Geo Textiles Reinforced Earth and Ground Anchors

Geotextiles

 Geotextile is a synthetic, porous textile material Geocomposites-Geo-composites are created by

used to enhance the properties of soil. combining two or more different geosynthetic kinds.
 As a vital component of a civil engineering
GCL (Geosynthetic Clay Liner) -GCLs are prefabricated
project, structure, or system, geotextiles are
Geo-composites containing a layer of bentonite clay
permeable textile materials utilized in contact
commonly sandwiched between top and bottom
with soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical-
geotextile layers, or geotextile bentonite linked to a
related material.
single sheet of geomembrane.
 Polypropylene, polyester, polyethylene,
polyamide (nylon), polyvinylidene chloride, and Geopipes- Geopipes are polymeric pipes with
fiberglass are used to make geotextiles. perforated or solid walls that are used for liquid or gas
drainage.
Classifications of Geotextiles
Geofoam-By allowing polystyrene foam to expand to
Woven Geotextiles-Two sets of threads are interlaced at
form a low-density network of sealed, gas-filled cells,
right angles to create woven geotextiles.
geofoam blocks or slabs are produced.
Knitted Geotextiles-Knitted geotextiles are made by
Functions of Geotextiles
interloping one or more yarns during the knitting
process. The use of these geotextiles is restricted by  Separation
their considerable extensibility and relatively weak o Technique of avoiding the improper
strength when compared to woven geotextiles. blending of two unrelated elements
 Filtration
Nonwoven Geotextiles-Nonwoven geotextiles are more
o Placed in touch with the soil that needs
substantial than woven textiles and can be produced
to be drained and slopes downward.
using either continuous filaments or staple fibers.
 Drainage
Geogrids-Materials with an open grid look are called o When fluid has to pass through less
geogrids. Geogrids are mostly used to strengthen soil. permeable soils, geotextiles serve as a
drain.
Geonets-Geonets are materials that resemble open
 Reinforcement
grids and are created by the intersection of two sets of
o Serve as a reinforcing element to create
coarse, parallel, extruded polymeric strands at a fixed
acute angle. a composite with better strength.
 Erosion Control
Geocells-It is formed from strips of polymeric sheet, are o The procedure by which soil and rock
rather thick 3-D networks. In order to create are taken from the surface of the earth.
interconnected cells that are filled with soil and
occasionally concrete, the strips are bonded together. Applications

Stitch-Bonded Geotextiles-Stitch-bonded geotextiles are  In an asphalt-concrete pavement system, the

made by interlocking fibers, yarns, or both, which have geotextile acts as a moisture barrier to keep
been sewn or stitched together, Geotextiles that have surface water from penetrating the pavement
no longitudinal seams are made in a tubular or structure.
cylindrical shape.  The geotextile prevents both the aggregate and
the subgrade from moving laterally,
Geomembranes-Geomembranes are continuous, strengthening and stiffening the road structure
flexible sheets made of one or more synthetic materials.
As liners for fluid or gas containment and vapor barriers, Ground Anchors
they are generally impermeable materials.
 It is also referred to as a "Earth Anchor" is a  To drill an anchor hole, a rotary or rotary
structural element that transfers an applied tensile force percussive rig might be employed.
to a solid piece of ground.  It is common to employ bits on hollow rods
operating within and right before an outer
3 Elements of Ground Anchors
casing.
 Tension Pile
Type 3 Ground Anchor
 Rock Bolt
 Deadman  This type of anchor is used with clay strata.
 The load-carrying capacity of the anchor
Anchor Tendons
depends on the strength of the clay available at
Anchor tendon is a high strength steel the anchor/clay interface.
member surrounded by grout. It is the main
SOIL IMPROVEMENT
portion of the assembling of the ground anchor.
Soil Improvement
Characteristics:
 Also known as soil stabilization.
 The grout annulus acts as a conduit for the
 Soil improvement is the alteration of any
tendon's tensile force to reach the surrounding
property of a soil to improve its engineering
earth.
performance, such as strength, reduced
 Typically, the tie-back is a high-strength steel
compressibility, reduced permeability, or
element encased in grout.
improved groundwater condition.
 The tendon has to have sufficient corrosion
protection. Goals of Soil Improvement

Classes of Ground Anchor  Prevent excessive settlement of reclaimed land

when it’s being used for construction purposes.
There are three major classes into
 Enhance and improve the density and stiffness
which commercially available anchor types may
of the soil to prevent liquefaction which can
be grouped.
lead to collapsing of structures in earthquake
1. Cylinder filled with grout. prone regions.
2. Enlarged by grout injected under a high but  Improve the shear strength of the soil to lessen
controlled pressure. or prevent slip failure and increase the bearing
3. Cylinder mechanically enlarged at one or more capacity of soil.
positions along its length, to enable a larger
Types of Soil Improvement:
load to be mobilized.
1. Mechanical Compaction
Types of Ground Anchors
2. Dynamic Compaction
Type 1 Earth Anchors 3. Vibroflotation
4. Preloading
 It is mostly utilized for rocks where the rock
5. Sand and stone columns
layers are stable. These are frequently referred
6. Use of admixtures
to as rock anchor.
7. Injection of Suitable Grouts
 It uses a drill rig with a percussive style. 8. Use of Geotextiles
 ·When encountering compressible soils
overlaying rock, a rotating percussive rig is Mechanical Compaction
typically employed.
 Mechanical compaction is known as the least
Type 2 Ground Anchors expensive method of soil improvement and can
be applied in both cohesive and cohesionless
 Both cohesive and cohesionless soils are soil. This method is the process of densifying
suitable for usage with this kind of anchor. loose soils through the repeated passes by
 machineries such as, vibrating plate compactors  Vibroflotation
or rollers. o Used for compacting granular soil only.
 Dropping of a heavy weight
o The repeated dropping of extremely
heavy weight on to the ground surface
is known as one of the simplest
Factor Affecting Compaction
methods of compacting loose soils.
1. Moisture content - the quantity of water  Blasting
contained in a material. o The use of buried, time-delayed
2. Compactive effort - the amount of energy explosive charges has been used to
imparted to the soil. densify loose, granular soils.

Laboratory Test on Compaction Preloading

1. Standard proctor compaction test  Preloading has been used to enhance soil
a. Used to determine the optimal water qualities for many years without changing the
content at which soil can reach its procedure or application.
maximum dry density.  Also known as precompression
2. Modified proctor compaction test
Application of Preloading of Soil
a. Used to determine the compaction of
different types of soil and the properties  Reduce post-construction.
of soil with a change in moisture  Settlement
content.  Reduce secondary compression.
Field Compaction and Control  Densification
 Improve bearing capacity.
The required compaction of subgrades of
roads, embankments, and earth fills can be Soil and Stone Columns
achieved by mechanical way. The equipment  Sand compaction piles
that are usually use for compaction consists of: o Sand compaction piles is a distinctive
 Smooth wheel roller ground improvement method
o Uses one big, smooth steel drum in the developed in Japan, the sand
front and either one or two wheels on compaction pile (scp) method,
the rear side for compaction. enhances soft ground by using vibration
 Rubber tired roller to install sand or any other similar
o also called pneumatic tired rollers, are material into soft ground by a casing
type of large, ride-on roller with several pipe and forms sand piles in the ground.
rows of rubber tires on the front and  Stone columns
rear end. o Stone columns are vertically placed
 Sheepsfoot roller piles of compacted, gravel-sized stone
o Also known as tamping or padfoot particles used to improve the
rollers, are rollers with numerous performance of loose or soft soils.
rectangular-shaped lugs
 Vibratory roller
o Are almost identical to smooth wheel Soil Stabilization by the Use of Admixtures
rollers except for one major difference:  The physical properties of a soil can frequently
they come with a specialized vibrating be enhanced by the use of admixtures. Some of
component. the more known admixtures include asphalt,
Dynamic Compaction lime, and portland cement.
Types of Admixtures in Soil Soldier Beam

 Soil-lime stabilization  It is driven into the ground before excavation

o Lime stabilization enhances the and is a vertical steel or timber beam.
firmness, durability and strength of fine-  Laggings, which are horizontal timber planks,
grained materials. are placed between soldier beams as the
 Soil-cement stabilisation excavation proceeds.
o Soil-cement stabilisation is the result of  When the excavation reaches the desired depth,
an intimate combination of measured wales and struts (horizontal steel beams) are
amounts of portland cement and water installed. The struts are compression members.
and pulverized soil, compacted to
Interlocking Sheet Pile
excessive density.
 Bituminous soil stabilization  These are driven into the soil before excavation.
o Pitches, asphalts, and tars are examples  Wales and struts are inserted immediately after
of bituminous material, used in excavation reaches the appropriate depth.
numerous consistencies to enhance the
Design of Braced Excavation
engineering properties of soil.
 An engineer must estimate the lateral earth
Soil Stabilization by Injection of Suitable Grouts
pressure to which the braced cuts will be
 Grouting is a procedure where fluid-like subjected.
materials, either in solution or suspension form,  The total active force per unit length of the wall
are injected into the subsurface rock or soil. (Pa) can be calculated by using the general
 The aim of injecting a grout can be one of the wedge theory.
following:  Analysis will not provide the relationships
o To decrease permeability required for estimating the variation of lateral
o To increase shear strength pressure with depth, which is a function of
o To decrease compressibility several factors.

Soil Stabilization by Electrical and Thermal Methods Pressure Envelope for Braced-Cut Design

 Electrical method 1. The lateral earth pressure in a braced cut is

o The electrical method used to densify dependent on the type of soil, construction
the in-situ cohesive soils. The method method, and type of equipment used. The
can also be called electro-osmosis. lateral earth pressure changes from place to
 Thermal methods place.
o Heat is hard ever used to tabilize soils. 2. Each strut should also be designed for the
Nevertheless, it is technically possible to maximum load to which it may be subjected.
tabilize saturated clays by the use of Therefore, the braced cuts should be designed
heat. using apparent-pressure diagrams that are
envelopes of all the pressure diagrams
determined from measured strut loads in the
BRACED CUTS field.

Braced Cuts Using the procedure just described for strut

loads observed from the Berlin subway cut,
 Deep excavations with vertical sides require Munich subway cut, and New York subway cut,
lateral supports to prevent cave-in of the earth Peck (1969) provided the envelope of apparent-
and to protect the adjacent areas against lateral pressure diagrams for design of cuts in
subsidence and lateral movement of the subsoil. sand.
Types of Braced Cuts
Cut in sand: When using the pressure envelopes just described,
keep the following points in mind:

1. They apply to excavations having depths greater

than about 6 m.
2. They are based on the assumption that the
water table is below the bottom of the cut.
3. Sand is assumed to be drained with zero pore
water pressure.
4. Clay is assumed to be undrained and pore water
Cut pressure is not considered.
in soft to medium clay:
Design of Various Components of a Braced Cut

Cut
in

Step 1. Draw the pressure envelope for the braced cut.

Show the proposed strut levels. The strut levels are
marked A, B, C, and D. The sheet piles (or soldier beams)
stiff clay: are assumed to be hinged at the strut levels, except for

the top and bottom ones.

Step 2: Determine the reactions (A,B1,B2,C1,C2,D) for

the two simple cantilever beams (top and bottom) and
all the simple beams between.

Step 3: The strut loads in the figure may be calculated

via the formulas:
Step 4: Knowing the strut loads at each level and the
intermediate bracing conditions allows selection of the

proper sections from the steel construction manual.