iEAPP  In the sentences of academic texts must

show a level of complexity that reflects

sophistication of academic writer.
Academic & Creative Writing
Formality
Creative writing
 Reflects the dignified standpoint of your
 Aims to entertain, an academic text aims to writing as a member of the academic
inform, to argue a specific point, and to community.
persuade.
Formality can be achieved through the following
Academic writing ways:
 Reading material that provides information - Avoiding colloquial words and expression
which include concepts and theories that such as stuff, a lot , thing.
are related to the specific discipline. - Avoiding contracted forms of modals such
Creative Academic as can’t, doesn’t, shouldn’t. instead, choose
their expanded forms such as cannot, does
 Novel  Essay
writing  Research not, should not.
 Short Stories paper - Avoiding two-word verb such as put off,
 Flash Fiction  Research bring up, look up. Instead, choose their
 Poetry proposal formal and one word counterpart such as
 Song lyrics  Thesis and postponed, mention, admire.
 Plays dissertation - Avoiding using abbreviated forms such as
 TV or Film  Lab report ASAP, c/o, dept. instead, choose their
script  Literature expanded terms such as as soon as
 Memoirs review possible, care of, department.
 Annotated
bibliography Objectivity
5 Important Features of language used in  In academic writing requires an impersonal
academic texts: manner. The writer must distance himself
EXPLICITNESS from the discussion by being impartial and
factual.
 allows readers to trace how the various
parts of the text are related. This can be Objectivity can be achieved through the
achieved by the use of signaling words. following:

CAUTION - Avoid the use of personal pronouns such as

you, I and we. Instead, refer to the person
generalizations. Academic texts provide as to their profession or role.
- Avoid emotive language that shows biases
 to avoid making requires a writer to
and lessens objectivity
knowledge build from proven theories and
concepts. You must not include statements Grammar Check
which are incorrect and misleading.

Adjective
: Bought a beautiful dress at the mall
STRUCTURE
Interjection - Information is organized in order of time.
Chrono = time, Logic = order
: Yikes! I’m late for class
Example
Conjunction
; Jack and Jill ran up the hill to fetch a pail
: Andy knocked on the door but nobody
of water.
answered
; Jack fell down and broke his crown.
; Jill came tumbling after.
Text Structure
ALL stories are told chronologically
- How information in a passage is organized
- Present main ideas, supporting details,
cause and effects, and different views on
the topic
Structure
- Is a building or framework

Cause and Effect

WHY IS TEXT STRUCTURE IMPORTANT?
An action and its results are explained.
- Good readers use the structure of the text
to help them find specific information. Cause

- When readers do not have a strong Students did not learn the material.
knowledge of a text, they depend more on Effect
the structure. A well-written text guides the
reader through the content. They performed poorly on the test.
•Don't confuse with chronological.
- Remember: It's not just about identifying
the text structure! The main point is to use •Won't have a beginning, middle, and end.
the text structure to build meaning.
•Time won't progress much.
Signal Words for Cause: for, because, since, as,
to result from, to be result of, due to, because of,
COMMON 6 PATTERNS the effect of, the sequence of, as a result of, as a
consequence of
 Chronological
 Cause and Effect -Signal Words for Effect: as a result, as a
 Compare and Contrast consequence, therefore, thus, consequently,
 Problem and Solution hence, so, to result in, to cause, to have an effect,
 Sequence / Process to affect, the cause of, the reason for, thereby
 Spatial / Descriptive
CHRONOLOGICAL Compare and Contrast
Tells how two things are similar and different. characteristics are, for instance, furthermore,
near, besides, to illustrate, in addition etc.
Apples & Oranges VARIOUS TECHNIQUES IN SUMMARIZING
A VARIETY OF TEXTS
True
Alike Different
 Use own words to write the summary.
1. People don't eat orange skins.
1. Both are fruits.  Cover main points and key ideas.
2. Oranges have more juice.  Erase repetitive ideas.
2. Both have skin.
 A summary should be a paragraph long.
SIGNAL WORDS: False
Same as, Similar, Alike, As well as, Not  Include trivial details in the summary.
only...but also, Both, Instead of, Either...or, On  A summary should be a word or two.
the other hand, Different from, As opposed to  One's summary may contain one's opinion
of the text.
 Examples should be written in summary.
Problem and Solution  Vagueness is acceptable in summary.

A problem and answer are suggested. SUMMARIZING

Problem  Reducing text to one-third or one- quarter

its original size
Property is being spray painted.
 Stating a work's thesis and main ideas
Solution simply, briefly and accurately
 Taking a lot of information that covers the
Require a license to buy spray paint. main points
•Don't confuse with cause and effect. It is  Main ideas
presented as a PROBLEM.  Clearly articulating
 Reducing Text
Signal Words:  Short and clear form
Question is... Dilemma is... Puzzle is... To solve  Thesis
this...One answer is... One reason for the  Most important facts or ideas
problem is..  Simple, brief, accurate
DESCRIPTION TECHNIQUES IN SUMMARIZING TEXTS
-This is used to tell what something is, to present 1. Read the work first to understand the author's
an item's attributes or properties, to show what intent.
an item or place is like
INACCURATE SUMMARY IS PLAGIARISM
-We can use descriptive adjectives to help us
2. Present information through facts, skills, and
visualize the topic
concept in visual formats.
SIGNAL WORDS:
Use flow charts or infographics
tastes like, looks like, sounds like, smells like,
3. To avoid difficulty, you need first to know the
feels like, examples are, in front of, about,
main points and the supporting details.
Exclude any illustrations, examples or
explanations
4. Analyze the text to save time in thinking what
you will do.
5. Think what information you will put in your
summary.
Cover the main points, and arguments of the
document.
6. Restate the words into different one.
Retain the information
7. Paraphrasing is one of the skills you can do in
writing summary.
Do not use the same words with the author.
SUMMARIZING TECHNIQUES
1. Somebody Wanted But So Then
2. SAAC Method
3.5 W' s, 1H
4. First, Then, Finally
5. Give me the Best
Outlining Reading Texts in Various Disciplines •Write down first anything that comes to your
mind about the advantages or disadvantages of
 BE ORGANIZED.
ICT.
 Indeed, this is true to every individual.
In every task that you do, whatever
activity it is, be it at home, in school, or
THIS MAY BE DONE IN RANDOM.
anywhere, organization of ideas is a
requirement. 1. It is easy and convenient.
TWO TYPES OF OUTLINING 2. You can get information fast.
 Topic outline 3. It is up to date and relevant.
 Sentence outline
4. It gives you the recent facts.
TOPIC OUTLINE
5. ICT can make you seem anti- social.
- a systematic arrangement that consists of
words and short phrases. It is useful when A. OUTLINING TO TEST ORGANIZATION
you want to arrange your ideas - An outline serves as a skeletal view of your
hierarchically to show which are the main paper. You can clearly see at one glance if
points and which are the sub-points. everything that you are saying in your outline
A FORMAL OUTLINE HAS FOUR USES: fall into proper places.

1. It helps a writer to clarify his or her purpose; B. OUTLINING TO TEST ORGANIZATION

2. It offers a convenient way of testing the - Your outline leads you to your beginning
proposed organization of an essay; strategy, then, to the development of the topic,
and lastly, to your conclusion.
3. It serves as a means of communication in
itself; C. OUTLINING AS COMPLETE
ORGANIZATION
4. It may be used as an aid to efficient reading.
- Sometimes you get across essay questions that
A. OUTLINING TO CLARIFY ONE’S ask you to enumerate facts, to list down
PURPOSE processes, or to summarize a story. In these
instances, you are asked to present your answer
- An outline is similar to a plan. First, you list
in outline form.
down the things that you want to do, making
sense that you do not miss anything in doing so. - When you read an article, making an outline of
Then, you execute your plan. what you read gives you the chance to break
down the thoughts of the author; and hence, get
- in writing a story, you may list down first the
a clearer view of what he or she is trying to say.
essential data that you want to include in your
story. Outlines help you to better understand the
material you are reading and allow you to better
EXAMPLE:
remember the things that you have read. You can
•Supposed that you are tasked to write about the even use them as study guides.
advantages and disadvantages of modernization,
A reading outline is highly structured. Tiongson
particularly the advent of the Information and
and Rodriguez (2016) suggested the following
Communications Technology (ICT).
steps that you can follow in creating a reading
outline:
1. Read the entire text first. Skim the text COMMON LITERARY CRITICISMS
forward. Having an overview of the reading's
FORMALIST CRITICISM
content will help you follow its structure.
-regards the subject as a unique form of human
2. Locate the main idea or thesis of the whole
knowledge that needs to be examine on its own
essay.
terms
•Look at the title of the text.
-focus your analysis on the formal feature of the
•Look for heading, if any. subject not on the profile of the creator.
•Look for information that answers the question, BIOGRAPHICAL CRITICISM
"What is the text talking about?"
-It asserts that a work of art is done by a person
3. Look for key phrase in each paragraph of the and understanding his/her life would be helpful
essay. to understand the work itself. By looking into
the biography of the creator, you understand
4. Locate the topic sentence of each paragraph of
how his/her life shaped and influenced the work
the essay
of art.
5. To logically organize information, the
HISTORICAL CRITICISM
contents of the reading are arranged according to
levels. A level refers to the number of ranks in -It involves understanding the subject by using
the hierarchy of information in the reading. an analysis of social, cultural and intellectual
Provide a general name for each group of topic context surrounding the work of art. In writing a
sentences. historical criticism or review, you need to relate
how the time and place of creation affected the
These will be the main divisions of your outline,
meaning of the subject.
or the first level. Label these with a Roman
numeral. The topic sentences will be the GENDER CRITICISM
subtopics, or the second level. Label these with
-It examines how sexual identity influences the
capital letters.
creation and reception of the subject. Feminist
critics carefully examine how the images of men
and women reflect or reject the social forces that
CRITICAL APPROACHES
have historically kept the sexes from achieving
In Writing a Critique total quality.

A CRITIQUE is a genre of academic writing that PSYCHOLOGICAL CRITICISM

briefly summarizes and critically evaluates a
-focuses on the human being's unconscious
work or concept. Critiques can be used to
mind, regrets fears, hidden desire, sexuality and
carefully analyze a variety of work such as:
repression.
novels, film, exhibits Images, poetry.
SOCIOLOGICAL CRITICISM
Your critiques, however, should be based not
only on your personal perspective but should be -This criticism considers the cultural, economic
grounded on actual observations. and political context in which the subject is
created. It explores the relationship between the
The main purpose of an evaluation is to assess
subject and the creator.
the usefulness or impact of a work in a particular
field.
The body should explain the summary and
evaluation of the subject applying the different
approaches.
The conclusion should provide statement of the
overall evaluation, summary of key reasons and
give recommendation for improvement of the
work.
The Introductory part should contain
(a) the name of the work being reviewed, the
date and the creator;
(b) describe the main argument or purpose of
the work;
(c) explain the context in which works is
created;
(d) have concluding sentence that signposts
what your evaluation of the work will be
(positive, negative or mixed evaluation).