Experiment no.3 Surface Development: - Cube, Cylinder, Cone.

(3 Problems)
Sheet No.2
METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT
There are four methods of development as follows:
1. Parallel Line Method
This method of development is used for development of surfaces of prism and cylinder.
In this method all the lines or edge/generators of lateral surfaces are parallel to each
Other.
2. Radial Line Method
This method of development is used for development of surfaces of pyramids and cone.
In this method, the true length of the slant edge or the generator is used as radius.
3. Triangular Method
This method is used to draw the development of transition pieces and non-uniform
connecting surfaces. In this method, we divide the surface into a number of triangles
and transfer them into the development.
4. Approximate Method
This method is used to develop the objects of warped and double-curved surfaces like
sphere, paraboloid, hyperboloid and helicoid.
1. Development of Cube:

Fig.1
2.DEVELOPMENT OF A RIGHT CYLINDER:
When a right cylinder is rolled a plane, the top and bottom of the lateral surface develop
into straight lines. The width of the development is equal to the height of the cylinder,
and the length of the development is equal to the circumference of the cylinder (π × D)
plus the seam allowance as shown in Fig.1.
In rolling the cylinder on a tangent plane, the base or right section, being perpendicular
to the axis, will develop into a straight line. For convenience in drawing, divide the top
view of the cylinder into eight or twelve equal number of parts. Project these points
onto the front view. The stretch out line is also divided into the same number of equal
parts and draw the perpendicular through each division points. Then transfer the true
lengths of each elements which is projected to its respective representation on the
development. The development is completed by joining the points.
Problem 1: To develop a right cylinder of base diameter 50 mm and height 100 mm.
Solution:
1. Draw the front view and top view of a cylinder.
2. Draw a strech out line 1-1 equal to πD = 157 mm in line with front view. This is
equal to the circumference of the cylinder.
3. Draw the perpendiculars from point 1, 1 to cut the horizontal line projecting
from front view at a A, A.
4. Complete the development as shown in Fig. 12.4. In this the top and bottom
bases are omitted.
 Fig. 1
Problem 2: A right cylinder of 35 mm diameter and height 60 mm, is cut by a section
plane inclined at 30º to H.P and passes 25 mm above the base along the axis. Draw the
development of the lower portion of the cylinder.
Solution:
1. Draw the top view and front view of the cylinder and show it on the line
X-Y for the section plane. The section plane cuts the generators at points 1', 2',
3', 4', 5' etc.
2. Divide the base circle into 12 equal parts, 1, 2, 3 ... etc.
3. Project these points to the front view 1', 2', 3', 4', 5' etc.
4. Draw a line 1-1 equal to the circumference of the circle, i.e. πD with the front view.
5. Divide the line 1-1 into twelve equal parts and number them as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 etc.
6. Erect perpendicular through each division points 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 etc.
7. Draw a horizontal line through the top of the cylinder at the point 1', 2', 3', 4', 5'
etc so as to cut corresponding perpendiculars from the point 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 etc at a,
b, c, d, e etc.
8. Connect these points with smooth curve, with the help of an irregular curve as
shown in Fig. 2
Fig.2
3.DEVELOPMENT OF CONE
The surface of a cone is represented by a sector of radius r and a curve of length equal
to circumference of base circle i.e. πD. The base circle can be attached as usual to
complete the development. A cone has a circle at its one end and the other end called
the vertex is connected to circle through curved surface. The development of the lateral
surface of a cone is obtained by unrolling it. It open out the lateral surface of the
cone in a single plane, then the sector angle, equal to θ is calculated as follows:

Problem 1: A cone of base 50 mm and height 65 mm rests with its base on H.P. Draw
its development.
Solution:
1. Draw top view and front view of a cone.
2. Divide the circle into twelve equal parts and project then in front view as 1', 2',
3' etc.
3. Join these points 1', 2', 3'. with vertex 0.
4. Measure the slant height L from the front view. Take any point O' as centre and
radius equal to L. Draw an angle θ = 180º D/L.
5. Divide the arc by divider or angle θ in twelve equal parts 01, 02, 03 etc to get the
required development of the lateral surfaces of the curve as shown in
Fig.1
 Fig. 1
Problem 2: A cone of base 40 mm diameter and height 60 mm rests with its base on H.P. A
section plane perpendicular to V.P. and inclined at 30º to H.P. bisects the axis of the cone.
Draw the development of the lateral surface of the truncated cone.
Solution: See Fig.2
Fig.2
Viva-Voce:
Q1. What is the projection development of surfaces?
Ans: The projection development of surfaces is a technique used to unfold or flatten a curved
surface onto a 2D plane while preserving its shape and dimensions.
Q2. What is the purpose of projection development of surfaces?
Ans: The purpose of projection development is to create a 2D pattern or template that can be
used to fabricate or construct the original curved surface.
Q3. How is projection development of surfaces represented?
Ans: Projection development of surfaces is typically represented using unfoldings or
developable patterns, which show how the curved surface can be flattened onto a flat plane.
Q4. What types of surfaces can be subjected to projection development?
Ans: Developable surfaces, which include surfaces like cylinders, cones, and developable
ruled surfaces, are the primary candidates for projection development.
Q5. How is projection development useful in manufacturing and design?
Ans: Projection development is useful in manufacturing and design as it allows for the
creation of flat patterns that can be used to cut, shape, or fold materials into the desired
curved shape.
Q6. What are some common techniques for projection development?
Ans: Some common techniques for projection development include triangulation, radial line
development, parallel line development, and radial line expansion.
Q7. Can any curved surface be perfectly flattened through projection development?
Ans: No, not all curved surfaces can be perfectly flattened without distortion. Only
developable surfaces can be unfolded or developed onto a 2D plane without introducing
stretching or bending.
Q8. What are some limitations or challenges in projection development?
Ans: Projection development may encounter challenges when dealing with complex curved
surfaces that are non-developable or have irregular geometries. In such cases, approximations
or additional techniques may be required.