@ELNC AD EADJQE@ELCLEÜJ AD Q_COCMH AD EJPD\QEFCLEÜJ

Qâtuih DBOC_C]H DLQÜWELH

Jhbords y Cpdiieahs Lüaefh ad
dstuaecjtds
ACJ BE_KH STE\WD QELHJC >?745
Cuthr/ds BEIDJD CID^CJA_C IDH @IH_D\ >1<77
JC]EC MD]NCFDI STEÓHJD] PCIAEPEC >?71>
ITE\ DAT BTÓH] LC\QEIIH ><5>7
_HA_EFH BC_DJ ]TBC_ÃJ PEIIC__HDI 03?7>
@dlnc 71/3?/?7?3

Lcrrdrc BDAELEJC
Csefjcturc DBO_EHIHFÂC E
Fruph ’L‒
Ahldjtd \EIPEC LDLEIEC LNÃPD] D_FTDQC
Wdrehah Clcaåbelh \DBD\Q_D E
\uosdad IC WC]
 Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

Lhpyrefnt © (?7?3) phr (ACJ BE_KH STE\WD QELHJC, BEIDJD CID^CJA_C IDH @IH_D\, JC]EC MD]NCFDI
STEÓHJD] PCIAEPEC, ITE\ DAT BTÓH] LC\QEIIH U _HA_EFH BC_DJ ]TBC_ÃJ PEIIC_HDI). Qhahs ihs
adrdlnhs rdsdrvcahs.

_D\TBDJ=
Di dbocrczh dltüpelh rdprdsdjtc uj dbocrczh qud sd adscrrhiic `udrc ad ic lcveaca utdrejc.
Dj ic cltucieaca, ds ujc lcusc ebphrtcjtd ad bhrtcieaca aurcjtd di dbocrczh y phr diih ds qud
uj aecfjüstelh ae`drdjleci adod lhjseadrcrsd sedbprd dj thac bumdr dj daca `årtei qud sd
prdsdjtc lhj ahihr coahbejci. Di lucarh liâjelh tâpelh ad scjfrcah trcjsvcfejci, cbdjhrrdc y
ahihr coahbejci jh sedbprd dstã prdsdjtd phr ih qud di aecfjüstelh rdquedrd ad tåljelcs ad
ebcfdj prdlescs qud ihfrdj eadjte`elcr ic bcsc cjdxeci. Di bcjdmh adi dbocrczh dltüpelh nc eah
dvhiulehjcjah nclec di adscrrhiih ad tåljelcs lcac vdz bdjhs ejvcsevcs y ad bdjhs lhsth, dsth
lhj di homdtevh ad bdmhrcr ic bhroeieaca qud lhjiidvcj ihs prhldaebedjths ejvcsevhs,
prejlepcibdjtd dj lucjth c `drteieaca y adscrrhiih ad dbocrczhs dltüpelhs suosdludjtds.
\e oedj jh dxestd ujc shiuleüj ad`ejetevc pcrc dstd prhoidbc ad sciua, ddii aecfjüstelh tdbprcjh
pdrbetd qud di bcjdmh båaelh pudac lhjseadrcrsd lhbh ujc hpleüj ad trctcbedjth. Di bcjdmh
båaelh lhj bdthtrdxcth nc bhstrcah oudjcs tczcs ad åxeth dj pcledjtds oedj sdidllehjcacs, y
sus ae`drdjtds prhthlhihs ad ush ncj seah homdth ad dstuaehs qud lhbpcrcj ic d`elclec ad lcac
ujh ad dsths.
\d dxphjarã djthjlds, ujc prdsdjtcleüj shord ihs cspdlths fdjdrcids adi dbocrczh dltüpelh,
lhbh shj su ad`ejeleüj, licse`elcleüj, dtehihfâc, sejthbcthihfâc, aecfjüstelh, trctcbedjth,
bhroeieaca y bhrtcieaca; lhj di `ej ad orejacr
o rejacr ej`hrbcleüj ledjtâ`elc c ihs idlthrds.

Wcicorcs licvd= dbocrczh dltüpelh, ahihr coahbejci, trctcbedjth

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
 Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

CO\Q_CLQ=

Dlthpel prdfjcjly rdprdsdjts c prdfjcjly tnct advdihps hutsead h` tnd utdrejd lcvety. Ct
prdsdjt, et es cj ebphrtcjt lcusd h` bhrtciety
bhrtciety aurejf prdfjcjly cja tnct es wny c ae``drdjteci
aecfjhses snhuia ciwcys od lhjseadrda ej dvdry whbcj h` lneiaodcrejf cfd wn wnhh prdsdjts wetn
coahbejci pcej. Qnd typelci liejelci pelturd h` trcjsvcfejci oiddaejf, cbdjhrrndc, cja
coahbejci pcej es jht ciwcys prdsdjt, sh tnd aecfjhses rdquerds prdlesd ebcfejf tdlnjequds th
eadjte`y tnd cajdxci bcss. Qnd bcjcfdbdjt h` dlthpel prdfjcjly ncs dvhivda thwcras tnd
advdihpbdjt h` tdlnjequds tnct crd idss cja idss ejvcsevd cja h` idss lhst, tnes wetn tnd ceb h`
ebprhvejf tnd bhroeaety csshlectda wetn ejvcsevd prhldaurds, bcejiy ej tdrbs h` `drteiety cja tnd
advdihpbdjt h` suosdqudjt dlthpel prdfjcjleds.
Vneid tndrd es jh ad`ejetevd shiutehj th tnes ndcitn prhoidb, dcriy aecfjhses ciihws bdaelci
bcjcfdbdjt th od lhjseadrda cs c trdctbdjt hptehj. Bdaelci bcjcfdbdjt wetn bdtnhtrdxctd ncs
snhwj fhha rctds h` sulldss ej wdii-sdidltda pctedjts, cja ets ae``drdjt
ae``drdjt usd prhthlhis ncvd oddj
tnd suomdlt h` stuaeds lhbpcrejf tnd d``elcly h` dcln h` tndsd.
C prdsdjtctehj weii tndj od bcad hj tnd fdjdrci cspdlts h` dlthpel prdfjcjly, suln cs ets
ad`ejetehj, licsse`elctehj, dtehihfy, sybpthbs, aecfjhses, trdctbdjt, bhroeaety cja bhrtciety; ej
hradr th prhvead sledjte`el ej`hrbctehj th rdcadrs.

Kdy whras= dlthpel prdfjcjly, coahbejci pcej, trdctbdjt

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

Qcoic Ad Lhjtdjeahs

Iestc Ad Qcoics...........................................................................................................................4
Iestc Ad @efurcs..........................................................................................................................0
Ejtrhaulleüj................................................................................................................................6
Lcpâtuih 3. Wicjtdcbedjth
3.3. @hrbuicleüj adi Wrhoidbc.....................................................................................>
adi Wrhoidbc...............................................................................................>
3.?. Homdtevhs..........................................................................................................................>
3.<. Muste`elcleüj......................................................................................................................>
Lcpâtuih ?. Bcrlh Qdürelh..........................................................................................................5
?.3. Ãrdc ad dstuaeh/lcbph ad ejvdstefcleüj..........................................................................5
?.?. Adscrrhiih adi bcrlh tdürelh............................................................................................5
?.?.3. Dbocrczh dltüpelh..................................................................................................5
?.?.?. Nesthrec adi dbocrczh dltüpelh ............................................................................31
?.?.<. Dtehihfâc................................................................................................................31
Dtehihfâc................................................................................................................31
?.?.1. \ejthbcthihfâc .....................................................................................................?3
?.?.4. Nciiczfhs coahbejcids.........................................................................................??
?.?.0. Nciiczfhs påivelhs...............................................................................................?<
?.?.6. Aecfjüstelh...........................................................................................................?4
?.?.>. Qrctcbedjth...........................................................................................................?>
?.?.5. Bhroeieaca.............................................................................................................?>
?.?.37. Bhrtcieaca...........................................................................................................<7
Lcpâtuih <. Båthah...................................................................................................................<?
<.3. Qeph ad Ejvdstefcleüj.....................................................................................................<?
<.?. Qåljelcs ad Ejvdstefcleüj...............................................................................................<?
<.<. Lrhjhfrcbc ad clteveacads phr rdciezcr.........................................................................<?
Lcpâtuih 1. Lhjliusehjds..........................................................................................................<<
_d`drdjlecs................................................................................................................................<1
Cpåjaeld...................................................................................................................................<0

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

Iestc Ad Qcoics

Qcoic 3. Lcrcltdrâsstelcs
telcs shleh-adbhfrc
shleh-adbhfrc `elcs ad ihs pcledjtds lhj aecfjh aecfjh stelh ad dbocrczh
dlthpelh. Nhspetci Jclehjci crzhoesph Ihcysc djdrh ?770 “ aeledbord ?737......................................33
Qcoic ?. Cjtdldadjtds fejdlhiüfelh
fejdlhiüfelhs, s, båaelhs y querýrfelhs ad pcledjtds lhj aecfjüstelh
ad dbocrczh
dbocrczh dltüpelh.................................................................................................................
dltüpelh......................................................................................................... ................
............
.... 3<
Qcoic <. @clthrds ad redsfh qud c`dltcj ic hlurrdjlec ad dbocrczh dltüpelh........................
dltüpelh........................ ?7
Qcoic 1. \efjhs qud ics pcledjtds prdsdjtcrhj............................................................
prdsdjtcrhj.................................................................... ................
............
.... 31
Qcoic 4. Nciiczfhs dj ics pcledjtds..............................................................................................
pcledjtds......................................................................................................
........ ??
Qcoic 0.
0. Nciiczfhs
Nciiczfhs ad lucarh ndbãtelh............................................................................
ndbãtelh....................................................................................
................
............ ?1
Qcoic 6. Ihlciezcleüj
Ihlciezcleüj ad ihs dbocrczhs..............................................................................................
dbocrczhs.............................................................................................. ?0
Qcoic >. Lrhjhfrcbc ad clteveacads aeveaeah phr bdsds...................................................?0

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

Iestc Ad @efurcs

@efurc 3. Dbocrczh dltüpelh adscrrhiiãjahsd dj ic trhbpc.....................................................<0

@efurc ?. Hvcreh adrdlnh lhj `dth ad > sdbcjcs qud sd cihmcoc dj su ejtdrehr........................<0
@efurc <. Dbocrczh dltüpelh dj lårvex ....................................................................................<0

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

Ejtrhaulleüj

Di dbocrczh dltüpelh sefud lhjstetuydjah uj prhoidbc ad sciua c jevdi bujaeci. Whr diih,
adodbhs acr prehreaca c djlhjtrcr y bdmhrcr bãs trctcbedjths pcrc cqudiics pcledjtds qud
prdsdjtdj dstd prhoidbc. Dj lucjth c ic prdvdjleüj,
pr dvdjleüj, ihs fhoedrjhs adodj dstcr bãs
prdsdjtds dj ics lcbpcócs ad lhjledjtezcleüj
lhj ledjtezcleüj adi lueacah qud sd adod tdjdr se sd shspdlnc
s hspdlnc
uj dbocrczh.

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
 Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

Lcpâtuih 3. Wicjtdcbedjth adi Wrhoidbc

3.3. @hrbui
@hrbuicleüj
cleüj ad
adii Wrhoi
Wrhoidbc
dbc

¸Lübh trctcr y prdvdjer di dbocrczh dltüpelh8

3.?.. Hom
3.? Homdte
dtevhs
vhs
3.?.3. Homdtevhs fdjdrcids

- Ej`hrbcr y adslreoer di dbocrczh dltüpelh

3.?.?. Homdtevhs dspdlâ`elhs

- Lhjhldr ic dtehihfâc y sejthbcthihfâc.

- Adjhtcr ic ebphrtcjlec shord di aecfjüstelh.
- Adtdrbejcr ihs tephs ad trctcbedjth adi dbocrczh dltüpelh.
- Ej`hrbcr shord ic bhroeieaca y bhrtcieaca adi dbocrczh dltüpelh.

3.<.. Must
3.< Muste`e
e`elcle
lcleüj
üj

\d rdciezc di prdsdjtd trcocmh prdtdjaedjah ej`hrbcr y lhjledjtezcr c ihs müvdjds cldrlc adi
dbocrczh dltüpelh, pcrc qud ncyc uj cadlucah aecfjüstelh y uj cadlucah trctcbedjth.

Ds phr diih qud dj di prdsdjtd dstuaeh adslreoerdbhs ic nesthrec adi dbocrczh dltüpelh, ic
dtehih
dtehihfâc,
fâc, sejthb
sejthbcth
cthihf
ihfâc,
âc, di aecfjüs
aecfjüstel
telhh y trc
trctcb
tcbedj
edjth
th adi dbocrc
dbocrczh
zh dltüpe
dltüpelh,
lh, dbpidc
dbpidcjah
jah
båthahs ad rdlhidlleüj ad acths, dvciucjah lcuscs y ics lhbpielclehjds ad dstc dj`drbdaca.

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
 Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

Lcpâtuih ?. Bcrlh Qdürelh

?.3 Ãrdc ad dstuaeh/lcbph ad ejvdstefcleüj

Di prds
prdsdjt
djtdd trc
trcocm
ocmhh ad ejv
ejvdst
dstefc
efcleü
leüjj `ud rdciezc
rdciezcah
ah phr dst
dstuae
uaecjt
cjtds
ds ad ic lcrrdrc
lcrrdrc ad
Bdaelejc
Bdael ejc Nubcjc ad ic Tjevdrseac
Tjevdrseacaa ad Cquejh Ohievec (TACOHI
(TACOHI). ). Di trcocmh
trcocmh ds adi lursh ad
Dborehihfâc E. Qhac ic ej`hrbcleüj uscac cldrlc adi dbocrczh dltüpelh pudad sdr rdvescac dj ic
oeoiehfrc`âc.

?.? Adscrrhiih adi bcrlh tdürelh

Wcrc ihfrcr ihs homdtevhs qud sd prhphjdj adodbhs lhjhldr thac ic ej`hrbcleüj shord di

dbocrczh dltüpelh.

?.?.3. Dbocrczh dltüpelh

Di dbocrczh lhbedjzc lhj uj üvuih `dlujacah jhrbcibdjtd, di hvuih `dlujacah sd

canedrd ci rdvdstebedjth adi ýtdrh, pdrh dj di lcsh ad uj dbocrczh dltüpelh ic ebpicjtcleüj

adi hvuih `dlujacah sd ac dj ujc phrleüj adi ýtdrh qud jh sdc ic lhrphrci (ebpicjtcleüj

vele
velehsc
hsc ejtr
ejtrcu
cutd
tdre
rejc
jc)) h dj
djtd
tdrc
rcbd
bdjt
jtdd `u
`udrc
drc ad ic lc
lcve
veac
acaa ut
utdre
drejc
jc ih qu
qudd lh
lhjst
jstet
etuy
uydd

vdracadrcbdjtd uj dbocrczh dxtrcutdrejh.

Di üvuih `dlujacah pudad ebpicjtcrsd dj ic lcveaca utdrejc dj ujc `hrbc velehsc y

cs
csââ puda
pudadj
dj vdrs
vdrsdd ih
ihss db
dboc
ocrc
rczh
zhss dj ih
ihss ãj
ãjfu
fuih
ihss (d
(dbo
bocr
crcz
czhh cj
cjfu
fuic
icr)
r),, dj uj lu
ludr
drjh
jh

ruaebdjtcreh (dbocrczh dj uj ludrjh), dj ic phrleüj ejtdrsteleci ad ic trhbpc, dj ic cbphiic,

dj di pcodiiüj, dj di sdfbdjth ej`drehr, h dj di ludiih (dbocrczh ldrvelci), acjah hrefdj

dstcs ahs ýitebcs dvdjtucieacads c ics picldjtcs prdvecs. Dstcjah di nudvh `udrc ad ic

lcveaca utdrejc, pudad ebpicjtcrsd dj ic trhbpc, di hvcreh, di pdrethjdh y dj ic vcfejc.

Dbocrcz
Dbocrczhh dxtrcu
dxtrcutdr
tdrejh
ejh sd aev
aevead
ead dj trd
trdss tephs;
tephs; dbo
dbocrc
crczh
zh tuo
tuoãre
ãrelh=
lh= pudad
pudad acrs
acrsdd

ejtdrsteleci, âstbelh, cbpuicr, tuoh coahbejci y tuoh-hvãrelh. Dbocrczh hvãrelh= pudad sdr

supdr`eleci lucjah hlupc ic supdr`eled adi ürfcjh, d ejtrcbhidluicr lucjah sd adscrrhiic dj

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

di ejtdrehr ad uj `hiâluih ad Frcc`. Dbocrczh coahbejci= sd aevead dj prebetevh se di üvuih

sd ebpicjtü ciiâ adsad qud `ud `dlujacah, y sdlujacreh se su adscrrhiih sd ac phr ujc

befrcleüj clleadjtci adsad su ebpicjtcleüj hrefejci.

Di dbocrczh dltüpelh pudad lcuscr ic budrtd ad ic bumdr qud ih pcadld y di prhaulth

ad ic lhjldpleüj lcse sedbprd sd pedrad, cirdadahr adi 54% ad ihs dbocrczhs dltüpelhs sd

ihlciezcj dj ic trhbpc. Ics `hrbcs jh tuoãrelcs adi dbocrczh dltüpelh ejliuydj di dbocrczh

ldrvelci (7,3%), di dbocrczh hvãrelh (7,4%), di dbocrczh coahbejci (3,<%), di dbocrczh

lhrjuci (<%), di dbocrczh ejtrciefcbdjtcreh (7,3%), y di dbocrczh dj ludrjh utdrejh

ruaebdjtcreh.

Bctdreci

Wcledjtds lhj dbocrczh dltüpelh dj di Nhspetci Jclehjci crzhoesph Ihcyzc (NJCI),

aurcjtd ihs cóhs ?770 c ?737.

Dacads

Dj di Nhspetci Jclehjci crzhoesph Ihcyzc (NJCI) sd ctdjaeü c 3> 706 pcrths lhj

ujc `rdludjlec ad dbocrczh dltüpelh adi ?,3% h ujh phr lcac 15 pcrths, ic daca ad ihs

pcledjtds hsleih djtrd ihs 36 y 16 cóhs lhj ujc bdaec ad ?5,? ³ 0.4, uj 5>,<% ejfrdsh phr

dbdrfdjlec, ic bcyhr pcrtd ad ihs pcledjtds prhvedjdj adi ldrlcah ad Iebc.

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
 Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

Cadbãs, ?0,?% ejeleü su veac sdxuci cjtds ad ihs 30 cóhs; ic daca prhbdaeh ad ejeleh

ad veac sdxuci `ud 3>,< ³<,3 cóhs y di jýbdrh ad pcrdmcs sdxucids `ud dj prhbdaeh ahs;

04,0% tuvh bãs ad ujc pcrdmc sdxuci.

Qcoic 3. Lcrcltdrâstelcs shleh-adbhfrã`elcs ad ihs pcledjtds lhj aecfjüstelh ad

dbocrczh dltüpelh. Nhspetci Jclehjci crzhoesph Ihcysc djdrh ?770 “ aeledbord ?737

Cóh ad ejfrdsh Jýbdrh ad pcledjtds (phrldjtcmd)

(phrldjtcmd)

?770 6> (??,1%)

?776 0? (36,7%)
?77> 0? (36,>%)
?775 05 (35,4%)
?737 >3 (?<,<%)

Bhah ad ejfrdsh Jýbdrh ad pcledjtds (phr

(phrldjtcmd)
ldjtcmd)

Dbdrfdjlec <1? (5>,<%)

Lhjsuithreh dxtdrjh 0 (3,6%)

Daca Jýbdrh ad pcledjtds (phrldjtcmd)

(phrldjtcmd)

34-35 cóhs ?3 (0,7%)

?7-?1 cóhs 6< (?3,7%)
?4-?5 cóhs >> (?4,4%)
<7-<1 cóhs >> (?4,4%)
<4-<5 cóhs 4< (34,?%)
17 cóhs ?4 (6, ?%)

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
 Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

Dstcah levei Jýbdrh ad pcledjtds (phrldjtcmd)

(phrldjtcmd)

\hitdrc 55 (?>,4%)
Lcscac >3 (?<,<%)
Lhjvevedjtd 30> (1>,<%)

Iufcr ad prhldadjlec Jýbdrh ad pcledjtds (phrldjtcmd)

(phrldjtcmd)

Ldrlcah ad Iebc 53 (?0,?%)

\cj Bcrtej ad Whrrds ?5 (>,<%)
Lhbcs ?? (0,<%)
\cj Mucj ad Iurefcjlnh ?3 (0,7%)
Ejadpdjadjlec 36 (1,5%)
_âbcl 36 (1,5%)
Ic Pelthrec 31 (1,7%)
Ordóc 33 (<,?%)
Wrhvejlec 33 (<,?%)
Htrhs aestreths 334 (<<,3%)

Cjtdldadjtds

Ledj pcledjtds (?>,6%) `udrhj juiâpcrcs, 57 (?4,5%) tuvedrhj uj pcrth, 61 (?3,<%)

ahs pcrths, 0? (36,>%) trds pcrths y ?? pcledjtds (0,<%) bãs ad trds pcrths.

Dj ihs cjtdldadjtds fejdlhiüfelhs phadbhs hosdrvcr qud 3>5 bumdrds bcjtdjâcj

rdiclehjds sdxucids aurcjtd ic bdjstrucleüj (41,<%), tcboeåj hosdrvcbhs Aespcrdujec dj

346
346 bu
bumd
mdrd
rdss (1
(14,3
4,3%)
%),, tc
tcbo
boeå
eåjj ph
phad
adbh
bhss ho
hosdr
sdrvc
vcrr ic
icss rd
rdic
icle
lehjd
hjdss lh
lhjt
jtrc
rc jcturc
jcturc qu
qudd

rdprdsdjtcj
rdprdsdjtcj di <0,?%. Dj cjtdldadjtds
cjtdldadjtds båaelhs hosdrvcbhs ej`dlleü
ej`dlleüjj adi tclth urejcreh
urejcreh dj

0? bumdrds rdprdsdjtcjah di (36,>%). Dj cjtdldadjtds coahbejh-påivelhs hosdrvcbhs ci

idfcah utdrejh lhj 0? (36,>%) y Ldsãrdc dj 0? bumdrds (36,5%).

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
 Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

Qcoic ?. Cjtdldadjtds fejdlhiüfelhs, båaelhs y querýrfelhs ad pcledjtds lhj aecfjüstelh ad

dbocrczh dltüpelh.

Fejdlhiüfelhs Jýbdrh ad pcledjtds (phrldjtcmd)

_diclehjds sdxucids aurcjtd ic bdjstrucleüj 3>5 (41,<%)

Aespcrdujec 346 (14,3%)
Aesbdjhrrdc 346 (14,3%)
Idulhrrdc 34< (11%)
_diclehjds sdxucids lhjtrc jcturc 3?0 (<0,?%)
Dj`drbdaca påivelc ej`icbcthrec 66 (??,3%)
Ahihr påivelh lrüjelh ?6 (6,>%)
Djahbdtrehses ? (7,0%)
Qdrcpec ad rdprhaulleüj csesteac ? (7,0%)
Ldrveletes lrüjelc 3 (7,<%)

Båaelhs Jýbdrh ad pcledjtds (phrldjtcmd)

(phrldjtcmd)

Ej`dlleüj adi tclth urejcreh 0? (36,>%)

Quodrluihses puibhjcr 3< (?,6%)
Csbc orhjqueci 6 (?%)
Hodseaca büroeac 4 (3,1%)
Nepdrtdjseüj crtdreci 1 (3,?%)
Ej`dll
Ej`dlleüj
eüj phr
phr ver
verus
us ad ejbejbujh
ujhad`
ad`ele
eledjl
djlec
ec ? (7,0%)
nubcjc

Ej`dlleüj phr verus Ndpctetes O 3 (7,<%)

Dpeidpsec ? (7,0%)
Aecodtds bdiietus teph ?. 3 (7,<%)
Ietecses rdjci 3 (7,<%)
Nephterheaesbh 3 (7,<%)
Iupus dretdbcthsh seståbelh 3 (7,<%)

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
 Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

Suerýrfelhs coahbejh-påivelhs Jýbdrh ad pcledjtds (phrldjtcmd)

Idfrcah utdrejh 57 (?4,5%)

Ldsãrdc 0? (36,5%)
Dbocrczh dltüpelh prdveh ?1 (0,5%)
Oihqudh tuoãrelh oeictdrci 6 (?,7%)
_dlcjciezcleüj tuoãrelc 3 (7,<%)
Suestdlthbâc hvãrelc 6 (?,7%)
Cpdjaeldthbâc 5 (?,0%)
Lhidlestdlthbâc 1 (3,?%)
_dsdlleüj ejtdstejci phr hostrulleüj ejtdstejci 3 (7,<%)
Ndrjehpicstec ejfuejci 3 (7,<%)

?.?.?. Nesthrec adi dbocrczh dltüpelh

Di dbocrczh dltüpelh `ud adslreth phr prebdrc vdz dj di sefih ^E, y ncstc bdaecahs

adii sefi
ad sefihh ^P
^PEEE
EEE drc uj
ujcc pc
pcth
thih
ihfâ
fâcc fd
fdjd
jdrci
rcibd
bdjt
jtdd `c
`ctc
tci.
i. Mhnj
Mhnj Ocra
Ocra ej
ej`hr
`hrbü
bü ic prebd
prebdrc
rc

ejtdrvdjleüj querýrfelc dxethsc pcrc di trctcbedjth ad uj dbocrczh dltüpelh dj ic leuaca ad

Judvc Uhrk dj 364

3645.
5. Ic tcsc ad supdrvevdjlec c prejlepehs adi sefih ^E^ drc buy ocmc. Tj

ej`hrbd adbhstrü qud, ad uj thtci ad <7 pcledjtds, shih 4 shordvevedrhj c ic hpdrcleüj

coahbejci. Lurehscbdjtd, ic tcsc ad supdrvevdjlec dj ihs pcledjtds qud sd admcrhj sej

trctcbedjth `ud ad 3 ad lcac < lcshs.

?.?.<. Dtehihfâc

_dlhradbhs qud trcs ic `dlujacleüj dj ic cbphiic tuoãrelc. Di nudvh sd ebpicjtc

djtrd di 0· y 6· aâcs, ciiâ ahjad sd djludjtrd. \e su trcjsphrtd sd nc vesth ae`eluitcah h

ebphseoeietcah jh cilcjzc ic lcveaca utdrejc dj dsd tedbph y sd ebpicjtcrc dj ic trhbpc.

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

Whad
Whadbh
bhss cfru
cfrupc
pcrr ic
icss lc
lcus
uscs
cs qu
qudd dj
djid
idjt
jtdl
dldj
dj h ae
ae`e
`elu
luit
itcj
cj di tr
trcj
cjsp
sphr
hrtd
td tu
tuoã
oãre
relh
lh,,

lhjstetuyåjahsd dj ics lcuscs dtehiüfelcs ad ic fdstcleüj tuoãrelc dj=

Dj uj 4% ad ihs lcshs sus lcuscs shj adslhjhleacs. \e oedj di 47% ad ihs lcshs

pudadj lhjseadrcrsd clleadjtcids, cjtd ic ae`eluitca ad adbhstrcr lcusc cifujc. Dj uj >7%

ad ihs lcshs sd ctreouyd c citdrclehjds bdlãjelcs ad ics trhbpcs= Cjdxetes ejdspdlâ`elcs

fhjhlhllelc, `âbelc, dtl. Cujqud iidfudj c lurcr, c vdlds lhj rdlupdrcleüj cjctübelc ad ic

trhbpc, pudadj admcr oreacs, hostrullehjds thtcids h pcrlecids, h citdrclehjds dj ic bhteieaca

y `ujl
`ujleh
ehjc
jcie
iesb
sbhh tu
tuoã
oãre
relc
lcss dj
djid
idjt
jtdl
dled
edja
jahh h eb
ebph
phse
seoe
oeie
ietc
tcja
jahh di tr
trcj
cjsp
sphr
hrtd
td hv
hvui
uicr
cr

prhocoidbdjtd qudpc cshlecr c dstd `clthr ic bcyhr `rdludjlec ad dbocrczhs dltüpelhs djtrd=

• Ãr
Ãrdc
dcss lh
lhjj prhb
prhbes
eslu
luea
eaca
ca ssdxu
dxuci
ci

• Ãrdcs dj qu
qudd sd prclte
prcltelcj
lcj se
sestdbcs
stdbcs ad pi
picje`e
cje`elcleüj
lcleüj `cbei
`cbeiecr
ecr

• Ãr
Ãrdc
dcss ah
ahjad
jad di coh
cohrt
rthh ds
ds iidf
dfci
ci

• Je
Jevd
vdid
idss shl
shleh
ehdl
dlhj
hjübe
übelh
lhss ocm
ocmhs
hs

• \c
\cip
ipej
ejfe
fete
tess âs
âstb
tbel
elcc jh
jhah
ahsc
sc

• Oreacs
Oreacs ca
candrd
ndrdjle
jlecid
cidss clha
clhacj
cj y hoi
hoietd
etdrcj
rcj ics
ics trh
trhbpc
bpcss

• Lhbprds
Lhbprdsehj
ehjds
ds dxt
dxtrâj
râjsdl
sdlcs
cs sho
shord
rd thah
thah tubhr
tubhrcid
cidss

• Ttdr
Ttdreejcs.
jcs. Beh
ehb
bcs

• Qub
ubhr
hrds
ds hvãr
hvãrel
elhs
hs

• Bci`
Bci`hrb
hrbcl
cleh
ehjds
jds tu
tuoã
oãre
relc
lcss

• Qrhbpc
Qrhbpcss ahoids,
ahoids, uj
ujcc ad ics
ics lucids
lucids clc
clcoc
oc dj uj `h
`hjah
jah ledfh.
ledfh.

• Aevdrtâluih
Aevdrtâluihss ad ic pcrda tuoãrelc
tuoãrelc c vdlds llhjsdlud
hjsdludjlec
jlec ad scipejfete
scipejfetess prdvecs
prdvecs

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
 Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

• Djahb
jahbdt
dtre
rehs
hsees.

• C trcvås
trcvås ad su clleüj bdlãjelc
bdlãjelc lh
lhbprdse
bprdsevc,
vc, aesthrse
aesthrsehjcahrc,
hjcahrc, dtl.

• Whr prhphrleh
prhphrlehjcr
jcr esi
esihtds
htds ad djah
djahbdtre
bdtrehh ahjad
ahjad sd ebpicjtcrâc
ebpicjtcrâc di nudvh.
nudvh.

• Tsh
Tsh ad AE
AET=
T= ac uj > “ 37% ad cj
cjdxe
dxete
tess ejcpcrd
ejcpcrdjt
jtds,
ds, y oe
oedj
dj phr dstd
dstd bdlcje
bdlcjesb
sbhh h phr
citdrclehjds dj ics bhteieaca y trcjsphrtd tuoãrelcs, ejlrdbdjtc ic `rdludjlec ad dbocrczhs

dltüpelhs djtrd sus usucrecs.

• Fdstcl
Fdstclehj
ehjds
ds dj pcle
pcledjt
djtds
ds dståreids
dståreids puda
pudadj
dj cshle
cshlecr
cr vcrehs
vcrehs ad ihs `clthrds
`clthrds dxpudst
dxpudsths.
hs. Ics

judvcs tåljelcs ad rdprhaulleüj csesteac ncj tdjeah ujc ebphrtcjtd rdpdrluseüj dj di ejlrdbdjth

ad ic `rdludjlec. Dj uj 34% ad lcshs sd ctreouyd c citdrclehjds `ujlehjcids ad ic trhbpc, c

lhjseadrcr, pdrh ad ae`âlei adbhstrcleüj.

• Qrhbpc
Qrhbpcss ej`cjteid
ej`cjteids=
s= jh shih phr su lhrt
lhrtcc daca y dstrdl
dstrdlndz,
ndz, sejh
sejh phrqud
phrqud puaed
puaedrcj
rcj cshl
cshlecr
ecr

citdrclehjds ad su pdrestcitesbh

• Ejsu`eledjle
Ejsu`eledjlecc ad lud
ludrph
rph iýt
iýtdh=
dh= lh
lhjaeleh
jaelehjcrâc
jcrâc uj trcjsph
trcjsphrtd
rtd hvuicr
hvuicr idjth.
idjth.

• \dlujac
\dlujacrec
recss c trct
trctcbe
cbedjt
djths
hs eja
ejault
ulthrd
hrdss ad ic hvui
hvuicle
cleüj
üj

• _d`ium
_d`iumhh djah
djahbdt
bdtrec
reci=
i= rdiclehj
rdiclehjcah
cah lhj di trc
trcjsph
jsphrtd
rtd hvui
hvuicr
cr idjth,
idjth, di nudvh cilcjzc
cilcjzcrâc
râc ic

lcveaca utdrejc dj `csd bdjstruci sedjah ad judvh rdlnczcah c ics trhbpcs phr uj rd`iumh aurcjtd

ic rdfic.

• Leruf
Lerufâc
âc rdpcr
rdpcrcah
cahrc
rc tuoã
tuoãre
relc
lc

• Lcptcleüj
Lcptcleüj hvui
hvuicr
cr tcra
tcraâc=
âc= di nnudvh
udvh cilcjzcrâc
cilcjzcrâc ssuu dstcah aadd ebpicjtcle
ebpicjtcleüj
üj cjtds ad cilcjzcr
cilcjzcr

ic lcveaca utdrejc

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
 Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

• Befr
Befrcle
cleüj
üj hv
hvui
uicr
cr dx
dxtd
tdrj
rjc=
c= sd prhau
prhaule
lerâ
râcc uj
ujcc lc
lcpt
ptcle
cleüj
üj hvu
hvuic
icrr tc
tcraâ
raâcc ph
phrr pcrtd
pcrtd ad ic

trhbpc lhjtrcictdrci ci hvcreh adi qud prhldad. Dsth sd nc phaeah adbhstrcr lhbprhocjah ic

dxestdjlec ad uj dbocrczh tuoãrelh mujth c uj ludrph iýtdh dj di hvcreh lhjtrcictdrci

Lcuscs=

• Ad`dlt
Ad`dlthh lhj
lhjfåje
fåjeth
th ddjj ics
ics trhbpc
trhbpcss ad @cih
@cihpeh
peh

• Lelctr
Lelctrezc
ezcleü
leüjj adsp
adspuås
uås ad ujc
ujc rup
ruptur
turcc adi cp
cpåjae
åjaeld
ld

• Djah
jahbdtrehse
sess

• Ncodr
Ncodr ttdje
djeah
ah uujj db
dbocrc
ocrczh
zh dltüp
dltüpelh
elh cjt
cjtds
ds

• Lelctrezcle
Lelctrezcleüj
üj c rcâ
rcâzz ad ej
ej`dlleh
`dllehjds
jds pcsca
pcscacs
cs h le
lerufâc
rufâc ad ihs ürfcjhs
ürfcjhs `db
`dbdjejhs
djejhs

• Daca
aca b
bcy
cyhr
hr c <4
<4 cóh
cóhss

• Sudacr dbocrc
dbocrczcac
zcac tdjedjah
tdjedjah uj
uj aaesphset
esphsetevh
evh ejtrcutdrej
ejtrcutdrejhh (AET)
(AET)

• _dci
_dciez
ezcrs
crsdd ie
iefc
fcau
aurc
rc ad tr
trhb
hbpc
pcss

• Ncodrsd
Ncodrsd shb
shbdte
dteah
ah c ujc lerufâ
lerufâcc pcrc rdvd
rdvdrte
rterr ic ie
iefcau
fcaurc
rc ad trhbpcs
trhbpcs lhj di `ej ad qudacr

dbocrczcac

• Ncodr
Ncodr ttdje
djeah
ah b
býit
ýitepi
epids
ds lh
lhbpc
bpcódrh
ódrhss sdx
sdxuci
ucids
ds

• Ej`dlle
Ej`dllehjds
hjds ad trcj
trcjsbe
sbeseü
seüjj sdxuc
sdxucii (EQ\)
(EQ\)

• Ej`icbc
Ej`icbcleü
leüjj h ej`
ej`dll
dlleüj
eüj== Ics ej`dl
ej`dlleh
lehjds
jds ad trcjs
trcjsbes
beseüj
eüj sdxuci,
sdxuci, lhbh
lhbh ic fhjhrrdc
fhjhrrdc h ic

licbeaec, pudadj prhvhlcr ic ej`icbcleüj ad ics trhbpcs y htrhs ürfcjhs ldrlcjhs, y cubdjtcr tu

redsfh ad tdjdr uj dbocrczh dltüpelh.

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
 Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

• Qrct
Qrctcbe
cbedj
djth
thss ad `dr
`drte
teie
ieac
aca.
a. Ci
Cifu
fujc
jcss ej
ejvds
vdste
tefc
fcle
lehjd
hjdss ej
ejae
aelc
lcjj qud ic
icss bumd
bumdrds
rds qu
qudd sd

shbdtdj c `drteiezcleüj ej vetrh h trctcbedjths sebeicrds tedjdj bãs prhocoeieacads ad tdjdr uj

dbocrczh dltüpelh. Ic besbc ej`drteieaca tcboeåj pudad cubdjtcr di redsfh.

• Leruf
Lerufâc
âc tuoã
tuoãre
relc
lc.. Ic le
leru
rufâ
fâcc pcrc
pcrc lhr
lhrrdf
rdfer
er ic
icss tr
trhb
hbpc
pcss ad @c
@cih
ihpe
pehh ld
ldrrc
rrcac
acss h ac
acóca
ócacs
cs
pudad cubdjtcr di redsfh ad uj dbocrczh dltüpelh.

• Didlle
Didlleüj
üj ad uj båtha
båthahh cjt
cjtelh
elhjld
jldpte
ptevh.
vh. Ic prho
prhocoe
coeiea
ieaca
ca ad qudacr
qudacr dbocrczca
dbocrczcacc bedjtr
bedjtrcs
cs

sd usc uj aesphsetevh ejtrcutdrejh (AET) ds rdauleac. \ej dbocrfh, se qudacs dbocrczcac

bedjtrcs tedjds lhihlcah uj AET, ih bãs prhocoid ds qud sdc uj dbocrczh dltüpelh. Ic iefcaurc

ad trhbpcs, uj båthah cjtelhjldptevh pdrbcjdjtd qud lhbýjbdjtd sd lhjhld lhbh "iefcrsd ics

trhbpcs", tcboeåj cubdjtc di redsfh se qudacs dbocrczcac adspuås ad dstd prhldaebedjth.

• Qcocqu
Qcocquesb
esbh.
h. @ubcr lefcrre
lefcrreii
iihs
hs cjtds ad qudacr
qudacr dbocrc
dbocrczca
zcacc pudad cubdjtc
cubdjtcrr di red
redsfh
sfh ad

uj dbocrczh dltüpelh. Lucjtcs bãs `ubcs, bcyhr di redsfh

@clthrds prdaesphjdjtds

Liâjelcbdjtd sd adod shspdlncr dbocrczh ndtdrhtüpelh cjtd ic prdsdjlec ad=

• Dbocrczh
Dbocrczh lhj cjt
cjtdldadjt
dldadjtds
ds ad tålj
tåljelcs
elcs ad rdprhaulle
rdprhaulleüj
üj csest
csesteac=
eac= Ic ejsdrleüj
ejsdrleüj adi lctåtdr
lctåtdr

ad bcjdrc ejcprhpecac prhauld ic aespdrseüj ad ihs dborehjds dj di iicbcah d`dlth sprcy cja

are`t= Ejaulleüj ad ic hvuicleüj. (EH), ejsdbejcleüj ejtrcutdrejc. (EET), `drteiezcleüj ej vetrh.

(EP@), ejydlleüj ejtrclethpicsbãtelc ad dspdrbc. (EL\E), trcjs`drdjlec ejtrctuocrec ad fcbdths.

(FE@Q)

• Wdrsestdjlec
Wdrsestdjlec aadd sâjthbcs
sâjthbcs y sefjhs ad dbocrczh
dbocrczh ads
adspuås
puås ad uj idfrcah
idfrcah hoståtrel
hoståtrelhh

• Cjtdlda
Cjtdldadjt
djtdd ad Dj`drbd
Dj`drbdaca
aca ej
ej`ic
`icbct
bcthre
hrecc påiv
påivelc
elc

• Wdrsestdjlec
Wdrsestdjlec ad ttâtui
âtuihs
hs ciths ad
ad fhjcah
fhjcahtrhpej
trhpejcc lhreüje
lhreüjelc
lc adspuå
adspuåss ad uj idfrcah
idfrcah hoståtrel
hoståtrelh.
h.

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

• Wdrsestdjlec
Wdrsestdjlec aadd sâjthbcs
sâjthbcs ad dbocrcz
dbocrczhs
hs iudf
iudfhh ad dxtrclleü
dxtrclleüjj ad uj dbocrczh
dbocrczh dltüpelh
dltüpelh

• Lucarh liâje
liâjelh
lh ad coahbdj
coahbdj querýrfe
querýrfelh
lh lhj bcsc
bcsc cjdx
cjdxeci
eci y dbocrczh
dbocrczh ejtrcutdre
ejtrcutdrejh.
jh.

• Fdstcjtd ccóóhs
hscc

• Dboc
Dbocrcz
rczhs
hs býi
býite
tepi
pids
ds ael
aelef
efht
hths
hs..
• Lerufâ
Lerufâcs
cs på
påive
ivelcs
lcs y co
coahb
ahbejc
ejcids
ids prdv
prdvecs
ecs

• Ne
Nest
sthre
hrecc ad co
cohrt
hrths
hs rrdl
dled
edjtd
jtdss

• Tsh ad cjtelh
cjtelhjldp
jldptev
tevhs
hs nhrbhjci
nhrbhjcids.
ds.

• Ocmh
Ocmh jjev
evdi
di sshl
hleh
ehdl
dlhj
hjübe
übelh
lh..

• Wrhb
hbeesl
sluueaca

Whr ih tcjth, ic dtehihfâc adi dbocrczh dltüpelh sd aevead

aevead dj ahs fruphs= ih qud

rdtcracj h ebpeadj di pcsh adi nudvh `dlujacah c ic lcveaca utdrejc, y ihs qud sd

rdiclehjcj lhj di dboreüj besbh. Dj di prebdr fruph dstãj ics candrdjlecs ejtrc h

dxtrcutdrejcs sdlujacrec c prhldshs ej`dllehshs, c djahbdtrehses h lerufâc påivelc

prdvec qud dstcoidldj uj licrh redsfh ad

a d adscrrhiicr ujc fdstcleüj dltüpelc; di

cjtdldadjtd ad dbocrczh dltüpelh prdveh y ic dj`drbdaca påivelc ej`icbcthrec

tcboeåj ctreouydj uj cubdjth dj ics tcscs ad dbocrczh dltüpelh. Htrhs `clthrds

ad redsfh dstcoidleahs shj ic daca bctdrjc cvcjzcac, di ejeleh tdbprcjh ad veac

sdxuci, jýbdrh ad pcrdmcs sdxucids, di cjtdldadjtd ad cohrth, ic ej`drteieaca

(dspdlecibdjtd dj rdicleüj c ic aurcleüj ad ic besbc), di ush ad aesphsetevh

ejtrcutdrejh (lhorc ebphrtcjlec shih lucjah dstã prdsdjtd ci bhbdjth ad ic

lhjldpleüj) y di tcocquesbh (lcusc adpidleüj ejbujhiüfelc, citdrcleüj dj ic

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

bhteieaca tuocrec y prdaesphseleüj c ihs prhldshs ej`icbcthrehs påivelhs). (6,>). Dj

di sdfujah fruph dstãj ics cjhbciâcs lrhbhsübelcs dborehjcrecs (<< c 01% ad

ihs dbocrczhs dltüpelhs) qud pudadj prhpelecr su ebpicjtcleüj dltüpelc, csâ lhbh

ihs lcshs ad befrcleüj cjhrbci ejtrc h dxtrctuocrec adi nudvh `drteiezcah ad ujc
trhbpc c htrc. Ihs prhldshs ad `drteiezcleüj ej vetrh y ic trcjs`drdjlec ejtrctuocrec

ad fcbdths tcboeåj dstãj ejliueahs dj dstd fruph. Ic ejleadjlec ad dbocrczh

dltüpelh ds bcyhr dj dbocrczhs qud ncj seah rdsuitcah ad tåljelcs ad

rdprhaulleüj csesteac qud dj ihs dbocrczhs dsphjtãjdhs dj uj rcjfh ad ?.3 c

>%. Ihs luctrh pujths ebphrtcjtds pcrc dvciucr di redsfh ad dbocrczh dltüpelh

adspuås ad ic `dlujacleüj ej vetrh shj di djthrjh nhrbhjci ae`drdjtd, ics

lcrcltdrâstelcs ad sciua rdprhaultevc ad ic bumdr ej`årtei, ic tåljelc ad

rdprhaulleüj uteiezcac, y ic dstebcleüj ad ic ebpicjtcleüj adi dboreüj.

Qcoic <. @clthrds ad redsfh qud c`dltcj ic hlurrdjlec ad dbocrczh dltüpelh

Suerýr
Suerýrfel
felhs
hs coa
coahbe
hbejh-
jh-påi
påivel
velhs
hs Lhj dbocrc
dbocrczh
zh dltüpe
dltüpelh
lh \ej dbo
dbocrc
crczh
zh dltüpe
dltüpelh
lh

Ejeleh tdbprcjh ad ic veac sdxuci 00% ?5%

Ahs h bãs pcrdmcs sdxucids 40% 36%
Cjtdldadjtd ad dbocrczh dltüpelh 6% 7%
Cjtdldadjtd ad lerufâc påivelc 4>% <<%
Qcocquesbh ?6% 4%
Cjtdldadjtd DWE <5% 1%
Tsh ad AET ?% 1%

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

?.?.1. \ejthbcthihfâc

Tj dbocrczh dltüpelh prdsdjtc ihs sefjhs h sâjthbcs tdbprcjhs ncoetucids adi

dbocrczh=
dbocrczh= cusdjlec ad bdjstru
bdjstrucleüj,
cleüj, sdjseoe
sdjseoeieaca
ieaca dj ihs sdjhs y jãusdcs.
jãusdcs. \ej dbocrfh,
dbocrfh, ihs

prebdrhs sefjhs ad cavdrtdjlec ad uj dbocrczh dltüpelh shj uj iefdrh scjfrcah vcfejci y

ahihr påivelh.

Ihs sâjthbcs dspdlâ`elhs adpdjadrãj adi iufcr ahjad sd clubuic ic scjfrd y ihs

jdrvehs qud dstãj erretcahs.

C bdjuah, ihs sefjhs adi dbocrczh dltüpelh jh cpcrdldj ncstc ic rhturc, qud pudad

sdr prdldaeac phr uj ahihr rdpdjtejh d ejtdjsh, sdfueah ad sâjlhpd h sefjhs y sâjthbcs ad

snhlk ndbhrrãfelh h pdrethjetes. Ic ndbhrrcfec rãpeac ds bãs prhocoid dj ihs dbocrczhs

rhths ad ihs ludrjhs utdrejhs.

Ihs sefjhs qud fdjdrcibdjtd rd`edrdj ics pcledjtds lhj dstd teph ad dbocrczh, shj ihs

sefuedjtds=

• Ahihr= Fdjdrci
Fdjdrcibdjtd
bdjtd ah
ahihr
ihr påi
påivelh,
velh, ih
ih rd`edr
rd`edrdd di 54 % ad ics pcledjtds,
pcledjtds, dj lcsh ad

bcrlcah ndbhpdrethjdh pudad prhaulersd ahihr thrãlelh pidurâtelh phr erretcleüj

aec`rcfbãtelc lhj errcaecleüj c ihs nhborhs y c ic phrleüj ictdrci adi ludiih \d nc

adslreth qud dsth sdc lcuscah phr ic prdsdjlec ad scjfrd dj di ejtdrehr ad ic lcveaca

coahbejci qud erretc ihs jdrvehs sdjsetevhs ldrvelcids setucahs dj ic supdr`eled ej`drehr

adi aec`rcfbc. Qcboeåj pudad ncodr ahihr c ic bhveiezcleüj ldrvelci, ahihr cjdxeci

ujeictdrci h oeictdrci, h ujc bcsc cjdxeci. Di ýtdrh pudad dstcr iefdrcbdjtd cfrcjacah

(pdrh c bdjuah bdjhs qud ih dspdrcoid sdfýj ic `dlnc ad ic ýitebc bdjstrucleüj).

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

Ic idseüj tuocrec sd adod c ej`icbcleüj, ej`dlleüj y lerufâc. ej`icbcleüj d ej`dlleüj

pudadj prhauler
pr hauler acóh sej hostrulleüj tuocrec lhbpidtc. Di oihqudh lhbpidth pudad adodrsd

c scipej
scipejfet
fetes,
es, ief
iefcaur
caurcc tuocre
tuocrecc ejl
ejlhbp
hbpidt
idtc,
c, ejtdrvd
ejtdrvdjle
jlehjd
hjdss querýrf
querýrfelc
elcss tuocre
tuocrecs
cs pcrc
pcrc ic

`drteieaca, scipejfdlthbec pcrleci h ctrdsec tuocrec lhjfåjetc c jevdi adi sdfbdjth bdaeh. Ic
idseüjj ad ic phrleüj bulhsc ad ic trhbpc h ad ic `eborec ds ic lcusc ad ldrlc ad ic betca ad
idseü

thahs ihs dbocrczhs tuocrehs. Ihs aevdrtâluihs tuocrehs pudadj hrefejcr cjhbciâcs qud

ctrcpcj ci oicsthlesth h ebpeadj su trcjsphrtd. Wudad hlurrer dbocrczh tuocreh dj ujc trhbpc

oihqudcac lhj pdrbdcoeieaca tuocrec lhjtrc ictdrci, lcsh dj di qud ihs dspdrbcthzheads

dbefrcj phr di coahbdj pcrc `drteiezcr ci üvuih adslcrfcah dj di icah oihqudcah.

• Cbdjhrrdc=
Cbdjhrrdc= Di ndlnh aadd qud jjhh ncyc `c
`citcah
itcah uj pdrâ
pdrâhah
hah bdjstruci
bdjstruci jh dxliuyd
dxliuyd ad

jejfýj bhah di dbocrczh dltüpelh, ic cbdjhrrdc lhj ledrth frcah ad bcjlncah h

ndbhrrcfec vcfejci cpcrdld dj di 07->7 %ad ics pcledjtds. Wcrc Jýódz sd bcje`edstc

dj di 46 % ad ics dj`drbcs.

• Ndbhrrc
Ndbhrrcfec
fec (påra
(påraeac
eacss vcf
vcfejc
ejcids
ids)=
)= Bedjt
Bedjtrcs
rcs pdrse
pdrsestd
std ic `ujleüj
`ujleüj djahlrej
djahlrejcc picldj
picldjtcre
tcrecc ic

ndbhrrcfec
ndbhrrcfec utdrejc dstcrã cusdjtd, dstc sudid sdr dslcsc, ad lhihr lcstcóh hslurh y pudad

sdr ejtdrbetdjtd.

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
 Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

?.?.4. Nciiczfhs coahbejcids

ics pcledjtds prdsdjtcrhj

Qcoic 1. \efjhs qud ics

Nciiczfhs \Q5 ad lcshs %

Ahihr <77 377

Ad`djsc coahbejci 6? ?1
Bcsc coahbejci ?> 5
\efjh ad Oihhbodrf ?< 6
\efjh ad Luiidj ? 7

Dj thacs ics pcledjtds ncoâc ahihr coahbejci. Di ahihr drc ad ihlciezcleüj dspdleci dj

ujc ad ics `hscs eiâclcs.

Di sefjh ad Oihhbodrf süih sd djlhjtrü dj ?< lcshs (6.00%). Crbs- trhjf, Veii,
Bhhrd y Icuadj (?) dj ujc rdveseüj ad 1>3 lcshs djlhjtrcrhj di sefjh ad Oihhbodrf

prdsdjtd dj di 17.3 % y ic ad`djsc coahbejci

coa hbejci dj di <0.4%.

Lrddbhs phr ih tcjth qud dstd ds uj sefjh qud sd djludjtrc `rdludjtdbdjtd dj ihs

lcshs ad dbocrczh dltüpelh y qud ic dxefùeaca ad ic le`rc djlhjtrcac phr jhshtrhs ds süih

prhaulth ad ic phlc clulehseaca ad ihs dxcbejcahrds h adi hiveah pcrc lhjsefjcr di acth dj

ics nesthrecs. Lhj bcyhr rczüj se ci lhjtejucr ic rdveseüj djlhjtrcbhs qud 6? pcledjtds

(?1%
(?1%)) prdsd
prdsdjt
jtco
cocj
cj `rcjl
`rcjlcc ad
ad`dj
`djsc
sc coa
coahb
hbej
ejci
ci,, ih qu
qudd ho
hove
vecb
cbdjt
djtdd suphj
suphjdd er
erre
retc
tcle
leüj
üj

pdrethjdci.

Ic bcsc coahbejci dstuvh prdsdjtd dj ?> pcledjtds (5.<<%). Whr ýitebh, di sefjh ad

Luiidj `ud süih nciicah dj ahs lcshs (7.00%). Dstd sefjh sd phjd ad prdsdjtd lhbh ujc

bcjlnc czuicac cirdadahr adi hboiefh, lucjah nc ncoeah ndbhrrcfec prhihjfcac dj di

coahbdj y lucjah cquåi ds adifcah h dxestd ujc `hrbcleüj ndbecrec.

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
 Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

?.?.0. Nciiczfhs påivelhs

Di dxcbdj påivelh h fejdlhiüfelh shih sd prcltelü dj ?61 pcledjtds, ncoeåjahsd

hbeteah dj ?0. Jcturcibdjtd, ds ad lretelcr dstc hbeseüj adi dxcbdj fejdlhiüfelh phr

rczhjds hovecs, y adodbhs clicrcr qud åstcs `udrhj pcledjtds trctcacs ad urfdjlec phr
pdrshjci jh adpdjaedjtd adi \drveleh ad Fejdlhihfâc

Qcoic 4. Nciiczfhs dj ics pcledjtds

Nciiczfhs Jh ad lcshs %

Bcsc cjdxeci ??3 6<.00

Ahihr ci bhveiezcr di ludiih ?73 06
Ludiih oicjah 3?5 1<
Ýtdrh cubdjtcah ad tcbcóh 6< ?1.<<

Ad ic hosdrvcleüj ad dstd lucarh sclcbhs lhbh lhjliuseüj qud dj lucjth ci dxcbdj

påivelh sd rd`edrd, ihs acths ad bcyhr ebphrtcjlec shj ic prdsdjlec ad bcsc cjdxeci y di

ahihr qud dxpdrebdjtc ic pcledjtd ci bhveiezcr di ludiih. Acbhs pcrteluicr ebphrtcjlec c ic

prdsdjlec ad ahihr dj di Ahufics, pdrh jh lhjseadrcbhs ad uteieaca rdvescr dstd sefjh, dj

rczüj ad qud dj ics nesthrecs jh cpcrdlâc dspdlâ`elcbdjtd lhjsefjcah. Ncii y Qhaa (>), dj

ujc rdveseüj ad ?75 lcshs, djludjtrcj qud di 00% ad ics pcledjtds prdsdjtcocj bcsc cjdxeci

y qud dj di 54% di ýtdrh dstcoc cubdjtcah ad tcbcóh, sej qud dstd cubdjth `udrc

lhjaelehjcah cpcrdjtdbdjtd phr ic prdsdjlec ad `eorhbcs.

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

?.?.6. Aecfjüstelh

Adjtrh ad ics prudocs cuxeiecrds jhs cyuac lhj di aecfjüstelh, ihs sâjthbcs=

• Ahihr
Ahihr eejtd
jtdjsh
jsh ddjj ic pcrtd
pcrtd ocmc
ocmc adi
adi coa
coahbd
hbdjj

• \c
\cjf
jfrca
rcahh P
Pcf
cfej
ejci
ci h b
bcjl
cjlnc
ncah
ah
• Ahi
Ahihr dj di nh
nhbo
borh
rh

• @c
@cte
tefc
fc,, bc
bcrd
rdhs
hs y jjcu
cusd
sdcs
cs

• \ejlhpd

• \nhl
\nhlkk ndbh
ndbhrr
rrãf
ãfel
elhh

Wrudocs
• Icpcrhslhpec=
Icpcrhslhpec= Ihs dbo
dbocrczhs
crczhs dl
dltüpel
tüpelhs
hs adspuås ad bãs 4 sdbcjcs
sdbcjcs pudad aecfjhst
aecfjhstelcrsd
elcrsd

y trctcrsd lhj ujc icpcrhslhpec, ic icpcrhslhpec jh sudid uteiezcrsd cjtds yc qud ics

dlhfrc`âcs y cjãieses ad scjfrd sudidj sdr buy prdleshs.

• Wrudocs
Wrudocs oehiü
oehiüfel
felcs
cs ad dboc
dbocrczh
rczh== Ds dj vdraca buy
buy rdic
rdictev
tevhh su vcihr dj rczüj
rczüj ad qud ci

adsprdjadrsd di nudvh y ldscr ic clteveaca lhreci, ds ad dspdrcr qud sd ncfcj jdfctevcs y phr

tcjth ds buy phlc ic cyuac qud prdstcj dj ic aeiuleacleüj ad uj lucarh shspdlnhsh ad

dbocrczh dltüpelh.

• Dxcbdj
Dxcbdj ad sscjf
cjfrd=
rd= Cjci
Cjciezc
ezcjah
jah ics
ics lcj
lcjtea
teacad
cadss ad ic NF
NFF
F

• Dxcb
Dxcbdj
dj ad hre
hrejc=
jc= Cjã
Cjãie
iese
sess ad ic NFF
NFF

• Lhiphldjtdse
Lhiphldjtdses=
s= Ic lhiphl
lhiphldjtdse
djtdsess h pujleüj
pujleüj adi `hjah
`hjah ad sclh ad
ad Ahufics
Ahufics

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
 Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

• Dlhfrc`âc
Dlhfrc`âc Qrcjsv
Qrcjsvcfejci
cfejci== Dstc pdrbetd
pdrbetd vd
vdrr di ýtdrh,
ýtdrh, ihs hvcrehs
hvcrehs y ics
ics trhbpcs
trhbpcs ad @cihpeh
@cihpeh c

pcrter ad hjacs shjhrcs pcrc lrdcr ebãfdjds.

• Ic luia
luiahs
hslh
lhpe
pec=
c= Ds ht
htrh
rh ad ih
ihss pr
prhl
hlda
daeb
ebed
edjt
jths
hs qu
qudd sd nc
ncjj qu
qudr
drea
eahh ej
ejvh
vhlc
lcrr lh
lhbh
bh

cuxeiecrds dj di aecfjüstelh ad ic fdstcleüj dltüpelc. Djtdjadbhs qud iüfelcbdjtd su

uteieaca tedjd iâbetds dj cqudiihs lcshs ad aecfjüstelh dveadjtd, lhj pcledjtds dj cjdbec y

snhlk sdvdrhs, dj ihs lucids di prhldaebedjth cfrcvcrâc di dstcah ad ic dj`drbc.

• Tj dxcbdj
dxcbdj aadd ico
icohrcthre
hrcthrehh thbc
thbcac
ac c 366 b
bumdrds
umdrds lhj dbocrczh
dbocrczh dltüpe
dltüpelh
lh

Qcoic 0. Nciiczfhs ad lucarh ndbãtelh

Nciiczfhs adi L.N. Jh ad lcshs %

Cjdbec 3?1 67.<<

\daebdjtcleüj cldidrcac 4< ?>.>
Idulhlethses ?0 31.0>

Aecfjüstelh

Wrebdrh, adodbhs shspdlncr dj luciquedr bumdr dj daca rdprhaultevc.

Lhj ahihr pdivecjh, scjfrcah vcfejci, sâjlhpd ejdxpielcoid h snhlk ndbhrrãfelh.

Qcboeåj
Qcboeåj pudad sdr jdldscreh uj dxcbdj påivelh
påivelh pcrc adtdrbejcr
adtdrbejcr cifýj ouith h zhjcs ad

ahihr dj ujc trhbpc ad @cihpeh h uj hvcreh.

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
 Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

Nciiczfhs hpdrcthrehs

Qcoic 6. Ihlciezcleüj ad ihs dbocrczhs

Ihlciezcleüj Jýbdrh ad lcshs Ezquedrah Adrdlnh

Quoãrelh ?51 36< 3?6

Ejtdrsteleci ? ?
Hvãrelh 3 3
Coahbejci 3
Jh oedj adtdrbejcahs ?

Ihs iufcrds ahjad fdjdrcibdjtd sd nciicj dbocrczhs dltüpelhs, shj=

• Dj ic trhbpc
trhbpc,, lhj uujj iefdrh
iefdrh prdah
prdahbejeh
bejeh shord di
di icah adrdlnh h ezquedrah.
ezquedrah.

• Ihs dboc
dbocrczh
rczhss tuoãre
tuoãrelhs
lhs qud
qud sd acj
acj dj ics
ics rdfeh
rdfehjds
jds

• Cbpuicrds

• Âstbelcs.

• Hvcr
Hvcreh
ehs,
s, aadrd
drdln
lnhh h eezq
zque
uedra
drah.
h.

• _dfeüj
_dfeüj coahbe
coahbejci=
jci= D
Dss uj db
dbocrczh
ocrczh qud
qud sd eebpicj
bpicjtc
tc dj iicc lcveaca
lcveaca pdrethjdci
pdrethjdci..

Di dstcah dvhiutevh ad ihs dbocrczhs tuoãrelhs pudad sdr=

• _hths= Wudad lhj

lhjiidvc
iidvcrr c bhrtcieaca
bhrtcieaca b
bctdrjc.
ctdrjc. Dstc lhb
lhbpielc
pielcleüj
leüj adi dbocrczh
dbocrczh tdbprcjh
tdbprcjh

sd prhauld lucjah di üvuih `drteiezcah sd ebpicjtc dj luciquedr pcrtd ae`drdjtd ci djahbdtreh

dj di ýtdrh.

• Jh rhths=
rhths= Lucja
Lucjahh di dbo
dbocrczh
crczh dlt
dltüpelh
üpelh ds ad
adtdltc
tdltcah
ah cjtds ad
ad ic rupturc
rupturc adi tdmeah.
tdmeah.

• Cohrth
Cohrthss tuoãr
tuoãrelh
elhs=
s= Dxpu
Dxpuise
iseüj
üj adi dbore
dboreüj
üj adsad iicc trhbpc.
trhbpc.

?.?.>. Qrctcbedjth

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

Ics pcled
pcledjtds
jtds ejtdr
ejtdrvdjeac
vdjeacss querýrf
querýrfelcbdj
elcbdjtd,
td, shj cjdstd
cjdstdsecacs
secacs lhj cjdstdsec
cjdstdsec fdjdrci.

\d cpielcj trcjs`usehjds scjfuâjdcs qud hsleicrhj djtrd ?47 ll y ?.777 ll. C vdlds pudad

ncodr uj pcrh lcraâclh lctcihfcah lhbh clleadjtd cjdståselh

Ihs trctcbedjths rdciezcahs `udrhj=

• Icpc
cpcrhsl
hslhpec
pec=

- \cipej
pejfhth
hthbâc

- \c
\ciipejf
pejfdl
dlth
thb
bâc

• Icpcrht
Icpcrhthbâ
hbâc=
c= Tj llhrt
hrtdd coed
coedrth
rth lh
lhjte
jtejuh
juh ad 1 pujth
pujthss c bãs.

?.?.5. Bhroeieaca
Ic daca prdlhz dj di bhbdjth adi prebdr lheth y di jýbdrh ad pcrdmcs sdxucids

aurcjtd thac ic veac sd cshlecj lhj redsfh iefdrcbdjtd bcyhr ad dbocrczh dltüpelh, adoeah

c ic bcyhr prhocoeieaca ad dxphseleüj c ej`dllehjds ad trcjsbeseüj sdxuci. Jubdrhshs

dstuaehs ncj rdvdicah cshlecleüj djtrd ic aulnc vcfejci y di dbocrczh dltüpelh.

Lucjah sd d`dltýc lerufâc phr ujc fdstcleüj dltüpelc, di redsfh ad rdleaevc hsleic

djtrd 37 y ?6%, ncstc 37 vdlds bãs qud dj ic phoicleüj fdjdrci. Ic lerufâc påivelc h

coahb
coahbej
ejci
ci qud
qud jh c`
c`dl
dltc
tc c ic
icss tr
trhb
hbpcs
pcs ad @c
@cih
ihpe
peh,
h, lh
lhbh
bh ld
ldsã
sãrdc
rdc,, le
leru
rufâ
fâcc hvãre
hvãrelc,
lc,

cpdjaeldlthbâc (sej rhturc) d ejtdrrupleüj prhfrcbcac ad uj dbocrczh, fdjdrcibdjtd jh

cubdjtc di redsfh.

Di reds
redsfh
fh ad db
dboc
ocrcz
rczhh dltü
dltüpe
pelh
lh sd tr
trep
epie
ielc
lc lhb
lhbhh bâ
bâje
jebh
bh dj ic
icss bumd
bumdrds
rds lh
lhjj

dj`dr
dj`drbd
bdac
acaa tu
tuoã
oãre
relc
lc lh
lhj`e
j`erb
rbca
cac.
c. Dj ic bcyh
bcyhrâ
râcc ad ih
ihss lc
lcshs
shs,, ic id
idse
seüj
üj tu
tuoã
oãre
relc
lc ds

lhjsd
lhjsdlu
ludjl
djlec
ec ad ej
ej`dl
`dlle
lehjd
hjdss ad tr
trcjs
cjsbe
bese
seüj
üj sd
sdxuc
xuci,
i, dj
djtr
trdd ic
icss qu
qudd ic fh
fhjh
jhlhl
lhlec
ec y ic
icss

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

licbeaecs shj ics bãs `rdludjtds. Qrcs uj dpeshaeh ad ej`dlleüj tuoãrelc, di redsfh ad

dbocrczh dltüpelh ds ad cirdadahr ad 37% y cubdjtc ad `hrbc prhfrdsevc lhj lcac

ej`dlleüj phstdrehr.

Di redsfh ad dbocrc
dbocrczh
zh dltüpe
dltüpelh
lh sd quejtupie
quejtupielc
lc cprhxe
cprhxebcacbdj
bcacbdjtd
td dj ics bumdrds lhj
dxphseleüj ejtrcutdrejc c aedteidteiodstrhi (AD\). Ics cjhbciâcs hosdrvcacs shj clhrtcbedjth

y lerlujvhiuleüj ad ics trhbpcs, lhjstrelleüj ad ics `rcjmcs y questds pcrc tuoãrelhs, pdrh sd

adslhjhld se tcids cjhbciâcs fucracj rdicleüj aerdltc lhj di bcyhr redsfh ad dbocrczh

dltüpelh.

Di redsfh ad dbocrczh dltüpelh sd aupielc cprhxebcacbdjtd dj ics bumdrds dståreids.

Ic cshlecleüj djtrd dstdreieaca

dstdreieaca d ej`dll
ej`dlleüj
eüj påivelc y dj`drbdaca
dj`drbdaca tuoãrelc prdvec h`rdld ujc
dxpielcleüj
dxpielcleüj dveadjtd
dveadjtd.. Ihs `ãrbclhs ejaulthrds ad ic hvuicleüj ejvhiulrc
ejvhiulrcjj uj bcyhr redsfh,

cujqud sd adslhjhld se ic rdsphjscoeieaca adpdjad ad `clthrds tuoãrelhs lhdxestdjtds jh

eadjte`elcahs h ad ics lcrcltdrâstelcs djahlrejcs citdrcacs ad ihs lelihs dstebuicahs.

Di redsfh ad dbocrczh dltüpelh sd aupielc lhbh bâjebh dj ics bumdrds `ubcahrcs.

Åstd cubdjtc cirdadahr ad 47% dj ics dx `ubcahrcs y ics qud `ubcj phlh (3-5 lefcrreiihs ci

aâc) y sd didvc ad `hrbc prhfrdsevc lhj uj lhjsubh aecreh bãs ejtdjsh.

Ic daca prdlhz dj di bhbdjth adi prebdr lheth y di jýbdrh ad pcrdmcs sdxucids

aurcjtd thac ic veac sd cshlecj lhj redsfh iefdrcbdjtd bcyhr ad dbocrczh dltüpelh, adoeah

c ic bcyhr prhocoeieaca ad dxphseleüj c ej`dllehjds ad trcjsbeseüj sdxuci. Jubdrhshs

dstuaehs ncj rdvdicah cshlecleüj djtrd ic aulnc vcfejci y di dbocrczh dltüpelh.

Ic ejleadjlec adi redsfh coshiuth ad dbocrczh dltüpelh sd rdauld lhj thahs ihs

båthah
båthahss cjt
cjtelh
elhjldp
jldpte
tevhs.
vhs. Ihs cjtelh
cjtelhjldp
jldptev
tevhs
hs hrci
hrcids
ds y ic vcsdlth
vcsdlthbâc
bâc sd cshlecj
cshlecj lhj

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

ejleadjlec coshiutc bãs ocmc ad dbocrczh dltüpelh. Ics tcscs sefudj sedjah buy ocmcs, pdrh

lcse 07 vdlds bcyhrds lhj ic dstdreiezcleüj tuoãrelc (7.<?/3,777 bumdrds/cóh) y ?77 vdlds

bcyhrds lhj di aesphsetevh ejtrcutdrejh (AET). Ic bcyhr tcsc ad dbocrczhs dltüpelhs

cshlecacs c AET sefud sedjah bdjhr ad ic betca dj lhbpcrcleüj lhj ics bumdrds qud jh
dbpidcj cjtelhjldpleüj.

Acah qud ic scipejfetes, lhbh pcrtd ad ic dj`drbdaca påivelc ej`icbcthrec, ds di

`clthr ad redsfh bãs nciicah lhbýjbdjtd, sd sufedrd ejtdjse`elcr lcbpcócs ad daulcleüj

pcrc ic sciua shord dstd tdbc c jevdi ejstetulehjci, lhj ic `ejcieaca ad lhjsdfuer su

eadjte`elcleüj tdbprcjc y trctcbedjth hphrtujh.

Ds jdldscreh rdciezcr dstuaehs caelehjcids tdjaedjtds c dstcoidldr ic lhrrdicleüj djtrd

ihs `clthrds ad redsfh y di dbocrczh dltüpelh, aerefeahs c ic eadjte`elcleüj adi fdrbdj lcusci

ad ic scipejfetes y su rdicleüj lhj di dbocrczh dltüpelh.

?.?.37. Bhrtcieaca

Cujqud di dbocrczh dltüpelh ds ic lcusc bãs lhbýj ad bhrtcieaca bctdrj

bctdrjcc aurcjt
aurcjtdd

di prebdr trebdstrd adi dbocrczh, y ds di rdsphjscoid ad cprhxebcacbdjtd 37% ad ic

bhrtcieaca
bhrtcieaca bctdrjc. Ics tcscs ad bhrtc
bhrtcieaca
ieaca bctdrjc phr dbocrczh
dbocrczh dltüpelh
dltüpelh aesbejuydrhj
aesbejuydrhj

se
sefj
fje`
e`el
elct
ctev
evcb
cbdjt
djtdd ad
adoe
oeah
ah ci ae
aecfj
cfjüst
üstel
elhh hp
hphrt
hrtujh
ujh y c ic bdmh
bdmhrc
rc dj ic
icss ae
ae`d
`drdj
rdjtd
tdss

bhacieacads tdrcpåutelcs.

Di tcocquesbh ejlrdbdjtc di redsfh ad su`rer dbocrczh dltüpelh ncstc <.> vdlds.

Wneiieps dt ci. (letcahs phr \hicjh dt ci.) rdfestrcrhj dj 355? ujc _B ad ?.1.

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

Di redsfh ad dbocrczh dltüpelh sd aupielc lhbh bâjebh dj ics bumdrds `ubcahrcs. Åstd

cubdjtc cirdadahr ad 47% dj ics dx `ubcahrcs y ics qud `ubcj phlh (3-5 lefcrreiihs ci aâc)

y sd didvc ad `hrbc prhfrdsevc lhj uj lhjsubh aecreh bãs ejtdjsh.

Di AE
AET
T lh
lhbh
bh cj
cjtd
tdld
ldad
adjt
jtdd pc
pcrc
rc DD ds uj `c
`clt
lthr
hr ad re
reds
dsfh
fh ds
dstc
tcaâ
aâst
stel
elcb
cbdj
djtd
td
sefje`elctevh, dxpielcah prhocoidbdjtd phr ihs lcboehs `esehiüfelhs ad rdclleüj ihlci y

bdlãjelc qud lhbh ludrph dxtrcóh lhjaelehjc. Dsth sej lhjseadrcr cadbãs qud lhjstetuyd

uj hostãluih qud sd hphjd ci trcjsphrtd adi nudvh y c ic jeacleüj dj di ýtdrh.

Dstã ic lerufâc prdvec tuoãrelc qud ejlrdbdjtc di redsfh ncstc dj lejlh vdlds. Lucjah

sd d`dltýc lerufâc phr ujc fdstcleüj dltüpelc, di redsfh ad rdleaevc hsleic djtrd 37 y ?6%,

ncstc 37 vdlds bãs qud dj ic phoicleüj fdjdrci. Ic lerufâc påivelc h coahbejci qud jh
c`dltc c ics trhbpcs ad @cihpeh, lhbh ldsãrdc, lerufâc hvãrelc, cpdjaeldlthbâc (sej rhturc) d

ejtdrrupleüj prhfrcbcac ad uj dbocrczh, fdjdrcibdjtd jh cubdjtc di redsfh.

\hj býitepids ihs `clthrds ad redsfh rdiclehjcahs ci DD, djtrd diihs= daca bctdrjc

bcyhr ad <7 cóhs, lhjsubh ad tcoclh, ejeleh prdlhz ad ic clteveaca lhetci y di jýbdrh ad

pcrdmcs sdxucids;
sdxuc ids; lhbh tcboeåj ihs cjtdldadjtds aadd DD prdveh, cohrth, prhldsh ej`icbcthreh

påivelh (WEW) d ej`drteieaca, lerufâcs påivelcs y coahbejcids, ush ad aesphsetevhs

ejtrcutdrejhs y aulncs vcfejcids.

Di dbocrczh dltüpelh ds ic lcusc bãs `rdludjtd ad bhroeieaca y bhrtcieaca bctdrjc

dj di prebdr trebdstrd ad ic fdstcleüj, sedjah rdsphjscoid adi 5% ad ics budrtds aurcjtd dstd

pdrehah.

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
 Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

Lcpâtuih <. Båthah

<.3 Qeph ad Ejvdste

Ejvdstefcleüj
fcleüj

Ejvdstefcleüj ahlubdjtci

<.? Qåljel
Qåljelcs
cs ad Ejvds
Ejvdstefcle
tefcleüj
üj

Qåljelc ahlubdjtci dj ic qud sd uteiezh ujc rdveseüj oeoiehfrã`elc.

<.< Lrhjhfrc
Lrhjhfrcbc
bc ad clteveac
clteveacads
ads phr rdciezcr

Qcoic >. Lrhjhfrcbc ad clteveacads aeveaeah phr bdsds

Bds Cvcjld

Cfhsth Aestreouleüj adi bcrlh tdürelh

\dptedbord Ejvdstefcleüj ad lcac suotdbc

Hltuord Djtrdfc ad ic ej`hrbcleüj
Jhvedbord Daeleüj adi trcocmh ci `hrbcth CWC

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
 Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

Lcpâtuih 1. Lhjliusehjds

Dj lhjliuseüj, di dbocrczh dltüpelh ds ujc djteaca `rdludjtd adjtrh ad ic Fejdlhhostdtrelec,

qud sd nc didvcah dj ics ýitebcs aålcacs, hlcsehjcjah budrtds bctdrjcs y bhroeieaca djtrd ics
cahidsldjtds, cujqud prdahbejc dj ic dtcpc `årtei ad ic veac.
\d rdciezc dj `rdludjlec di dbocrczh tuoãrelh, dj su `hrbc liâjelc lhbpielcah, lhj
uteiezcleüj adi uitrcshjeah lhbh båthah aecfjüstelh jh ejvcsevh, adoeah c su citc dspdle`eleaca.
Dxestd ujc dstrdlnc rdicleüj djtrd di aecfjüstelh prdlhz adi DD y ic `hrbc liâjelc jh
lhbpielcac, ih qud pdrbeterã ujc dvhiuleüj `cvhrcoid tcjth c lhrth lhbh c icrfh piczh, cyuacah
phr di adscrrhiih tdljhiüfelh cilcjzcah dj ihs sefihs ^^ y ^^E, pcrc dvetcr budrtds y bcjtdjdr
ic `drteieaca qud ds ujh ad ihs ctreouths `ujacbdjtcids ad ic bumdr.
Lhj ocsd dj judstrcs lhjliusehjds jhs pdrbetebhs dstcoidldr ics sefuedjtds sufdrdjlecs=
• _d`_d`hrzc
hrzcrr lcbpcóc
lcbpcócss ad dadaulc
ulcleü
leüjj pcrc ic sciua
sciua shord
shord di D
DD,
D, lhj
lhj ic `ejci
`ejcieac
eacaa ad lhjsdfu
lhjsdfuerer
su eadjte`elcleüj tdbprcjc y su trctcbedjth hphrtujh.
• Eadj
Eadjte
te`e
`elc
lcrr hp
hphr
hrtu
tujc
jcbd
bdjt jtdd ih
ihss `c
`clt
lthr
hrds
ds ad rereds
dsfh
fh cs
cshl
hlec
ecah
ahss c DD,
DD, au
aurc
rcjt
jtdd di lh
lhjt
jtrh
rhii
prdjctci dj di prebdr jevdi ad ctdjleüj.
• DstDstcoi
coidld
dldrr uj lhjtrh
lhjtrhii tdb
tdbprcj
prcjhh adi ddboc
bocrczh
rczh dj
dj cqudii
cqudiics
cs pcledj
pcledjtds
tds lh
lhjj `clthr
`clthrdsds ad re
redsf
dsfhh
cshlecah c DD. Dsth adodrâc ejliuer dlhfrc`âc pcrc adtdrbejcr tdbprcjcbdjtd ic ihlciezcleüj adi
dbocrczh,
pudadj lhjmujtcbdjtd
hredjtcr lhj ic adtdrbejcleüj
nclec ujc shspdlnc
shspdln c h aecfjüstelhlucjtetctevc
tdbprcjh adiad ic NLF-ο,dltüpelh.
dbocrczh yc qud sus vcihrds jhs
• DaDaul
ulcrcr c ics pcl
pcled
edjt
jtds
ds sho
shord
rd ic li
liâj
âjel
elcc ad aelnc
aelnc pct
pcthi
hihf
hfâc
âc pcrc
pcrc qud,
qud, dj lcsh
lcsh ad qud ic
prdsdjtdj, cluacj hphrtujcbdjtd c uj ddstcoidlebedjth
stcoidlebedjth ad sciua y sdcj aecfjhstelcacs tdbprcjc
y hphrtujcbdjtd. Lhj dsth sd id dstcrâc h`rdledjah c ic pcledjtd di bdmhr trctcbedjth, yc sdc
båaelh h querýrfelh, y csâ sd lhjsdrvcrâc su lcpcleaca rdprhaultevc.
• _d_dci
cieezcr
zcr uj ae aecf
cfjü
jüst
steelh y trtrct
ctcb
cbededjt
jthh hp
hphr
hrttuj
ujhh ad ics pc pctthi
hihf
hfââcs fe
fejd
jdlh
lhiiüf
üfel
elcs
cs,,
ds
dspd
pdle
leci
cibd
bdjt
jtdd ic DWDWE,E, dj pcle
pcledj
djtd
tdss dj da daca
ca rdrdpr
prha
haul
ulte
tevc
vc lhlhjj di `e`ejj ad ae
aesb
sbej
ejue
uerr ic
bhroebhrtcieaca cshlecac c DD.

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
 Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

_d`drdjlecs

W. Lcpbcs
Lcpbcs,, M. Ohu
Ohuydr,
ydr, N. @drj
@drjcjad
cjadzz (?7
(?736).
36). Dbocrczh
Dbocrczh dltüpe
dltüpelh.
lh. DBL-Qrctcah ad bdaelejc

Phiubd ?3: j·<

_. _cbcjcn, E. Bcrfuedr, J. Bhttdt, L. Bcfjej, A. _edtnbuiidr (?73>). Dbocrczh dxtrcutdrejh.

DBL-Fejdlhihfâc-Hostdtrelec, Phiubd 41 : j·<

Bcrtâjdz, F., Ãjfdi, E., Bcslcrh, _., Uure, \., Båmelh, B., \cbby, V., & Bdrd, adi L. y Mucj, @.

(?73<). Lcrcltdrâstelcs dpeadbehiüfelcs, liâjelcs y querýrfelcs ad pcledjtds lhj dbocrczh

dltüpelh dj di Nhspetci Jclehjci crzhoesph Ihcyzc. _dvestc Wdrucjc ad Fejdlhihfâc y

Hostdtrelec, 45(<), 363-360.

\pejhic Lcstefiehje, Ficays _hbejc. (?73?). Dbocrczh dltüpelh. _dvestc adi Jclehjci (Etcufuã),
1(?), ?<-?5.

@drjãjadz, L. (?733). Di dbocrczh dltüpelh sd ejlrdbdjtc dj di bujah . _dvestc luocjc ad

hostdtrelec y fejdlhihfâc.

\ãjlndz, I. (?736). Wrdsdjtcleüj ad ujc pcledjtd lhj dbocrczh dltüpelh hvãrelh. \ledih

Lcordrc, M. (?73?). Lcuscs cshlecacs c dbocrczh dltüpelh.

OJB. (?7?3). Dbocrczh dltüpelh. Bdaiejd

Auicy, C. (?7?7). Dbocrczh dltüpelh= dtehihfâc, `esehpcthihfâc, sefjhs y sâjthbcs, aecfjüstelh y

trctcbedjth. B\A

Fhbdz,
Fhbdz, N. (?77
(?773).
3). Fuâ
Fuâcc Oud
Oudjcs
jcs Wrãltel
Wrãltelcs
cs Host
Hoståtr
åtrelc
elcs.
s. Nhspe
Nhspetci
tci Wrhvejleci
Wrhvejleci Tjevdrsetc
Tjevdrsetcreh
reh

Ahldjtd FCI. Ledj`udfhs.

Mcbds, _. (?777). Qrctcah ad Hostdtrelec y Fejdlhihfâc. Båxelh= Bl Frcw-Neii Ejtdrcbdrelcjc.

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
 Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

Kncj, M. (3556). Qrdctbdjt h` Dlthpel wetn Icpcrhslhpel _dsdltehj ej c Lhbbujety Nhspetci.

DD.TT= M _dprha Bda.

Bcbc, W. (3556). Liejelci cja @ejcjleci cjciysds h` Dlthpel Wrdfjcjly Bcjcfbdjt ct c Icrfd

Ndcitn Wicj. M Cb Csshl Fejdlhi Icpcrhsl.

BEJ\C. (?773). Dbocrczh Dltüpelh= Hredjtclehjds Bdthahiüfelcs pcrc di Bcjdmh y Lhjtrhi dj

thah di \estdbc ad \ciua ad ics Bumdrds lhj Dbocrczhs Dltüpelhs y sus Lhbpielclehjds.

Ncocjc.

Crecs-stdiic M. Ctypelci djahbdtreci lncjfds csshlectda wetn tnd p3¶dsdjld h` lh- rehjel tessud.

C. B. C. Crln. Wctn. 4>= 33?, 3541.

Crbstrhjf M., Veiis s., bhhrd m., icuadj C. Dlthpel prdfjcjly= C rdvedw h` 1>3 lcsds. Cb. M.
Host. & Fyjdl. 6e= <01. 3545.

Oerln N., Lhiie

Lhiiejs
js L. Ctypelci lncjfds h` fdjetci
fdjetci dpetndieub
dpetndieub csshlect
csshlectda
da wetn dlthpe
dlthpell prdfjcjly.
prdfjcjly.

Cb. M. Host. & Fyjdl. >3= 3.35>, 3503.

Lcic
Lcictr
trhj
hjee L. ¸Ds
¸Ds ic sc
scip
ipej
ejfdl
fdlth
thbâ
bâcc di tr
trct
ctcb
cbed
edjt
jthh ad di
didl
dlle
leüj
üj dj di dboc
dbocrc
rczh
zh tu
tuoãr
oãrel
elhh

lhbpielcah8 Host. y Fej. Ict. Cbdr. ie= 301, 3545.

Lhjeii Bhjthoeh P. Qrctcah ad Fejdlhihfâc i. ad Qåljel=t-Qdrcpåutelc Fejdlhiüfelc. <'-' Da.

Ocrldihjc. 3540. Daetheci Icohr, pãf. 045.

Wårdz, C. (?73<). Dbocrczh dltüpelh. Bdaelejc ejtdfrci lhbujetcrec.

Wårdz, I. (?736). Wrdsdjtcleüj ad ujc pcledjtd lhj dbocrczh dltüpelh hvãrelh. Lhrrdh ledjtâ`elh

båaelh.

Bcrt
Bcrtâj
âjdz
dz,, O. (?73
(?73>)
>).. Db
Dboc
ocrc
rczh
zh dl
dltü
tüpe
pelh
lh dj lå
lårv
rvex
ex== rd
rdph
phrt
rtdd ad uj lc
lcsh
sh.. Aepihbcah dj

uitrcshjhfrc`âc båaelc.

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34
Qâtuih=
Cuthr/ds=

Cpåjaeld

@efurc 3= Dbocrczh dltüpelh adscrrhiiãjahsd dj ic trhbpc

@efurc ?= Hvcreh adrdlnh lhj `dth ad > sdbcjcs qud sd cihmcoc dj su ejtdrehr

@efurc <= Dbocrczh dltüpelh dj lårvex

Csefjcturc=
Lcrrdrc= Wãfejc 34 ad 34