Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre- 3.3 REINFORCED

Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction CONCRETE COLUMNS
Foundations Systems
3.3.1 TYPES OF RC COLUMNS
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns
Reinforced-concrete columns may be
classified into two types:
Reinforced Concrete a. Tied Columns
3.3
Columns
• are columns with longitudinal bars and
Reinforced Concrete lateral ties
Floor Systems • ratio of the effective cross-sectional area of
vertical reinforcement to the gross column
Roof Decks
area should not be less than 1% nor more
Walls & Structural Walls than 8%
• longitudinal bars of at least 4 bars of a
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor minimum size of #5
Systems
• lateral ties at least ¼” in diameter spaced
not over than 16 bar diameters, 48 tie
diameters, or the least dimension of the
column
• where there are more than four vertical
bars, additional ties should be provided so
that every longitudinal bar will be firmly held
in its designed position
• concrete cover, cast monolithically with the
core, of at least 1-1/2’ (38 mm) thickness.
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction Requirements for Earthquake Loading
Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns
3.3 s/2
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems Lo s  h1/4
 100 mm
Roof Decks
H/2
Walls & Structural Walls s  6bd
Splice
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor  150 mm
Systems
allowed
Ash = 0.3(shcf’cfy)(Ag/Ach - 1)
Ash = 0.09shcf’c/fy)
h1 h1 < h2
h2
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
3.3
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre- b. Spiral Columns. Requirements for
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction Earthquake Loading
• are columns with longitudinal bars
Foundations Systems and closely spaced continuous spiral
Foundation Walls, hoops
Basement Construction, • ratio of the area of the vertical
Cisterns reinforcement to the gross column
Reinforced Concrete area shall not be less than 1% nor
3.3
Columns more than 8%
• minimum number of longitudinal
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems bars shall be six, and the minimum
75 mm should be
bar size shall #5
Roof Decks  Clear spacing
• spiral reinforcement shall consist of
 Larger of 25 mm or
Walls & Structural Walls evenly spaced continuous spirals held
1.33 times maximum
firmly in place by at least three vertical
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor aggregate size
spacer bars. The center to center
Systems
spacing of the spirals shall not exceed
3” (75 mm) nor be less than 25 mm or
1.33 times the maximum size of the
coarse aggregate, whichever is larger
• Protective cover for the column s  0.45(f’c/fy)(Ag/Ach - 1)
reinforcement shall not be less than 1- s  0.12(f’c/fy)
1/2” (38 mm)
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
3.3.2 DOWEL BARS
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems
• are short bars used to transfer
the stress at the bottom of the
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
columns to the footings
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
• use one dowel bar for each
3.3
Columns column bar
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems • total cross-sectional area of
Roof Decks
dowels should not be less than
the cross-sectional area of
Walls & Structural Walls
longitudinal reinforcement in the
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor column
Systems

• dowels shall extend into the

column and into the pedestal or
footing not less than 50 bars
diameter for plain bars or 40
diameters for deformed bars.
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0 3.4 REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems EXTERIOR SLAB ON FILL

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction SUSPENDED SLABS
Foundations Systems
In general, there are six types of reinforced-concrete floors systems:
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns 1.One way solid slab and beam
Reinforced Concrete 2.One way joist slab or ribbed slab
Columns 3.Two way solid slab and beam
Reinforced Concrete 4.Two way waffle slab
3.4
Floor Systems 5.Two way flat plate
Roof Decks 6.Two way flat slab
Walls & Structural Walls
Each particular system has its distinct advantages, depending upon the spacing, of
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor columns, the magnitude of the loads to be supported, lengths of spans, and the
Systems cost of construction. Although the arrangement of the plan of a building frequently
determines the column spacing, approximately square bays are desirable. Column
spacing of 20 ft., more or less, has proved to be most economical, but this, of
course, depends on the type of floor construction to be used.
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
3.4.1 ONE-WAY SLABS
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems
• consists of a solid slab supported by two parallel beams, the beams
framing into girders, and the girders in turn framing into columns.
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns • beams are spaced uniformly and generally frame into the girders at
Reinforced Concrete
the center, third or quarter points. This type of framing is called the
Columns beam-and-girder floor.
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems • are economical for medium and heavy live loads for comparatively
Roof Decks
short spans, 6 to 12 ft. (1.8 to 3.6 M). For light live loads, 40 to 60 psf,
the spans may be increased, but long spans for one-way slabs results
Walls & Structural Walls
in comparatively large dead loads.
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor
Systems
• main reinforcements run in one direction only, along the short
direction, from beam to beam, hence the slab is known as one-way
slab.
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
• For fully continuous slabs, reinforcements are alternately bent up,
Steel Construction usually at an angle of 30 to 45 degrees, at the fifth points of the span
Foundations Systems
and extend over the supports to the quarter points of the adjoining
span. The remaining bars are straight, placed in the bottom of the slab.
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns • For single span slabs the bars are bent up at the quarter points.
Reinforced Concrete
Another method of placing the reinforcement is to place straight bars at
Columns the bottom of the slab and the other straight bars at the top of the slab
Reinforced Concrete
over the supports. If the bent bars are used, bent bars from the
3.4
Floor Systems adjoining bars are extended over the supports, thus providing the same
Roof Decks
amount of reinforcement over the supports as at mid-span.
Walls & Structural Walls
• Temperature bars are also provided running along the long direction.
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor These serve to provide against the effect of shrinkage and changes in
Systems
temperature and also to distribute possible load concentrations over
larger areas. The size and spacing of temperature bars depends upon
the slab thickness.

• Minimum protective covering for slab reinforcement is 20mm (¾”).

 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
3.4.2 ONE-WAY JOIST OR RIBBED SLABS
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems
For medium span lengths with light or medium live loads, ribbed slabs
have proved to have an economical type of floor construction. They are
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
not so well suited to heavy concentrated loads as the solid one or two-
Cisterns way slabs. A one-way joist slab consists of relatively small adjacent T-
Reinforced Concrete
beams. When the open spaces between the webs or rings are filled
Columns with clay tile, gypsum tile, concrete filler block or steel forms, the floor
Reinforced Concrete
system is called a ribbed slab.
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction Clay tile fillers are generally 12” x 12” in plan with depths of 4, 6, 8, 10,
Foundations Systems 12, and 15 in. The usual practice is to place the tiles 16” o.c., thus
making the web 4” wide. The layer of concrete placed on top of the tile
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction, is generally 2 or 2-1/2 in. thick. Reinforcement for this type of
Cisterns construction may consist of two bars placed in the lower part of the
Reinforced Concrete web, one bent and one straight, or of straight bars placed in the top
Columns and bottom parts of the web.
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction Metal tile fillers are frequently used for ribbed floors. This is commonly
known as tin-pan construction. The metal forms are usually 36” long,
Foundations Systems
with 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 in. depths. They are placed on centers in
Foundation Walls, such a manner as to make the web 4 to 7 in. wide at the lowest point.
Basement Construction,
Cisterns Form widths are generally 20 or 30 in.; a common condition is a form
20 in. wide, placed 25 in. on centers, to make a web 5” wide at the
Reinforced Concrete
Columns bottom.
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
3.4 The metal forms may be removed or left in place after supporting
formwork has been taken down. To provide a greater web area near
Roof Decks
the supports, where the shearing stresses may exceed the allowable,
Walls & Structural Walls special metal cores with the sides tapered in plan are used. The
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor degree of tapering generally is such that the web is increased 4” in
Systems width. As in the case of clay-tile fillers, a 2, 2-1/2, or 3 in. slab is
placed over the metal tile forms, the slab and web forming a T-
section.
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
3.4.3 TWO-WAY SLABS
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems
When a floor panel is square or nearly so, having beams or walls on
four sides, it is generally economical to use two sets of reinforcing bars
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
placed at right angles to each other. These bars in two directions
Cisterns transfer the loads to the four supporting beams or walls. Slabs thus
Reinforced Concrete
reinforced are known as two way slabs or slabs supported on four
Columns sides.
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems For square panels, with supports of equal rigidity, the live and dead
Roof Decks
loads are distributed equally in both directions and the reinforcements
are the same each way. When the panel is oblong or rectangular, the
Walls & Structural Walls
greater part of the load is transmitted by the transverse or short
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor reinforcement. If the length of the slab exceeds 1.5 times its width, the
Systems
entire load is usually assumed to be carried by the short reinforcement,
and the long reinforcement used for shrinkage and temperature
reinforcement only; hence the slab would become a one-way slab.
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
REBAR PLACEMENT
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems
In determining the reinforcement of two-way slabs two strips of floor are
considered. One is middle strip, one half of the panel in width,
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
symmetrical about the panel center line, and extending through the
Cisterns length of the panel. The other is the column strip, one half of the panel
Reinforced Concrete
in width and occupying the two quarter-panel areas outside the middle
Columns strip. In placing the reinforcement it is advantageous to place the bars
Reinforced Concrete
in the short direction, carrying the greater load, under the longer bars.
3.4
Floor Systems Bars are bent up at fifth points and extend over the supports of the
Roof Decks
quarter points of the adjoining slabs as is done for one-way slabs.
Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
3.4.4 TWO WAY WAFFLE SLAB
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems
A waffle slab is a two way concrete slab reinforced by ribs in two
directions. Waffle slabs are able to carry heavier loads and span longer
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
distances than flat slabs.
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
3.4.5 TWO WAY FLAT PLATE
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems
A flat plate is a concrete slab of uniform thickness reinforced in two or
more directions and supported directly by columns without beams or
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
girders. Simplicity of forming, lower floor-to-floor heights, and some
Cisterns flexibility in column placement make flat plates practical for apartment
Reinforced Concrete
and hotel construction.
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
3.4.6 TWO WAY FLAT SLAB
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems
A flat-slab is a flat plate thickened at its column supports to increase its
shear strength and moment-resisting capacity. The slab is commonly
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
reinforced with bars running in two directions. This area of increased
Cisterns thickness is called a drop panel or drop. The columns are generally
Reinforced Concrete
square in cross section, but rectangular or circular cross sections are
Columns also used.
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre- Advantages of the Flat-slab Floor:
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
• economical in use of material and provide a rigid type of construction
Foundations Systems • suitable for industrial buildings having large live loads and for buildings in which
Foundation Walls, the columns capitals are not objectionable
Basement Construction, • use of simplified formwork
Cisterns • better lighting due to the absence of beams and girders
Reinforced Concrete • a saving in height for given clear story heights
Columns • a uniform surface for suspending sprinkler systems, piping and shafting,and,
• because of the absence of sharp corners, better resistance to fire.
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Size Requirements of the Flat-slab Floor:
Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls • ratio of length to width of flat-slab panels should not exceed 1.33
• thickness of slab through drop panel, if any, shall not be less than L/36;
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor thickness of slab with drop panels at points beyond the drop panel should not be
Systems
less than L/40
• side of diameter of the drop panel shall be at least 0.33 times the span in the
parallel direction
• diameter of the column capital measured at the bottom of the slab or drop
panel (in feet) is generally taken between 0.20 and 0.25 L
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Reinforcements of Flat-slabs:
Foundations Systems
1. Two-way system. This system is the most commonly used and
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
consists of two sets of bars extending directly from column to column in
Cisterns both directions. Slabs are square or rectangular.
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
2. Three-way system. The reinforcement extends from column to column,
the columns being placed at the corners of equilateral triangles; hence
Reinforced Concrete
3.4 slabs are triangular in shape.
Floor Systems

Roof Decks 3. Four-way system. The reinforcement extends both directly and
diagonally between columns in both directions. The slabs are square or
Walls & Structural Walls
rectangular.
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor
Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
3.4.7 LIFT SLABS
Steel Construction
A building method for multi-story sitecast concrete buildings that
Foundations Systems casts all the slabs in a stack on the ground and then lifts them
Foundation Walls, up the columns and welds them into place.
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete 1 2 3
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks 1

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

2
Systems

3
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
BEAMS IN GENERAL
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems
A beam may be defined as a structural member, resting on supports
usually at its ends, which supports transverse loads. The loads that act
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
on the beam, as well as the weight of the beam itself, tend to bend
Cisterns rather than lengthen or shorten it. A girder is a term applied to a beam
Reinforced Concrete
that supports one or smaller beams.
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Requirements for Earthquake Loading
Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns 50 mm  d/4
s  8db (longitudinal bars)
Reinforced Concrete
Columns  24db (hoops)
Reinforced Concrete
 300 mm
3.4
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

H
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor
Systems

2H s  d/2
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0 Classifications of Beams
Steel Construction
According to Use:
Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls, a. Simple beams. These are c. Continuous beams. These are
Basement Construction, beams having a single span with beams resting on more than two
Cisterns supports. The term “semi-
a support at each end, there
Reinforced Concrete being no restraint at the continuous” is also frequently
Columns used in reinforced-concrete. It
supports.
Reinforced Concrete refers to a beam having two
3.4
Floor Systems spans with little or no restraint at
b. Cantilever beams. These are
Roof Decks beams that are supported at one the two extreme ends of the
Walls & Structural Walls end only, or they may be that beam. The end span of a
portion of beams projecting continuous beam, where little or
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor restraint is provided at the end
Systems beyond one of its supports.
support, is also referred to as a
semi-continuous beam.
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
3.4.8 REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
Steel Construction
Beam Loading and Internal Stresses:
Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls, When a beam is subjected to a given load, the beam reacts inn the following
Basement Construction, manner:
Cisterns
• At midspan; it is bent downwards, the lower part of the beam is in tension,
Reinforced Concrete and is resisted by the steel; while the upper part is in compression and is
Columns resisted by concrete.
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems • At the supports, the upper surface of the beam becomes concave downward;
that is, there is a reversal of stresses. The upper portion of the beam is now in
Roof Decks
tension ( or the bending moment is said to change from positive to negative).
Walls & Structural Walls
• The section of a beam at which the bending moment changes from positive
Pre-Stress Concrete
to negative is called the point of inflection.
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor
Systems • The exact position of inflection points depends upon the position and
magnitude of the loads as well as the end conditions of the beams. For
continuous beams having equal spans and uniformly distributed loads, the
inflection point is considered to be one-fifth the clear span between faces of
support.
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre- Rebar Placement:
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
• Bent-up Method: At the inflection point some of the reinforcing bars are bent
Foundations Systems up at an angle of from 30 to 45 degrees and extend over the supports into the
Foundation Walls, adjacent spans. The bent up bars serve to resist the tensile stresses over the
Basement Construction, supports. Thus for continuous beams with uniformly distributed loads the bars
Cisterns would be bent up at one-fifth the clear span from the face of the supports and
Reinforced Concrete extend to the quarter points of the adjacent span. Not more than half of the
Columns bars should be bent up; the rest of the reinforcement extends straight through
the center of the supports.
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
• Straight Method: Another method is to use separate straight bars in both the
Roof Decks bottoms and tops of the beams in place of bent bars. The slight cost in excess
Walls & Structural Walls weight in this arrangement over the combination of straight and bent bars is
probably balanced by the ease of preparing design and shop drawings, bill of
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor materials, and fabrication and placing of reinforcement. Bars not fabricated
Systems
according to drawings, or those lost and mislaid, are more easily replaced if no
bending is involved.
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre- Diagonal Tension in Beams:
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
• In addition to the tensile and compressive stresses in a beam subjected to
Foundations Systems bending, there are also inclined tensile stresses. If a concrete beam is
Foundation Walls, reinforced with longitudinal steel only, these diagonal stresses tend to produce
Basement Construction, cracks which are vertical at the center of the span and become more inclined
Cisterns as they approach the support where they slope towards the center at an angle
Reinforced Concrete of about 45. The stresses that cause these cracks are known as diagonal
Columns tension.
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
3.4 • To prevent failure due to diagonal tension additional reinforcing bars are
used. Sloping bars placed at right angles to the direction of these cracks
Roof Decks would be one method of reinforcing for diagonal tension, but, although this is
Walls & Structural Walls sometimes done, it is not the most economical method.

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor •The usual procedure is to add #3 or #4 bars, bent in the shape of the letter U,
Systems
in vertical positions at those points along the beam length at which the
diagonal tension stresses require their use. When the stresses are sufficiently
large. W-shaped bars are used. These bent reinforcing bars are called
stirrups. They should always have hooks at the ends to provide anchorage to
resist the tensile stresses.
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre- Shearing Stresses in Beams:
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Reinforcement used to resist shearing stresses is known as web
Foundations Systems reinforcement. Ties are frequently used for web reinforcement in place of
Foundation Walls, stirrups. A tie is generally made of #3 bars, but it completely encircles the
Basement Construction, longitudinal tensile steel instead of being U-shaped with hooks. These are
Cisterns called closed stirrups or ties.
Reinforced Concrete
Columns Rebar Spacing:
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
3.4 • Although it is occasionally necessary to put in two or more layers of steel,
particularly in large girders carrying heavy loads, it is usually more
Roof Decks economical to slightly widen a beam, thereby permitting all of the main tensile
Walls & Structural Walls reinforcement to lie in the same plane.

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor • Minimum clear distance between bars should not be less than the nominal
Systems
diameters of the bars, not less than 1”, nor less than 1-1/2 times the
maximum size of the coarse aggregate.

• If more than one layer is used the clear vertical distance between layers
shall not be less than 1”, and the bars in the upper layer shall be placed
directly above those in the bottom layer.

•Fireproofing for beams and walls is 1-1/2” (38 mm).

 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
3.4.9 TYPES OF REINFORCED
Steel Construction CONCRETE BEAMS
Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls, 1. Rectangular beams

Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete 2. T – beams. When a reinforced concrete

Columns floor slab and its supporting beam (or
girder) are built at the same time and
Reinforced Concrete
3.4 thoroughly tied together, a part of the slab
Floor Systems
may be considered to act with upper part of
Roof Decks the beam in compression. This form of a
beam is called a T- beam.
Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

3. Beam with Compression Reinforcement.
Systems
These are beams with reinforcement in the
compression as well as the tension side of
the beam, hence they are also called
double reinforced beams. In this type of
beam no bent up bars are required. Beams
with compression reinforcement are used
when the cross-sectional dimensions of the
beam are limited by architectural or
structural conditions so that there is an
insufficient concrete area for the
compressive stresses.
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre- 4. Cantilever Beams. The tensile
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
reinforcement is located at top of the
Steel Construction
beam and inverted U-stirrups are
Foundations Systems provided.

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns 5. Hollow box girders. These are double
reinforced beams used for long spans. In
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
order to reduce the dead load (the weight
Floor Systems of the beam) it is hollowed in the center
of the section. Diaphragms are provided
Roof Decks
at intervals throughout the length of the
Walls & Structural Walls beam. Truss
Main Reinforcements
(X-bars)

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems Z-bars

6. Beam Brackets (Corbels). Short beam

Y-bars
extensions from columns used to support
X-bars Z-bars
rafters or trusses.

Y-bars Y&Z
-bars

Corbel