Requirements for Building and Classing

Offshore Spaceports

May 2023
REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING

OFFSHORE SPACEPORTS
MAY 2023

American Bureau of Shipping

Incorporated by Act of Legislature of
the State of New York 1862

© 2023 American Bureau of Shipping. All rights reserved.

ABS Plaza
1701 City Plaza Drive
Spring, TX 77389 USA
Foreword
An offshore spaceport is an offshore unit or installation for testing, recovery, and/or launching spacecraft at
sea. This document has been developed to provide requirements on design, construction, and survey for
class review and approval of offshore spaceports.

This document is applicable to offshore spaceports of the following types: barge-type units, column-
stabilized units, offshore installations, and self-elevating units.

A class notation will be offered to a new construction or an existing vessel converted to an offshore
spaceport. The notation will be:

● Spaceport (Recovery, Launch) (hull type)

The intended service (recovery, launch, or both recovery and launch) and hull type will be included in the
notation.

This document addresses two major elements:

● The hull structure

● Onboard machinery, equipment, and systems that are not part of the spacecraft systems.

The requirements for the autonomous and/or remote control systems of the onboard machinery and
equipment are associated with the AUTONOMOUS and/or REMOTE-CON notations. If the remote
control operations are limited to dynamic positioning (DP) system during recovery and/or launching
operation, a specific set of requirements is provided in 4/6.1, which is a subset of ABS Requirements for
Autonomous and Remote Control Functions.

This document is to be used in conjunction with the following ABS Rules and Guides, as well as
applicable Statutory Regulations:

● ABS Rules for Building and Classing of Steel Barges (Barge Rules)
● ABS Rules for Building and Classing Mobile Offshore Units (MOU Rules)
● ABS Rules for Building and Classing Offshore Installations (Offshore Installations Rules)
● ABS Guide for Dynamic Positioning Systems (DPS Guide)
● ABS Requirements for Autonomous and Remote Control Functions

This document becomes effective on the first day of the month of publication.

Users are advised to check periodically on the ABS website www.eagle.org to verify that this version of
this document is the most current.

We welcome your feedback. Comments or suggestions can be sent electronically by email to

rsd@eagle.org.

ABS REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING OFFSHORE SPACEPORTS • 2023 ii

REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING

OFFSHORE SPACEPORTS

CONTENTS

SECTION 1 General..................................................................................................5
1 Application...................................................................................... 5
2 Classification...................................................................................5
2.1 Scope.................................................................................6
2.2 Classification Symbols and Notations................................6
2.3 Optional Class Notations................................................... 7
2.4 Administration Requirements.............................................8
3 Risk Evaluations for Alternative Arrangements and Novel
Features..........................................................................................8
4 Hazard Identification (HAZID).........................................................8
5 Submission of Plans and Design Data........................................... 9
5.1 Hull, Design Data and Calculations................................... 9
5.2 Machinery Plans................................................................ 9
5.3 Additional Plans................................................................. 9
6 Operating Manual........................................................................... 9
7 Definitions..................................................................................... 10
7.1 Spacecraft........................................................................10
7.2 Offshore Spaceport..........................................................10
7.3 Launch Vehicle................................................................ 10
7.4 Reentry Vehicle................................................................10
7.5 Barge-Type Unit...............................................................10
7.6 Column-Stabilized Unit.................................................... 10
7.7 Offshore Installation......................................................... 11
7.8 Self-Elevating Unit........................................................... 11
7.9 Self-Propelled Unit........................................................... 11
7.10 Non-Self-Propelled Unit................................................... 11
8 Abbreviations and References......................................................11
8.1 Abbreviations................................................................... 11
8.2 References.......................................................................11

SECTION 2 Materials and Welding....................................................................... 13

ABS REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING OFFSHORE SPACEPORTS • 2023 iii
 1 General......................................................................................... 13
2 Materials for the Launching and Recovery Area...........................13
3 Materials for Cryogenic Tanks...................................................... 13

SECTION 3 Hull Construction...............................................................................14

1 General......................................................................................... 14
2 Structural Design Requirements...................................................14
2.1 Barge-Type Units............................................................. 14
2.2 Column-Stabilized Units.................................................. 14
2.3 Offshore Installations....................................................... 14
2.4 Self-Elevating Units......................................................... 15
3 Subdivision and Stability...............................................................15
3.1 Overturning Moment........................................................ 15
4 Safety Requirements and Fire Protection.....................................15
4.1 Muster Areas................................................................... 15
4.2 Means of Escape............................................................. 15
4.3 Life-saving Appliances.....................................................16
4.4 Safety Zones and Restricted Areas................................. 17
4.5 Fire Protection................................................................. 17

SECTION 4 Machinery, Equipment and Systems................................................18

1 General Requirements..................................................................18
2 Marine Piping Systems................................................................. 18
3 Electrical Systems........................................................................ 18
4 Control and Remote Operation.....................................................19
5 Station Keeping Systems..............................................................19
6 Autonomous and Remote Control System................................... 19
6.1 Remote Controlled DP Operations.................................. 19
7 Telemetry and Communication System........................................ 20
8 Lifting Appliances..........................................................................20
9 Spacecraft Propellant Station....................................................... 20
10 Portable Accommodation Modules............................................... 21
11 Removable Equipment ................................................................ 21

SECTION 5 Surveys............................................................................................... 22
1 Surveys During Construction........................................................ 22
1.1 General............................................................................ 22
2 Surveys After Construction........................................................... 22
2.1 General............................................................................ 22
2.2 Annual Surveys................................................................22
2.3 Special Periodical Surveys (Every 5 Years).....................23
2.4 Additional Surveys (after each Launch and/or
Recovery)........................................................................ 23

ABS REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING OFFSHORE SPACEPORTS • 2023 iv

 SECTION 1
General

1 Application
This document applies to offshore spaceports defined in 1/7.2 primarily intended for spacecraft testing,
launching and/or recovery offshore. The following types of offshore spaceports are covered by this
document:

i) Barge-Type Units
ii) Column-Stabilized Units
iii) Offshore Installations
iv) Self-Elevating Units

Other types of offshore spaceports and floating site-specific spaceports will be considered by ABS on a
case-by-case basis.

2 Classification
The requirements for conditions of classification are contained in the separate, generic ABS Rules for
Conditions of Classification – Offshore Units and Structures (Part 1).

Additional requirements specific to offshore spaceports are contained in the following Sections. Generally,
the “core” vessel is to be designed with the applicable requirements for the specific vessel type.
Specifically:

● ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Barges (Barge Rules) for Barge-Type Units
● ABS Rules for Building and Classing Mobile Offshore Units (MOU Rules) for Column-Stabilized
Units and Self-Elevating Units
● ABS Rules for Building and Classing Offshore Installations (Offshore Installations Rules) for
Offshore Installations

The requirements for the “core” (or “base”) vessels in the listed Rules for submittals, materials, design,
construction, and surveys are to be complied with where applicable. Additional requirements for spaceport
specific structures, machinery, and equipment are listed in Section 3 and Section 4 of this document.

Note:

If a Barge-Type spaceport is self-propelled, the design of hull structure and machinery, equipment, and systems that are
normally on barges follows the Barge Rules, while the design of propulsion machinery and special equipment and systems
that are normally not on barges follows the MOU Rules.

ABS REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING OFFSHORE SPACEPORTS • 2023 5

Section 1 General 1

2.1 Scope
The classification of an offshore spaceport addresses two major elements which are subject to the
requirements of this document:

i) Hull structure
ii) Onboard machinery, equipment, and systems that are not part of the spacecraft systems

Structural loads and safety hazards due to the presence of the spacecraft system are to be considered for
offshore spaceports. Classification of additional equipment and systems may be offered if requested by the
Owner.

This document has been developed around unmanned launch and recovery operations on the spaceport. If
the spaceport will be manned during launch and/or recovery operations, additional considerations
regarding personal safety are required and will be considered on a case-by-case basis.

2.2 Classification Symbols and Notations

The following class notations apply to the offshore spaceports, as defined in 1/7.2.

The Maltese Cross, ✠, symbol is assigned to offshore spaceports for which the hull construction and/or the
manufacture of its machinery and components and any associated required testing, as applicable, is carried
out under ABS survey. For offshore spaceports constructed under survey of another recognized
Classification Society or Authority, the Maltese Cross, ✠, symbol will be omitted from the hull and/or
machinery classification notations.

2.2.1 Offshore Spaceports Built under ABS Survey

Offshore spaceports which have been built and constructed to the satisfaction of ABS Surveyors
and to the requirements Sections 1 to 5 of this document or to their equivalent, where approved by
the Committee, are to be classed and distinguished in the ABS Record by the symbol ✠ A1
followed by the notation for the intended service and hull type given below:

✠ A1 Spaceport (Recovery) (hull type)

✠ A1 Spaceport (Launch) (hull type)

✠ A1 Spaceport (Recovery, Launch) (hull type)

The intended service for recovery and/or launch is included in the notation, and the relevant
requirements provided in this document are to be complied with. The service notation will be
appended by one of the following (Barge-Type), (Column-Stabilized), (Offshore
Installation), or (Self-Elevating) to indicate the hull type. The hull structural configurations of
these units are described in Subsection 1/7.

Examples of notations for offshore spaceports are:

✠ A1 Spaceport (Recovery) (Barge-Type)

✠ A1 Spaceport (Recovery, Launch) (Column-Stabilized)

✠ A1 Spaceport (Launch) (Offshore Installation)

✠ A1 Spaceport (Launch) (Self-Elevating)

2.2.2 Offshore Spaceports Not Built under ABS Survey

Offshore spaceports that are not built under ABS survey but submitted for classification will be
subjected to a special classification survey. Where found satisfactory and thereafter approved by
the Committee, they will be classed and distinguished in the ABS Record by the symbols and

ABS REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING OFFSHORE SPACEPORTS • 2023 6

Section 1 General 1

notations as described in 1/2.2.1 and the following Sections but omitting the symbol ✠ signifying
survey during construction.

2.2.3 Other Types of Offshore Spaceports

Offshore spaceports which do not fall into the categories listed in Subsection 1/1 will be treated on
an individual basis and assigned an appropriate classification designation.

2.2.4 Anchoring (Temporary Mooring) Equipment for Self-Propelled Offshore Spaceports, Ⓔ

For self-propelled offshore spaceports (e.g., self-propelled barge-type units, column-stabilized
units) with temporary mooring equipment, the requirements of temporary mooring equipment for
anchoring are to be in accordance with Section 3-4-1 of the MOU Rules.

2.2.5 Propulsion Machinery

Propulsion machinery and boilers (if any) required for propulsion, and which have been
constructed and installed to the satisfaction of the Surveyor to the full requirements of the MOU
Rules or their equivalent, found satisfactory after a trial, and approved by the Committee, will be
classed and distinguished in the ABS Record by the notation ✠ AMS. This notation is mandatory
for classification of self-propelled offshore spaceports built under ABS survey, classed, and
distinguished in the ABS Record by the notation ✠ A1. See also 3-1-1/1.5 of the MOU Rules.

Propulsion machinery and systems used for short field moves of non-self-propelled offshore
spaceports and complying with the requirements of the MOU Rules as applied to self-propelled
offshore spaceports manufactured and installed under ABS survey and found satisfactory after
trials will be distinguished in the ABS Record by the notation ✠ AMS-NP, as appropriate. See
also 3-1-1/1.7 of the MOU Rules.

2.2.6 Autonomous and/or Remote Control Systems, AUTONOMOUS and/or REMOTE-CON

The autonomous and/or remote control systems of the onboard machinery and equipment are to be
in accordance with the requirements of the ABS Requirements for Autonomous and Remote
Control Functions, manufactured and installed under ABS survey, and found satisfactory after
trials, and will be distinguished in the ABS Record by the notation AUTONOMOUS and/or
REMOTE-CON, as appropriate.

2.3 Optional Class Notations

Upon the Owner’s request, offshore spaceports which comply with the ABS Rules and Guides listed below
may be assigned the optional class notations described below.

A listing of Classification Symbols and Notations available to the Owners may be viewed and downloaded
from the ABS website: http://www.eagle.org. This Section introduces notations that may be applicable for
offshore spaceports.

2.3.1 Dynamic Positioning System, ✠ DPS-0, ✠ DPS-1, ✠ DPS-2, ✠ DPS-3

When requested by the Owner, dynamic positioning systems, when used to maintain the
spaceport’s position during offshore spaceport operations, are to be in accordance with the
requirements of the ABS Guide for Dynamic Positioning Systems (DPS Guide), manufactured and
installed under ABS survey, and found satisfactory after trials, and may be distinguished in the
ABS Record by the notation ✠ DPS-0, ✠ DPS-1, ✠ DPS-2 or ✠ DPS-3, as appropriate.

2.3.2 Crane Register Certificate, CRC

The Crane Register Certificate notation CRC signifies that an ABS Register of Lifting Appliances
is issued under the provisions of the ABS Guide for Certification of Lifting Appliances (Lifting
Appliance Guide).

ABS REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING OFFSHORE SPACEPORTS • 2023 7

Section 1 General 1

2.3.3 Thrusters, ✠ PAS or ✠ APS

Thruster machinery for propulsion assist or athwartship thrust complying with the applicable
requirements of Section 4-3-5 of the ABS Rules for Building and Classing Marine Vessels
(Marine Vessel Rules), manufactured and installed under ABS survey, and found satisfactory after
trials, may be distinguished in the Record by the notation ✠ PAS or ✠ APS, as appropriate.

2.3.4 Position Mooring Equipment and Systems, Ⓜ or Ⓟ

When requested by the Owner, position mooring with anchors, cables, and mooring winches when
used to maintain the spaceport’s position during offshore spaceport operations, are to be in
accordance with the requirements for the class notation Ⓜ or Ⓟ (see Section 3-4-1 of the MOU
Rules and the ABS Requirements for Position Mooring Systems). Safety precautions are to be
considered to prevent damaging seabed equipment and units by anchor deployment, recovery, and
station keeping.

When requested by the Owner, position (pre-laid) mooring systems, position (pre-laid) mooring
equipment, pre-laid mooring system with automatic position control system, and/or pre-laid
mooring system with manual position control system are to be in accordance with the
requirements for the class notation (P-PL), (M-PL), TAM-PL and/or TAM-PL (Manual),
respectively (see Section 5 of the ABS Requirements for Position Mooring Systems).

2.4 Administration Requirements

Requirements additional to those given in each Section of this document may be imposed by the flag
Administration with whom the offshore spaceport is registered or by the Administration within whose
territorial jurisdiction the offshore spaceport is intended to operate.

Approval of structural fire protection, fire extinguishing systems, and/or stability of the offshore spaceport
by a National Administration may be considered as complying with the class requirements provided such
approval can be satisfactorily documented.

3 Risk Evaluations for Alternative Arrangements and Novel Features

Risk assessment techniques may be used to demonstrate that alternatives and novel features provide
acceptable levels of safety in line with current offshore and marine industry practice. The ABS Guidance
Notes on Risk Assessment Applications for the Marine and Offshore Industries provide guidance on how to
prepare a risk evaluation to demonstrate equivalency or acceptability for a proposed design.

Risk evaluations for the justification of alternative arrangements or novel features may be applicable either
to the offshore spaceport as a whole or to individual systems, subsystems, or components. ABS will
consider the application of risk evaluations for alternative arrangements and novel features for offshore
spaceports. Portions of the offshore spaceport or any of its components not explicitly included in the risk
evaluation submitted to ABS are to comply with any applicable parts of the ABS Rules and Guides. If any
proposed alternative arrangement or novel feature affects any applicable requirements of a flag or Coastal
State, it is the responsibility of the Owner to discuss with the applicable authorities the acceptance of
alternatives based on risk evaluations.

For new or novel concepts, (i.e., applications or processes that have no previous experience in the
environment being proposed), the guidance encompassed in the class Rules may not be directly applicable
to them. The ABS Guidance Notes on Review and Approval of Novel Concepts offers ABS clients a
methodology for requesting classification of a novel concept. The process described in those Guidance
Notes draws upon engineering, testing, and risk assessments to determine if the concept provides
acceptable levels of safety in line with current industry practices.

4 Hazard Identification (HAZID)

All hazards that may affect the offshore spaceport due to offshore operations are to be identified with
implementation of effective risk control options. A systematic process is to be applied to identify situations

ABS REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING OFFSHORE SPACEPORTS • 2023 8

Section 1 General 1

where a combination or sequence of events could lead to undesirable consequences (property damage,
personnel safety, and environmental damage), with consideration given to all reasonably foreseeable
causes. ABS participation in this HAZID study is required.

The identified risk control options (prevention and mitigation measures) deemed necessary to be
implemented are to be considered part of the design basis of the offshore spaceport.

2/2.4 of the ABS Guidance Notes on Risk Assessment Applications for the Marine and Offshore Industries
provides guidance on hazard identification techniques.

5 Submission of Plans and Design Data

Hull and machinery plans, as required below, are to be submitted to ABS for review and approval. All plan
submissions originating from manufacturers are understood to be made with the cognizance of the
spaceport builder.

The Hazard Identification (HAZID) report in accordance with Subsection 1/4 is to be submitted for review.

5.1 Hull, Design Data and Calculations

Plans showing the scantlings, arrangements, and details of the principal parts of the structure of each
offshore spaceport to be built under survey and supporting analyses and calculations are to be submitted
for review and approved before the work of construction is commenced, as described in the following.

● Section 1-1-7/1 and 1-5-4/1 of the ABS Rules for Conditions of Classification (Part 1) for barge-type
units
● Section 3-1-2 and 5-1-1/1.9 of the MOU Rules for column-stabilized units and self-elevating units
● Section 1-1-4 and 3-1-1/3 of the Offshore Installations Rules for offshore installations

5.2 Machinery Plans

Plans are to be submitted showing the arrangements and details of all propulsion and auxiliary machinery,
steering gear, boilers and pressure vessels, electrical systems, bilge and ballast systems, fire extinguishing
systems, and other pumps and piping systems as described in the following:

● Section 1-1-7/3 of the ABS Rules for Conditions of Classification – Offshore Units and Structures
(Part 1) for barge-type units and offshore installations
● Section 4-1-1/5, 4-2-1/7, 4-3-1/5, and 5-2-1/3 of the MOU Rules for column-stabilized units and self-
elevating units.

5.3 Additional Plans

Where optional class notations or certification under the other Rules, Guides, or regulations, as described
in Section 1-1-5 of the ABS Rules for Conditions of Classification – Offshore Units and Structures (Part
1), are requested, submission of additional plans and calculations may be required. The submitted design
plans and data are to be in accordance with the requirements of this document and the latest edition of the
specified codes and/or standards subject to the offshore spaceport’s contract date with ABS.

6 Operating Manual
The Operating Manual of the offshore spaceport is to be submitted for review by ABS to verify that
operational procedures and conditions are consistent with the design information, criteria, and limitations
considered in the classification. ABS is not responsible for the launch vehicle operation of the spaceport,
and users are to comply with their licensing authority for flight and ground safety.

ABS REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING OFFSHORE SPACEPORTS • 2023 9

Section 1 General 1

A copy of the Operating Manual is preferably to be stored on board the offshore spaceport. Alternatively,
the Operating Manual may be retained in a location accessible by operating personnel (e.g., control room
on a vessel or onshore) and made readily available to the ABS Surveyor and to service personnel prior to
conducting any maintenance or inspection.

Insofar as classification is concerned, the Operating Manual for the offshore spaceport is to include the
information in accordance with Section 1-2-5 of the ABS Rules for Conditions of Classification – Offshore
Units and Structures (Part 1), as appropriate. Spaceport specialized systems, such as launching, recovery,
prepping, and storage/securing of spacecraft and storage of propellants and cryogenics, are to be included.
ABS review of spaceport specialized systems included in an Operating Manual will be limited to
confirming that operational procedure and conditions guidance for the installed systems is included in the
Operating Manual, however the assessment of the adequacy and sufficiency of the spaceport specialized
systems procedures and conditions is the responsibility of the licensing authority and these procedures will
not be assessed or approved by ABS.

Details regarding the manning are to be part of the Operating Manual. This is to include the overall
manning approach for the offshore spaceport and is to specifically indicate when and how many people
will be on board as well as details of the PPE provided on board.

The Operating Manual required by this Subsection does not need to be in addition to that required by the
coastal State or other governmental authorities. These administrations may require that additional
information be included in the Operating Manual.

7 Definitions

7.1 Spacecraft
A spacecraft is a vehicle or machine designed to fly beyond the Karman line.

7.2 Offshore Spaceport

An offshore unit or installation for launch vehicle testing, launch and reentry operations, recovery, and/or
spacecraft integration.

7.3 Launch Vehicle

● A vehicle built to operate in, or place a payload or human beings in, outer space; and
● A suborbital rocket.

7.4 Reentry Vehicle

A vehicle designed to return from Earth orbit or outer space to Earth, or a reusable launch vehicle designed
to return from Earth orbit or outer space to Earth, substantially intact.

7.5 Barge-Type Unit

A floating offshore spaceport with a flat bottom, either under its own power or towed by other vessels.

7.6 Column-Stabilized Unit

A floating offshore spaceport with the main deck connected to the underwater hull or footings by caissons.
The unit depends upon the buoyancy of columns or caissons for floatation and stability for all afloat modes
of operation, or in the raising or lowering of the unit. Lower hulls or footings may be provided at the
bottom of the columns for additional buoyancy.

ABS REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING OFFSHORE SPACEPORTS • 2023 10

Section 1 General 1

7.7 Offshore Installation

An Offshore Installation is a buoyant or non-buoyant structure, supported by or attached to the sea floor,
whose design is based on foundation and long term environmental conditions at a particular installation
site where it is intended to remain.

7.8 Self-Elevating Unit

An offshore spaceport with movable legs capable of raising its hull above the surface of the sea and
lowering it back into the sea.

7.9 Self-Propelled Unit

A unit designed with means of propulsion capable of propelling the unit during long distance ocean transits
without external assistance. The declaration of the unit as self-propelled is to be requested by the Owner,
specified in the contract between the Owner and the builder, and confirmed by ABS and the flag
Administration.

7.10 Non-Self-Propelled Unit

A unit that is not a self-propelled unit. Units with machinery used exclusively for positioning, unassisted
short field moves as allowed by the flag Administration and/or Coastal State, and to provide assistance
during towing operations may be considered non-self-propelled units.

The declaration of the unit as non-self-propelled is to be requested by the Owner, specified in the contract
between the Owner and the builder, and confirmed by ABS and the flag Administration.

8 Abbreviations and References

8.1 Abbreviations
ABS American Bureau of Shipping
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
DP Dynamic Positioning
FEA Finite Element Analysis
FMEA Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
HAZID Hazard Identification
IMO International Maritime Organization
MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
MODU Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit
MOU Mobile Offshore Unit
LSA Life-Saving Appliance
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply

8.2 References
The latest editions of the following ABS documents and industry standards are applicable and referenced
in this document.

ABS Rules for Conditions of Classification (Part 1)

ABS Rules for Conditions of Classification – Offshore Units and Structures (Part 1)

ABS REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING OFFSHORE SPACEPORTS • 2023 11

Section 1 General 1

ABS Rules for Building and Classing Marine Vessels (Marine Vessel Rules)

ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Barges (Barge Rules)

ABS Rules for Building and Classing Mobile Offshore Units (MOU Rules)

ABS Rules for Building and Classing Offshore Installations (Offshore Installations Rules)

ABS Rules for Materials and Welding (Part 2)

ABS Rules for Survey After Construction (Part 7)

ABS Requirements for Autonomous and Remote Control Functions

ABS Requirements for Position Mooring Systems

ABS Guide for Dynamic Positioning Systems (DPS Guide)

ABS Guide for Certification of Lifting Appliances (Lifting Appliance Guide)

ABS Guide for Portable Accommodation Modules

ABS Guidance Notes on Review and Approval of Novel Concepts

ABS Guidance Notes on Risk Assessment Applications for the Marine and Offshore Industries

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) VIII

ABS REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING OFFSHORE SPACEPORTS • 2023 12

 SECTION 2
Materials and Welding

1 General
The materials and welding used for the construction of offshore spaceports are to meet the requirements in
the Part 2 of the core rules, specifically,

● ABS Rules for Materials and Welding (Part 2) for barge-type units, column-stabilized units, and self-
elevating units.
● Part 2 of the Offshore Installations Rules for fixed offshore installations

All materials are to be suitable for the intended service conditions and are to be of the quality defined by a
recognized specification, and free of injurious imperfections.

The following additional requirements apply depending on the structure type of the offshore spaceport:

● Section 3-1-2/1, 3-1-2/3, 3-1-2/5, and 3-2-12 of the Barge Rules for barge-type units
● Section 3-1-4 and 3-2-6 of the MOU Rules for column-stabilized units and self-elevating units

2 Materials for the Launching and Recovery Area

The materials for the launching and recovery area are to be suitable for the intended service conditions and
are to be of the quality defined by recognized specifications and free of injurious defects. Materials used in
the construction of those structures are to be selected with due attention given to their strength and
durability in the marine environment (e.g., the consideration of dynamic forces, thermal effects, and
fatigue due to launching and recovery). Materials which do not conform to the requirements of this Section
may be considered for approval upon presentation of sufficient evidence of satisfactory performance.

Mill certificates are acceptable for materials for the launching and recovery area. ABS Surveyor witnesses
sample testing for each heat number to confirm the mechanical properties of the materials.

3 Materials for Cryogenic Tanks

Materials used in cryogenic tanks in contact with cryogenic liquids are to be suitable for the intended
purpose and in compliance with Section 5C-8-6 of the Marine Vessel Rules. Thermal insulation is to be
applied to prevent the extreme cold from being transferred to spaceport structures via conduction.

ABS REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING OFFSHORE SPACEPORTS • 2023 13

 SECTION 3
Hull Construction

1 General
The hull design and construction of offshore spaceports are to be in accordance with the applicable
requirements in the following ABS Rules.

● Part 3 of the Barge Rules for barge-type units

● Part 3 of the MOU Rules for column-stabilized units and self-elevating units
● Part 3 of the Offshore Installations Rules for offshore installations

2 Structural Design Requirements

The following requirements for structure design are to be complied with, as applicable. The structures in
the launching and recovery area are to be reinforced to sufficiently sustain the loads from the impact of the
spacecraft during launching and recovery operations. Effects on the spaceport structures due to launching
and recovery operations are to be considered, such as impact loads, rocket engine thermal heat, and
cryogenic spills. For offshore spaceports temporarily sitting on the bottom or on a pre-laid frame, the loads
from the bottom support are also to be considered in the structure design, and the structure of the pre-laid
frame is to be designed to sufficiently support the offshore spaceport.

The launching/landing loads are to be considered in the global and local finite element analysis (FEA) for
the launching/landing structure. Launching/landing loads are to be calculated using an acceptable
approach. For FEA, 3-2-20/1 through 3-2-20/9.1 of the Marine Vessel Rules is to be followed, and the
stress limits for static and dynamic loads may be used, as applicable.

2.1 Barge-Type Units

The requirements for hull structures and arrangements in Part 3, Chapter 2 of the Barge Rules are to be
complied with, as applicable.

2.2 Column-Stabilized Units

The requirements for hull structures and arrangements in Part 3, Chapter 2 of the MOU Rules are to be
complied with, as applicable.

2.3 Offshore Installations

The requirements for hull structures and arrangements in Part 3, Chapter 2 of the Offshore Installations
Rules are to be complied with, as applicable.

ABS REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING OFFSHORE SPACEPORTS • 2023 14

Section 3 Hull Construction 3

2.4 Self-Elevating Units

The requirements for hull structures and arrangements in Part 3, Chapter 2 of the MOU Rules are to be
complied with, as applicable.

3 Subdivision and Stability

The intact and damage stability of the offshore spaceport are to be evaluated in accordance with the
requirements of the flag and Coastal States. Ship-type installations are to comply with the IMO Code on
Intact Stability, the 1966 Load Line Convention, IMO MODU Code as applicable, and MARPOL 73/78.
The following requirements are to be complied with, as applicable:

● Part 3, Chapter 6 of the Barge Rules for barge-type units

● Part 3, Chapter 3 of the MOU Rules for column-stabilized units and self-elevating units
● 3-2-6/5.5 and 3-2-5/9.3 of the Offshore Installations Rules for offshore installations

The liquid fuel storage for spacecraft, and the weight and the center of gravity of the rocket are to be
included in the stability assessment of the offshore spaceport.

3.1 Overturning Moment

In calculating overturning moments for offshore spaceports, the effect of the spacecraft weight and impact
loads with the maximum design wind force associated with the normal operation condition is to be
determined. The full range of spacecraft positions, elevations, and weights is to be considered in order to
investigate the most critical scenarios. The wind area of the spacecraft is to be considered in the calculation
of the overturning moment. Potential dynamic forces from the rocket that could generate an overturning
moment to the spaceport are to be considered in the design of offshore spaceports.

4 Safety Requirements and Fire Protection

Offshore spaceports that are either permanently or temporarily manned are to comply with the flag
Administration requirements for all requirements relating to safety of personnel on board. This includes
but is not limited to muster areas, means of escape, life-saving appliances, and fire protection. In the
absence of any specific requirements from the flag Administration, the requirements listed in 4/4.1 to 4/4.5
are to apply at a minimum. For unmanned offshore spaceports, the requirements listed in 4/4.4 and 4/4.5
are also applicable. The launching and/or recovery operations are considered unmanned in this document.
If launching and/or recovery operations are manned, they are subject to special consideration and will be
reviewed by ABS on a case-by-case basis.

4.1 Muster Areas

For manned offshore spaceports, a designated muster station(s) where personnel can gather prior to
entering the lifeboats is to be included in the design plan, conforming to the following requirements.

● All materials that comprise the muster stations routes are to be of steel or equivalent material.
● The muster station is to be of sufficient area to accommodate the number of personnel to be gathered.
● The muster station is to be located in a safe location.
● The muster station may be a meeting room inside the accommodations or may be part of the lifeboat
embarkation station.

4.2 Means of Escape

At least two (2) means of escape are to be provided for all continuously manned areas and areas that are
used on a regular working basis. The two (2) means of escape must be through routes that minimize the
possibility of having both routes blocked in an emergency situation. Escape routes are to have a minimum
width of 0.71 m (28 in.). Dead-end corridors (pathway which has no exit when used during an escape)
exceeding 7 m (23 ft) in length are not permitted.

ABS REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING OFFSHORE SPACEPORTS • 2023 15

Section 3 Hull Construction 3

Escape route paths are to be properly identified and provided with adequate lighting.

An escape route plan is to be prominently displayed at various points in the facility or is to be included in
the Fire Control or Fire/Safety Plan and submitted as one of the submittals listed in Subsection 1/5.

4.3 Life-saving Appliances

Offshore spaceports with personnel are to maintain at least two access/exit gangways during operations to
facilitate personnel escape in the event of an emergency situation on the spaceport. Alternatively, at least
two widely separated fixed metal ladders or stairways may be provided extending from the deck to the
surface of the water. The gangways, fixed metal ladder or stairways and sea areas in the vicinity should be
adequately illuminated by emergency lighting.

Offshore spaceports are to comply with the applicable provisions of the International Life-Saving
Appliance (LSA) Code on lifeboats, rafts, and vests during manned operations or the following
requirements at a minimum. The locations of life-saving appliances are to be protected from blast and heat
from the launching/landing pad.

4.3.1 Lifeboats
Lifeboats of an approved type are to be provided, with a total capacity to accommodate twice the
total number of people on board the offshore spaceport. The lifeboats are required to be installed
on at least two (2) sides of the offshore spaceport, in which there will be accommodation for
100%, in case one of the stations becomes inoperable. Alternatively, for ship-type units, free-fall
lifeboats with aggregate capacity to accommodate the total number of persons on board, where
provided, are subject to acceptance by the flag Administration. The lifeboats are to be stowed in a
secure and sheltered position and protected from damage by fire and explosion.

4.3.2 Liferafts
Inflatable liferafts of an approved type are to be provided on board such that their total capacity is
sufficient to accommodate the total number of people expected to be on board the offshore
spaceport. Liferafts are to be placed in or next to areas where personnel may be working, in
sufficient quantity to hold the maximum number of people that might be present in the area at any
one (1) time. The liferafts are to be stowed in a secure and sheltered position and protected from
damage by fire and explosion.

The liferafts for self-elevating spaceports should be davit launching type unless two access/exit
gangways are located near liferaft store location and can reach to the water surface so that the
people on board can embark to liferafts when the self-elevating spaceport is in elevated mode.

4.3.3 Life Jackets

At least one (1) life jacket of an approved type, is to be provided for each person on a manned
offshore spaceport. Life jackets are to be stored in readily accessible locations. Life jackets
numbering the same quantity as the maximum aggregate capacity of each lifeboat station are to be
stored next to the lifeboat station.

4.3.4 Work Vests

When personnel baskets are used to transfer personnel from the facility to work boats, or vice
versa, a work vest is to be provided and kept with the personnel basket for each person riding in
the basket.

4.3.5 Personal Protective Equipment

For asphyxiation and toxicity risks, personal protective equipment (PPE) for responders and/or
personnel escaping to muster stations are to be available on board the offshore spaceport in
sufficient quantities as determined by the HAZID study (see Subsection 1/4) and specified in the
Operating Manual (see Subsection 1/6).

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Section 3 Hull Construction 3

4.4 Safety Zones and Restricted Areas

Safety Zones and restricted areas are to be defined for each launch and recovery operation to keep vessels
other than the offshore spaceport from entering the launch and recovery area while an active spacecraft
launch/recovery is taking place. Operators are to comply with their governing launch license requirements
for launch essential personnel and assets as approved by their license authority.

4.5 Fire Protection

Fire and gas hazards arising from dockside operation, transit, and normal operation are to be evaluated
based on the specific offshore spaceport risk assessment. Firefighting or suppression systems (e.g., water
suppression) for the launching, recovery, fuel storage, etc., are to follow applicable industry or
manufacturer standards.

The design basis/philosophy of an offshore spaceport are to be provided to ABS for review and are to be
aligned with the applicable fire safety requirements in the MOU Rules, such as

● Installation of materials which contain asbestos is prohibited.

● Structural fire protection is to follow applicable requirements in 5-1-1/3 of the MOU Rules.
● Protection of accommodation spaces, service spaces, and control stations is to follow applicable
requirements in 5-1-1/5 of the MOU Rules.
● Portable fire extinguishers are to follow applicable requirements in Section 5-2-4 of the MOU Rules.

ABS REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING OFFSHORE SPACEPORTS • 2023 17

 SECTION 4
Machinery, Equipment and Systems

1 General Requirements
Machinery, equipment, and systems that support marine operations are to be in accordance with the
applicable requirements of:

● Part 4 and Section 3-3-1 of the Barge Rules for barge-type units
● Part 4 and Part 6 of the MOU Rules for column-stabilized units, offshore installation, and self-
elevating units.

2 Marine Piping Systems

Piping systems that support marine operations are to be in accordance with the applicable requirements of:

● Section 4-1-2 of the Barge Rules for barge-type units

● Part 4, Chapter 2 of the MOU Rules for column-stabilized units, offshore installation, and self-
elevating units.

If a system is serving marine operations and offshore spaceport operations (e.g., hydraulic power to
offshore spaceport operations, cooling systems, etc.), the design criteria of the system is to meet the above
requirements, as applicable. If a part of the system serves only offshore spaceport operation and can be
isolated from the part serving marine operations, other recognized industrial standards or manufacturer
standards may be applied to that part of the system up to but not including the isolating valve.

3 Electrical Systems
Electrical equipment and systems are to be in accordance with the applicable requirements of:

● Section 4-1-3 of the Barge Rules for barge-type units

● Part 4, Chapter 3 of the MOU Rules for column-stabilized units, offshore Installation, and self-
elevating units.

If a system is serving marine operations and offshore spaceport operations (e.g., power supply to offshore
spaceports), the design criteria of the system is to meet the above requirements, as applicable. If a part of
the system serves only offshore spaceport operation and can be isolated from the part serving marine
operations, other recognized industrial standards or manufacturer standards may be applied to that part of
the system up to but not including the isolating circuit.

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Section 4 Machinery, Equipment and Systems 4

4 Control and Remote Operation

A central control station is to be provided for controlling or coordinating the operations of onboard
machinery, equipment, and systems. The central control station is to be able to provide an overview of all
systems and activities associated with normal operations. Computer-based systems are to comply with
Section 4-9-3 of the Marine Vessel Rules. The requirements of remote control station are listed in 4/6.1.

Controls, displays, and alarms are to provide for safe and reliable performance of all the required functions
carried out from the control station.

When control of the onboard machinery, equipment, and systems is possible from more than one control
location, control is to be possible only from one control location at a time, except for those safety related
functions (emergency shutdown, etc.). A clear method to transfer control between stations is to be
provided. At each control location, there is to be an indicator showing which location is in control. Means
of communication are to be provided between the central control station and the local control stations for
the onboard machinery, equipment, and systems. Communication systems are to be installed to minimize
disturbances or interference generated by foreign sources of energy.

5 Station Keeping Systems

A station keeping system is to be provided to keep the spaceport on position, within an operationally
defined radius. Dynamic positioning systems are to be in accordance with 1/2.3.1. For mooring system, the
station keeping system is to meet applicable requirements of:

● 3-4-1/3 and 6-1-10/3 of the MOU Rules for temporary mooring equipment
● ABS Requirements for Position Mooring Systems for mooring systems, if any

6 Autonomous and Remote Control System

The autonomous and remote control system is to be in accordance with the applicable requirements of the
ABS Requirements for Autonomous and Remote Control Functions. For autonomous and remote control
system is limited to DP operations as defined in 4/6.1, the minimum requirements listed in 4/6.1 are to be
satisfied.

6.1 Remote Controlled DP Operations

For remote controlled DP operations that are limited to the following:

i) During recovery and/or launching operations, the spaceport is operated using DP system and is
remotely controlled.
ii) Support vessels are on standby and are at a safe distance from the spaceport.
iii) No marine traffic is nearby in launch and landing operations hazard zone.
iv) Comply with coastal state/federal regulations and flag agreement.

The remote controlled DP system is to satisfy the following requirements as a minimum:

i) The DP system is to at least satisfy ABS DPS-2 requirements.

ii) Identify hazards related to remote controlled DP operations in HAZID workshop. The purpose of
the HAZID is to identify potential hazards and hazardous situations, consider their consequences,
and address them with appropriate prevention or mitigation measures. The major hazards in
marine and offshore industries can be found in Appendix 2 of the ABS Requirements for
Autonomous and Remote Control Functions.
iii) Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and sea trials of the DP systems to include remote
controlled DP operations.

ABS REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING OFFSHORE SPACEPORTS • 2023 19

Section 4 Machinery, Equipment and Systems 4

The remote control function is to comply with the following requirements:

i) The remote control station is to be constantly manned.

ii) The remote operator is to be designated and will have responsibility over the function being
controlled in a remote location.
iii) The remote operator is to be able to monitor the system and operations under remote control at all
times.
iv) The remote operator is to be able to control the function in real-time from the remote location.

The remote control station is to satisfy the following requirements:

i) Requirements pertaining to remote operator training and qualifications do not fall under the
purview of ABS. The flag Administration is to be consulted for instructions and guidance on the
minimum qualification and training requirements of these operators. The competence
requirements of the operators are to be defined and documented in the Operating Manual.
ii) Computer and communication systems are to be supplied power from uninterruptible power
supply (UPS). In the event of a loss of power, the UPS is to have sufficient power for operations
of the remote control function to safely terminate and successfully transfer control to an onboard
operator or to transition to a safe state. Calculations and justifications in this regard are to be
submitted to ABS for review. Loss of power and transfer of power to the UPS is to be alarmed at
the remote control station and on board the spaceport.
iii) Alarms requiring the attention of the remote operator are to be provided with visual and audible
alarms.
iv) The remote operator is to be provided with a sufficient level of situational awareness of the
operations being carried out by the function on board the spaceport. The level of situational
awareness required is dependent on the nature of the operations.
v) Live visual feed of the operations being carried out by the function on board the spaceport is to be
provided at the remote control station. In the case of partial or full failure of video feeds, the
operator is to have demonstrably effective backup operational capabilities for situational
awareness and decision support.

7 Telemetry and Communication System

Telemetry and Communication systems on board are to comply with the applicable requirements of
4-9-3/13 of the Marine Vessel Rules.

8 Lifting Appliances
The lifting appliances (cranes), if in the class scope, are to be in accordance with the applicable
requirements of the Lifting Appliance Guide, including offshore recovery of crewed capsules and fairings
as well as personnel and material transfer.

9 Spacecraft Propellant Station

If on board, the spacecraft propellant system is to be arranged so that no hydrocarbon or toxic propellant is
discharged to the environment during normal propellant transfer operations. Means are to be provided to
relieve residual pressure and for draining the liquid from the propellant transport lines at propellant
transporting completion.

The cryogenic tanks are to be in accordance with the applicable requirements of recognized pressure vessel
standards such as the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) VIII, as well as additional Class
requirements and statutory regulations. Materials used in cryogenic tanks are to comply with the
requirements of Subsection 2/3 of this document. Safety measures are to be taken to prevent structure

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Section 4 Machinery, Equipment and Systems 4

damage occurring from cryogenic liquid leaks, spills, or drips. Valves are to be designed to be suitable for
cryogenic service to prevent leaks at low ambient temperatures. Safety procedures are to be in place for
personnel handling cryogenic fluids.

All pipelines, hoses, or components which may be isolated in a liquid full condition, or where liquid may
accumulate, are to be protected by relief valves. The outlet from these pressure relief valves is to be led to
the cryogenic tanks. Alternatively, they may discharge to the vent mast if means are provided to detect and
dispose of any liquid cargo which may flow into the vent system.

Personnel on board are to be safeguarded from any hydrocarbon or toxic propellant release.

Fire extinguishing systems are to be provided for each cryogenic tank area in accordance with Part 5 of the
MOU Rules, as applicable.

10 Portable Accommodation Modules

Portable accommodation modules are to be in accordance with the applicable requirements of the ABS
Guide for Portable Accommodation Modules. The results of risk assessments and other evaluations (such
as fire/blast analysis) are to be considered in the design of the location and safety of the portable
accommodation modules.

11 Removable Equipment
Removable equipment is not a permanent part of an offshore spaceport and is intended to be removed after
a finite period of time (e.g., pre-service stage, spacecraft launch/recovery stage). Removable equipment
can present new hazards to the offshore spaceport during its installation, use, and removal. The use of the
removable equipment and its location are to be accounted for in the risk analyses so that potential hazards
due to use of the removable equipment are identified, assessed, and controlled. Temporarily revised
management and control arrangements for safe operation and maintenance of removable equipment are to
be established and implemented. Specification of interface on board for the removable equipment is to be
sufficiently detailed.

Removable equipment is to be designed and installed to:

● Fulfill its intended functions

● Avoid jeopardizing the safety of personnel and permanent structure and equipment
● Be safely transported and installed
● Comply with regulatory requirements

ABS REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING OFFSHORE SPACEPORTS • 2023 21

 SECTION 5
Surveys

1 Surveys During Construction

1.1 General
Surveys during construction of offshore spaceports are to be in accordance with the core Rules listed in
Subsection 1/2, as applicable.

2 Surveys After Construction

2.1 General
Surveys after construction of offshore spaceports are to be in accordance with the core Rules listed in
Subsection 1/2 and the ABS Rules for Survey After Construction (Part 7), as applicable.

2.2 Annual Surveys

In addition to the surveys referenced in 5/2.1 above, the following are to be carried out in the presence of
an ABS Surveyor on an annual basis, as applicable:

i) Examination of any critical structure identified during design review and HAZID workshop, as
applicable.
ii) Operational test of all emergency stops, controls, and remote controls.
iii) Review of calibration record, Operating Manual defined in Subsection 1/6, and logbooks.
iv) Examination and testing of fire/safety alarms and detectors.
v) Testing of all means of communication, including internal, external, and spacecraft-to-spaceport
communication.
vi) Examination of all piping systems.
vii) Functional tests of equipment integrated or associated with the spaceport’s systems.
viii) Examination and testing of electrical systems and related equipment.
ix) Operational test of all spaceport equipment alarms.
x) Onboard PPE is to be provided in sufficient quantities as determined by the HAZID study (see
Subsection 1/4) and specified in the Operating Manual (see Subsection 1/6). PPE is to be
examined in order to confirm it is in suitable condition and not expired or in need of periodic
servicing.
xi) Examination and testing of the Remote Operator Station (for Autonomous functions with
Operations Supervision Levels RO1, RO2 or RO3) and/or the Remote Control Station (for Remote

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Section 5 Surveys 5

Control functions). Testing involving the Remote Operator Station or Remote Control Station
arrangements are to be conducted in conjunction with the spaceport in the presence of attending
Surveyors at both the spaceport and the Remote Operator Station or Remote Control Station.
Refer to Section 7-9-38 of the ABS Rules for Survey After Construction (Part 7) for details.
xii) Examination and testing of the Thrusters and Dynamic Positioning Systems (PAS, APS, DPS-0,
DSP-1, DPS-2, DPS-3), arrangements are to be conducted in conjunction with the spaceport in the
presence of attending Surveyors. Refer to Section 7-9-6 of the ABS Rules for Survey After
Construction (Part 7) for details.
xiii) Compliance with any special requirements from the flag Administration, local codes, or
regulations.

2.3 Special Periodical Surveys (Every 5 Years)

In addition to the applicable requirements noted in 5/2.2 above for Annual Surveys, the following is to be
carried out in the presence of an ABS Surveyor:

i) Examination of structure and hull connection weld points, supplemented by NDT of the
connection welds for items identified in 5/2.2i).
ii) Examination of electrical equipment wiring, wireways, junction boxes, and electrical panels for
damage, corrosion, or loose connections.
iii) Examination and testing of insulation resistance of cables related to autonomous and remote
control systems. Refer to Section 7-9-38 of the ABS Rules for Survey After Construction (Part 7)
for details.
iv) Calibration of essential safety alarms, detectors, and equipment.
v) Onboard PPE is to be provided in sufficient quantities as determined by the HAZID study (see
Subsection 1/4) and specified in the Operating Manual (see Subsection 1/6). PPE is to be
examined in order to confirm it is in suitable condition and not expired or in need of periodic
servicing.
vi) Examination and testing of the Remote Operator Station (for Autonomous functions with
Operations Supervision Levels RO1, RO2 or RO3) and/or the Remote Control Station (for Remote
Control functions). Testing involving the Remote Operator Station or Remote Control Station
arrangements are to be conducted in conjunction with the spaceport in the presence of attending
Surveyors at both the spaceport and the Remote Operator Station or Remote Control Station.
Refer to Section 7-9-38 of the ABS Rules for Survey After Construction (Part 7) for details.
vii) Examination and testing of the Thrusters and Dynamic Positioning Systems (PAS, APS, DPS-0,
DSP-1, DPS-2, DPS-3), arrangements are to be conducted in conjunction with the spaceport in the
presence of attending Surveyors. Refer to Section 7-9-6 of the ABS Rules for Survey After
Construction (Part 7) for details.

2.4 Additional Surveys (after each Launch and/or Recovery)

After each launch and/or recovery, an inspection by the onsite crew is to be carried out to check for
potential structural damage and equipment malfunctioning that occurred during launch and/or recovery
operations. The inspection report is to be made available to ABS for review during scheduled surveys.
Damage, failure, or deterioration to hull, machinery, or equipment detected by the Owner’s inspection
which affects or may affect classification, is to be submitted by the Owners or their representatives for
examination by an ABS Surveyor at first opportunity. All repairs found necessary by the Surveyor are to
be carried out to the Surveyor’s satisfaction. Refer to 1-1-8/1 of the ABS Rules for Conditions of
Classification – Offshore Units and Structures (Part 1).

ABS REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING OFFSHORE SPACEPORTS • 2023 23