Quadratic Equation Progression Trigonometric Identities Spherical Trigonometry

Form: AM ∙ HM = (GM) Squared Identities: Sine Law:

Ax + Bx + C = 0 sin A + cos A = 1 sin sin sin
Arithmetic Progression: = =
Roots: 1 + tan A = sec A sin sin sin
d=a −a =a −a
−B ± √B − 4AC 1 + cot A = csc A Cosine Law for sides:
x= a = a + (n − 1)d cos = cos cos + sin sin cos
2A
a = a + (n − x)d Sum & Diff of Angles Identities:
Cosine Law for angles:
Sum of Roots:
n sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B cos = − cos cos + sin sin cos
B S = (a + a )
x +x =− 2 cos (A ± B) = cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B Spherical Polygon:
A
Harmonic Progression: tan A ± tan B πR E
Product of Roots: tan (A ± B) = E = spherical excess
C
- reciprocal of arithmetic
1 ∓ tan A tan B A = E = (A+B+C+D…) – (n-2)180
progression 180°
x ∙x =+
A Geometric Progression:
Double Angle Identities: Spherical Pyramid:
1 minute of arc =
r = a /a = a /a sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A 1 πR E 1 nautical mile
Binomial Theorem cos 2A = cos A − sin A V= A H= 1 nautical mile =
a =a r 3 540°
6080 feet
Form:
a =a r cos 2A = 2 cos A − 1 1 statute mile =
(x + y) cos 2A = 1 − 2 sin A 5280 feet
1−r n-sided Polygon
rth term: S =a 2 tan A # of diagonals:
1 knot =
r = C x y 1−r tan 2A = n Interior Angle, ɤ: 1 nautical mile
a 1 − tan A d = (n − 3) (n − 2)180° per hour
where:
S = 2 γ=
1−r n
Deflection Angle, δ: Area = n ∙ A
Worded Problems Tips Triangle Common Quadrilateral δ = 180° − γ 1
 Age Problems 1 Area = n ∙ R sinβ
A = bh Central Angle, β: 2
→ underline specific time conditions A=s A = bh
2 360° 1
 Motion Problems P = 4s P = 2a + 2b β= Area = n ∙ ah
1 n 2
→ A = ab sin C d = √2s d = b + h
2
→
1 sin B sin C Polygon Names
A= a A = bh 16 - hexadecagon
 Work Problems 3 - triangle
2 sin A A = ab sin θ 17 - septadecagon
Case 1: Unequal rate 4 - quad/tetragon 18 - octadecagon
work A= s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) 1 5 - pentagon
A = d d sin θ 19 - nonadecagon
rate = 2 6 - hexagon/sexagon 20 - icosagon
time a+b+c 7 - septagon/heptagon 21 - unicosagon
Case 2: Equal rate s= 8 - octagon 22 - do-icosagon
→ usually in project management 2 A = ah 9 - nonagon 30 - tricontagon
→ express given to man-days or man-hours A = a sin θ 10 - decagon 31 - untricontagon
Trapezoid 1 11 - undecagon/ 40 - tetradecagon
 Clock Problems A= d d monodecagon 50 - quincontagon
11M − 60H 1 2 12 - dodecagon/ 60 - hexacontagon
+ if M is ahead of H
θ= - if M is behind of H
A = (a + b)h bidecagon 100 - hectogon
2 2
Ellipse 13 - tridecagon 1,000 - chilliagon
A n ma + nb 14 - quadridecagon 10,000 - myriagon
a +b
Ex-circle- 1 1 1 1 = ;w = A = πab C = 2π 15 - quindecagon/ 1,000,000 - megagon
A m m+n 2 pentadecagon
= + + ∞ - aperio (circle)
In-circle
Triangle-Circle Relationship General Quadrilateral
Centers of Triangle Inscribed Circle:
Circumscribing Circle: Cyclic Quadrilateral: (sum of opposite angles=180 )
INCENTER abc A = rs A= (s − a)(s − b)(s − c)(s − d)
- the center of the inscribed circle (incircle) A =
of the triangle & the point of intersection of 4R
Escribed Circle: Ptolemy’s Theorem is applicable:
the angle bisectors of the triangle.
opposite side a+b+c+d
diameter = A = R (s − a) ac + bd = d d s=
sine of angle 2
a b c A = R (s − b) Non-cyclic Quadrilateral:
d= = = A = R (s − c) ε
sin A sin B sin C
A= (s − a)(s − b)(s − c)(s − d) − abcd cos
2
Pappus Theorem
CIRCUMCENTER
- the center of the circumscribing circle Pappus Theorem 1: Prism or Cylinder Pointed Solid
(circumcircle) & the point of intersection of SA = L ∙ 2πR V=A H=A L 1
the perpendicular bisectors of the triangle. v
V= A H
Pappus Theorem 2: LA = P H = P L 3
Reg. Pyramid
V = A ∙ 2πR AB/PB → Perimeter or Area of base
H → Height & L → slant height
Right Circ. Cone
AX/PX → Perimeter or Area of cross- LA = πrL LA = P L
NOTE: It is also used to locate centroid of an area. section perpendicular to slant height

Spherical Lune: Spherical Wedge:

Special Solids Spherical Solids
ORTHOCENTER A 4πR 4
Sphere: V πR
- the point of intersection of the altitudes of Truncated Prism or Cylinder: = 3
4 θ 2π =
the triangle. V=A H V = πR θ 2π
LA = P H 3 A = 2θR 2
LA = 4πR V = θR
3
Frustum of Cone or Pyramid: Spheroid:
Spherical Zone:
H V = πabc
V= A +A + A A A = 2πRh
3 LA = 4π
a +b +c
CENTROID Spherical Sector:
3
- the point of intersection of the medians of
the triangle. Prolate Spheroid: V= A R
V = πabb V = πR h
Prismatoid: a +b +b
LA = 4π Spherical Segment:
H 3
V= (A + 4A + A ) For one base:
6 Oblate Spheroid: about major axis
EULER LINE V = πh (3R − h)
- the line that would pass through the V = πaab
For two bases:
orthocenter, circumcenter, and centroid of a +a +b
the triangle. LA = 4π V = πh(3a + 3b + h )
3
about minor axis
Archimedean Solids Analytic Geometry Ellipse Hyperbola
- the only 13 polyhedra that are - the locus of point that moves such - the locus of point that moves such
convex, have identical vertices, and Slope-intercept form: Distance from a point to another point: that the sum of its distances from that the difference of its distances
their faces are regular polygons. y = mx + b d= (y − y ) + (x − x ) two fixed points called the foci is from two fixed points called the foci
constant. is constant.
Nn Nn Point-slope form:
E= V= Distance from a point to a line: General Equation: General Equation:
2 v y−y
where: m= |Ax + By + C| Ax + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0 Ax − Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0
E → # of edges x−x d=
V → # of vertices √A + B Standard Equation: Standard Equation:
N → # of faces Two-point form: (x − h) (y − k) (x − h) (y − k)
n → # of sides of each face Distance of two parallel lines: − =1
v → # of faces meeting at a vertex y −y y−y a
+
b
=1
a b
= |C − C |
x −x x−x d= (x − h) (y − k) (y − k) (x − h)
Conic Sections √A + B + =1
a
−
b
=1
Point-slope form: b a
General Equation: x y Angle between two lines:
Ax + Bxy + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0 + =1 m −m
a b tan θ =
Based on discriminant: 1+m m
B − 4AC = 0 ∴ parabola
B − 4AC < 0 ∴ ellipse Parabola
B − 4AC > 0 ∴ hyperbola - the locus of point that moves such that it is always equidistant from a
fixed point (focus) and a fixed line (directrix).
Based on eccentricity, e=f/d: Elements: Elements:
General Equation:
= 0 ∴ circle Eccentricity, e:
Elements: Location of foci, c: Same as ellipse:

= 1 ∴ parabola y + Dx + Ey + F = 0 Location of foci, c:

Loc. of directrix, d:
a c =a +b
Length of LR,
Loc. of directrix, d
x + Dx + Ey + F = 0 e= =1 c =a −b d= Eccentricity, e
< 1 ∴ ellipse e Eq’n of asymptote:
y − k = ±m(x − h)
> 1 ∴ hyperbola Standard Equation: Length of latus
Length of LR:
Eccentricity, e: where:
(x − h) = ±4a(y − k) rectum, LR: 2b c m is (+) for upward asymptote;

LR = 4a LR = e= m is (-) for downward

Circle (y − k) = ±4a(x − h) a a m = b/a if the transverse axis is horizontal;

m = a/b if the transverse axis is vertical
- the locus of point that moves such
that its distance from a fixed point 1 revolution Engineering Economy
called the center is constant.
= 2π rad Unit Circle
General Equation: = 360˚  Simple Interest:
Versed sine:
x + y + Dx + Ey + F = 0 I=Pn where:
= 400 grads vers A = 1 − cos A F → future worth
Standard Equation: = 6400 mills Versed cosine: F = P(1 + n) P → principal or present worth
i → interest rate per interest period
(x − h) + (y − k) = r covers A = 1 − sin A r → nominal interest rate
 Compound Interest:
Tetrahedron Half versed sine:
n → no. of interest periods
Line Tangent to Conic Section F = P(1 + ) m → no. of interest period per year
1 − cos A r
t → no. of years

2 hav A = F=P 1+
ER → effective rate
To find the equation of a line
H=a 2 m
tangent to a conic section at a Exsecant:
given point P(x1, y1):
3 I r
exsec A = sec A − 1 ER = = 1 − −1
In the equation of the conic P m
equation, replace:
SA = a √3
 Inflation:  Rate of return:  Continuous Compounding Interest:
→ √2 = +f+ f annual net profit F = Pe
V=a RR =
→ 12 capital
ER = e − 1
 Break-even analysis: Annual net profit
+ = savings – expenses

→ cost = revenue – depreciation (sinking fund)

1
 Annuity:
2 RP =
+ RR (1 + ) − 1 where:

→ F=A F → future worth

P → principal or present worth
2 Depreciation A → periodic payment
+ (1 + ) − 1 i → interest rate per payment
→ BV = FC − D P=A n → no. of interest periods
2 (1 + ) n’ → no. of payments

 Straight-Line: CALTECH:
Differential Calculus FC − SV Mode 3 2  Perpetuity:
x y
d= (time) (BV)
A
Curvature: Radius of curvature: n P= = F(1 + )
0 FC
y" D = d(m) n SV where:
k= [1 + (y′) ] C → capitalized cost
ρ=  Capitalized Cost: FC → first cost
[1 + (y′) ] "  Sinking Fund: where:
FC → first cost OM RC − SV OM → annual operation
or maintenance cost
Maxima & Minima (Critical Points): (1 + i) − 1 SV → salvage cost C = FC + + RC → replacement cost
d = (FC − SV) d → depreciation (1 + ) − 1 SV → salvage cost
per year
AC → annual cost
=y =0 (+) minima
(1 + i) − 1
n → economic life
m → any year before n
AC = C ∙
(-) maxima D =d BVm → book value (RC − SV)
Point of inflection:
after m years
Dm → total depreciation AC = FC ∙ + OM +
 Sum-of-the-Years-Digit (SYD):
(1 + i) − 1

=y =0 " n−m+1 CALTECH:  Single-payment-compound-amount factor:

d = (FC − SV) Mode 3 3
∑ years x y (F/P, , n) = (1 + )
∑ x (time)
0
(BV)
FC  Single-payment-present-worth factor:
Integral Calculus-The Cardioid D = (FC − SV)
∑ x n
n+1
SV
SV
(P/F, , n) = (1 + )
A = 1.5πa  Equal-payment-series-compound-amount factor:
 Declining Balance (Matheson):
P = 8a BV = FC(1 − k) CALTECH: (1 + ) − 1
Mode 3 6 (F/A, , n) =
r = a(1 − sin θ) r = a(1 − cos θ) SV = FC(1 − k) k → obtained x y
(time) (BV)
r = a(1 + sin θ) r = a(1 + cos θ) D = FC − BV 0 FC  Equal-payment-sinking-fund factor:
n SV

 Double Declining Balance:

(1 + ) − 1
(A/F, , n) =
BV = FC(1 − k)
k = 2/n k → obtained  Equal-payment-series-present-worth factor:

D = FC − BV (1 + ) − 1
where: (P/A, , n) =
FC → first cost (1 + )
 Service Output Method: SV → salvage cost
FC − SV d → depreciation per year
Qn → qty produced during
 Equal-payment-series-capital-recovery factor:
d=
Q economic life
Qm → qty produced during
(1 + ) − 1
up to m year
(A/P, , n) =
D = dQ Dm → total depreciation
(1 + )
Statistics Fractiles Transportation Engineering Traffic Accident Analysis
Measure of Natural Tendency  Range Design of Horizontal Curve  Accident rate for 100 million
= − vehicles per miles of travel in a
 Mean, x, µ → average
 Minimum radius of curvature segment of a highway:
→ Mode Stat 1-var  Coefficient of Range
→ Shift Mode ▼ Stat Frequency? on − v A (100,000,000)
= R= R=
→ Input + g(e + f) ADT ∙ N ∙ 365 ∙ L
→ AC Shift 1 var x R → minimum radius of curvature
A → no. of accidents during period of analysis
 Quartiles e → superelevation
f → coeff. of side friction or ADT → average daily traffic
 Median, Me → middle no. when n is even
skid resistance N → time period in years
n+1 Q = n Q = n Q = n v → design speed in m/s L → length of segment in miles
M = g → 9.82 m/s2
2
 Accident rate per million entering
1 n n when n is odd  Centrifugal ratio or impact factor
M = + +1 vehicles in an intersection:
2 2 2 1 1 1
v
Q =
4
(n + 1) ; Q = (n + 1) ; Q = (n + 1)
4 4 Impact factor = A (1,000,000)
 Mode, Mo → most frequent gR R=
 Interquartile Range, IQR
ADT ∙ N ∙ 365
R → minimum radius of curvature
Standard Deviation A → no. of accidents during period of analysis
= − v → design speed in m/s
ADT → average daily traffic entering all legs
 Population standard deviation = Q3 − Q1 g → 9.82 m/s2
N → time period in years
→ Mode Stat 1-var Power to move a vehicle
 Coefficient of IQR  Severity ratio, SR:
→ Shift Mode ▼ Stat Frequency? on P = vR
−
→ Input = P → power needed to move vehicle in watts f∙i
+ SR =
→ AC Shift 1 var σx v → velocity of vehicle in m/s
Q − Q1 f∙i∙p
= 3 R → sum of diff. resistances in N

 Sample standard deviation

Q3 + Q1 f → fatal
Design of Pavement i → injury
→ Mode Stat 1-var  Quartile Deviation (semi-IQR) = IQR/2 p → property damage
→ Shift Mode ▼ Stat Frequency? on  Rigid pavement without dowels
→ Input  Outlier  Spacing mean speed, US:
→ AC Shift 1 var x
→ extremely high or low data higher than 3W ∑d n
or lower than the following limits: t= U = =
f ∑t ∑ 1
NOTE:
Q − 1.5IQR > x
If not specified whether population/sample U
in a given problem, look for POPULATION. Q + 1.5IQR < x  Rigid pavement with dowels
Coefficient of Linear Correlation  Time mean speed, Ut:
or Pearson’s r
 Decile or Percentile 3W 3W
m t= t= d
i = (n) 2f 4f ∑
∑U
→ Mode Stat A+Bx
10 or 100 U = t=
→ Input (at the edge) (at the center) n n
→ AC Shift 1 Reg r t → thickness of pavement Ʃd → sum of distance traveled by all vehicles
Normal Distribution W → wheel load Ʃt → sum of time traveled by all vehicles
NOTE: f → allow tensile stress of concrete Ʃu1 → sum of all spot speed
-1 ≤ r ≤ +1; otherwise erroneous 1/Ʃu1 → reciprocal of sum of all spot speed
 Flexible pavement n → no. of vehicles
 Population standard deviation
W  Rate of flow:
Variance
 Z-score or t= −r
standard score → Mode Stat f q = kU
 standard deviation = σ
or variate → AC Shift 1 Distr f1 → allow bearing pressure of subgrade → rate of flow in vehicles/hour
 variance = σ2 r → radius of circular area of contact
left of z → P( → density in vehicles/km
x−µ between wheel load & pavement
 relative variability = σ/x z= right of z → R(
uS → space mean speed in kph
σ
Mean/Average Deviation bet. z & axis → Q(  Thickness of pavement in terms  Minimum time headway (hrs)
x → no. of observations
µ → mean value, x → Input of expansion pressure = 1/q
 Mean/average value σ → standard deviation expansion pressure
t=  Spacing of vehicles (km)
1 pavement density
= 1/k
mv = f(x)dx Exponential Distribution
b−a  Stiffness factor of pavement
 Peak hour factor (PHF)
P(x ≥ a) = e = q/qmax
 Mean value
P(x ≤ a) = 1 − e
E s

SF =
1 P(a ≤ x ≤ b) = e −e E
RMS = f(x) dx ES → modulus of elasticity of subgrade
b−a EP→ modulus of elasticity of pavement

Discrete Probability Distributions Walli’s Formula

 Binomial Probability Distribution [(m − 1)(m − 3)(m − 5) … (1 or 2)][(n − 1)(n − 3)(n − 5) … (1 or 2)]
P(x) = C(n, x) p q cos θ sin θ dθ = ∙α
(m + n)(m + n − 2)(m + n − 4) … (1 or 2)
where:
p → success NOTE:
q → failure
α = π/2 for m and n are both even
 Geometric Probability Distribution α =1 otherwise

P(x) = p(q ) Tip to remember:

Fibonacci Numbers
 Poisson Probability Distribution − −1=0

µ e 1 1 + √5 1 − √5 Mode Eqn 5
P(x) = a = −
x! √5 2 2 =
1 ± √5
2

Period, Amplitude & Frequency

θ
Period (T) → interval over which the graph of θ
function repeats
Amplitude (A) → greatest distance of any point
−
on the graph from a horizontal line which passes θ
halfway between the maximum & minimum
values of the function
Frequency ( ) → no. of repetitions/cycles per unit
of time or 1/T

Function Period Amplitude

y = A sin (Bx + C) 2π/B A
y = A cos (Bx + C) 2π/B A
y = A tan (Bx + C) π/B A