Mod C A C M 4 C M
Mod C A C M 4 C M
Mod C A C M 4 C M
St.Josephs College of Engineering, Chennai 119 Branch: M.Sc (C.T) Subject :Principles Of Data Communication Question bank PART A UNIT - I 1. Explain AM wave with its expression. AM wave: Emod = Ecm Sine wct+maEcm/2Cos (wc+wm) t m4Ecm/2cos (wc+wm)t There are three components in the AM wave. They are carrier component corresponding to the frequency fc. Upper sideband corresponding to the frequency fc+fm, lower sideband corresponding to the frequency fc+fm. 2. Differentiate phase and frequency deviation. The maximum value attained by (t), that is the maximum phase deviation of the total angle from the carrier angle ct, is called the phase deviation. Similarly the maximum departure of the instantaneous frequency from the carrier frequency is called frequency deviation. 3. State Carsons rule. The bandwidth is twice the sum of the maximum frequency deviation and the modulating frequency. This rule for bandwidth is called Carsons Rule. 4. Give the FM wave with its expression. Emod = Ecm Sine (wct+maSin wmt) 5. What is multipath fading? Multipath fading occurs when a transmitted signal divides and takes more than one path to a receiver and some of the signals arrive out of phase, resulting in a weak or fading signal. 6. Define AM. If a baseband signal m1 (t) introduces one spectrum of components into the modulated signal and second signal m2 (t) introduces a second spectrum, the application of the sum m1 (t) + m2 (t) will introduce a spectrum which is the sum of the spectra separately introduced. All these systems are referred as Amplitude Modulation. 7. Distinguish between delta modulation and adaptive delta modulation In delta modulation the difference signal (t) is encoded into just a single bit. The single bit, providing for just two possibilities, is used to increase or decrease the estimate m (t). In Adaptive Delta modulation, when slope overload occurs the step size becomes progressively larger, thereby allowing m (t) to catch up and m (t) more rapidly. Semester Code : IV : XCS 244
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8. Define DSB DC. If we require the product signal alone, we must take steps to cancel or suppress the carrier. Such suppression may be achieved by adding to the amplitude-modulated signal, a signal of carrier frequency equal in amplitude but opposite in phase to the carrier of the amplitude modulated signal. Under these circumstances only the sideband signals will remain. For this reason, a product signal is very commonly referred to as a double-sideband suppressed-carrier signal (DSB-DC). 9. Differentiate between commutator and decommutator The switching mechanism which performs the function of the switch at the right is called the decommutator. The switching mechanism which performs the function of switch at the left is called the commutator. 10. Define FM. When (t) is proportional to the modulating signal m(t) we use the designation phase modulation or PM. When the time derivative of (t) is proportional to m(t) we use the term frequency modulation. 11. What is meant by Foster Seeley Discriminator? The Foster-Seeley Discriminator is also known as the Phase-Shift Discriminator. It uses a double-tuned rf transformer to convert frequency variations in the received fm signal to amplitude variations. These amplitude variations are then rectified and filtered to provide a dc output voltage. This voltage varies in both amplitude and polarity as the input signal varies in frequency. 12. Define PAM. The trains of pulses corresponding to the samples of each signal are modulated in amplitude in accordance with the signal itself. This scheme of sampling is called pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). 13. What is the use of FM demodulator? The balanced FM demodulator can be used to remove the constant term RoAi Where Ai is the amplitude and all even harmonics, thereby reducing the distortion produced by the nonlinearity of the band pass filters. 14. What is meant by interleaving? With Vs where Sum signal Vs = Loud (L)+ Disturbance free (R), itself adjusted to produce a peak allowable frequency deviation, vd may be added without exceeding the allowable frequency deviation. This characteristic of the stereo system is called interleaving. 15. What do you mean by frequency multiplication? A frequency multiplier is a combination of a nonlinear element and a bandpass filter. The process of frequency multiplication performed by the multiplier is one in which a periodic signal of frequency f servers to generate a second periodic signal of frequency nf, with n an integer.
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16. What is meant by quantization? It is a process by which the sampled signals are rounded off to the nearest sampled value. 17. What are the advantages of SSB transmission? Two single side band communications systems can occupy the spectral range previously occupied by a single amplitude-modulation system or a double-sideband suppressed-carrier system. 18. What is meant by sampling? Let m (t) be a signal which is band limited such that its highest frequency spectral component is fm. If the signals are sampled at the sampling rate Ts 1/2fm, then the signals are reconstructed with minimal distortion. This is low pass sampling theorem. 19. State the Nyquist Rate. Ts >=2fm, where Ts is the sampling rate 20. What is meant by quantization error? The difference or error may be viewed as a noise due to the quantization process is called the quantization error. 21. Distinguish between high level and low level modulations. In low level modulation, the modulation is carried out at a low power level. In high level modulation is done at a high power level. In general, square law modulators are low level modulators and linear modulators are high level modulators. 22. What is meant by indirect method of FM generation? Armstrong method of FM generation is nothing but the indirect method of FM generation. Using this method PM signals can be generated, but FM signals can also be generated if the equalized audio are used. 23. What is the principle of synchronous detector? They are basically meant for detection incase of DSB/SC or SSB signals. They are of complicated nature because their operation depends on excat carrier synchronization. 24. What are the drawbacks of slope detector? i) Its inefficient. ii) Its linear only along a very limited frequency range. iii) It reaches to all amplitude changes. 25. List the methods of sampling. i) Ideal sampling (or) Instantaneous sampling ii) Natural sampling iii) Flat-top sampling. UNIT I PART - B
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1. Define AM and explain the principles of AM and obtain the frequency spectrum of AM wave. 2. What is single side band suppress carrier modulation? What are its advantages with respect to AM? 3. With an aid of a diagram explain how the phase discriminator demodulates FM signal 4. Explain the principles of AM modulation and derive for the instantaneous value for AM voltage and draw the frequency spectrum of AM wave. 5. Give the Armstrong method of frequency modulation. State sources of distortion in this method. 6. Draw the circuit of balanced modulator and show the waveform at various points. 7. Explain with neat diagram the working principle of ratio detector. 8. Explain with a suitable diagram the generation of PPM signal and explain how these signals are demodulated. 9. Explain a method of demodulating PAM wave with a neat diagram. 10. i) Explain the theory of reactance modulator. ii) Give the principle of producing PAM. UNIT - II PART A 1. Define spectrum of a signal. Spectrum is referred as a continuous spectrum because both the amplitude and phase gcf are defined for all frequency. 2. Define Entropy. The average information per message interval, represented by the symbol H, will then be HT total/L = p1 log21/p1+Pk log21/pk 3. Define Information Rate. If the source of the messages generates messages at the rate r messages per second, then the information rate is defined to be R rH = average number of bits of information/second. 4. Give some examples of Algebraic codes. Repeated codes, Hadamard codes, Hamming codes, extended codes, cyclic codes, The Golay code, and BCH code. 5. State the limitations of Viterbi Algorithm. The Viterbi truncation technique is sub optimum, we are choosing the minimum number of errors from among paths terminating at nodes a,b,c,d when K=L, such a comparison is not optimum since each node yields a distinct path and is then not comparable. An optimum system would make a decision only after receiving the entire messages. 6. Write an expression to estimate the capacity of a channel. The channel capacity of a white, band limited Gaussian channel is
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C= B log2(1+S/N) bits/sec Where B is the channel bandwidth, S the signal power, and N is the total noise within the channel bandwidth that is N = B, with /2 the power spectral density. 7. When two signals are said to be orthogonal? Signals Si(t) is defined as being orthogonal over the interval 0 to T having the property that 0 Ts1 (t) s2 (t) dt = 0 for ij 8. Compare and contrast between convolution codes and block codes. Convolution codes are generally more complicated than linear block codes, more difficult to implement, and have lower code rates (usually below 0.90), but have powerful error correcting capabilities. They are popular in satellite and deep space communications, where bandwidth is essentially unlimited, but the BER is much higher and retransmissions are infeasible. Block codes are very easy to implement in hardware, and since they are algebraically determined, they can be decoded in constant time. They have very high code rates, usually above 0.95. 9. When a code is said to be a cyclic code? When any cyclic shift of a code word produces another code word, then the code is said to be a cyclic code. 10. What are called Hamming codes? In Hamming codes, the minimum distance is always 3. Thus it can detect 2 errors and correct one error. n=2m-1, k = n - m, m>= 3 11. Why coding is necessary in the information theory? Coding is used for 1. Error detection and/or error correction (channel coding) 2. Ciphering (security) and compression (source coding) In coding extra bits are added or removed in data transmission 12. Mention few applications of Burst Error correction codes. Burst Error correction codes may be used in magnetic tape recording and playback because the spacing interval between head and tape is incorrect. It may also be used in radio transmission. 13. Explain RS code. RS (Reed Solomon) code works with k symbols that consist of m bits that are encoded to yield code words of n symbols. For these n = 2m-1 number of check symbols n- k = 2t,dmin = 2t+1 14. What is the unit of Entropy, channel capacity and information rate. Entropy average information per second Channel Capacity Bits per second Information Rate Average number of bits of information per second. 15. Define Viterbi algorithm.
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The algorithm may be summarized formally as: For each i,, i = 1, ... , n, let :
this initializes the probability calculations by taking the product of the initial hidden state probabilities with the associated observation probabilities. 16. State Shannons theorem. Shannons theorem states that the communication system will transmit information with an arbitrarily small probability of error provided that the information rate R is less than or equal to C, called the channel capacity 17. Give an example of a single parity-check Bit code. The single parity-check bit code is an example of a block code. In this case, the parity check is selected to satisfy the equation. a 1+ a2 + . ak +c1 = 0 18. Explain the process of block interleaving. Before the data stream is applied to the channel, the data goes through a process of interleaving and error correction coding. At the receiving end, the data is decoded i.e. the data bits are evaluated in a manner to take advantage of the error correcting and detecting features which result from the coding and the process of interleaving is undone. 19. Give the advantage of sequential decoding. With sequential decoding, the lengthy process of examining every branch of the 2k possible branches of the code tree in the course of decoding a single message bit is avoided. 20. Define cyclic code. A cyclic code has the property that a cyclic shift of one codeword of the code forms another codeword. 21. Explain the term fading. There are channels in which the level of the received signal power waxes and wines with time. In such fading channels, bursts of errors are likely to occur when the received power is low. 22. What is interleaving? A primary technique which is effective in overcoming error bursts, is interleaving.
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In hard decision decoding, an irrevocable decision is made about each individual bit, the entire code word id then assembled and this code word is then compared with each valid codeword. 24. Mention the significance of orthogonal signals. To improve the efficiency of communication channels coded signals are transmitted which consisted of 1 of M orthogonal signals. 25. List the three different representations of convolution codes. i) Code tree ii) State diagram iii) Trelliss diagram. UNIT II PART B 1. Describe any two commonly employed Algebraic codes. 2. Discuss on convolution coding and decoding. 3. What are called Hamming codes? Explain with example. 4. For a r=1/3 convolution encoder draw the Trellis diagram and explain. 5. Explain and relate the terms uncertainty, surprise and information 6. Derive the fundamental inequality Pk Log2 (qk/pk) <0 7. Express the information of a discrete source in terms of its probability. 8. Show that the mutual information I(x; y) = I(y;x) 9. Express mutual information in terms of self and conditional information 10. State Shannons theorem and explain in detail UNIT - III 1. Define Full Duplex transmission system. With Full duplex transmission, two stations can simultaneously send and receive data from each other. This mode is known as two-way simultaneous. 2. Define an analog signal. An analog signal is one in which the signal intensity varies in smooth fashion over time. 3. Differentiate between analog and digital transmission Analog transmission is a means of transmitting analog signals without regard to their content. Digital transmission is concerned with the content of the signal. 4. Define digital signal. It is one in which the signal intensity maintains a constant level for some period of time and then changes to another constant level.
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The signals are transmitted in only one direction. One is the sender and another is the receiver. 6. List out some most significant transmission impairments. a. Attenuation and attenuation distortion b. Delay distortion c. Noise 7. When does the delay distortion occur? Delay distortion occurs because of the velocity of the propagation of a signal through a guided medium varies with frequency. 8. What is meant by half duplex transmission system? With half duplex transmission, only one of the two stations on a point to point link may transmit at a time. This mode is also referred to as two ways alternate. 9. How will you differentiate matched filter and optimum filter? In optimum filter generalized Gaussian noise is considered. When the white Gaussian noise is considered, then the optimum filter is called matched filter. 10. Define channel capacity. The maximum rate at which data can be transmitted over a given communication path, or channel, under given conditions is referred to as the channel capacity. 11. When does the inter modulation noise occur? When signals at different frequencies share the same transmission medium, the result may be inter modulation noise. 12. What is burst error? A group of bits in which two successive erroneous bits are always separated by less than a given number x of correct bits. The last erroneous bit in the burst and the first erroneous bit in the following burst are accordingly separated by x correct bits or more. 13. Compare fibre optics and copper wire Copper cables have been used to carry electricity and electrical signals from one place to another for many years. Fibre Optic cables have been used to carry digital signals from A to B in the form of light. With copper cables larger size means less resistance and therefore more current, but with fibre the opposite is true. 14. State Nyquists law. C = 2B log 2 M Assumption: noiseless channel bits per second B= bandwidth M = number of encoding levels in the signal Binary signals can be reconstructed by taking 2W samples per second
A 5 kHz channel with binary signals can transmit at most 10,000 bps
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The limitations is due to the effect of inter symbol interference, such as is produced by delay distortion. 15. What is skin effect? Transmission loss that reduces the efficiency of the system during the transmission
16. Define Topology. The topology of a data link refers to the physical arrangement of stations on a transmission medium. If there are two stations the link is point to point. If there are more than two stations, then it is a multipoint topology. 17. What is meant by digital transmission? It is concerned with the content of the signal. It uses repeaters which recover the pattern of 0s and 1s and re-transmits. It can be used with analog signals if it carries digital data. Again it recovers the digital data from the analog signal and generates a new clean analog signal. 18. What is framing error? If the bit 7 is a 1 and bit 8 is a 0, bit 8 could be mistaken for a start bit. This condition is termed as framing error as the character plus start bit and stop element are sometimes referred to as a frame. 19. Differentiate between Error detection and error correction. Error detection is performed by calculating an error-detecting code that is a function of the bits being transmitted. The code is appended to the transmitted bits. The receiver calculates the code based on the incoming bits and compares it to the incoming code to check for errors. Error correction operates in a similar fashion to error detection but is capable of correcting certain errors in a transmitted bit stream. 20. Differentiate between CRC and parity check. Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC): It adds n bits to each block of k bits so that the n+k bits will be divisible by a predetermined number. Parity Check: Append a parity bit to the end of a block of data. 21. Define discrete signal. A discrete signal is one in which the signal intensity maintains a constant level foe some period of time and then changes to another constant level. 22. Define periodic signal. A periodic signal is in which the same signal pattern repeats over time, otherwise the signal is aperiodic. 23. Name the different modes of transmission. i) Synchronous mode of transmission. ii) Asynchronous mode of transmission. 24. What are the advantages of using asynchronous transmission over synchronous data transmission?
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No synchronization is needed. Simple and cheap. 25. What are the advantages of optical fibers? Enormous potential bandwidth. Small size and weight. Electrical isolation. Immunity to interface and crosstalk. Signal security Low transmission loss UNIT III PART B 1. What are the advantages of multipoint connections over point to point connections? 2. List and explain the categories of topology with advantages and disadvantages. 3. i) Distinguish between synchronous and asynchronous transmission ii) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of optical fibers. 4. Explain the various transmission impairments. 5. State the reasons for burst errors and explain the techniques to overcome burst errors. 6. i) Compare the two methods of serial transmission and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each. ii) List and explain the categories of guided medium and discuss the merits and demerits of each. 7. Explain how Echo signals are generated in the transmission system and how they are eliminated in the transmission system. 8. What are the advantages of using synchronous transmission over asynchronous transmission? 9. Explain i) Parity Check ii) CRC 10. i) What are the factors to be considered when evaluating a medium to a specific application? Compare the various medium based on the various factors ii) Write explanatory note on DTE-DCE interface UNIT - IV 1. What is meant by FSK? The frequency of the Tx signal is switched between two values. w1 = w0-w & w2 = w0+w where w0 normal carrier frequency and w frequency deviation. 2. Define modulation.
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Modulation is the process of combining an input signal m(t) and a carrier at frequency fc to produce a signal s(t) whose bandwidth is centered at fc . Motivation for conversion. The data frequencies may not allow for effective transmission Frequency-division multiplexing 3. State the sampling theorem. If a signal f (t) is sampled at regular intervals of time and at a rate higher than twice the highest signal frequency, then the samples contain all the information of the original signal. The function f(t) may be reconstructed from these samples by the use of a low pass filter.
4. Differentiate between Manchester and differential Manchester encoding. Manchester encoding is a biphase encoding in which the transition takes place in the middle of the bit period: a low-to-high transition for 1, and a high-to-low transition for 0. A differential Manchester encoding is a biphase encoding in which transition at the start of the bit period represents 0, and a lack of transition at the start of the bit represents 1. In addition, a transition occurs at the middle of each bit period just for the purpose of clocking. 5. What is meant by NRZI signal encoding? NRZI (Non return to Zero Inverted) is a differential encoding in which the signal is decoded by comparing the polarity of adjacent signal levels: 1 encoded by transition between levels and 0 encoded by a lack of transition. 6. Explain B8ZS encoding scheme. B8ZS (Bipolar with 8-zeros Substitution) is a scrambling scheme, which uses two code violations to ensure synchronization in runs of 0's. Replace `00000000' with `000+-0-+', if the preceding voltage pulse was positive Replace `00000000' with `000-+0+-', if the preceding voltage pulse was not positive 7. Define ASK encoding. In ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) the resulting transmitted signal for one bit time is
8. Define coherent detection. Coherent detection uses exact carrier synchronization for retrieving the message signal from the modulated signal. 9. State the limitations of delta modulation. Slope overloads distortion and granular noise. 10. Define Signaling rate.
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The number of times the signal parameter (amplitude, frequency, and phase) is changed per second is called the signaling rate. It is measured in baud. 1 baud = 1 change per second. 11. Define PCM. PCM is nothing but the pulse code modulation. The analog signals are sampled, quantized, encoded and the coded signals are transmitted. 12. Define modulation rate. It is the rate at which the signal level is changed. It is expressed in baud. 13. What is meant by PSK encoding? PSK (Phase Shift keying) encoding is a two-phase system may use a shift in phase to represent the value 1, and no shift in phase to represent the digit 0.
14. Define Amplitude modulation. Amplitude modulation has the property of translating the spectrum of the modulation f (t) to the carrier frequency. The bandwidth of the signal remains unchanged. The fact that AM simply shifts the signal spectrum is often used to convert the carrier frequency to a more suitable value without altering the modulation. This process is known variously as mixing, up-conversion or downconversion. 15. What is meant by clocking? A separate clock is provided to synchronize the transmitter and the receiver. 16. What is QAM? QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) is a popular signaling technique that is used in the asymmetric digital subscriber line and in some wireless standards. This modulation technique is a combination of ASK and PSK. 17. Differentiate between polar and unipolar signaling. In unipolar signaling, if all the signal elements have the same algebraic sign, i.e. all positive or all negative, then the signal is unipolar signal. In polar signaling, one logic state is represented by a positive voltage level, and the other by a negative voltage level, then the signal is polar signal. 18. Explain Delta Modulation. With Delta modulation, an analog input is approximated by a staircase function that moves up or down by one quantization level at each sampling interval (Ts) 19. What is meant by digitization? The process of converting analog data into digital data is known as digitization. Once analog data have been converted into digital data, a number of things can Happen. The following are
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1. Digital data can then be transmitted using NRZ-L 2. Digital data can then be transmitted using code other than NRZ-L 3. Digital data can be converted to analog signal using one of the modulation techniques. 20. Differentiate between BPSK and QPSK. Binary phase-shift-keying (BPSK) has only two phases, 0 and . It is therefore a type of ASK with f(t) taking the values -1 or 1 its bandwidth is the same as that of Quadrature phase-shift-keying (QPSK) has four phases, .
21. What are the limitations using NRZ signaling scheme? The main limitations of NRZ signals are the presence of a DC component and the lack of synchronization capability. 22. State the importance of biphase techniques i) Synchronization. ii) No d.c component iii) Error detection. 23. Define DPSK. A binary 0 is represented by sending a signal burst of the same phase as the previous signal burst sent. A binary 1 is represented by sending a signal burst of opposite phase to the preceding one. This is known as Differential PSK. 24. What is meant by Polar State? One logic state represented by positive voltage the other by negative voltage 25. What is meant by Scrambling? Scrambling is used to replace sequences that would produce constant voltage UNIT IV PART B 1. i) With the help of necessary diagram explain the principles of delta modulation. ii) What is inter symbol interference? What are the primary causes of ISI? 2. Explain the FSK modulation and demodulation with necessary block diagram. 3. With an aid of block diagram explain the principles of QPSK and how it differs from PSK. 4. Explain the generation and demodulation of FSK signals with necessary diagrams. 5. Describe about the objective of data communication systems. How networking has importance in data communication. 6. Explain the analog data to digital signal transmission method in detail. 7. Distinguish between ASK, PSK, FSK in terms of signaling techniques.
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8. Describe a method to generate binary FSK/PSK signal. Explain the operation of FSK receiver with a block diagram. 9. With relevant diagram, explain the model of band-pass data transmission system. 10. List out the advantages of FSK modulation scheme over other types of keying.
UNIT - V 1. Define layer. A layer is created when a different level of abstraction occurs at protocol. Each layer should perform a well defined function. Function of each layer should be chosen using internationally standardized protocols. A set of layers and protocol is called network architecture. A list of protocols used by a system is called protocol stack. 2. Define data link control protocol. It is necessary to impose a layer of control in each communicating device that provides functions such as flow control, error detection, and error control. This layer of control is known as data link control protocol. 3. Differentiate between lost frame and damaged frame? Lost frame is the frame that fails to arrive at the other side. The damaged frame is a recognizable frame does arrive, but some of the bits are in error. 4. List out the functions of statistical TDM. With statistical TDM, time slots are not preassigned to particular data sources. Rather, user data are buffered and transmitted as rapidly as possible using available time slots. 5. Define some data link layer functions a. Frame synchronization: Data is divided by data link layer as frames, a manageable unit. b. Flow control: Sending station does not overwhelm receiving station. c. Error control: Any error in bits must be detected and corrected using some mechanism. d. Addressing: Two stations in a multipoint that involved in transmission must be specified using physical address.
6. What is meant by pulse stuffing? With pulse stuffing, the outgoing data rate of the multiplexer, excluding framing bits, is higher than the sum of the maximum instantaneous incoming rates. The extra capacity is used by stuffing extra dummy bits or pulses into each incoming signal until its rate is raised to that of a locally generated clock signal. The stuffed
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pulses are inserted at fixed locations in the multiplexer frame format so that they may be identified and removed at the multiplexer. 7. Define Flow Control. Flow control is a technique for assuring that a transmitting entity does not overwhelm a receiving entity with data. 8. Why sliding window flow control is considered to be more efficient than stop and wait flow control? In sliding window flow control, the transmission link is treated as a pipeline that may be filled with frames in transit. But with stop-and-wait flow control only one frame may be in the pipe at a time. 9. What do you mean by error control? Error control refers to mechanism to detect and correct errors that occur in the transmission of frames. 10. Define piggybacking. The technique of temporarily delaying outgoing acknowledgment so that they can be hooked onto the next outgoing data frame is widely known as piggybacking. 11. What is multiplexing? To utilize the full capacity of a data link, the capacity may be shared. A generic Form for such sharing is multiplexing. 12. What is the need for data link control? Frame synchronization, Flow control, Error Control, Addressing, Control and data on same link, Link management. 13. What is frame synchronization? Data are sent in blocks called frames. The beginning and end of each frame must be recognizable to achieve exact synchronization between transmitter and receiver. 14. List out the advantages of piggy backing. It sends the acknowledgement with data itself. There is no need of wasting a packet for sending the acknowledgement alone. 15. Why flow control and error control is duplicated in different layers? Like the data link layer the transport layer is responsible for flow and error control. However, the flow control at this layer is performed end to end rather than across a single link.
16. Compare and contrast between FDM and Synchronous TDM. FDM can be used with analog signals. A number of signals are carried simultaneously on the same medium by allocating to each signal a different
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frequency band. Synchronous TDM can be used with digital signals or analog signals carrying digital data. 17. Define HDLC. HDLC stands for High Level Data Link Control. It has three stations, two links, and three types of data transfer. 18. What are the ISO standards of HDLC? ISO 3009, ISO 4335 19. Differentiate between bit stuffing and character stuffing. Bit stuffing : Add stuff bits at transmission to delimiter-like bit runs, and remove these bits at destination Example For delimiters of the form `01111110', add a '0' after each sequence '11111' that is not in a delimiter. Character stuffing: Duplicate each appearance of the distinguished character outside the delimiter. Example For delimiters of the form `X', add a 'X' after each 'X' that is not a delimiter. 20. What do you mean by data transparency? With the use of bit stuffing, arbitrary bit patterns can be inserted into the data field of the frame. This property is known as data transparency. 21. What are the various transfer modes in HDLC? Normal Response Mode (NRM) Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM) Asynchronous Response Mode (ARM) 22. Draw the frame format of HDLC.
23. What are the types of HDLC frames? HDLC defines three types of frames, each with a different control field format. Information Frames: (I - Frames) carry the data to be transmitted by the user. Supervisory Frames: (S Frames) Provide the ARQ mechanism when the piggybacking is not used. Unnumbered Frames: (U Frames) provide supplemented link control functions. 24. What are the uses of Parity bits? The parity bits are used for single bit error correction. 16
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25. What is the use of CRC in error detection scheme? CRC detects: All single-bit errors. All double bit errors. Any odd number of errors. Any burst of error. . UNIT V PART B 1. What is the drawback of stop and wait flow control? Explain in detail an efficient flow control scheme with a neat sketch. 2. Explain in detail about error control schemes with necessary diagrams. 3. Explain with an example how data transmission is carried out in HDLC. 4. Explain with neat diagram TDM and FDM. 5. Write in detail about the various flow control mechanisms. 6. Explain the following data link control protocols i) LAPB ii) LAPD iii) Logic link control iv) Frame Relay v) ATM 7. Differentiate between synchronous TDM and statistical TDM. 8. List out the characteristics of HDLC. 9. Differential between Stop and wait flow control and sliding window flow control. 10. Explain i) Piggybacking ii) Data Transparency iii) Frame synchronization.
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