LESSON 1:

MATHEMATICS IN OUR WORLD

Instructor: Ms. Christel M. Belaro
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world.
2. Articulate the importance of Mathematics in one’s life.
3. Argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is
expressed, represented and used.
4. Express appreciation for Mathematics as a human
endeavor.
 CORE IDEA

“Mathematics is a useful
way to think about nature
and our world.”
 ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
1.What is Mathematics?

2.Where is Mathematics?
 MATHEMATICS IS…
1. a set of problem-solving tools;
2. a language;
3. a process of thinking;
4. an art; and
5. a study of patterns
 MATHEMATICS IS A SET OF
PROBLEM-SOLVING TOOLS
Most occupations require good problem-solving skills. For
instance, architects and engineers must solve many
complicated problems as they design and construct modern
buildings that are aesthetically pleasing, functional, and that
they meet stringent safety requirements.
Inductive Reasoning – it is a process of reaching a general
conclusion by examining specific examples.
When you examine a list of numbers and predict the next
number in the list according to some pattern you have
observed, you are using inductive reasoning.
 MATHEMATICS IS A SET OF
PROBLEM-SOLVING TOOLS
Inductive Reasoning – it is a process of reaching a general
conclusion by examining specific examples.
Examples:
Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each of
the following lists:
a. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ___?
b. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ___?
 MATHEMATICS IS A SET OF
PROBLEM-SOLVING TOOLS
Examples:
Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each of
the following lists:
a. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ___?
Answer:
Each successive number is 3 larger than the preceding number.
Thus, we predict that the next number in the list is 3 larger than
15, which is 18.
 MATHEMATICS IS A SET OF
PROBLEM-SOLVING TOOLS
Examples:
Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each of
the following lists:
b. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ___?
Answer:
The first two numbers differ by 2. The second and third
numbers differ by 3. It appears that the difference between any
two numbers is always 1 more than the preceding difference.
Since 10 and 15 differ by 5, we predict that the next number in
the list will be larger than 15, which is 21.
 MATHEMATICS IS A SET OF
PROBLEM-SOLVING TOOLS
Exercises:
Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each of
the following lists:
a. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ___?
Answer: 30 (add 5)
b. 2, 5, 10, 17, 26, ___?
Answer: 37 (add the next odd number)
 MATHEMATICS IS A SET OF
PROBLEM-SOLVING TOOLS
Deductive Reasoning – it is a process of reaching a conclusion
by applying general assumptions, procedures, or principles.
Examples:
1. Use deductive reasoning to show that the following
procedure produces a number that is four times the original
number.
Procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to
the product, divide the sum by 2, and subtract 3.
MATHEMATICS IS A SET OF
PROBLEM-SOLVING TOOLS
Example: Solution:
1. Use deductive Let 𝑛 represent the original
reasoning to show that number.
the following
procedure produces a Multiply the number by 8: 𝟖𝒏
number that is four 𝟖𝒏 + 𝟔
times the original Add 6 to the product: 𝟖𝒏 + 𝟔
number. Divide the sum by 2: 𝟐
= 𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑
𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑 − 𝟑 = 𝟒𝒏
Procedure: Pick a number. Subtract 3:
Multiply the number by 8, add
6 to the product, divide the
sum by 2, and subtract 3. We started with 𝑛 and ended
with 4𝑛.
MATHEMATICS IS A SET OF
PROBLEM-SOLVING TOOLS
Example: Solution:
2. Use deductive Let 𝑛 represent the original
reasoning to show that number.
the following
procedure produces a 𝟔𝒏
Multiply the number by 6:
number that is three 𝟔𝒏 + 𝟏𝟎
times the original Add 10 to the product: 𝟔𝒏 + 𝟏𝟎
= 𝟑𝒏 + 𝟓
number. Divide the sum by 2: 𝟐
𝟑𝒏 + 𝟓 − 𝟓 = 𝟑𝒏
Procedure: Pick a number. Subtract 5:
Multiply the number by 6, add
10 to the product, divide the
sum by 2, and subtract 5. We started with 𝑛 and ended
with 3𝑛.
 MATHEMATICS IS A SET OF
PROBLEM-SOLVING TOOLS
Inductive Reasoning Examples:
1. During the past 10 years, a tree has produced mangoes every other year.
Last year, the tree did not produce mangoes, so this year the tree will
produce mangoes.
2. I know I will win a jackpot on this slot machine in the next 10 tries, because
it has not paid out any money during the last 45 tries.
3. Your instructor gives a surprise quiz every Monday for the first four weeks of
your Math class, so there will be a surprise quiz the next Monday, as well.
 MATHEMATICS IS A SET OF
PROBLEM-SOLVING TOOLS
Deductive Reasoning Examples:
1. All Nicholas Sparks novels are worth reading. The novel “The Notebook” is
a Nicholas Sparks novel. This “The Notebook” is worth reading.
2. Everyone I know in my class got at least a 2.50 GPA in our Math subject, so
I’m sure I’ll get at least a 2.50 in this subject, as well.
3. I am going to be rich someday. I know this because everyone in the family
who graduated from college is rich, and I just graduated from college.
 MATHEMATICS IS A SET OF
PROBLEM-SOLVING TOOLS
Exercises:
Determine whether the given statement uses Inductive or
Deductive Reasoning.
1. All dogs bark. Chichi is a dog, so Chichi barks. Deductive Reasoning
2. It usually takes 2-3 days for a delivery to ship from the
warehouse to your door via most major shipping services.
You ordered on Tuesday morning, so it’s safe to assume Inductive Reasoning
your package will arrive Thursday or Friday.
3. Marathon runners should eat extra carbs before a big race,
and since Mark did not eat enough carbs before the race,
he felt sluggish the entire time. Deductive Reasoning
 MATHEMATICS IS A SET OF
PROBLEM-SOLVING TOOLS
Exercises:
Determine whether the given statement uses Inductive or
Deductive Reasoning.
4. Experts say that opening email attachments that come
from unknown senders is one way you’ll get a virus on your Deductive Reasoning
computer. Miya constantly opens attachments from people
she doesn’t know, so she’ll probably end up with a virus on
her system.
5. Love has visited four places today, and Joe has gone to
those places soon after. Joe is probably following Love.
Inductive Reasoning
 MATHEMATICS IS A LANGUAGE
Math may be viewed as a language – a simpler, more
consistent, and more regular language than English. Math facts such as
2+3=5, may be thought of as math sentences. Math encourages us to
speak in complete sentences, to convey an entire thought, and to
develop a consistent rehearsal pattern for the math fact.
 MATHEMATICS IS A PROCESS OF
THINKING
Mathematical thinking is a whole way of looking at things, stripping down
to its essentials, whether it’s numerical, structural or logical, then analyzing the
underlying patterns.
Once you have identified a task or situation to explore, mathematical
thinking involves these steps that are often done together and simultaneously:
 Break task into components.
 Identify similar tasks that may help.
 Identify appropriate knowledge and skills.
 Identify assumptions.
 Select appropriate strategy.
 Consider alternative approaches.
 MATHEMATICS IS AN ART
Art is more than just creating beautiful pieces. Many of our great
master painters used math concepts to make their pieces even more
appealing.
 MATHEMATICS IS A STUDY OF
PATTERNS
We live in a universe of patterns.

Stars move in circles across the sky. Seasons cycle at yearly intervals.
 MATHEMATICS IS A STUDY OF
PATTERNS
We live in a universe of patterns.

No two snowflakes are ever exactly the same, but they all have sixfold symmetry.
 MATHEMATICS IS A STUDY OF
PATTERNS
We live in a universe of patterns.

Tigers and zebras are covered in patterns of stripes,

 MATHEMATICS IS A STUDY OF
PATTERNS
We live in a universe of patterns.

Leopards and hyenas are covered in patterns of spots.

 MATHEMATICS IS A STUDY OF
PATTERNS
We live in a universe of patterns.

Intricate trains of waves march Trains of sand dunes march

across the ocean. across the desert.
 MATHEMATICS IS A STUDY OF
PATTERNS
Human mind and culture have developed a formal system of though
for recognizing, classifying, and exploiting patterns. We call it mathematics.
By using mathematics to organize and systematize our ideas about patterns,
we have discovered a great secret: nature’s patterns are not just there to be
admired, they are vital clues to the rules that govern natural processes.
MATHEMATICS IS A STUDY OF
PATTERNS
The numbers that arise in plants – not just
for petals but for all sorts of other
features – display mathematical
regularities. They form the beginning of
the so-called Fibonacci series/sequence,
in which each number is the sum of the
two that precede it.
MATHEMATICS IS A STUDY OF
PATTERNS
If you count the spirals in a consistent
manner, you will always find a Fibonacci
number (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55,
…).

Count the clockwise and

counterclockwise spirals that reach the
outer edge, and you'll usually find a pair
of numbers from the sequence: 34 and
55, or 55 and 89, or—with very large
sunflowers—89 and 144.
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
The 13th Century Italian Leonardo of Pisa, better
known by his nickname Fibonacci, is best known for
his introduction into Europe of a particular number
sequence, which has since become known as
Fibonacci Numbers or the Fibonacci Sequence. He
discovered this famous sequence while looking at
how generations of rabbit breed.
Fibonacci Day is November 23rd, as it has digits
“1,1,2,3” which is part of the sequence. So next
Nov. 23, let everyone know!
Start of the
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
Pairs of
nth month Rabbits Beginning from a baby pair of the fir st generation.
Since it takes the fir st generation to mature before
𝑛=1 1
giving bir th to an of fspring, there is an adult pair for
the second generation, which is ready for
reproduction. So, there are two rabbit pair s, the
parents and the baby pair s, of the third generation.
𝑛=2 1
Next, the adult pair begets a baby pair, but the
previous baby pair simply matures, family of three
rabbit pair s for the four th generation exists, and so
𝑛=3 2
on.

𝑛=4 3

𝑛=5 5
Start of the
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
Pairs of
nth month Rabbits How many pair s of rabbits are there in 8th month?
𝑛=1 1 Answer: 21 pair s of rabbits
How many pair s of rabbits are there in 13th month?
Answer: 233 pair s of rabbits
𝑛=2 1
Can you state a formula or rule on how to get the
sequence?

𝑛=3 2

𝐹𝑛 = 𝐹𝑛−2 + 𝐹𝑛−1
𝑛=4 3

𝑛=5 5
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
The Golden Ratio
In geometry, a golden spiral is a
logarithmic spiral whose growth factor is
(phi), the golden ratio (In symbols, ϕ or
Φ).
Φ is approximately equivalent to
1.618034…
 FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
EXERCISES:
1. Find the 10th term of the Fibonacci sequence given below.
2. Determine the 16th term of the Fibonacci sequence given that the 17th
term is 1,597 and the 15th term is 610.
3. Find the 18th term of the Fibonacci sequence.
Use Binet’s Formula:
𝑛 𝑛
1 1+ 5 1− 5
𝐹𝑛 = −
5 2 2