SCIENCE

HOLY FAITH
Science
Workbook
Answer Key
8
HOLY FAITH INTERNATIONAL (P) LTD.
HF_Thinker Active_Sci_G8_AnsKey.indd 1 1/21/2022 6:39:17 PM

C ON T E
N
T
S
1. Crop Production and Management 3
2. Microorganisms: Friend and Foe 7
3. Synthetic Fibres and Plastics 10
4. Materials: Metals and Non-Metals 12
5. Coal and Petroleum 15
6. Combustion and Flame 17
7. Conservation of Plants and Animals 19
8. Cell-Structure and Functions 22
9. Reproduction in Animals 25
10. Reaching the Age of Adolescence 27
11. Force and Pressure 31
12. Friction 33
13. Sound 34
14. Chemical Effects of Electric Current 37
15. Some Natural Phenomena 39
16. Light 40
17. Stars and the Solar System 43
18. Pollution of Air and Water 46
Printed at : M. GULAB SINGH & SONS (P) LTD.

B-5/14, Site IV, Industrial Area, Sahibabad (U.P.)
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CHAPTER
1 Crop Production and Management
EXERCISES
1.1 Agricultural Practices
A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:

1. crop 2. Kharif 3. Rabi
B.Answer the following questions:
1. The crops grown in rainy season are called Kharif crops. Ex: maize, soyabean.
 The crops grown in winter season are called Rabi crops. Ex: pea, mustard.
2. 1. Preparation of soil 2. Sowing
3. Adding manure and fertilizers 4. Irrigation
5. Protecting from weeds 6. Harvesting
7. Storage
1.2 Preparation of Soil

1. earthworms; microbes 2. minerals
3. tilling; ploughing 4. ploughshare
B. Answer the following questions:
1. The loosened soil helps in the growth of earthworms and microbes present in the soil.
These organisms are friends of farmer since they further turn and loosen the soil and
add humus which improves cultivation of crops.
2. Hoe is a simple tool. It is pulled by animals for ploughing and tilling of soil.
1.3 Sowing of Seeds

1. Seed drill 2. over crowding
1. 1) Seed drill sows the seeds uniformly at equal distance and depth.
2) It ensures that seeds get covered by the soil after sowing.
3) Sowing using a seed drill saves time and labour.
2. Appropriate distance between seeds is important during sowing to avoid overcrowding
of plants as it will allow plants to get sufficient sunlight, nutrients and water from soil.
3. Threshing is an easy method to separate good healthy seeds from damage ones. In
threshing method mature crop is harvested and cut along with stalks. Grains are then,
separated from chaff using a winnowing machine.
ThinkerActive Science WB-VIII (Answer Key) 3

1.4 Adding Manure and Fertilisers
1. Manure, Fertilizers 2. Manure
3. soil texture; water retaining capacity
1. Crop rotation is used for replenishment of soil with nutrients and thus maintains the
fertility of soil.
Example: A simple rotation between a heavy nitrogen using plant Corn and a nitrogen
depositing plant Soyabeans can help maintain a healthy balance of nutrients in soil.
2. Organic manure is considered better than fertilisers because :
1) It enhances the water holding capacity of soil.
2) It makes soil porous due to which exchange of gases becomes easy.
3) It increases the number of friendly microbes.
4) It improves the texture of soil.
3. Fertiliser Manure
1. It is man-made inorganic salt. 1. Manure is natural substance obtained
by decomposition of cattle dung and
plant residues.
2. Fertiliser is prepared in factories. 2. Manure can be prepared in fields.
3. Fertiliser does not provide any humus 3. Manure provides a lot of humus to
to soil. soil.
4. Fertilisers are very rich in plant 4. Manure is relatively less rich in plant
nutrients like Nitrogen, phosphorus nutrients.
and potassium.
1.5 Irrigation

1. Irrigation 2. Cattles; humans
3. Sprinkler system 4. Pump
1.  Water is important for proper growth and development of plants.
 To maintain the moisture of soil for healthy crop growth, water is essential.
2. Cattle our human labour are used in traditional methods of irrigation. They are cheap
and less efficient. The various methods are (1) moat (pulley system), (2) chain pump,
(3) dhekli, (4) rahat (level system).
3. The frequency of watering is higher in summer season because the rate of evaporation
of water from the soil increases in summer.
1.6 Protection From Weeds

1. weeds 2. flowering, seed formation 3. Khurpi
4 ThinkerActive Science WB-VIII (Answer Key)

1. Chemicals used for controlling the growth of weeds are called weedicides. The
weedicides are diluted with water to the extent required and sprayed in the fields with
a sprayer.
2. Weeding is necessary since weeds competes with crop plants for water, nutrients, space
and light.
1.7 Harvesting

1. Harvesting 2. threshing 3. Sickle
1.  The cutting of matured crop is called Harvesting.
 Harvesting is done using sickle or machine called harvester.
 For separation of crops from the chaff, ‘combine’ machine is used which is harvester
as well as thresher.
1.8 Storage

1. rats, insects 2. Granaries, Silos
1. 1) Farmers store grains in jute bags or metallic bins.
2) Large scale storage of grains is done in silos and granaries.
3) Dried neem leaves are used for storing food grains at home.
4) Chemical treatments are also required to protect crop from pests.
2. Dried neem leaves are used for storing food grains at home because they are bitter and
keeps microorganisms away from crop.
3. Harvested grains must be dried in sun before storage because it contains large amount
of moisture, and if not dried, the grains may get spoilt or attacked by organisms.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. (d) Mustard 2. (a) Fertilisers have also become a source of soil pollution.
3. (b) Animal husbandry 4. (a) In this, water is not wasted at all.
5. (c) fixing atmospheric nitrogen 6. (a) High temperature
7. (c) stem (rhizome) 8. (b) It has a balance of all plant nutrients.
9. (b) threshing 10. (c) i, ii, iii, iv
11. (a) Hoe 12. (d) They are environment friendly.
13. (a) i, iii, iv 14. (b) tilling and ploughing
15. (c) June to September 16. (b) sprinkler system
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. (a) True (b) False. It only kills the weeds.
(c) False. Excessive use of fertilizers makes soil polluted.

(d) True (e) False. Manual removal of seeds is done using sickle.
(f) True (g) True
2.
B S E I L O R U A Z Z
O E A R T H W O R M K
E E Z L G O H Y H I U 1. Earthworm
X D N U R E A S I C S 2. Microbes
D M O X P T K Y Z R B 3. Bull
C L R B U L L F O O X 4. Manure
P W K V R A O E B B C 5. Rhizobium
I Q P G B G C W I E M 6. Plough
M A N U R E V J U S P 7. Seed
Q X F U S A Z T M U V 8. Ox
E L O P S
3. (i)
S L O P E
N G I R E H T S H
(ii)
T H R E S H I N G
R I T I A G I R O N
(iii)
I R R I G A T I O N
V E R I R
(iv)
R I V E R
4.
(i) (1) Excessive use of fertilisers (2) Excessive use of insecticides and pesticides
(3) Excessive green houses. Use of fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides deplete the
quality of surface and ground water green houses release dangerous gases.
(ii) (1) They are labour intensive. (2) They take less time for plauging, sowing and
harvesting (3) These implements are easy to use.
(iii) (1) 2, 4 – Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid. (2) Farmer should use it at right time & in
proper quantity.
5. 6, 5, 4, 7, 2, 3, 1

6. I
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CHAPTER
2 Microorganisms: Friend and Foe
EXERCISES
2.1 Microorganisms

1. bacteria, protozoa, algae, fungi
2. algae, bacteria
3. cold, influenza, coughs
1.The organisms which are small in size and cannot be seen with an unaided eye are
called microorganisms. They are classified into four major groups (i) bacteria (ii) fungi
(iii) protozoa (iv) algae.
(i) Bacteria (ii) Fungi (iii) protozoa (iv) Algae
2. Reproduction in viruses takes place inside the cells of host organism, which may be a
bacterium, plant or an animal.
3. Microorganism live in all types of environment, ranging from ice cold climate to hot
springs; and deserts to marshy lands. They are also found inside bodies of animals
including humans.
2.2 Microorganisms and Us

1. lactobacillus 2. viruses 3. antibiotic 4. fertility
5. antibodies

1. Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine. For this purpose yeast is
grown on natural sugars present in grains like barley, wheat, rice, crushed fruit juice etc.
2. • Used to kill or stop the growth of disease causing by microorganisms.
• They are used to cure disease.
• They are also used to control many plant diseases.
3. When a disease carrying microbe enters our body, they body produces antibodies to
fight invaders. Body remembers the microbes, fights and kills the invading bacteria by
producing suitable antibodies. The antibodies remain in body & we are protected from
disease causing microbes forever.
4. Microorganisms decompose the dead organic matter in form of decaying plants and
sometimes animals on the ground. These decomposed substances are again used by
other plants and animals.
2.3 Harmful Microorganisms

1. pathogens 2. communicable 3. carrier
1.The diseases that can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air,
water, food or physical contact are called communicable diseases. Examples: common
cold, chicken pox and tuberculosis.
2. The insects or animals which carry disease causing microbes along with them are called
carriers of disease.
Example: 1) Flies causes viral infections and food poisoning.
2) Female anopheles mosquito causes malaria and dengue.
3. • Use mosquito net and repellents.
• Spray insecticides and control breeding of mosquitoes by not allowing water to
collect in the surrounding.
4. • Maintain personal hygiene and good sanitary habits.
• Consume properly cooked food and boiled drinking water and also take vaccination.
2.4 Food Preservation

1. Salts, edible oils 2. meat, fish 3. pasteurisation
1. Food can be preserved by chemical methods, common salt, sugar, oil and vinegar or
by heat and cold treatments.
2. Jams, jellies and squashes are preserved by sugar. Sugar reduces the moisture content
which inhibits the growth of bacteria which spoil food.
3. The process of pasteurisation is used to prevent the growth of microbes in milk. In this
method, milk is heated above 70°C for 15 to 30 seconds and then suddenly chilled and
stored. This process is known as pasteurisation.

2.5 Nitrogen Fixers
A. Answer the following questions:

1. Certain bacteria and blue green algae present in the soil fix nitrogen from the atmosphere
and convert it into compounds of nitrogen. Once nitrogen is converted into these
usable compounds, it can be utilised by plants from the soil through their root system.
Nitrogen is then used for the synthesis of plant proteins and other compounds.
2.6 Nitrogen Cycle

1.
Atmospheric
Nitrogen
Lightning Bacteria twin

Up take by Animals eat compounds
Nitrogen fixing plants plants of nitrogen
bacteria fix into gaseous
atmospheric nitrogen
nitrogen Nitrogenous waste
through excretion and
death of organisms.
Bacteria in twin, fix Compounds of

nitrogen into nitrogenous nitrogen in soil
compounds
2. Nitrogen is one of the essential constituents of all living organisms. nitrogen cannot be
taken directly by plants and animals. Certain bacteria and blue green algae present in
the soil fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert it into compounds of nitrogen.
Once nitrogen is converted into these usable compounds, it can be utilised by plants
from the soil through their root system. Nitrogen is then used for the synthesis of plant
proteins and other compounds. Animals feeding on plants get these proteins and other
nitrogen compounds. When plants and animals die,bacteria and fungi present in the
soil convert the nitrogenous wastes into nitrogenous compounds to be used by plants
again. Certain other bacteria convert some part of them to nitrogen gas which goes
back into the atmosphere. As a result, the percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere
remains almost constant. This is how the nitrogen cycle works in the nature.
3. The microorganisms present in food sometimes produces toxic substances. These
substances make the food poisonous causing serious illness even death. So, it is very
important that we preserve food to prevent it from being spoilt.

1. (c) Virus 2. (b) dysentry 3. (b) antibiotics
4. (a) fungus and protozoa 5. (c) carbon dioxide
6. (c) malaria 7. (b) Waste in pit B degraded faster than that in pit A.
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. (a) antibodies (b) Tuberculosis (c) Anthyax (d) fermentation
2. (1) – (iii), (2) – (ii), (3) – (iv), (4) – (i) 3. (1) – (iv), (2) – (iii), (3) – (i), (4) – (ii)
4. (a) Turns milky. (b) Calcium carbonate [CaCO3] (c) Gas bubbles observed
5. (a) Bread mould, fungi (b) Bread
(c) In moist conditions it grows well. (d) No, it is not safe to eat infected bread
6. (a) Lighting
(b) Nitrogen fixing bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen
(c) Nitrogenous waste removed through excretion and death of organisms.
(d) Bacteria twin compounds of nitrogen into gases as Nitrogen.
CHAPTER
3 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics
EXERCISES
3.1 Types of Synthetic Fibres
1. rayon 2. wood pulp 3. coal, water, air
4. Polyster 5. Polyethylene terephthalate 6. acrylic
1. The fibres which are made by human beings are called synthetic fibres.
2. Small units of synthetic fibres combines and form a chain is called polymer.
3. Rayon is made by chemical treatment of wood pulp. Rayon is used to make bedsheets
and carpets.
4. • Nylon is used for making parachutes.
• Nylon is used for socks, ropes, bags, curtains etc.
5. Synthetic clothes are thin and can catch fire easily. So, it is advisable not to wear
synthetic clothes while working near fire to avoid major injuries.
3.2 Characteristics of Synthetic Fibres
A. Answer the following question:

1. Synthetic fibres dry up quickly. They are durable, less expensive, readily available and
easy to maintain.

3.3 Plastics

1. synthetic fibre 2. linear, cross linked
3. Polythene, PVC 4. poor
1. 1. Linear arrangement 2. Cross linked arrangement
2. Plastics are light in weight, low in price, good in strength and easy to handle.
3. The plastics which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily are known
as thermoplastics. They are used in manufacturing toys, combs and various types of
containers.
4. The plastics which once moulded, cannot be softened by heating are called thermosetting
plastics.
Example: Bakelite and melamine.
5. Electrical wires have plastic covering which shows that plastics are poor conductors of
electricity.
3.4 Plastics as Materials of Choice

1. Plastics are non-reactive, light, strong and durable and poor conductors of electricity.
2. Plastic materials are used to store many chemicals and materials because plastics don’t
react with chemicals.
3. Special plastic cookware for cooking in oven, handles of pans, cookers etc. Teflon is a
special plastic on which oil and water do not stick. It is used for non-stick coating on
cookwares.
3.5 Plastics and the Environment

1. biodegradable 2. plastic
1. Plastic takes several years to decompose, it causes environmental pollution and it is not
ecofriendly. So, the use of plastic should be avoided.
2. Like metals, plastics do not get corroded when exposed to water and air. Thats why
they are used to store various kinds of materials like chemicals.
3. No, handle and toothbrush bristles should not be made of same material. This is
because, handle needs to be hard, while bristles needs to be soft. Handles should be
made up of a material which provides firm grip and bristles should be made up of soft
material, which do harm the teeth.

1. (c) Nylon 2. (b) Wood pulp 3. (b) polyester and cotton
4. (a) Melamine 5. (c) Rayon 6. (d) Bakelite
7. (d) Good conductor of electricity 8. (c) I – (iii), II – (i), III – (ii)
9. (b) PVC, Polythene, Bakelite 10. (d) PET [polyethylene toiephthalate]
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. (a) – (iii), (b) – (iv), (c) – (v), (d) – (ii), (e) – (i)
2. (a) rayon (b) polymer (c) terylene (d) plastic
(e) polyester (f) teflon
3. (i) True (ii) False, they melt easily on heating. (iii) True
(iv) False, most of the plastic are non-biodegradable.
4. S 5
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5. (1) → (d), (2) → (c), (3) → (a), (4) → (b).
CHAPTER
4 Materials: Metals and Non-Metals

EXERCISES
4.1 Physical Properties of Metals and Non-Metals
1. Malleability 2. ductility 3. sonorous
1. A solid material which is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible and ductile, with good
electrical and thermal conductivity are called ‘Metals’.
2. Metals: Gold, Silver, Steel, Aluminium, Mercury.
Non-metals: Phosphorus, Sulphur, Carbon, Oxygen.

3. Physical properties of metals are lustre, malleability, ductility, conductivity, solid and
produces sonarous sound on ringing.
4. Take few materials like, Iron Nail, sulphur, coal piece, copper wire etc. Now pass
electricity through them all. Copper wire and Iron nails allow electricity to pass through
them so they are good conductors of electricity and coal piece and sulphur piece are
poor conductors as they don’t allow electricity to pass through them.
4.2 Chemical Properties of Metals and Non-metals
1. Sulphur dioxide gas 2. blue, red
3. Phosphorous 4. zinc sulphate, copper
1. Take any metal, mix it with hydrochloric acid. You will observe that, acids reacts with
metals to liberate hydrogen and corresponding salt of metal.
Example: Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
(Zinc) (Hydrochloride Zinc chloride Hydrogen gas
acid)
2. All the metals reacts with sodium hydroxide to produce hydrogen.
Example: Zn + NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + H
Zinc Sodium (Sodium Hydrogen
Hydroxide Zincate)
3. CuSo4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + Cu
Copper sulphate Zinc Zinc sulphate Copper deposited at bottom
as powdery red mass.
Zinc replaces copper from copper sulphate solution
4.3 Uses of Metals and Non-metals

1. Metals are used in making wires and sheets, which are used for various purposes.
Example: Copper and Aluminium wires used for conduction of electricity. Iron sheets are
often used for making roof sheds. Metals are used in making machinery, automobiles,
utensils, industrial gadgets, water boilers etc.
2. • Oxygen: essential for our life, as oxygen is required for respiration process.
• Carbon-di-oxide: essential for green plants to carry photosynthesis.
• Chlorine: used in water purification process.
• Sulphur: used in making crackers.

1. (c) Sulphur 2. (d) zinc granule 3. (d) piece of coal
4. (b) Sulphur 5. (c) Sodium 6. (a) Mercury
7. (d) Copper 8. (a) Carbon 9. (d) sodium
10. (a) Phosphorus 11. (a) Sulphur dioxide 12. (c) Colour

EXTRA QUESTIONS
1.(1) – (c), (2) – (d), (3) – (a), (4) – (e), (5) – (b)
2.(a) True.
(b) False. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
(c) True.
(d) False. Oxides for few metals and non-metals are acidic in nature.
(e) True
3.When iron nails are placed in copper sulphate solution, displacement reaction takes
place in which iron displaces copper.
CuSo4 + Fe → FeSO4 + Cu
Copper sulphate + Iron → Iron sulphate + Copper
4. A X T M S P K L G
X T S U L P H U R
I L R H M N D I L
C I R O N S E J K Metal Non-metal
Copper Sulphur
A L U M I N I U M
Iron Oxygen
R M U Q T R S T U Aluminium Carbon
B N P C O P P E R
O X Y G E N V W X
N Y Z C A R B O N
5. F
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6.
(i) When dilute sulphuric acid is poured on a copper plate, copper reacts with acid to
give copper sulphate and hydrogen gas.
Sulphuric acid + Copper → Copper sulphate + Hydrogen
H2S + Cu → CuS + H2
(ii) Sulphuric acid + Copper → Copper sulphate + Hydrogen – H2S + Cu → CuS + H2
Copper sulphate + Iron → Iron sulphate + Copper – CuS + Fe → Fes + Cu
7. No, we cannot store the lemon pickle in aluminium utensil because aluminium is a
metal and lemon is acidic. Acids react with metals to give hydrogen gas which would
spoil the food and make it unfit for use.
CHAPTER
5 Coal and Petroleum
EXERCISES
5.1 Coal

1. carbon 2. carbonization 3. fossil fuels 4. Coke
5. Coal gas
1. Coal is a fossil fuel formed by deeply buried remains of vegetation under compression,
high pressure and high temperature, over million of years.
2. • Coal is used to cook food.
• It is used in thermal power plants to produce electricity.
• It is also used as an industrial fuel
3. The remains of dead plants are called fossils. The fuels formed by remains of dead
plants and animals are called Fossil Fuels.
4. • It is tough, porous and black substance obtained from coal.
• It is almost pure form of coal.
• Coke is used in manufacturing of steel and in extraction of many metals.
5.2 Petroleum

1. Bitumen 2. Lubricating oil 3. refining
1. Petroleum is formed from organisms living in the sea. As organisms die, their bodies
gets settled at bottom of sea. These bodies gets covered with layers of sand & clay over
million of years in absence of air, and under high temperature and pressure. These
dead remains gets converted into petroleum and natural gas.
2. Petroleum is the mixture of various fractions. These fractions are: LPG, petrol, kerosene,
diesel, bitumen, lubricating oil, paraffin wax.

3. 1) LPG – used as domestic and industrial fuel
2) Petrol – used as motor fuel, aviation fuel and solvent for dry cleaning
3) Kerosene – used as fuel for stoves, lamps and for jet air crafts
4) Diesel – as a fuel for heavy motor vehicles and electric generators
5) Lubricating oil – used as lubricant
6) Bitumen – used in making paints & road surfacing.
5.3 Natural Gas

1. Compressed Natural Gas: 1. It does not produce any pollution, 2. No residue is left
after burning of CNG, 3. It burns completely in air.
2. Almost 70% of India’s Natural Gas reserves are found in Bombay High Basin and in
Gujarat, rest are found in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Mumbai.
5.4 Some Natural Resources Are Limited

1. 1) Drive at a constant and moderate speed, as far as possible
2) Ensure correct tyre pressure
3) Switch off the engine at traffic lights or at a place, where you have to wait
4) Ensure regular maintenance of vehicle.

1. (d) Plastic 2. (b) Sunlight 3. (d) Wildlife and minerals
4. (d) CNG 5. (c) limited in quantity
6. (d) dead remains of living organisms 7. (a) vegetation only
8. (a) Coal 9. (b) moth repellant
10. (d) Coke 11. (b) living in the sea
12. (c) Natural gas is stored under high pressure as compressed natural gas.
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. (a) False (b) False (c) True (d) True (e) True
2. (1) – (c), (2) – (d), (3) – (a), (4) – (b)
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CHAPTER
6 Combustion and Flame
EXERCISES
6.1 What is Combustion?
1. oxygen 2. fuel 3. Glucose 4. Ignition temperature
1. A chemical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give off heat. Sometimes
light, either as a flame or as a glow is also given off during combustion.
2. Activity 6.2
3. The substances that have very low ignition temperature and can easily catch fire with
a flame are known as inflammable substances. Example: alcohol, petrol etc.
6.2 How Do We Control Fire?

1. Water is not suitable as extinguisher for fire in electrical equipment because water is
good conductor of electricity and may result electric shock and oil and petrol are lighter
than water, so they will float on water and continue to burn.
2. CO2 is used as best fire extinguisher because it brings down the temperature of fuel.
6.3 Types of Combustion

1. Phosphorus
2. heat
1. When combustion occurs rapidly/immediately by applying a flame such as burning of
LPG gas in kitchen stove is called rapid combustion.
2. The combustion in which a material suddenly bursts into flames, without the application
of any apparent cause is known as spontaneous combustion. Example: burning of
phosphorus at room temperature, without effort of burning it.
6.4 Structure of a Flame

1. Luminous zone Non-luminous zone
• It is middle zone. • It is outermost zone of complete
combustion.
• Brightness of this zone is due to glow of • It is the hottest zone.
unburnt carbon particles.

2. Hottest part Outer zone of complete combustion (Blue)
Moderately hot Middle zone of partial combustion (Yellow)

Least hot
Innermost zone of unburnt wax vapours (Black)
Wax candle
3. Goldsmith uses the outermost zone of the flame for melting gold and silver because it
is the hottest zone and has highest temperature.
4. Charcoal does not produce flame because it does not vapourize on burning.
6.5 Fuel Efficiency

1. calorific value 2. KJ/Kg
1.The use of wood as a fuel should be discouraged because it releases unburnt carbon
particles. These fine particles are dangerous pollutants causing respiratory diseases
such as asthma.
2. Increasing fuel consumption has harmful effects on the environment.
1) Carbon fuels like wood, coal, petroleum releases unburnt carbon particles which
causes respiratory diseases.
2) Global warming is also caused due to increase in fuel consumption.
3. (i)
Global warming: rise in temperature of atmosphere of earth is called Global
warming. It mainly occurs due to cutting of trees, burning of fuels which causes
pollution.
(ii)
Acid rain: Burning of fossils fuels like coal, diesel and petrol release sulphur
dioxide and oxides of nitrogen. These gases are extremely suffocating and corrosive.
Oxides of these gases dissolve in rain water and form acids. Such rain is called acid
rain.
4. Cf = KJ/Kg
2,10,000
= \ Cf = 60,000.
3.5

1. (d) Wood 2. (d) Petrol 3. (b) magnesium oxide and heat
4. (c) Glass 5. (d) charcoal 6. (a) oxygen
7. (c) cover the person with a woollen blanket
8. (b) coal
9. (c) low ignition temperature and can catch fire easily.
10. (c) heat of the sun 11. (d) kilojoule per kilogram
12. (b) of its easy availability and low cost
13. (a) Cow dung cake
14. (d) burns easily in air at a moderate rate
15. (c) improper combustion of the fuel

EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. (a) True
(b) False. In case of electrical equipments sand is the best extinguisher.
(c) True (d) True (e) True
(f) False. Outermost zone is the hottest zone of flame, middle zone is moderately hot.
(g) True
2. 50,000 KJ/kg – CNG
3. (1) – (d), (2) – (f), (3) – (e), (4) – (b), (5) – (a), (6) – (c)
4. (1) – (c) – (i), (2) – (b) – (ii), (3) – (a) – (iii)
5. 2
C 4
F
1
P H O S P H O R U S
M E
B L
U
S
5
W A T E R C
6
3
I G N I T I O N
O A
N L
CHAPTER
7 Conservation of Plants and Animals
EXERCISES
7.1 Deforestation and its Causes
1. (i) Procuring land for cultivation.
(ii) Building houses and factories.
(iii) Making furniture, using wood as fuel and Natural causes such as forest fires and
droughts
7.2 Consequence of Deforestation
A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers.
1. Deforestation 2. temperature, carbondioxide 3. water holding
1. 1) It causes increase of atmospheric temperature.
2) Severe droughts in factories.

3) Increase in concentration of CO2 leading to global warming.
4) Desertification.
5) It causes destruction of wildlife.
2. Deforestation changes the nature of soil, water holding capacity and soil erosion.
Gradually, the fertile lands get converted into deserts. It is called desertification.
3. Deforestation causes increase of atmospheric temperature due to increase in
concentration of carbon dioxide leading to global warming.
4. It changes nature of soil, water holding capacity and soil erosion and take away fertility
of soil.
7.3 Conservation of Forest and Wildlife
1. trees 2. satpura, Bali, panch marhi
1. They grow more trees. They do not allow to cut trees. Animals are preserved by them
in national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. So that they do not get extinct.
7.4 Flora and Fauna

1. The plants and animals that are found in a particular area are termed as flora and
fauna respectively of that area. Example: sal, teak are flora and cheetal, leopard are
fauna of pachmarhi Biosphere reserve.
7.5 Endemic Species

1. old 2. Sal, wild mango
3. Bison, Indian giant squirrel, flying squirrel 4. Species
1. Endemic species are those species of plants & animals which are found exclusively in a
particular area. They are not naturally found anywhere else. They may get extinct due
to lack of their reproduction.
7.6 Wildlife Sanctuary
1. The place which provides protection and suitable living condition to wild animals is
called wildlife santuaries. Black buck, pink headed duck, gharial, marsh crocodile,
python are names of some threatened wild animals.
2. Wildlife sanctuary Biosphere reserve
These are the protected areas which There are protected area for conservation
provide protection and suitable living of biodiversity and culture of that area
conditions to wild animals sanctuaries is called Biosphere reserve. It consists of
are places where killing or capturing of protected areas such as National Parks
animals is strictly prohibited. and Sanctuaries.

7.7 National Park
1. satpura 2. Satpura 3. Barasingha, wild buffaloes
1. ‘Project Tiger’ was launched by the government to protect the tigers in the country.
The objective was to ensure the survival and maintenance of tiger population in the
country.
2. All living components, such as plants, animals & microorganisms and non-living
components such as climate, soil, river, deltas etc constitute an ecosystem.
3. They eat up few microorganisms and are food for other animals. So we should not
ignore the role of smaller animals in ecosystem so as to not disturb food chain of
ecosystem.
4. Zoo National Park
They are the places where some They are the places where whole set ecosystem
animals are protected in artificial is present. It reserves flora, fauna, landscape
habitats for public view. and historic objects of an area.
7.8 Red Data Book

1. The source book which keeps a record of all the endangered animals and plants. There
are different red data books.
7.9 Migration
1. The movement of birds from its own habitat to some other for a particular time period
every year. For a specific purpose like breeding are called migratory birds.
2. Birds migrate for purposes like breeding and change in their body temperature for
survival.
7.10 Recycling of Paper
1. The wood pulp and the bark of trees are used in manufacturing of paper. So we should
recycle paper to save trees.
7.11 Reforestation
1. Reforestation is restocking of the destroyed forests by planting new trees. We should
plant at least as many trees as we cut. It can take place naturally also. If the deforested
area is left undisturbed, it re-establishes itself. In natural reforestation there is no role of
human beings to save our forests we must plant trees.
2. This act is aimed at preservation and conservation of natural forests and meeting the
basic need of the people living in or near the forests.
3. The deforested are when left undisturbed, it re-establishes itself. This is called natural
reforestation.

1. (a) its population is diminishing
2. (d) Conversion of fertile land into a desert.
3. (c) It is meant to conserve both the biodiversity and the culture of that area.
4. (a) i & ii
5. (a) They are found exclusively in a specific habitat.
6. (d) Capturing and poaching of animals is strictly prohibited here.
7. (c) They pose a danger to other animals.
8. (a) Fauna 9. (d) ii & iv 10. (a) ii & iii 11. (b) soil pollution
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. (i) True. (ii) False. Animals of a particular area are called Fauna.
(iii) True. (iv) True. (v) True. (vi) True.
(vii) True. (viii) False. They are more comfortable in natural habitat.
(ix) False. Reserves have larger area than national park.
2. Yes, because deforestation leads to increase in temperature and carbon dioxide which
in turn affects global warming.
CHAPTER
8 Cell-Structure and Functions
EXERCISES
8.1 Discovery of the Cell
1. Robert Hooke 2. Leaves 3. Robert Hooke
8.2 Organisms Show Variety in Cell Number, Shape and Size
1. multicellular 2. fertilised egg 3. amoeba 4. RBC’s
5. 0.2 to 0.3 micrometer
1. They both are of microscopic sizes and unicellular organisms.
2. Amoeba can exist independently, while WBC cannot exist independently.
3. 1. Cocci – spherical 2. Bacilli – rod

3. Spirilla – spiral 4. Vibrios – comma
5. Spirochates – corkscrew
4. Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
The organisms which may contain cell/ The organisms which have well organised
cells having nuclear material without nucleus with a nuclear membrane are
nuclear membrane are called prokaryotes. eukaryotes.
Example: Blue green algae. Example: Plant & animal cell.
8.3 Cell Structure and Function

1. A tissue is a group of similar cells performing a specific function.
2. Cell Tissues
• Cells are basic structural unit of life. • They are group of similar cells.
• They are single celled. • They are made up of many cells.
8.4 Parts of the Cell

1. membrane 2. cell wall 3. Cytoplasm 4. chromosome
5. Nucleus
1. The three basic components of a cell are cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm.
2. • It regulates entry and exit of cell.
• It regulates the molecular traffic in the cell.
• Proteins present in plasma membrane acts as pumps, receptors, channel enzymes.
3. Cytoplasm is a jelly like substance present between cell membrane and the nucleus.
The organelles present in cytoplasm are mitochondria, ribosomes, golgi bodies etc.
4. Nucleus controls various activities of cell. it contains chromosomes which carry genes.
Genes are the unit of inheritance, which transfer the characteristics from one generation
to other generation.
5. Nucleus controls various activities of cell. It contains chromosomes which carry genes.
Genes are unit of in heritance, which transfer the characteristics from one generation
to other generation.
6. Genes are unit of inheritance in living organisms. It controls the transfer of heredity
characteristics from parents to offsprings. They are located in nucleus of the cells, which
contains hair like structures called chromosomes.
7. Protoplasm is a living substance. The entire content of living cell including the cytoplasm
and the nucleus is known as protoplasm.

8. Chloroplasts are present in plants which secrete chlorophyll in it. It is important to carry
out photosynthesis in plants.
9. Pseudopodia are finger like projection which extends to take the food molecule in the
food vacuole.
8.5 Comparison of Plant and Animal Cell

1. (i) Plant cell (ii) Animal cell
cell membrane cell membrane
Golgi apparatus
vacuole vacuole
nucleus nucleus
chloroplast
cytoplasm
cytoplasm
2. Plant cell Animal cell

1) Cell wall is present. 1) Cell wall is absent.
2) Chloroplast is present. 2) Chloroplast is absent.
3) It has no centrosome. 3) Centrosome is present.
4) Vacuoles are large or may be single 4) Vacuoles are much smaller as in cheek
and large as in an onion cell. cells.

1. (c) Unicellular organisms respire and reproduce.
2. (b) cells are microscopic
3. (c) cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosome, chromosome
4. (a) Ribosome 5. (c) cell organelles 6. (d) cytoplasm
7. (b) bacteria and blue-green alga
8. (d) chromosome and genes 9. (a) Genes are located in the chromosomes.
10. (a) chlorophyll 11. (b) micrometre
12. (a) controls the entry and exit of materials from cells.
13. (b) nerve cells 14. (b) Cell membrane 15. (c) chromosomes
16. (c) A single cell can perform all the functions in a unicellular organism.
17. (d) Virus 18. (a) Cell wall 19. (d) a bacterial cell
20. (d) plastids 21. (d) Prokaryotes do not have nucleus.
22. (b) (ii) and (iii) 23. (c) Cells of a tissue have similar structure.
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. (1) – (c), (2) – (d), (3) – (b), (4) – (a)
2. (a) It represents animal cell. (b) Eukaryotic cells.

3.
A Cell wall
B Cell membrane
E Vacuole
C Nucleus
D Cytoplasm
CHAPTER
9 Reproduction in Animals
EXERCISES
9.1 Modes of Reproduction
1. continuation 2. Larva 3. calf
1.Living organisms reproduce for producing young ones of the same species and for
continuation of their species.
2. Animals have two modes of reproduction.
1. Sexual reproduction– The type of reproduction beginning from the fusion of male
and female gametes.
2. A sexual reproduction– The type of reproduction in which only single parent is
involved.
9.2 Sexual Reproduction

1. sexual reproduction 2. testis, sperms 3. ovary, ova
4. zygote 5. oviduct 6. single 7. foetus
8. oviparous
1. Sperm duct, Testis and penis are male reproductive organs in human beings.
2.
Head
Middle piece
Tail
Tail helps the sperms to reach to the egg faster and travel more distance in fallopian
tubes.

3. Ovaries, oviduct (fallopian tubes), uterus.
4. The fusion of a sperm with an egg is called fertilisation. During fertilisation, the nuclei
of the sperm and the egg fuse to form a single nucleus. This results in formation of a
fertilised egg called zygote.
5. 1) Internal fertilisation– Fertilisation which takes place in humans, dogs, cows, birds etc.
2) External fertilisation– Fertilisation which takes place in aquatic animals such as fish.
6. The fertilisation of an egg that takes place outside the body in a test tube or in any
other apparatus in known as IVF or invitro fertilisation.
7. Because the eggs and sperms get exposed to water movement, wind and rain fall. Also,
there are other animals which may feed on eggs. Thus, production of large number of
eggs and sperms is necessary to ensure fertilisation of few of them.
8. In this technique freshly released egg and sperms are put together for a few hours of
IVF. Incase fertilisation occurs, the zygote is allowed to develop for about a week and
then placed in uterus of mother, complete development takes place in uterus.
9. 1) Embryo– The stage, when cells produced by division of zygote begin to form groups
that develop into different tissues and organs of body is termed as an embryo.
2) Foetus– The stage of embryo in which all body parts can be identified.
10. After internal fertilisation in hen inside the body the fertilised egg or zygote divides
repeatedly to form embryo which travel down the oviduct.
11. (i) Frog: (ii) Silk moth:
(b) Early
tadpole Adult moth
Egg (c) Late tadpole Cocoon Eggs
(d) Adult
from Larva
12. Human beings do not undergo metamorphosis because body parts similar to these
present in adults are present from the time of birth.
9.3 Asexual Reproduction

1. buds 2. Budding 3. fission 4. Sheep
1. In hydra, reproduction takes place by budding. A part of organisms start bulging out
slowly it grows and develops into a separate individual.
2. The nucleus of mother cells
Mother cell
starts to develop into two parts.
Nucleus After that it gets separated from
each other and after complete
development of nucleus the
mother cells produce two
Two daughter cells
daughter cells.

1. (c) sperm, oviduct, egg, uterus 2. (d) uterus 3. (b) it is oviparous.
4. (c) To ensure better chance of fertilisation. 5. (a) Hydra
6. (d) Fertilisation takes place in the human female.
7. (c) embryo 8. (b) oviparous with external fertilisation
9. (d) zygote 10. (a) gamete formation, fertilisation, zygote, embryo
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. (a) False. It can occur only in water. (b) True
(c) False. Sperm has a head, middle piece and tail. (d) True
2. (a) (a) Sperms (b) Ovum (b) Fusion of gametes
(c) Ovum and sperms combine with each other and form a zygote.
3. Uterus
Fallopian tubes
Ovary
(a) (i) Ovary (ii) uterus (iii) fallopian tubes

(b) Embryo gets converted to foetus. After complete development of foetus in few
weeks the mother gives birth to baby.
CHAPTER
10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence
EXERCISES
10.1 Adolescence and Puberty
1. Adolescence 2. Puberty
1. The age group from 13 to 19 years is referred as adolescent.
2. The period of adolescence during which a adolescent reaches sexual maturity and
becomes able to have children.
10.2 Changes at Puberty
1. height 2. shrill, deep
3. pituitary, adrenal 4. memory

1. Physical growth in body, i.e. increase in height increase in body, change in voice and
growth of reproductive organs etc.
2. Adolescent boys have a hoarse voice because, under the influence of testosterone
hormones larynx grows prominently. Vocal cords become longer and thicker, causing
the voice to become Hoarse.
3. A projection of the front of neck formed by thyroid cartilage of larynx, often prominent
in men.
4. Ovaries in female and testes in male produces a range of hormones that stimulates
growth and change in various parts of body like breasts, skin, muscles, bones, hair and
brain.
10.3 Secondary Sexual Characters
1. sex differences 2. Puberty 3. reproductive organs
1. The secondary sexual characters that develops in boys are moustaches, beard on face
and they develop hair on their chest.
2. The male hormone testosterone is secreted by testes at onset of puberty and cause
development of facial, hair, chest hair etc. At onset of puberty in girls, ovaries secrete
female hormone estrogen which makes the breast develop. Their secretion is under the
pituitary endocrine gland.
10.4 Reproductive Phase of Life in Humans
1. Target site 2. 28 – 30 3. menarche
1. Menarche: The first menstrual flow which begins at puberty is known as menarche.
Menopause: At 45-50 years of age, the menstruation cycle stops menstruation is
called menopause.
2. The uterine wall in females prepares itself to receive the developing fertilised egg. Incase
there is no fertilisation the thickened lining of uterine wall breaks down and goes out
along with blood. This bleeding is called menstruation.
3. There are four stages involved in menstrual cycle are:
1) follicular phase 2) ovulation 3) luteal phase
10.5 How is the Sex of the Baby Determined?

1. chromosome 2. autosomes 3. 23 4. X, Y
1. Sex determination is done on basis of X and Y chromosomes which fertilises the egg X
chromosome fertilises egg and develops into female child Y chromosome fertilizes with
egg and develops into male child.

10.6 Hormones other than Sex Hormones
1. Pituitary gland 2. thyroid 3. thyroxine 4. Adrenaline
1. Endocrine glands are glands which secrete different hormones. Pituitary, thyroid,
adrenal, pancreas etc.
2. (i) Goitre : Thyroid gland produces the hormone thyroxine which causes goitre.
(ii) Diabetes : Insufficient production of insulin hormone in body causes diabetes.
3. Pituitary glands secret many hormones such as growth hormone and hormones that
make other gland such as testes, ovaries, thyroids and adrenals.
4. Pancreas: Produce insulin hormone which is capable of causing diabetes.
Adrenal: Produce adrenaline hormone which adjusts the stress level of body.
10.7 Reproductive Health
1. Nutritional needs of adolescent is balanced diet which includes proper amount of
proteins, fats, vitamins, carbohydrates, milk, leafy vegetables, jaggery, meat, citrus
fruits amla etc.
2. AIDS– Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. It is caused by HIV virus. This decreases
the immunity of body and makes body weak. This diseases is mainly transported by
sexual contact.
3. 1) A girl becomes pregnant if she looks at boys during menstruation.
2) Mother is responsible for sex of child.
3) A girl should not be allowed to mark in kitchen during menstruation.
4. Drugs are addictive. If you take them once, you feel like taking them again and again.
They harm the body in long run. They ruin health and happiness.

1. (d) gets sex chromosome only from the father. 2. (b) blood transfusion
3. (d) ii, iii, i, iv. 4. (c) Carbon 5. (b) increase in height.
6. (d) chromosome 7. (a) adrenal 8. (c) Hugging
9. (c) It is under the control of pituitary gland.
10. (d) Boys develop large voice box. 11. (a) 23 pairs of chromosomes
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. XX XY 2. (a) B (b) B
(c) G (d) B
(e) (f) B
X X X Y (g) B, G (h) B, G
(i) G (j) B, G
XX XY
A B

3.
Pituitary gland (b), (a)
Adrenal gland (d)

Pancreas (c)
4. (a) (b)
(c) Height of boys increases continuously and have more greater then girls
(d) Partially True
5. T 1
E
S
T
O
T 2
S
H T
Y E
R R
O O
I N
3
A D A M S A P P L E
D
O
L
4
E N D O C R I N E
S T 5
6
L C A
A E P I T U I
7
T A R Y
8
H O R M O N E U G
Y C B E
9
I N S U L I N 10
E S T R O G E N T
X R S
T I
Y T
E

CHAPTER
11 Force and Pressure
EXERCISES
11.1 Exploring Forces

1. same 2. magnitude
1. It will change shape and size of ball and when we leave the ball it will come in its
original shape.
2. 1) To move table from one place to other.
2) To push the door to open it.
3. At least two objects must interact for a force to come into play. Thus, an interaction of
one object with another results in force.
4. In this game, if rope does not move in any direction that means the force applied from
both sides is equal.
11.2 A Force Can Change the State of Motion

1. 1) Pushing a wall will not result in change of its motion.
2) It force is applied on box from both the sides, the box will not move.
2. The speed of cart increases with increase in force of horse on it.
3. 1) Speed of a moving body 2) Direction of motion of body
3) Shape of a body.
11.3 Contact Forces

1. muscular force 2. height 3. moving, opposite
1. Force that can be applied only when it is in contact with an object is called contact force.
Example 1) Muscular force applied on an object. 2) Friction.
11.4 Non-contact Forces

1. electrostatic force 2. gravitational force
1. The force exerted on an object without touching is known as non-contact force.
Example 1) Force exerted by magnet on piece of iron.
2) Electrostatic force. Force exerted by a charged body on another charged
or uncharged body.

2.
(i) Gravitational force : The attractive force which acts upon all the objects and attracts
each object towards ground is called gravitational force.
(ii) Muscular force: The force resulting due to action of muscle is known as muscular
force.
(iii) Frictional force: The force responsible for changing the state of motion is called
frictional force.
(iv) Magnetic force: The force exerted on an object without touching it, ex: force exerted
by magnet on piece of iron is called magnetic force.
3. The soles of shoes gets worm out due to friction between soles and surface of ground
on which person is walking.
11.5 Pressure Exerted by Liquids and Gases

1. The force acting on a unit area of a surface is called pressure.
2. Take a glass jar and a balloon, keep the unblowed balloon in glass jar. Now blow air in
balloon, what you observe is: that balloon changes its shape evenly from all directions.
11.6 Atmospheric Pressure
1. Pressure 2. atmosphere
1. The pressure on ground is more when a man is standing, because the weight of whole
body is at one place in ground, while if a man is lying on ground the pressure on
ground gets divided.
2. Because the pressure inside our bodies is also equal to atmospheric pressure & balances
the pressure from outside.
3. The pressure applied by mouth on straw to suck liquid forces the liquid upwards.

1. (a) Magnitude of force applied by A is greater than that of B.
2. (b) Magnetic force alone 3. (c) electrostatic force
4. (c) Pressure at A< Pressure at B>Pressure at C
5. (d) either a magnetic or an electrostatic force
6. (c) Force of friction 7. (a) B and C 8. (a) maximum in position A
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1.
Because, the cloth is hard and it requires something to cut it into pieces as the molecules
in cloth are tightly bound to each other.
2. A will sink move because its weight is heavy so it will go in sand quickly as compared to B
3. (a) False, only machines exerts mechanical force to do work.
(b) True (c) True
(d) False, liquids exert equal pressure at same depth.
(e) False, pressure is increased by spreading the force on specific area.
(f) True.

CHAPTER
12 Friction
EXERCISES
12.1 Factors Affecting Friction

1. opposes 2. irregularities 3. rough 4. static friction
5. magnitude
1.  Friction depends on nature of surfaces in contact
 Friction is more in rough surfaces and less in smooth surfaces.
 Friction depends on how hard two surfaces press together.
2.  Friction is necessary to walk on surface.
 No building could be constructed without friction.
12.2 Friction: A Necessary Evil

1. 1) Friction wears our materials. Example: soles of shoes, parts of machines etc.
2) Friction produces heat, when a machine is operated, heat generated causes much
wastage of energy.
12.3 Increasing and Reducing Friction

1. increase 2. Lubricants 3. Grease
1. These substances are called lubricants. A thin layer is formed there and moving surfaces
do not directly rub against each other.
2. The material which is applied on any objects to reduce friction and easy moving of
machine are called lubricants.
3. 1) The treated tyres of cars, trucks, buses, bulldozers provide better grip with ground.
2) Bicycles, scooters and other automobiles are provided with brake system.
12.4 Wheels Reduce Friction
A.
Answer the following questions:
Static friction– The force required to overcome friction at the instant an object starts
1.
moving from rest is measure static friction.
Sliding friction– The force required to keep an object moving with same speed is a
measure of sliding friction.
Rolling friction– When a body rolls over surface of another body, the resistance to its
movement is called rolling friction.

2.  Stop any relative motion.
 Remove lubrication between the two surfaces.
3.  It is used in hard drives, skate boards etc.
 The friction which comes into play is called sliding friction.
12.5 Fluid Friction

1. The frictional force exerted by fluid is called drag.
2. Friction always converts kinetic energy into heat energy.
3. The force of fluid friction depends upon the objects shape, material and speed as well
as fluid’s viscosity.
4. Boats and aeroplanes are given a special place because they move in water and air, so
they need streamlined body to cut the air pressure and water pressure.
5. It is a device used for measuring force acting on an object. It consists of a coiled
sporing, a pointer moving on a graduated scale. The reading on scale indicated by
pointer gives magnitude of force.

1. (d) irrespective of whether the objects are solid, liquid or gaseous.
2. (c) from left to right (→) 3. (a) stone
4. (c) polished marble surface 5. (c) decrease
6. (d) Friction does not act on a ball moving through air.
7. (c) sprinkle talcum powder on the wooden surface.
8. (b) bricks
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. If the seat cover is very smooth, both surfaces are smooth, hence no friction is produced.
2. Both of them should apply equal pressure on same side to move the box.
3. (b) Covered with a layer of sand
Because the surface of layer of sand is rough and produces friction.
4. 2 units will require a larger force to move it from the rest position.
CHAPTER
13 Sound
EXERCISES
13.1 Sound is Produced By a Vibrating Body
1. vibration 2. string

1. Sound is produced by vibration of materials.
2. To and fromotion of an object is called vibration.
13.2 Sound Produced by Humans

1. voice box, larynx 2. Voice box
1. Vocal cords are stretched across voice box or larynx in such a way that it leaves a
narrow slit between them for passage of air. Lungs force air through the slit. The vocal
cords vibrate, producing sound.
2. The length of vocal cords of men are long then in women and childrens. Thus due to
difference in lengths of vocal cords they have different voices.
13.3 Sound Needs a Medium for Propagation

1. vaccum 2. medium
1. Take a bucket or a bathtub. Fill it with clean water. Take a
small bell in one hand. Shake this bell inside the water to
produce sound. Make sure that the bell does not touch the
body of the bucket or the tub.
13.4 We Hear Sound Through Our Ears

1. eardrum 2. vibrate
1. Sound waves pass in air and reaches the ear of person.
2. Cleaning ears with a sharp or pointed object may damage ear drum or any other part
in ear which may lead to deafness in person.
13.5 Amplitude, Time Period and Frequency of a Vibration

1. frequency 2. Amplitude, frequency 3. oscillatory
4. shrillness, pitch
1. The amplitude of a sound wave determines its loudness or volume. A larger amplitude
means a louder sound, and a smaller amplitude means a softer sound.
2. Sensation of a frequency is commonly referred to as the pitch of a sound.
1) Baby has higher pitch than that of a man. So, babys voice is shrill.
3. Period is related to frequency. Since the period is the number of seconds per oscillation,
the frequency is the no. of oscillations per second.

4. T = 1/F
∴ T = 1/200 ∴ T = 0.005 seconds
5. f = 50/5 = 10 Hz 6. f = 600/60 = 10 Hz
T = 1/f = 1/10 = 0.1 s T = 1/f = 1/10 = 0.1 s
13.6 Audible and Inaudible Sounds

1. audible sound 2. noise
1. 20 to 20,000 Hz is the audible range of frequencies for a normal human ear.
2.  Noise is a unpleasant sound.
Example: Horns of bus and vehicles
 Music is a pleasant sound.
Example: Sound produced from musical instrument.
13.7 Noise Pollution

1. Ultrasound equipment is used to produce pictures of inside the body using sound
waves. A sonography machine is used in hospital to check growth and movements of
baby.
2. Television, kitchen appliances, air conditioners, music players.
3. Lack of sleep, hypertension, anxiety may be caused by noise pollution, A person
who is exposed to a loud sound continuously, may get temporary or even permanent
impairment of learning.
4. Silencing devices must be installed in aircraft engines, vehicles. TV and music system
should be run at low volumes. Use of automobile horns should be minimised. More
trees should be planted on roads.

1. (d) (ii), (iii) & (iv) only 2. (a) its amplitude
3. (d) (i), (ii) & (iv) only 4. (a) 0.02 s
5. (b) increase its frequency of vibration 6. (c) hertz (Hz)
7. (a) amplitude of vibration 8. (c) 60 vibrations per minute
9. (a) frequency 10. (a) between 20 and 20,000 Hz
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. More sound will be produced with a force of greater magnitude.
2. The waves will travel through the same tube from which air travelled
3. (i) True (ii) False, higher is the frequency, higher is the pitch of sound.
(iii) True
(iv) False, If a drumis heat hard, a loud sound is produced as amplitude is high.
(v) False, 60 dB is a normal range of noise.
(vi) True

CHAPTER
14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current
EXERCISES
14.1 Do Liquids Conduct Electricity?

1. joule 2. not sufficient
1.Take a glass of lemon juice keep wire in it and connect it to bulb, you can see the
bulb lighting as electric current passess through lemon juice and lemon juice is good
conductor of electricity.
2. LED is preferred in place of electric bulb in the tester because it glows even when a
weak electric current flaws through it.
3. As electric current produces magnetic effect a tester can be prepared by using a compass
needle.
Advantage– Deflection of magnetic needle can be seen even when small current is
passed.
4. Good conducator Poor conductor
Kerosene distilled water
Alcohol solution honey
Salt solution
Lemon juice
tap water
5. LED– Light Emitting Diodes.
It gives light even when a small amount of electric current is passed through it.
14.2 Chemical Effects of Electric Current

1. nature, conducting solution 2. acids, bases, salts 3. positive
1. Formation of bubbles of a gas on the electrodes, deposits of metal on electrodes,
changes of colour of solution etc are effects produced by current when it flows through
a conducting solution.
2. 3. + –
Metal Cap
Carbon rod Carbon rod

Water

14.3 Electroplating
1. negative
2. Chromium
3. tin, iron
1. 2. Electrolyte– Salt solution.
Anode– iron rod.
Copper plate
Copper Copper sulphate

plate solution
3. The process of depositing a layer of any desired metal on another material. By means
of electricity is called electroplating.
4. Used in industry for coating metal objects
Ex of chromium plating is done on many objects such as car parts, bath taps, kitchen
gas, burnors, bicycle handlebells, wheel rims etc.
5. • It does not corrode.
• It resists scratches,
• Used for coating gold and silver at less expense.

1. (d) chemical, heating and magnetic effects
2. (a) higher current is flowing through the circuit in setup A.
3. (d) according to the disposal guidelines of the local authority
4. (a) the chemical effect of current.
5. (d) Vegetable oil 6. (b) Chromium
7. (d) Sugar solution in diluted water
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. No, because carbon itself has negative terminal.
2. The waste will be deposited from impure metal (A) and deposit in solution and itgets
attracted towards (B)
3. True, air is poor conductor of electricity and it does not conduct electricity
4. Yes, water is poor conductor or electricity and lemon juice if, added will conduct
electricity.
5. (i) The charge of circuits
(ii) Because the current passed was not enough.
(iii) Magnitude increase (iv) Circuit will work in speed.
6. (i) True. (ii) False. It releases only H+ ions (iii) True.
(iv) True. (v) True.

CHAPTER
15 Some Natural Phenomena
EXERCISES
15.1 Types of Charges and Their Interaction
1. repel 2. Benjamin franklin
1. Positive.
2. Inflate two balloons. Hang them in such a way that they do not
touch each other. Rub both the balloons with a woollen cloth and
release them. What do you observe?
15.2 Transfer of Charge

1. conduction 2. Earthing
1. By observing its cells
2. A microscope is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen.
15.3 The Story of Lightning
1. During a thunderstorm, air currents move upward while water droplets move
downward, both positive and negative charge meet and lightning produces.
2. Because water is a good conductor of electricity and if lightning falls near your house
then it may conduct electric charges to your
15.4 Lightning Safety
1. Stay far away from all trees, stay away from poles on other
2. Avoid contact with telephones, metal pipes electronic items etc., bathing should be
avoided during a thunderstorm.
3. Lightning conductor is a device used to protect buildings from the effect of lightning.
4. Because the rod provides easy route for the transfer of electric charge to the ground.
15.5 Earthquakes

1. cyclone, tsunamis 2. ritcher scale 3. seismograph
1. As the lightning strikes the conductor, it passess through its body and into the ground
thus saving the building structure from any damage due to flow of such high damage.

2. Earth’s plates are in continual motion. When these plates gets disturbed by one another
or under 90° collision, it causes earthquake.
3. Because if the house falls it will not cause much damage

1. (a) charged 2. (b) copper wire 3. (b) earthquakes
4. (c) they may attract or repel depending on the type of charges they carry
5. (c) Volcanic eruption 6. (b) the mantle of the earth
7. (c) (i) & (iii) 8. (b) crust 9. (d) Odisha
10. (b) (ii), (iii) & (iv)
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. (a) False. It occurs sometimes (b) True (c) True
(d) False. It can occur (e) True
2. Wireless telephones do not conduct electricity with them and thus during lightning they
do not catch lightning and are poor conductors so they are safer to use.
3. There will be no effect on the aluminium strips.
4.
Lightning
conductor
Copper plate
CHAPTER
16 Light
EXERCISES
16.1 Laws of Reflection
1. incident ray 2. Reflected 3. Angle of reflection
1. 2. 1) Angle of incidence is always equal to
Reflected r i Incident angle of reflection.
ray
ray 2) The incident ray, the normal at the
Normal point of coincidence and the reflect ray
all lie in same plane.

16.2 Regular and Diffused Reflection
1. equal 2. always
1. Regular Irregular
reflections: reflections:
1) Smooth surface have regular reflections

2) Rough surfaces have irregular reflection
16.3 Multiple Images
1. equal 2. virtual 3. irregular
1. E 2. Periscope works on the laws of reflection
O B
which states that light from the object
D fulls on one mirror at a 45° angle from
A C the object and is reflected. This angle
P Q than falls on another mirror and is again
reflected until it reaches human eye.
I
3. Used in submarines to see what is going on the water surface, it was used for observation
purposes in tranches during world war I, it is used in some gun turrets and it is used in
armed vehicles.
4. Principle of multiple reflection.
Uses:- used as a toy for entertainment.
5. Whenever two plane mirrors are kept facing each other, infinite number of images of
an object are formed, irrespective of the distance between them.
16.4 What is Inside Our Eyes
1. seven colours 2. corner 3. iris
1. When outside in the sunshine pupil shrinks so that only a minimum amount of light is
available to the eye. Therefore eyes cannot see in dark room.
2. Cornea– Outer coat which is white in colour.
Iris– It is muscular, behind cornea, colour of iris determines colour of eyes.
Pupil– Small opening in Iris which controls light entering in eye
Eyelens– Adjusts focus on the object
Retina– Image focus occurs here.
Opticnerves– Passess sensation to brain
Blind spot– No vision is possible at this spot.

3. 4.
It is the innermost layer of eyeball on
which eye lens focuses the image.
5. It refers to the optical illusion whereby multiple discrete images blend into a single
image in human mind.
6. 25 cm far
7. It is treated by removing the opaque lens and inserting a new artificial lens.
16.5 Care of the Eyes

1. • Use suitable spectacles.
• To little or too much light is bad for eyes, as it causes headaches and eyestrain.
• Do not look at sun or a powerful light directly
• Always read at normal distance for vision.
2. As lack of Vitamin A is foodstuff is responsible for many eye troubles. Most common
among them is night blindness. So, spinach, broccoli; raw carrots, milk, curd, cheese,
butter etc should be included in diet as they are rich in Vitamin A.
16.6 What is the Braille System?

1. The most popular resource for visually challenged persons is Braille system. There
is a Braille code for common languages, Mathematics and Scientific notation. Many
languages can be studies by this. Patterns are embossed on sheets to study.
2. Some persons including children, can be visually impaired. They have limited vision to
see things. They might have lose their eyesight because of any disease or injury. The
develop their aun sixth sense and learn through Braille system.

1. (c) cornea 2. (b) is reflected from the object towards our eye.
3. (a) S1 only 4. (a) A 5. (b) C 6. (a) 25°
7. (b) Cones are sensitive to bright light. 8. (d) D
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. 2. (a) 3 (b)  1 2 3
(c) 60°, 90° (d) 

y Angle of reflection (e) No. He will not be able to see
x Angle of incidence

3.
i
r
REST
REST
4.
REST
TSER
5. 1. Ciliary muscle 2. Iris 3. Lens 4. Cornea
5. Retina 6. Optic nerve
6. (i) True (ii) True (iii) True
(iv) False. They can be reflected. (v) True (vi) True
CHAPTER
17 Stars and the Solar System
EXERCISES
17.1 The Moon

1. satelite 2. gases, atmosphere 3. phases of moon
1. Day 7
Day 8 Day 6
Earth
Day 1 Day 5
Planets
Day 4
Day 2 Day 3
2. As the moon orbits around the earth, the half of moon that faces the sun will be lit up.
The same half of moon always faces earth, because of tidal looking. So, the phases will
always occur over the same half of moon’s surface.
3. Surface of moon is covered with dead volcanoes, impact craters, and lava flows, some
visible to the unaided stargazer. They are oceans of a sort but rather than water, such
bodies are made up of pools of hardened lava.

17.2 The Stars

1. 150 million 2. astronomical unit of length 3. polaris
1. The earth rotates toward the east; that makes the stars seem to move toward west.
They only appear to move east to west due to earth’s rotation same as the sun.
2. Because it is the brightest planet of all. It does not appear to twinkle but instead glows
with a steady silvery light.
17.3 Constellations

1. Orion 2. Sirius 3. Ursa major, Asterism, Great Bear
Vasishtha
1. (i) Ursa Major : It is also called as saptarshi.
Marichi
Saptarshi has been associated with seven well
Angiras Atri
known ancient Indian sages, or rishis, as shown Kratu
in figure. There seven sages preserve the external
knowledge of vedas and explain it to people in Pulastya
every new age. Pulaha
(ii) Orion :
It is called hunter. It has 7 to 8 stars. The 3 middle
stars represent the belt of number. The 4 bright stars
appear to be arranged in form of quadrilateral.
2. Pole Star
Ursa Major

3. To locate sirius, image a straight line passing through the
three middle stars of orion. Look along this line towards
the east. This line will lead you to a very bright star. It is
called sirius. Sirius (Brightest star)
17.4 The Solar System

1. sun 2. Uranus, Neptune 3. Saturn
4. Mercury, Mercury 5. Mercury
1. The gravitational attraction between sun and these objects keep them revolving around
sun.

2. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
3. Earth moves around the sun, completing one solar orbit in roughly 365 days. The
planet also spins on its axis, rotating completely around every 24 hours.
4. Some special environmental conditions are responsible for existence and continuation
of life on earth. These include just right distance from the sun, so that it has the right
temperature range, the presence of water and suitable atmosphere and a blanket of
ozone.
5. It is yellow in colour.
It has beautiful rings around it.
17.5 Some Other Members of the Solar System

1. 76 2. Meteorite
1. The gap between orbits of Mars & Jupiter is occupied by a large number of small
objects called asteroids.
2. Comets are members of solar family which revolve around the sun. The length of tail
grows in size as it approaches the sun. The tail of comet is always directed away from
sun.
3. The streets of light in the sky, when moon is not present and sky is clear as called
meteor showers.
4. They help in investigating the nature of materials from which the solar system was
formed.
5. They are used for weather forecast used for transmitting television and radio signals.

1. (d) planet Venus 2. (a) 3. (c) west to east
4. (c) go up and then come back to the surface of the moon.
5. (a) less than that of Neptune
6. (d) the axis of rotation of the earth is tilted with respect to the plane of its orbit.
7. (d)
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. The pole star is situated in the direction of the earths axis, towards the north pole.
2. The sun will be at the position C towards the right.
3. 4. B
C Sun
A
The tail is longest in
position C.

5. (a) Marked in figure. (b) Marked in figure.
6.
Neptune
Sun
Venus
Mars Mercury
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
CHAPTER
18 Pollution of Air and Water
EXERCISES
18.1 How Does Air Get Polluted?
1. carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, Nitrogen oxides
2. Chlorofluorocarbons; ozone
1. Some organic compound from plants, sea salt, suspended soils and dusts other air
pollution are released during forest fires.
2. Factories power plants, auto mobile exhausts and burning of fir wood and dung cakes.
3. Smog is mixture of smoke and fogg. Many respiratory peroblems.
4. They are used in air conditioners, refrigerator aerosol sprays. CFC’s damage ozone
layer of earth.
5. They are produced during industrial processes like steel making and mining. They
reduce visibility when inhaled, they cause diseases.
18.2 Case Study – The Taj Mahal

1. Marble cancer 2. Greenhouse effect
1. The industries located around Taj Mahal produces pollutants like SO2 and NO2. These
gases react with water vapour and caused acid rain. The phenomenon is called marble
cancer.
2. • It has ordered industries to switch to cleaner fuels like CNG and LPG.
• Also, the automobiles should switch over to unleaded petrol in Taj zone.
3. Poisonous gases produced by industries mixes with water vapour and causes acid rain.
This rain is harmful.

18.3 Greenhouse Effect

1. The gases responsible for causing greenhouse effect are called green house gases.
Ex: CO2, methane, nitrous oxide.
2. Because due to this, there is rise in earth’s average temperature of climate system. It is
a measure aspect and changes climates and season cycle.
3. Deforestation leads to an increase in the amount of CO2 in the air because the number
of trees which consume CO2 is reduced. CO2 traps heat and does not allow it do escape
into space. As a result, the average temperature of earth’s atmosphere is increased.
This is called global warming.
18.4 What Can Be Done?

1.  Plant more trees
 Reduce the use of fossil fuels and switch to use of solar energy, hydropower and
wind energy.
18.5 How Does Water Get Polluted?

1. water pollutants 2. Greenhouse effect 3. world environment day
4. Ganga 5. Kanpur
1. River dumping, sewage from industrial and domestic processes, marine dumping etc.
are sources of water pollution.
2. High levels of nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers, manure and animal waste in
surface waters gives rise to eutrophication which depletes dissolved oxygen, killing fish
& other aquatic life.
18.6 What is Potable Water and How is Water Purified?

1.  By treating water with chlorine or Iodine.
 By filteration or ultraviolet light.
 Another simple way is to boil water.
18.7 What Can Be Done?

1.  Keep out oil, fat or grease from the sink.
 Ensure minimal use of bleach or detergents.
 Reduce use of herbicides, pesticides & fertilizers.
2. • Check your toilet for leaks.
• Turn off water while brushing your teeth.
• Check faucets and pipes for leaks.
• Dont water gutter.

1. (c) oxygen 2. (b) Windmill 3. (c) School bus 4. (a) Replace
5. (a) air pollution 6. (b) carbon monoxide 7. (d) acid rain
8. (b) pure and fit for drinking 9. (d) Both (a) and (b)
10. (d) Swimming in the pond. 11. (b) Van Mahotsav
12. (d) Carbon dioxide
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. (a) False, We cannot survive without air. (b) True
(c) True (d) True (e) True
2. (a) Nitrogen, Oxygen (b) Carbon monoxide, smoke
(c) Methane greenhouse gases (d) Global warming
(e) Sewage, polluted
3. (i) Point sources and Non-point sources.
(ii) Municipal and industrial discharge pipes.
(iii) Agricultural run off, acid rain.
1. 1
C H L O R O F L U O R O C A R B 2
O N
Z
7
G O
4
O
3
5
C A R B O N M O N O X I D E N
H N Y E
O G G
L A 6
P E T R O L E U M
E N

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HOLY FAITH

HF_Thinker Active_Sci_G8_AnsKey.indd 1 1/21/2022 6:39:17 PM

2. Microorganisms: Friend and Foe 7

3. Synthetic Fibres and Plastics 10

4. Materials: Metals and Non-Metals 12

5. Coal and Petroleum 15

6. Combustion and Flame 17

7. Conservation of Plants and Animals 19

8. Cell-Structure and Functions 22

10. Reaching the Age of Adolescence 27

11. Force and Pressure 31

14. Chemical Effects of Electric Current 37

15. Some Natural Phenomena 39

17. Stars and the Solar System 43

18. Pollution of Air and Water 46

Printed at : M. GULAB SINGH & SONS (P) LTD.

HF_Thinker Active_Sci_G8_AnsKey.indd 2 1/22/2022 11:29:04 AM

1 Crop Production and Management

1.1 Agricultural Practices

A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:

1.2 Preparation of Soil

A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:

1.3 Sowing of Seeds

A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:

ThinkerActive Science WB-VIII (Answer Key) 3

HF_Thinker Active_Sci_G8_AnsKey.indd 3 1/19/2022 11:27:28 AM

A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:

1.6 Protection From Weeds

A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:

4 ThinkerActive Science WB-VIII (Answer Key)

HF_Thinker Active_Sci_G8_AnsKey.indd 4 1/19/2022 11:27:28 AM

A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:

A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

ThinkerActive Science WB-VIII (Answer Key) 5

HF_Thinker Active_Sci_G8_AnsKey.indd 5 1/19/2022 11:27:28 AM

6 ThinkerActive Science WB-VIII (Answer Key)

HF_Thinker Active_Sci_G8_AnsKey.indd 6 1/19/2022 11:27:28 AM

2 Microorganisms: Friend and Foe

A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:

2.2 Microorganisms and Us

ThinkerActive Science WB-VIII (Answer Key) 7

HF_Thinker Active_Sci_G8_AnsKey.indd 7 1/19/2022 11:27:28 AM

2.3 Harmful Microorganisms

A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:

2.4 Food Preservation

A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:

8 ThinkerActive Science WB-VIII (Answer Key)

HF_Thinker Active_Sci_G8_AnsKey.indd 8 1/19/2022 11:27:28 AM

A. Answer the following questions:

2.6 Nitrogen Cycle

A. Answer the following questions:

Lightning Bacteria twin

Bacteria in twin, fix Compounds of

ThinkerActive Science WB-VIII (Answer Key) 9

HF_Thinker Active_Sci_G8_AnsKey.indd 9 1/19/2022 11:27:28 AM

3 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics

3.2 Characteristics of Synthetic Fibres

A. Answer the following question:

10 ThinkerActive Science WB-VIII (Answer Key)