Optics

Reference Books

1.Optics by E. Hecht & A.R Ganesan

Acknowledgement: Prof. Shivakiran Bhaktha B N

2
In an inhomogeneous medium (Reflection and Transmission at
a discontinuity)
discontinuity

Propagating wave

discontinuity

discontinuity

3
 mass
µ=
length
µ 2 > µ1

x=0
x=0
At the boundary x = 0 the wave must be continuous, (as there
are no kinks in it).
Thus we must have

A+ B = C
Second boundary condition………
We can define the transmission coefficient: tr = C/A
 We can define the Reflection coefficient: r=B/A

Rigid End: µ2 → ∞ (µ2 >> µ1)

When µ2 > µ1 ,
r<0
Change in sign of the reflected pulse
External Reflection
Free End: µ2 → 0 (µ2 << µ1)
k2 → 0

When µ2 < µ1 ,
r>0
No Change in sign of the reflected pulse
Internal Reflection
 k1 − k2 v2 − v1
=r B=
/A =
k1 + k2 v2 + v1
ω
ki =
2k1 2v2 vi
=tr C=
/A =
k1 + k2 v2 + v1
vi is the velocity of
the wave in the
ith medium
In either case: tr > 0

No Change in phase of the transmitted pulse

r12 = −r21
Stokes relations
1 − r = t12t 21
2
12

The reflectance and transmittance of Intensity is

R12 = r 2
12

T12 = 1 − R12
 Reflection and Transmission
(of electromagnetic wave for normal incidence)

Basic Diagram

medium 1 medium 2

Incident wave

Transmitted wave

Reflected wave

z=0

13
Reflection and Transmission (of EM wave for normal incidence) 
  ∂B
x̂ ∇× E = −
∂t
 ŷ   
B ẑ
ωB
k ×E =

 n  k = ω n
=B k × E 
ˆ 
c 
c
 n1  n1
Bi= k1 × Ei=
ˆ E0i ei (k1z −ω t) yˆ
c c
 n  n
 Br =− 1 kˆ1 × Er = − 1 E0 r ei ( − k1z −ω t) yˆ
 c c
Ei = E0i ei (k1z −ωt ) xˆ Et = E0t ei (k 2 z −ωt ) xˆ  n2  n2
B=
t kˆ2 × E=i E0t ei (k 2 z −ω t) yˆ
Reflected Wave c c
     
Er = E0 r ei ( − k1z −ωt ) xˆ E= Ei + Er E2 = Et
1

Medium 1 Medium 2
n1      n2
B=
1 Bi + Br B2 = Bt
Refractive Index of medium 1 Refractive Index of medium 2

 
E1 (z= 0)
= E2 (z= 0)
 
B1 (z= 0)
= B2 (z= 0)
Boundary condition

    
E=1 Ei + Er E2 = Et

Medium 1 Medium 2
    
B=
1 Bi + Br B2 = Bt

 
E1 (z= 0)
= E2 (z= 0)
 
B1 (z= 0)
= B2 (z= 0)
 
E1 (z= 0)
= E2 (z= 0)
E0 r n1 − n2
=r = Reflection
E0i + E0 r =
E0t E0i n1 + n2 coefficient
 
H1 (z= 0)
= H 2 (z= 0)

n1 E0i − n1 E0 r =
n2 E0t E0t 2n1
=t = Transmission
2 E0i n1 + n2 coefficient
Ir n1 − n2
Reflectance =
R =
Ii n1 + n2
1 Intensity and
I = ε 0 cn E0
2
R +T =
2
It n2 2n1 1 amplitude
=
Transmittance T = 2 relation
Ir n1 n1 + n2