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POWER GENERATION FROM WIND TURBINES

Conference Paper · January 2008

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 POWER GENERATION FROM WIND TURBINES

Prof. Nilaj N. Deshmukh1, Dinesh Yadav2, Abhay Vade2

1
Assistant Professor,2 Students, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Fr. C. Rodrigues
Institute of Technology,Sector 9A, Vashi, Navi Mumbai – 400 703
E-mail: nilajdeshmukh2000@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Through the next several decades, renewable energy technologies, thanks to their
continually improving performance and cost, and growing recognition of their
Environmental, economic and social values, will grow increasingly competitive with
Traditional energy technologies, so that by the middle of the 21st century, renewable
Energy, in its various forms, should be supplying half of the world’s energy needs. The
paper describes the requirement of Wind Turbine and the comparison of Wind Energy
with other Renewable Sources of Energy. A small Wind Mill suitable for domestic
application is designed and fabricated. The wind turbine charges a 12 volt battery and
runs various 12 volt appliances like Mixer, Juicer, Mobile Charger, CFL’s, Small fans
etc.

Key Words: Renewable Energy, Wind Turbine, Domestic Appliances.

1. INTRODUCTION

Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into more useful forms, usually
electricity using wind turbines. In 2005, worldwide capacity of wind-powered generators
was 58,982 megawatts, their production making up less than 1% of world-wide electricity
use. Although still a relatively minor source of electricity for most countries, it accounts
for 23% of electricity use in Denmark, 4.3% in Germany and around 8% in Spain.
Globally, wind power generation more than quadrupled between 1999 and 2005.
Most modern wind power is generated in the form of electricity by converting the
rotation of turbine blades into electrical current by means of an electrical generator. In
windmills (a much older technology) wind energy is used to turn mechanical machinery
to do physical work, like crushing grain or pumping water.
Wind power is used in large scale wind farms for national electrical grids as well as in
small individual turbines for providing electricity in isolated locations.
Wind energy is abundant, renewable, widely distributed, cleans, and mitigates the
greenhouse effect if it is used to replace fossil-fuel-derived electricity.

2. WHY WIND ENERGY?

Systems Affordable, Clean Energy for Homes, Farms & Businesses

 Gain energy independence
 Ease demand on the power grid
 Reduce vulnerability to volatile utility prices
 Reduce air pollution from fossil electricity sources

3. COST AND GROWTH

The cost of wind-generated electric power has dropped substantially. Since 2004,
according to some sources, the price in the United States is now lower than the cost of
fuel-generated electric power, even without taking externalities into account. In 2005,
wind energy cost one-fifth as much as it did in the late 1990s, and that downward trend is
expected to continue as larger multi-megawatt turbines are mass-produced. A British
Wind Energy Association report gives an average generation cost of onshore wind power
of around 3.2 pence per kilowatt hour.
Wind power is growing quickly, at about 38%, up from 25% growth in 2002. In the
United States, as of 2003, wind power was the fastest growing form of electricity
generation on a percentage basis.

4. EXPANDING MARKET POTENTIAL

In industrialized countries, wind energy is deployed mainly for environmental

reasons, to replace fossil fuels. In developing countries, especially in rural areas, wind
turbines are now used mainly to provide first-time access to strongly-desired modern
energy services, such as clean water supply or electric power, to fulfill basic needs.
However, the demand for these wind energy services is fairly low, because of abundant
availability of wind energy on the earth. Breaking this constraint can set up a virtuous
circle of more energy services, lower costs, and more renewable supplies. This is for two
reasons. First, it is because most renewable technologies enjoy large economies of scale
larger installations cost less per unit of output than smaller ones, and both provide lower
cost energy services if used for more hours each day. Second, many energy services,
because they can enable income generating activities, spur a demand for yet more energy
services. A key energy development strategy is, therefore, to consolidate the demand for
energy services from individual users such as separate house-holds, community
establishments (school, water supply, health clinic), and other users. A second strategy is
to integrate the provision of energy services with income-generating activities, for
example, activities that increase farm productivity (e.g., irrigation), enhance the ability of
communities to add value to agricultural goods and market them (grain milling, baking,
refrigeration, storage and transport), and generate other marketable products
(manufactured and artisanal products) which provide social and economic development
gains.
Estimates of market potential based on demand-enhancing strategies like the above are a
long way from the theoretical resource assessments which opened this section. They
provide a rather more relevant and positive perspective on renewable energy
implementation, and they make explicit the connection between renewable and human
development.
 Energy Costs Comparison
Resource Type Average Cost (cents per kWh)
Hydroelectric 2-5
Nuclear 3-4
Coal 4-5
Natural gas 4-5
Wind 4-10
Geothermal 5-8
Biomass 8-12
Hydrogen fuel cell 10-15
Solar 15-32
Sources: American Wind Energy Association, Wind Blog,
Stanford School of Earth Sciences

5. WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

At its simplest, the wind turns the turbine’s blades, which spin a shaft connected
to a generator that makes electricity. Large turbines can be grouped together to form a
wind power plant, which feeds power to the electrical transmission system.
6. WIND VARIABILITY AND TURBINE POWER

The power in the wind can be extracted by allowing it to blow past moving wings
that exert torque on a rotor. The amount of power transferred is directly proportional to
the density of the air, the area swept out by the rotor, and the cube of the wind speed.
The mass flow of air that travels through the swept area of a wind turbine varies with the
wind speed and air density. As an example, on a cool 15°C (59°F) day at sea level, air
density is about 1.22 kilograms per cubic meter (it gets less dense with higher humidity).
An 8 m/s breeze blowing through a 100 meter diameter rotor would move about
76,000 kilograms of air per second through the swept area.
The kinetic energy of a given mass varies with the square of its velocity. Because
the mass flow increases linearly with the wind speed, the wind energy available to a wind
turbine increases as the cube of the wind speed. The power of the example breeze above
through the example rotor would be about 2.5 megawatts.
As the wind turbine extracts energy from the air flow, the air is slowed down,
which causes it to spread out and diverts it around the wind turbine to some extent. Albert
Betz, a German physicist, determined in 1919 that a wind turbine can extract at most 59%
of the energy that would otherwise flow through the turbine's cross section. The Betz
limit applies regardless of the design of the turbine. More recent work by Gorlov shows a
theoretical limit of about 30% for propeller-type turbines.[8] Actual efficiencies range
from 10% to 20% for propeller-type turbines, and are as high as 35% for three-
dimensional vertical-axis turbines like Darrieus or Gorlov turbines.

Distribution of wind speed (red) and energy (blue) for all of 2002 at the Lee
Ranch facility in Colorado. The histogram shows measured data, while the curve is the
Rayleigh model distribution for the same average wind speed. Energy is the Betz limit
through a 100 meter diameter circle facing directly into the wind. Total energy for the
year through that circle was 15.4 gigawatt-hours.
Windiness varies, and an average value for a given location does not alone
indicate the amount of energy a wind turbine could produce there. To assess the
climatology of wind speeds at a particular location, a probability distribution function is
often fit to the observed data. Different locations will have different wind speed
distributions. The distribution model most frequently used to model wind speed
climatology is a two-parameter Weibull distribution because it is able to conform to a
wide variety of distribution shapes, from gaussian to exponential. The Rayleigh model,
an example of which is shown plotted against an actual measured dataset, is a specific
form of the Weibull function in which the shape parameter equals 2, and very closely
mirrors the actual distribution of hourly wind speeds at many locations.
Because so much power is generated by higher windspeed, much of the average
power available to a windmill comes in short bursts. The 2002 Lee Ranch sample is
telling: half of the energy available arrived in just 15% of the operating time. The
consequence of this is that wind energy is not dispatchable as for fuel-fired power plants;
additional output cannot be supplied in response to load demand.
Since wind speed is not constant, a wind generator's annual energy production is
never as much as its nameplate rating multiplied by the total hours in a year. The ratio of
actual productivity in a year to this theoretical maximum is called the capacity factor. A
well-sited wind generator will have a capacity factor of as much as 35%. This compares
to typical capacity factors of 90% for nuclear plants, 70% for coal plants, and 30% for oil
plants.[9] When comparing the size of wind turbine plants to fueled power plants, it is
important to note that 1000 kW of wind-turbine potential power would be expected to
produce as much energy in a year as approximately 500 kW of coal-fired generation.
Though the short-term (hours or days) output of a wind-plant is not completely
predictable, the annual output of energy tends to vary only a few percent points between
years.

7. ENERGY ROPDUCTION TERMS

Typical Power Curve

• Power in the Wind = 1/2AV3

• Betz Limit - 59% Max
• Power Coefficient - Cp
• Rated Power – Maximum power generator can produce.
• Capacity factor--Actual energy/maximum energy
• Cut-in wind speed where energy production begins
• Cut-out wind speed where energy production ends.

7.1 TIP-SPEED RATIO

Tip-speed ratio is the ratio of the speed of the rotating blade tip to the speed of the
free stream wind.
λ= ΩR
V
Where,
Ω = rotational speed in radians /sec
R = Rotor Radius
V = Free Stream Velocity

7.2 PERFORMANCE OVER RANGE OF TIP SPEED RATIOS

• Power Coefficient Varies with Tip Speed Ratio

• Characterized by Cp vs Tip Speed Ratio Curve

0.4
Cp
0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Tip Speed Ratio
8. COMPARISON WITH OTHER SOURCES

Source Advantages Disadvantages

 Requires expensive air pollution
controls (e.g. mercury, sulfur
 Inexpensive dioxide)
 Easy to recover (in U.S. and  Significant contributor to acid
Coal
Russia) rain and global warming
 Requires extensive transportation
system

 Fuel is inexpensive  Requires larger capital cost

 Energy generation is the most because of emergency,
concentrated source containment, radioactive waste
 Waste is more compact than and storage systems
any source
Nuclear  Extensive scientific basis for  Requires resolution of the long-
the cycle term high level waste storage
 Easy to transport as new fuel issue in most countries
 No greenhouse or acid rain  Potential nuclear proliferation
effects issue


Very limited source since
depends on water elevation
 Many dams available are
 Very inexpensive once dam is currently exist (not much of a
built future source[depends on
 Government has invested country])
Hydroelectric heavily in building dams,  Dam collapse usually leads to loss
particularly in the Western of life
U.S.  Dams have affected fish.
 Environmental damage for areas
flooded (backed up) and
downstream

 Need 3x the amount of installed

 Wind is free if available
generation to meet demand
 Good source for periodic
 Limited to windy areas.
water pumping demands of
 Limited to small generator size;
farms as used earlier in
need many towers.
Wind 1900's
 Need expensive energy storage
 Generation and maintenance
(e.g. batteries)
costs have decreased. Wind is
 Highly climate dependent - wind
proving to be a reasonable
can damage equipment during
cost renewable source.
windstorms or not turn during
  Well suited to rural areas. still summer days.

 Limited to southern areas of U.S.

and other sunny areas throughout
the world (demand can be highest
when least available, e.g winter
solar heating)
 Sunlight is free when
 Does require special materials for
Solar available
mirrors/panels that can affect
environment
 Current technology requires large
amounts of land for small
amounts of energy generation

 Inefficient if small plants are used

 Industry in its infancy
 Could be significant contributor
 Could create jobs because
Biomass to global warming because fuel
smaller plants would be used
has low heat content


Inefficient if small plants are used

Could be significant contributor
to global warming because fuel
 Fuel can have low cost
has low heat content
 Could create jobs because
Refuse Based  Fly ash can contain metals as
smaller plants would be used
Fuel cadmium and lead
 Low sulfur dioxide emissions
 Contain dioxins and furans in air
and ash releases

 Very costly to produce

 Combines easily with oxygen  Takes more energy to produce
Hydrogen to produce water and energy hydrogen then energy that could
be recovered.
8.DEVELOPED WIND MILL:

9. ADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY

It has many advantages they can be categorizing as:

 ECONOMICAL ADVANTAGES

 Earns tradable emission credits

 Scalable power cost
 No fuel costs
 Inexpensive
 Local transmission
 Competitive capital costs
 Green pricing

 ECOLOGICAL ADVANTAGES

Global climate change has become a catalyst for the social and political demand
for sustainable energy sources. This combined with the high cost of extending electricity
grids to rural areas and the decreasing price of stand-alone power systems is a significant
incentive to the rise of locally generated energy.
The windmill communities large and small, to generate electricity without
emitting greenhouse gases of any kind or impacting the local marine environment. Unlike
conventional barrage systems, the windmill relies on ocean currents rather than air
amplitude to generate electricity. The array of slow moving turbines allows air and fish to
flow freely and safely through the structure. Larger marine mammals will be prevented
from contact with the rotary foils by a protective fence, and further protected by a backup
auto-breaking system controlled by sonar sensors.
 9.1 DISADVANTAGES OF WIND MILL

There are less disadvantages as compared to advantages one of the disadvantage

is that for its installation high current zone is required then its initial cost is high about 3
to 3.5 crore for large scale wind farms. There are chances of breaking of mill during
severe weather conditions like in case of tsunami.

10. CONCLUSION

According to present condition wind turbines are one of best way for producing
power. Wind power is a renewable resource, which means using it will not deplete the
earth's supply of fossil fuels. It also is a clean energy source, and operation does not
produce carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, mercury, particulates, or any other type of air
pollution, as do conventional fossil fuel power sources.Wind's long-term technical
potential is believed five times current global energy consumption or four times current
electricity demand.
Because it uses energy already present in the atmosphere, and can displace fossil-
fuel generated electricity (with its accompanying carbon dioxide emissions), wind power
mitigates global warming. If the entire world's nameplate electrical demand expected in
2010 were served from wind power alone, the amount of energy extracted from the
atmosphere would be less than the increase added by radiative forcing by additional
carbon dioxide at 2000 levels above those of the year 1500, before fossil fuel
consumption became significant
Energy payback ratio (ratio of energy produced compared to energy expended in
construction and operation) for wind turbines is between 17 and 39 (i.e. over its life-time
a wind turbine produces 17-39 times as much energy as is needed for its manufacture,
construction, operation and decommissioning). This is to be compared with 11 for coal
power plants and 16 for nuclear power plants.
Unlike fossil or nuclear power stations, which circulate large amounts of water for
cooling, wind turbines do not need water to generate electricity.
Thus progress of wind energy will help in saving natural resources, reducing
pollution, solving power problems for developing countries like INDIA, by installing
small scale wind turbines in the colonies, society, apartments, gardens etc, will help in
tackling power failures and relieving power consumption burden from capital sources.

11. REFERENCES

Dr. Eggleston Eric, 1999, Sources of Energy,201-220

Khurmi R.S, J.K Gupta, 2005, Machine Design,130-200
P.S.G,2003,Design data Book,30-90
www.wikipedia.com
www.powertechnology.com
www.howstuffwork.com

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