LAB No 05

LAB # 05 Analog and Digital Communication
Experiment No 05
Amplitude Modulation
Apparatus:
 Laptop with MATLAB Software
 DSB / SSB AM Transmitter Trainer (ST 2201)
Theory
Amplitude modulation is a modulation technique used in electronic communication, most
commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. In amplitude modulation, the
amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to that of the message signal being
transmitted.
 The modulation of a wave by varying its amplitude, used especially as a means of

broadcasting an audio signal by combining it with a radio carrier wave.
In amplitude modulation, the message signal m (t) is impressed on the amplitude of the carrier
signal c (t) = Ac cos (2nfct). This results in a sinusoidal signal whose amplitude is a function of
the message signal m (t). There are several different ways of amplitude modulating the carrier
signal by m (t); each results in different spectral characteristics for the transmitted signal.
(a) Double sideband suppressed-carrier (DSB-SC) AM,
(b) Conventional double-sideband AM,
(c) Single-sideband (SSB) AM,
(d) Vestigial-sideband (VSB) AM.
The equations for the simple example of a single tone used for modulation can be expanded to
show how the signal will appear of a typical sound consisting of many frequencies is used to
modulate the carrier.
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Amplitude modulation
It is possible to look at the theory of the generation of an amplitude modulated signal in four
steps:
1. Carrier signal
2. Modulating signal
3. Overall modulated signal for a single tone
4. Expansion to cover a typical audio signal
These steps will be covered in greater details below:
1. Carrier signal equations

Looking at the theory, it is possible to describe the carrier in terms of a sine wave as follows:
C (t)=C sin(ωc + φ)C (t)=C sin(ωc+ φ)

Where:
 carrier frequency in Hertz is equal to ωC / 2 π
 C is the carrier amplitude
 φ is the phase of the signal at the start of the reference time
Both C and φ can be omitted to simplify the equation by changing C to "1" and φ to "0".
2. Modulating signal equations

The modulating waveform can either be a single tone. This can be represented by a cosine
waveform, or the modulating waveform could be a wide variety of frequencies - these can be
represented by a series of cosine waveforms added together in a linear fashion.
For the initial look at how the signal is formed, it is easiest to look at the equation for a
simple single tone waveform and then expand the concept to cover the more normal case.
Take a single tone waveform:
m(t)=M sin (ωm+φ)m(t)=M sin(ωm+ φ)

Where:
 modulating signal frequency in Hertz is equal to ωm / 2 π
 M is the carrier amplitude
 φ is the phase of the signal at the start of the reference time
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Both C and φ can be omitted to simplify the equation by changing C to "1" and φ to "0".It is
worth noting that normally the modulating signal frequency is well below that of the carrier
frequency.
3. Overall modulated signal for a single tone

The equation for the overall modulated signal is obtained by multiplying the carrier and the
modulating signal together.
y (t )=[ A+m(t )]. c (t )

The constant A is required as it represents the amplitude of the waveform.
Substituting in the individual relationships for the carrier and modulating signal, the
overall signal becomes:
y (t )=¿
The trigonometry can then be expanded out to give an equation that includes the
components of the signal:
M M
y ( t ) =A . sin ( ωct )+ A ∗[ sin ( ( ωc+ ωm ) t +φ ) ] + A ∗[sin((ωc−ωm)t−φ)]
2 2
In this theory, three terms can be seen which represent the carrier, and upper and lower
sidebands:
Carrier: A . sin(ωc t)
Upper sideband: A . M /2¿
Lower sideband: A . M /2¿

Note also that the sidebands are separated from the carrier by a frequency equal to that of the
tone.
Spectrum (sidebands) arising from carrier modulated by 1 kHz tone
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It can be seen that for a case where there is 100% modulation, i.e. M = 1, and where the carrier is
not suppressed, i.e. A = 1, then the sidebands have half the value of the carrier, i.e. a quarter of
the power each.
Amplitude Modulation Code
Work Space
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Output Waveforms
Simulation:
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Outputs:
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Lab Work:
Fig 5.1: Apparatus
Fig 5.2: Trainer
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Fig 5.3: Waveform of base Signal
Fig 5.4: Waveform of carrier Signal (High Frequency)
Fig 5.5: Waveform of Modulated Signal
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LAB # 05 Analog and Digital Communication

 The modulation of a wave by varying its amplitude, used especially as a means of

(a) Double sideband suppressed-carrier (DSB-SC) AM,

(b) Conventional double-sideband AM,

(c) Single-sideband (SSB) AM,

(d) Vestigial-sideband (VSB) AM.

These steps will be covered in greater details below:

1. Carrier signal equations

C (t)=C sin(ωc + φ)C (t)=C sin(ωc+ φ)

2. Modulating signal equations

m(t)=M sin (ωm+φ)m(t)=M sin(ωm+ φ)

3. Overall modulated signal for a single tone

y (t )=[ A+m(t )]. c (t )

Upper sideband: A . M /2¿

Lower sideband: A . M /2¿

Spectrum (sidebands) arising from carrier modulated by 1 kHz tone

Amplitude Modulation Code

Fig 5.1: Apparatus

Fig 5.2: Trainer

Fig 5.3: Waveform of base Signal

Fig 5.4: Waveform of carrier Signal (High Frequency)

Fig 5.5: Waveform of Modulated Signal

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