Development

Introduction
▪ In industrial world, an engineer is frequently
confronted with problems where the
development of surfaces of an object has to be
made to help him to go ahead with the design
and manufacturing processes. For example, in
sheet metal work, it plays a vital role, thus
enabling a mechanic to cut proper size of the
plate from the development and then to fold at
proper places to form the desired objects,
namely, boilers, boxes, buckets, packing boxes,
chimneys, hoppers, air-conditioning ducts etc.
 Introduction (Cont…)
“The development of surface of an object means the unrolling
and unfolding of all surfaces of the object on a plane.”
“If the surface of a solid is laid out on a plain surface, the shape
thus obtained is called the development of that solid.” In other
words, the development of a solid is the shape of a plain sheet that
by proper folding could be converted into the shape of the
concerned solid.

Importance of Development:
Knowledge of development is very useful in sheet metal work,
construction of storage vessels, chemical vessels, boilers, and
chimneys. Such vessels are manufactured from plates that are cut
according to these developments and then properly bend into
desired shaped. The joints are then welded or riveted.
Introduction (Cont…)
 Introduction (Cont…)
▪ Development is different drawing than
PROJECTIONS.
But before going ▪ It is a shape showing AREA, means it’s a 2-D
ahead, plain drawing.
note following
▪ Hence all dimensions of it must be TRUE
Important points.
dimensions.
▪ As it is representing shape of an un-folded
sheet, no edges can remain hidden And
hence DOTTED LINES are never shown on
development.
Development of lateral surfaces of different solids
lateral surfaces is the surface excluding top and base of the solid
Development of lateral surfaces of different solids
lateral surfaces is the surface excluding top and base of the solid
Methods of Development

▪ Parallel-line Method
▪ Radial-line Method
▪ Triangulation Method
▪ Approximate Method
Parallel line Development

It is used for developing prisms and single curved surfaces like

Example 1:
Draw the development of lateral surface of Part P of the cylinder of 45
mm diameter as shown in the figure bellow
Parallel line Development Cont…..
Answer:
Parallel line Development Cont…..
Example 2:
A cylinder base 50 mm diameter and axis 60 mm long is resting with
its base on HP. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to VP and
inclined at 45º to HP and intersecting the axis at a point 15 mm from
the top of axis. Draw its development.
Parallel line Development Cont…..
Example 3:
A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis 70 mm is resting on
its base on the H.P. with a rectangular face parallel to the V.P. It is cut
by an Auxiliary Inclined Plane (A.I.P.) whose V.T. is inclined at 45° to
the reference line and passes through the mid-point of the axis. Draw
the development of the lateral surface of the truncated prism.
Parallel line Development Cont…..
Example 4:
A pentagonal prism base 20 mm and axis 40 mm long resting with its
base on HP and one edge of the base is parallel to and away from VP.
It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 40˚ to
the HP and bisecting the axis. Draw the development.
Example 5:
Draw the development of the lateral surface of Part P of the
hexagonal prism whose front view is shown in figure below.
Parallel line Development Cont…..
Example 5:
Radial-line Method
This method is adopted in the development of pyramids and cones
in which the apex is taken as center and the slant edge or
generator as radius of its development.
Development of Cone
Development of lateral surface of cone is obtained by radial line
method. In this method, the development is in the form of sector of
a circle, the radius of which is equal to the slant height of the cone.
𝑟
The subtended angle Ø of this sector is calculated as Ø= x 360º,
𝑅
where r is the radius of the base circle and R is the slant height of
the cone.
Example 1
A cone of base diameter 50 mm and axis 60 mm is resting on its base on the H.P.
Draw the development of its lateral surface

Example 2
A cone of base diameter 50 mm and axis 60 mm is resting on its base on the
H.P. A section plane perpendicular to V.P. and inclined at 45° to H.P., bisects the
axis of the cone. Draw the development of its lateral surface.
Example 3
A cone of base diameter 50 mm and axis 60 mm is resting on its base on the
H.P. Draw the development of its lateral surface when it is cut by an auxiliary
inclined plane inclined at 60° to the H.P. and bisecting the axis.
Development of Pyramids
Development of lateral surface of a pyramid consists of a series of
isosceles triangles. It is obtained by radial line method, similar to that of
the cone. However, for the isosceles triangles the true length of the slant
edge may or may not be available in the front view. In case true length of
the slant edge is not available, one needs to first determine the true
length of the slant edge. The following problems illustrate the
development of the lateral surface of the pyramids
Example 1
Draw the development of the lateral surface of a square pyramid of base side
40 mm and axis 60 mm, resting on its base on the H.P. such that
a) All the sides of the base are equally inclined to the V.P., and
b) A side of the base is parallel to the V.P.
Example 2
A square pyramid of base side 40 mm and axis 60 mm is resting on its base on
the H.P. such that a side of the base is parallel to the V.P. It is cut by a section
plane perpendicular to the V.P. and inclined at 45° to the H.P., bisecting the axis.
Draw the development of its lateral surface.
Example 3
A pentagonal pyramid base 30 mm side and axis 60 mm long is resting with its
base on HP and one edge of the base is perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to the VP and inclined at 60º to HP and bisecting
the axis. Draw the development of the pyramid.

Example 4
A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis 60 mm, rests on its base on
the H.P. with a side of the base parallel to the V.P. It is cut by plane
perpendicular to V.P. to obtain the front view as shown in Fig. bellow, Draw the
development of the lateral surface of the retained solid.
Example 4
A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis 60 mm, rests on its base on
the H.P. with a side of the base parallel to the V.P. It is cut by plane
perpendicular to V.P. to obtain the front view as shown in Fig. bellow, Draw the
development of the lateral surface of the retained solid.