Plane Trigonometry

Plane Trigonometry
Compiled by: Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)
+263772978155/+263717267175
ntarakino@gmail.com
16 FEBRUARY 2020
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

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SYLLABUS (6042) REQUIREMENTS
+ 
 distinguish between radians and degrees
 convert degrees to radians and vice versa
 calculate arc length and sector area
 solve problems involving lengths of arcs, areas of
sectors and segments
 use small angle approximation for , and
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




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

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PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
 The word trigonometry comes from the Greek words trigon and metron, which mean
triangle and measure.
 The study of trigonometry involves triangle measurement.
RADIANS AND DEGREES
Angles
Definition
An angle is a measure of rotation usually measured in degrees from the initial side to the
terminal side.
 An angle is formed from two rays joined end to end.
Terminal side Angle
Initial side
 An angle in standard position is an angle where the initial side is the .

 Angles can be measured in units of either degrees or radians.
 To go from the standard position back to the original standard position, the angle
would have to be .

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 When and angle is measured counter-clockwise/ anti-clockwise is a positive angle
measurement
 When and angle is measured clockwise is a negative angle measurement
 When we measure angles we can think of them in terms of pieces of a circle.
 We have two units for measuring angles which are Degrees and Radians.
 The symbol for degree is and usually no symbol is used to denote radians.
Degrees
One Degree is a rotation of of a complete revolution about the vertex.

We can think of this as going all the way around the circle. There are degrees in one full
rotation.
Radians
One Radian is the measure of a central angle that intercepts an arc equal in length to the
radius of the circle or simply a central angle with arc length equal to radius is called 1
radian
The arc length for a full circle is the same as its circumference, .
Also remember that the arc length = .

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Since the radian is measured in terms of one on the arc of a circle and the complete
circumference of the circle is then there are radians in one full rotation.
NOTE: A complete revolution is defined as or and half a revolution has

or
This allows us to give equivalences between degrees and radians.
Converting Radians to Degrees
Multiply by (getting rid of radians)
Example
Convert:
(i) to degrees
(ii) to degrees
Solution
(i) to degrees
(ii) to degrees

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Converting Degrees to Radians
Multiply by (getting rid of ° notation)
Example
Convert:
(i) to radians
(ii) to radians
Solution
(i) to radians
(ii) to radians
NOTE: Your calculator should be able to work with angles measured in both radians and
degrees. Usually the MODE button allows you to select the appropriate measure. When
calculations involve calculus you should always work with radians and not degrees.
Follow up Exercise
1. Convert each of the following angles given in degrees, to radians. Give your answers
correct to .
a) , b) , c) .
2. Convert each of the following angles given in radians, to degrees. Give your answers
correct to

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a) , b) , c) .
3. Convert each of the following angles given in radians, to degrees. Do not use a calculator.
a) , b) .
4. Convert the following angles given in degrees, to radians. Do not use a calculator and
give your answers as multiples of .
a) , b) , c) .
Answers
1. a) , b) , c) .
2. a) , b) , c) .
3. a) , b) .
4. a) , b) , c) .
RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLES
In a right triangle, the side opposite the right angle is the longest side. We call this side the
hypotenuse of the triangle. The two sides that form the right angle are called legs.
NOTE
(i) The side “ ” is always the side opposite the right angle. Side “ ” is called the
hypotenuse.

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(ii) The sides adjacent to the right angle are named “ ” and “ ”.
(iii)There is no choice when selecting a side to be named “ ”, but the sides you choose to
call “ ” and “ ” are interchangeable.
Pythagoras’ Theorem
 Pythagoras’ theorem is used in determining the distance between two points in both
two and three dimensional space.
 The Pythagoras’ Theorem is a formula that gives a relationship between the sides of a
right triangle The Pythagorean Theorem only applies to RIGHT triangles. A RIGHT
triangle is a triangle with a degree angle. The degree angle in a right triangle is
often depicted with a square.
 Legs – the shorter two sides opposite the acute angles.
Pythagoras’ Theorem:
 Triples of integers such as and which occur as the side lengths of

right-angled triangles are of great interest in both geometry and number theory and
they are called Pythagorean triples.
Example
Calculate the missing side .
Solution

Page 8
.
Trigonometric Ratios
 The trig ratios are just the ratios formed by the lengths of the sides of a right triangle.
 There are trig ratios namely, , , , , and , though
we will only be working with the first
Opposite Hypotenuse
Adjacent
 The side labelled hypotenuse is always opposite the right angle of the right triangle.
The Hypotenuse is the longest side of a right triangle; the side opposite (across) from
the right angle.
 The names of the other two sides of the right triangle are determined by the angle
that is being discussed.
 The angle is formed by the hypotenuse of the right triangle and the side of the right
triangle that is called adjacent.

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 The adjacent side will always make up part of the angle that is being discussed and
not be the hypotenuse. Adjacent means to be next to or touching
 The side of the right triangle that does not form part of angle is called the opposite
side. The opposite side will never form part of the angle being discussed. Opposite
means to be across from.
 The three ratios are:
shortened form of sine function; shortened form of cosine function;

shortened form of tangent function and the angle value.
MNEMONIC (to remember more easily):
SUMMARY
Name Symbol Definition
Trigonometric opposite side
Ratios hypotenuse Hypotenuse
Opposite
adjacent side
hypotenuse
opposite side θ
adjacent side Adjacent

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NOTE: The hypotenuse is always the same regardless which acute angle you label as . The
adjacent and opposite sides will switch depending which acute angle you label as .
SPECIAL TRIANGLES
The cosine, sine and tangent of some basic angles is derived by considering some special
right triangles.
Let’s consider a square with sides of length , and its diagonal as shown below.
The length of the diagonal is calculated using the Pythagorean theorem as follows:
NB:
Now:
; ;
Now let’s consider for and . Lets draw an equilateral triangle with sides of length .

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It is clear that all angles are equal and add to . Thus each angle is a
angle or has a measure of .
Additionally, we know that the line which bisects the upper angle in this (isosceles) triangle
also bisects the base.
NB: ; and . Also
and .
Using the Pythagorean Theorem we can find the length of the bisector as follows:
Now:
; ;
We can summarise the above ratios in a table.

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RATIO
Example
Calculate the exact value of if .
Solution

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TRIANGLE LABELLING
THE SINE RULE
From the triangle above, we can find in two different ways:

Page 14
Also,
(i)
Now for sides we divide both sides of equation (i) by first and then we divide both
sides by to get:
Now for angles we divide both sides of equation (i) by first and then we divide both sides
by to get:
NB:
THE COSINE RULE

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Using the Pythagoras Theorem for triangle :
(i)
Using the Pythagoras Theorem for triangle :
(ii)
Substituting (i) into (ii):
(ii)
(iii)
Now using triangle again:
(iv)
Substituting (iv) into (iii):
(iii)
Therefore for finding sides we use:
For angles, we make the subject.

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NB:
WORKED EXAMPLES
ZIMSEC NOVEMBER 2006 PAPER 1
The diagram shows triangle in which , and
Express in terms of and . [1]
Given that , show that . [2]
Hence find the value of for which there is only one possible triangle. [2]
Solution

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Given:
(as required)
Finding the value of for which there is only one possible triangle:
The value of should be the same in order to have only one possible triangle.
Thus

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Given that in triangle , , and , show that . [5]
Solution
Now and taking on both

sides:

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UCLES NOVEMBER 1997 and ZIMSEC JUNE 2014
Triangle is such that , and . A circular arc is drawn

with centre and touches the line at .
Show that
1. angle ,
2. . [4]
Solution
1.
angle .
2.

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AREA OF TRIANGLE
Area of triangle
(i)
Now using triangle :
(ii)
Substituting equation (ii) into equation (i):
Area of triangle
Area of triangle

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Area of triangle
WORKED EXAMPLE
Find the exact value of the area of triangle .
Solution
Area of triangle
Area of triangle

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SECTORS & SEGMENTS
SECTOR
A sector is a part of a circle extending to the centre.
Area of sector
But
LENGTH OF ARC
Length of arc

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But
SEGMENT
Area of triangle
Now area of segment (shaded part) –
Now area of segment (shaded part)
IMPORTANT POINTS
The triangle on a Sector
 It is an isosceles triangle
 The base angles are equal
 The angles in a triangle add up to or
Double Angles and Compound Angles
Remember the following identies when evaluating some problems on sectors:

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



Remember that .
WORKED EXAMPLES
Question 1
In the diagram below, the circle is inscribed in a square with side where sector is
a quadrant of a circle. Find the area of the shaded region
Solution

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Calculating the length of BD
Now:
Half of
Using triangle

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Now
Now
Also
Now

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Question 2
O 5cm
C D
A B
The diagram above shows a circle centre and radius The chord is parallel
to the chord . The angles and are respectively.
Show that the area of the shaded region is
[6]
Solution
Aside
Therefore:

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Also:
Now:
Now expressing in the form :
Now using the Pythagoras’ theorem:
From Trigonometric ratios:
(ii)

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Now substituting (ii) into (i):
Question 3
UCLES NOVEMBER 1997 and ZIMSEC JUNE 2014
Triangle is such that , and . A circular arc is drawn

with centre and touches the line at .
a. Show that
1. angle ,
2. . [4]
b. Find the exact area of the shaded region. (June ) [3]
NB: The same question was examined in November and it was phrased as:
Show that the area of the shaded region, which lies inside the triangle but outside
sector , is

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Solution
(a)
1.
angle .
2.
b)
Aside
Finding the length of the radius of the sector:

Page 31
Also
Question 4
The above diagram shows a circle of radius and centre . The shaded region is bounded
by the chord , the diameter and the arc , and the angle radians.
a) Find an exact expression in terms of and for the perimeter of the shaded region.
[3]
b) Given that calculate the exact area of the shaded region in terms of . [4]

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Solution
a) Make the annotations on the diagram as illustrated above and take note of the following:
; and . Also .
Now:
Aside
b) –
Aside

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Now:
But
Question 5

Page 34
In the diagram above, the shaded region is bounded by sectors and . It is given that
the angle is and the perimeter of is .
(i) Calculate the length of .

(ii) If the area of is , find the of . [5]
Solutions
(i) Perimeter of PQSR is 32cm.
Aside
and also
(ii) Area of is
Question 6

Page 35
The diagram shows a circle and radius .
A chord subtends are right-angle at the centre of the circle, is a chord such that
angle is .
Show that the shaded area bounded by chords and , and the arc is
Solutions
Make the annotations on the diagram as illustrated above and take note of the following:
(i) Triangle is isosceles thus .

(ii)
(iii)Angle
(iv) Also .
Now:

Page 36
Follow Up Exercise
Question 1
The diagram below, , is a rhombus of side and radians
Arcs each of radius are drawn with centres . If the shaded area is half the area
of the rhombus, show that and find the 2 possible values of .
Question 2
The diagram shows an equilateral triangle of side 10 . The arc is drawn with
centre .
A B

Page 37
A semi-circle is drawn on as diameter.
i) State the angle

ii) Find the area of the shaded region, give your answer correct to
iii) Find the fraction of the area of shaded segment to the area of triangle
give your answer correct to
Question 3
The diagram below shows an equilateral triangle whose vertices lie on a circle centre ,
of radius
Show that
a) the length of a side of triangle is

b) the ratio of the area of the shaded region to the area of the triangle is
Question 4

Page 38
In the diagram above, is a semicircle with centre and radius . is
perpendicular to where is the midpoint of . Calculate
(i) angle in radians,

(ii) the area of the shaded region.
Question 5
h
D C
B A
The diagram shows two circles with centre . and . The

angle is . The difference between the area of the minor sectors and is . Find the
value of .
Question 6
In the diagram below, is a semicircle, center and radius . is perpendicular to

where
Calculate

Page 39
a) The exact length of .
b) Angle in radians.
c) The perimeter of the shaded region.
d) Express the area of the shaded region as a percentage of the area of the semicircle.
Question 7
The diagram above shows a sector with arc , centre , radius and
. is a semi circle on as diameter. Show that .
Find expressions, in terms of , for the areas of
(i) the sector ,

(ii) the segment ,
(iii)the shaded region.
Question 8
A sector of a circle radius has a total perimeter of . If its area is , show that
.Hence find the value of for which is a maximum and the corresponding
value of the angle of sector in radians.

Page 40
Question 9
The diagram shows the shape formed from a piece of wire in length. is the arc
of a circle centre and radius . are tangents to the circle , each of length
.
Given that the angle subtended by the arc at the centre is 2 radians, show that
Hence show that .
Question 10
The diagram above shows triangle , in which unit, units and

units. Express in terms of .
Given that , show that . Find the set of values of satisfying this
inequality.

Page 41
Question 11
The diagram shows a semi-circle with centre and radius . Angle ..
(i) In the case where , calculate the area of the sector

(ii) Find the value of for which the length of arc is one half of the length of arc
.
(iii)By using the value of in above, show that the exact length of the perimeter of
triangle is
Question 12
The diagram above shows a sector of a circle with centre and radius cm. The
circle with centre and radius cm is inscribed in the sector.
Show that cm.
Calculate, in exact form,
(a) the area of sector ,
(b) the area of the quadrilateral .
Hence show that the area of the shaded region is .

Page 42
Question 13
The diagram shows a semicircle with center and radius , such that the
angle . Given that is an arc of a circle, centre , calculate
(i) the length of arc ,
(ii) the area of the shaded region.
Question 14
The diagram shows a circle with centre and radius . The point P lies on the circle,
is a tangent to the circle and . The line cuts the circle at the point .
(a) Find the perimeter of the shaded region.
(b) Find the area of the shaded region.

Page 43
Small angle approximations for , and
Angles less than are considered as small angles
Geometrical Derivation of the Small Angle Approximations
Geometrically, we can derive the small angle approximation using trigonometric ratios.
On the right angled triangle ABC above the perpendicular height can be calculated using
trigonometric ratios as follows:
As the angle becomes close to zero then .
In addition, the height becomes closer to the length of the circular arc joining ,
which can be calculated as (provided the angle is given in radians).
Hence, we have
This leads to the approximations

Page 44
We can use the double angle formula obtain an approximation for as follows:
with and apply the small angle approximation for .
Hence,
Alternatively, the trigonometric functions can be expressed using their Taylor Series
approximations. These are infinite power series which get increasingly close to the value of
the underlying function as more terms are included.
Taylor Series expansions about the point for the three common trigonometric
ratios , and are:
Since the value of is small, thus and higher powers of becomes very insignificant (they
approach zero).
Hence the approximations become:

Page 45
Small Angle Approximations
For close to zero and measured in radians, the small

angle approximations are:
WORKED EXAMPLES
Example
Show that, for small angles, the function can be approximated by a
function of the form and use this approximation to
evaluate
Solution
The above function is of the desired form with
Using this approximation:

Page 46
Example
(a) When is small, show that can be approximated by –
(b) Hence, approximate the value of
(c) Calculate the percentage error in your approximation
Solution
a)
b)
c)
Aside
(Use radians)
Therefore:
Example
Find a polynomial approximation of the function
Solution

Page 47
FOLLOW UP EXERCISE
Question 1
(a) Given that is small, use the small angle approximation of to show that
–
(b) Hence find an approximation of when
(c) Calculate the percentage error in your approximation
Question 2
Show that when is small the approximate value of is .
Question 3
Approximate using the small angle approximations
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Page 48
Question 4
a) When is show that can be approximated as
b) Hence approximate the value of
c) Calculate the percentage error in your approximation.
Question 5
Find a polynomial approximation of the function:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)

Page 49
PAST EXAMINATIONS QUESTIONS
ZIMSEC JUNE 2000 PAPER 1
The diagram shows the cross-section of a tunnel. The cross-section has the shape of a major
segment of a circle, and the point is the centre of the circle. The radius of the circle is ,
and the size of angle AOB is radians. Calculate the perimeter of the cross-section. [5]

Page 50
The figure shows a circle centre and radius . The radii and are produced to
and so that . is part of an arc of a circle centre and radius .
Given that the area of the sector is six times the area of the circle with radius , show
that the angle . [2]
Hence find
(i) the exact perimeter of the figure bounded by the straight lines and the
arcs and , [2]
(ii) the exact length of the line joining to . [2]
The diagram shows the cross-section of a circular pond centre and radius metres. The
angle between radii and is radians. A frog swims in a straight line from to and
the hops back to along the minor arc . Calculate the total distance travelled by the frog.
Calculate the total distance travelled by the frog. [3]

Page 51
The diagram shows a circle centre and two tangents and drawn from a point .
Given that and ,
(i) Show that the obtuse angle radians, [3]

(ii) calculate the radius of the circle, [2]
(iii) calculate the area of the shaded segment AB. [3]
In the diagram above, the lengths of the sides and are denoted by and
respectively. is the foor of the perpendicular from , and

Page 52
(i) Show that
(ii) Hence find, correct to the nearest , the angles and given that
[6]
The diagram shows a triangle with height units, angle and angle
. Given that is sufficiently small for and higher powers of to be
neglected, show that
ZIMSEC NOVEMEBER 2012 PAPER 1

Page 53
The diagram shows triangle with , , and angle
.
It is given that the area of triangle is .
Find the exact values of and . [4]
The diagram above shows a school logo. The angle . O is the centre of the
sector and is the centre of Sector .

.
(i) Show that angle . [2]
(ii) Calculate the exact area of the shaded region in terms of . [6]

Page 54
In the diagram , , and .
Given that , find the exact length of . [6]
The points and lie on the circle centre and radius . is on produced such
that and . Angle .
(i) Calculate the shaded area . [4]

Page 55
(ii) Show that the perimeter of is given by . [5]
In the diagram points and are on the circumference of a circle centre and radius .
is a diameter of the circle. .
Show that the area of the shaded region is . [4]
ZIMSEC NOVEMEBER 2018 PAPER 2
The diagram shows two circles touching at . The bigger circle has centre and radius .
The smaller circle has centre and radius . is a common tangent to both circles.

Page 56
Find the
(i) Perimeter of , [4]

(ii) angle , [2]
(iii) exact area of the shaded region. [4]

Page 57
ASANTE SANA

Page 58
*******THERE IS A LIGHT AT THE END OF EVERY TUNNEL *******
CONSTRUCTIVE COMMENTS ON THE FORM

OF THE PRESENTATION, INCLUDING ANY
OMISSIONS OR ERRORS, ARE WELCOME.
***ENJOY***
Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)
+263772978155/+263717267175
ntarakino@gmail.com

Page 59

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Compiled by: Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

RADIANS AND DEGREES

 An angle is formed from two rays joined end to end.

Terminal side Angle

 An angle in standard position is an angle where the initial side is the .

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

One Degree is a rotation of of a complete revolution about the vertex.

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

NOTE: A complete revolution is defined as or and half a revolution has

This allows us to give equivalences between degrees and radians.

Converting Radians to Degrees

Multiply by (getting rid of radians)

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Multiply by (getting rid of ° notation)

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RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLES

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 Triples of integers such as and which occur as the side lengths of

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Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

shortened form of sine function; shortened form of cosine function;

MNEMONIC (to remember more easily):

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We can summarise the above ratios in a table.

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THE SINE RULE

From the triangle above, we can find in two different ways:

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THE COSINE RULE

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Using the Pythagoras Theorem for triangle :

Substituting (i) into (ii):

Now using triangle again:

Substituting (iv) into (iii):

Therefore for finding sides we use:

For angles, we make the subject.

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

ZIMSEC NOVEMBER 2006 PAPER 1

The diagram shows triangle in which , and

Express in terms of and . [1]

Given that , show that . [2]

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Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Given that in triangle , , and , show that . [5]

Now and taking on both

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Triangle is such that , and . A circular arc is drawn

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Now using triangle :

Substituting equation (ii) into equation (i):

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Find the exact value of the area of triangle .

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