EAPP REVIEWER

ACADEMIC TEXT

- is defined as critical, objective, specialized written texts written by experts or

NON - ACADEMIC TEXT

- is the type of text which is personal, emotional, impressionistic or subjective in nature

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ACADEMIC TEXT

AUDIENCE

- scholarly audience (professionals, students)

PURPOSE

- to present facts

STYLE

- objective/factual

LANGUAGE

- formal

CITATION

- with references

SOURCE

- experts/professionals

CHARACTERISTICS OF A NON-ACADEMIC TEXT

AUDIENCE

- general public

PURPOSE

- to persuade, entertain
STYLE

- personal, impressionistic

LANGUAGE

- informal

CITATION

- without references

SOURCE

- anyone

DIFFERENT LANGUAGES USED IN ACADEMIC TEXTS FROM VARIOUS DISCIPLINES

OBJECTIVE

- focuses on the information, not on the writer's feelings

FORMAL

- avoids colloquial, conversational english

CAUTIOUS

- avoids making generalization or an absolute idea

PRECISE

- specifies information and uses more concrete details

ACCURATE

- uses grammatical constructions and approriate words

SPECIALIZED

- uses words that have special meaning in a particular field

THE LANGUAGE USES IN ACADEMIC TEXTS FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS MAY ALSO BE
DIFFERENTIATED AS WORDS USED MAY VARY FROM DISCIPLINE TO THE NEXT. SUCH SET OF
VOCABULARY USED IN SPECIFIC DISCIPLINE IS CALLED SPECIALIZED VOCABULARY OR
JARGONS. THESE JARGONS MAY BE CLASSIFIED AS A TYPE OF LANGUAGE DEPENDING ON
THE DISCIPLINE THAT THEY ARE USED.

MEDICAL LANGUAGE - is used to describe components and processes of the human body,
medical procedures, diseases, disorders and pharmacology, it is a vocabulary used by
medical professionals used to describe the human body, what it does and prescribes the
medications to be used

LEGAL LANGUAGE - covers terminology relating to crime and criminal justice processes as
well as civil administrative terminology pertinent to the field

CORPORATE BUSINESS LANGUAGE - language used in business such as in commerce,

LITERARY LANGUAGE - a collection of words used in literature subject

SCIENTIFIC LANGUAGE - a college of words used by scientists in science

TEXT STRUCTURES

DESCRIPTION

- the author explains a topic, idea, person, place or thing by listing characteristics, features
and examples

- the focus is on one thing and its components

SEQUENCE

- the author lists items or events in numerical or chronological order

- it describes the order of events or how to do something

COMPARE AND CONTRAST

- the author explains how two or more things are alike and/or how they are different

CAUSE AND EFFECT

- the author lists one or more causes or events and the resulting consequences of the
effects

CAUSE - what made it happen?

- purpose is to explain why or something happened, exists or works

- there will always be a if/then pattern

PROBLEM AND SOLUTION

- the author states a problem and lists one or more possible solutions to the problem

- may also include the pros and cons of the solutions

DEFINITION

- provides meaning to a certain concept through other rhetorical questions

CLASSIFICATION

- is an organizational structure in which writers sort items or ideas into categories according
to commonalities

GRPAHIC ORGANIZERS FOR DIFFERENT TEXT STRUCTURES

DESCRIPTION

- concept map

SEQUENCE

- timeline

- steps/directions

- cycle/circle

COMPARE AND CONTRAST

- venn diagram

- t-chart

PROBLEM AND SOLUTION

- fishbone diagram

SUMMARIZING
BUCKLEY (2004)

- summarizing is reducing text to one-third or one quarter its original size, clearly
articulating the authors meaning and retaining ideas

DIANE HACKER (2008)

- summarizing involves stating a work's thesis and main ideas "simply, briefly and
accurately"

DICTIONARIES

- summarizing is taking a lot of information and creating a condensed version that covers
the main points and to express the most important facts or ideas about something or
someone in a short and clear form

SUMMARIZING KEY CONCEPTS

- REDUCING TEXT

- THESIS

- CLEARLY ARTICULATING

- MAIN IDEAS

- SHORT AND CLEAR FORM

- MOST IMPORTANCT FACTS AND IDEAS

- CONDENSED VERSION

- SIMPLE, BRIEF AND ACCURATE

CONCEPTS IN SUMMARIZING

- read the work first to read the author's intent (inaccurate summary is plagiarism)

- present information through facts, skills, and concept in visual formats (use flow charts or
infographics)

- to avoid difficulty, identify the main points and the supporting details (exclude any
illustrations, examples or explanations)

- analyze the text to save time in thinking on what you will do

- restates the words into different ones (retain the information)

- wilfully understand the document so you can organize the ideas

- write down all the information in a coherent and precise form

- represent information through using dimensional constructions in representing concepts,

- paraphrase is one of the skills you can do in summarizing (do not use the same words as the
author)

SUMMARIZING TECHNIQUES

SOMEBODY WANTED BUT SO THEN

- somebody, who is the story about?

- wanted, what does the main character want?

- but, identify a problem that the main character encountered

- so, how does the main character solve the problem?

- then, tell how does the story end

SAAC METHOD

- state, name of the article, book or story

- assign, the name of the author

- action, what is the author doing

- complete, complete the sentence or summary with keywords and important details

5W'S?

- who is the story about?

- what did they do?

- when did the action take place?

- why did the main character do what he/she did?

- how did the main character do what he/she did?

FIRST, THEN, FINALLY

- first, what happened first? (include the main character and event)

- then, what key details took place during the event or action?

- finally, what were the results of the event or action?

GIVE ME THE GIST

- knowing what the story is about and knowing the summary, not retelling the story with
every detail

WHEN IS SUMMARIZING USEFUL

- to support an argument

- provide's context for a thesis paper

- write literature reviews

ABSTRACT

- is an outline or a brief summary of a paper, large document, study, presentation

WHEN DO PEOPLE WRITES ABSTRACTS?

- submitting articles to journals

- applying for research grants

- writing a book proposal

- completing the Ph.D dissertation

- writing proposal for conference paper

- writing proposal for a book

PURPOSE OF ABSTRACT

- helps the reader to decide whether to read the text or not

- summarizing the finding of the text

- help scholars find your article

QUALITIES OF AN ABSTRACT

- sufficient information

- short

- understandable

- self contained

- exact

- quantitative and qualitative information

- one or more well developed paragraphs

- 50-300 words

- stands alone

- includes the major elements of the large text

- in order

- no new information

KEY ELEMENTS

- reason for writing, what the author did?

- problem
- methodology, how did the author did it?

- results, what the author found

- implications, what the author concluded

TYPES OF ABSTRACT

DESCRIPTIVE

- used for humanities and social science papers or psychology essays

- describes the major points of the project of the reader

- 50-100 words

INFORMATIVE

- used for sciences engineering

- about 200 words

STRUCTURE OF AN ABSTRACT

DESCRIPTIVE

- topic (background)

- research question (purpose)

- particular interest/focus of paper

- overview of contents

INFORMATIVE

- topic (background)

- research questions (aim or purpose of the research)

- methods used

- results/findings
- conclusion

STEPS IN WRITING AN ABSTRACT

- read over your paper and identify the key points of each section

- re-read of each section and shrink the information in each down to 1-2 sentences

- ensure you have written one to two sentences for each of the key points outlined above

- connect the ideas appropriately

- add and remove texts as needed

- check the world length and further reduce your words if necessary by cutting out
unnecessary words or rewriting some of the sentences into a single idea

- revise and edit for the flow of expression

- proofread

DO'S IN MAKING AN ABSTRACT

- avoid repeating information from the title

- be specific

- if many results, only present the most important

- mention only the major implications

- relate back to your purpose and research question

THESIS STATEMENT

- is the main idea or main point of an informational or argumentative text

- serves as a roadmap of the text you are reading

- provides direction or purpose to the text, it can be expressed anywhere in the selection or
passage you are reading
KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF THESIS STATEMENT

ARGUABLE

- it should be debatable

SPECIFIC

- it should be focused and on the point

SUPPORTABLE

- it should be supported with facts, details, evidence

OUTLINING

- is an organizational skill that will develop your ability to think in a clear and logical manner

- helps you synthesize the most important information in a paragraph or essay

- is a quick check on whether the paragraph or essay is unified, well organized and well
supported

RULES OF OUTLINING

ARRANGEMENT

- whether sentence or topic it is divided into points and subpoints

COORDINATION

- points of equal importance should be coordinated, given an equal and parallel ranking

PARALLELISM

- if I. is a pronoun so should II. be also a pronoun and if A. is an adjective so should B.

CONSISTENCY

- in a topic outline all points and subpoints must be words, phrases or clauses and in a
sentence outline all points should be sentences

NUMBERING AND LETTERING

- periods not dashes should be used

- capitalize the first word of every point and subpoint

PUNCTUATION

- use a period after each number or letter indicating a point, do not use a period if it's not a
sentence

INDENTATION

- indent equally headings of the same rank

FACT AND OPINION

FACT

DEFINITION OF FACT

- a fact that is a true statement

QUALITIES

- has proof or evidence

- can be observed

OPINION

DEFINITION OF OPINION

- a statement that shows what a person thinks, feels, believes

QUALITIES OF A CLAIM

- has a personal belief or claim

- can't be proved

CITIING SOURCES

CITATION
- is the way you tell your readers that certain materials in your work came from another
source

AIMS OF CITING SOURCES

- to promote scholarly work

- to help readers find the source again by presenting the title of the work and the
information about the author

- to acknowledge or give credits to a source

IN-TEXT CITATION

- is a brief form of the reference that you include in the body of your work

TYPES OF IN-TEXT CITATIONS

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA)

RULE

- author-date-citation, includes the author's last name, the year of publication and a page
number when available

EXAMPLE

- (Cawagdan, 2023, p.6)

MODERN LANGUAGE STYLE (MLA)

RULE

- author-page-citation, includes the author's last name and page number

EXAMPLE

- (Cawagdan 10)

NARRATIVE CITATION

RULE
- the author's name appears first in your sentence not in a parenthesis

EXAMPLE

APA STYLE

- Smith (2018) states that the treatment was highly effective (p.11).

MLA STYLE

- Smith states that the treatment was highly effective (11).

PARENTHETICAL CITATION

RULE

- the authors name appears first in the parentheses along with the rest of the information

APA STYLE

- The treatment proved highly effective (Smith, 2018, p.11).

MLA STYLE

- The treatment proved highly effective (Smith 11).

CRITICAL APPROACHES

- are perspectives, lenses, or points of view used in critiquing or reviewing a work

TYPES OF CRITICAL APPROACHES

FEMINIST APPROACH

- examines the work in light of women issues (subordination, abuses, violence, prejudices)
often depicted by women characters in the story

MARXIST APPROACH

- explores on the socio-economic issues in the work highlighting power imbalance within the
rich and the poor and authorities and the common men

HISTORICAL APPROACH
- focuses on connection of work to historical period in which it was written

BIOGRAPHICAL APPROACH

- looks at the author's life (his time, experiences, condition) and it's influences on the
meaning conveyed in the work

FORMALIST APPROACH

- examines a text by its organic form like it's theme, scene, narrative, image and symbol

PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH

- views literature as the expression of personality of inner devices of neurosis it includes the
psychology of the author, of the characters and even the psychology of creation

CULTURAL APPROACH

- concerns about society it's beliefs, values, tradtions, norms and how these are depicted in
the work

ARCHETYPAL APPROACH

- interprets a text by focusing on archetypes (symbols, images and character types) that give
the form and function of the text

READER RESPONSE APPROACH

- focuses on the readers arguments that a great deal of meaning of the text lies on how he
responds to it