESSENTIAL DISCONTINUITY
REMOVABLE DISCONTINUITY - The discontinuity is said to be REMOVABLE if
f is
redefined at a so that f(a) is equal to lim f(x), the new function becomes continuous
𝑥→𝑎
at a.

ESSENTIAL DISCONTINUITY - If the discontinuity is not removable, it is called

an
ESSENTIAL DSICONTINUITY.