THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

DEFLECTION ON BEAM STRUCTURES THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

Slope and Deflection using CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD

- Compared to the Area moment method, this method provides a

more convenient means of computing slope and deflection on
beams.
- Though both methods essentially require the same amount of
effort, the conjugate beam method is preferred by structural
engineers due to its systematic sign convention and
straightforward application.
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

DEFLECTION ON BEAM STRUCTURES THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

Slope and Deflection using CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD

𝑤(𝑥)

∆
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES
Slope and Deflection using CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD THEORY OF
STRUCTURES
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES
Slope and Deflection using CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

“A conjugate beam corresponding to a real beam is a fictitious beam

of the same length as the real beam, but it is externally supported and
internally connected such that if the conjugate beam is loaded with the
M/EI diagram of the real beam, the shear and bending moment at any
point on the conjugate beam are equal, respectively, to the slope and
deflection at the corresponding point on the real beam.”

Theorem 1: The slope at a point in the real beam is numerically equal

to the shear at the corresponding point in the conjugate beam.

, ,

Theorem 2: The displacement of a point in the real beam is numerically

equal to the moment at the corresponding point in the conjugate
beam.
, ,
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

DEFLECTION ON BEAM STRUCTURES THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

 Slope and Deflection using CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD

𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚

 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

DEFLECTION ON BEAM STRUCTURES THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

 Slope and Deflection using CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD

𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚

 THEORY OF
 Slope and Deflection of determinate beams using CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD STRUCTURES
THEORY OF
Example 1: Calculate the rotation at supports and at point C and deflection at the STRUCTURES

midspan of the beam

𝐿/4 𝑃 a) Calculate reaction at supports of the conjugate beam
𝐶 1 𝑃𝐿 𝐿
∑𝑀 = 0; 𝑀 = −𝑅 𝐿 + (𝐿)
𝐴 𝐵 2 4𝐸𝐼 2
𝐿/2 𝐿/2

𝐿 𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝑅 = 𝑅 =
𝑃𝐿
16𝐸𝐼 16𝐸𝐼
4𝐸𝐼 b) Rotation at A is equal to the shear at A
𝑃𝐿
𝑀 𝜃 = 𝑉 = −𝑅 = −
16𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
4𝐸𝐼 16𝐸𝐼

c) Rotation at B is equal to the shear at B

𝑅 𝑅 𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝜃 =𝑉 =𝑅 = 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
16𝐸𝐼 16𝐸𝐼
 THEORY OF
 Slope and Deflection of determinate beams using CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD STRUCTURES
THEORY OF
Example 1: Calculate the rotation at supports and at point C and deflection at the STRUCTURES

midspan of the beam

d) Rotation at C is equal to the shear at C
𝑃𝐿 1 𝑃𝐿 𝐿
𝐿/4 4𝐸𝐼 𝜃 = 𝑉 = −𝑅 + 𝐿/4 𝑃𝐿
2 8𝐸𝐼 4
8𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿 3𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝐴 𝐵 𝜃 =− + =− 𝐶
𝐶 16𝐸𝐼 64𝐸𝐼 64𝐸𝐼 16𝐸𝐼 𝑉
𝑅 𝑅
𝐿/2 3𝑃𝐿
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
64𝐸𝐼
e) Deflection at midspan is equal to the moment at
midspan
𝐿 1 𝑃𝐿 𝐿 1 𝐿
𝐿/2 ∆ =𝑀 = −𝑅 +
𝑃𝐿 2 2 4𝐸𝐼 2 3 2
4𝐸𝐼 𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝑃𝐿 ∆ = 𝑀 = − + = −
𝑀 32𝐸𝐼 96𝐸𝐼 48𝐸𝐼
16𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝐿
∆ = 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
48𝐸𝐼
 THEORY OF
 Slope and Deflection of determinate beams using CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD STRUCTURES
THEORY OF
Example 2: Calculate for the rotation at left support and at point C and deflection STRUCTURES

at midspan of the beam

𝐿/4
𝒂) 𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒋𝒖𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑩𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔
𝑊 𝑀
(𝑥) =
𝑊𝐿𝑥 𝑊𝑥
−
𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
𝐶
𝐴 𝐵
𝐿
𝑥 𝑅 𝑑 𝑅

𝑊𝐿
8𝐸𝐼
+↓ Σ𝐹 = 0

𝑅 +𝑅 − 𝑀 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑀
𝐸𝐼 𝑊𝐿𝑥 𝑊𝑥
∫ 2𝐸𝐼 − 2𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥
𝑅 +𝑅 − =0
2
𝑀 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥
𝐸𝐼 𝑊𝐿
𝑅 =𝑅 = ↓
𝑊𝐿𝑥 𝑊𝑥 24𝐸𝐼
−
𝑀 2 2 𝑊𝐿𝑥 𝑊𝑥
𝑥 = = −
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
 THEORY OF
 Slope and Deflection of determinate beams using CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD STRUCTURES
THEORY OF
Example 2: Calculate for the rotation at supports and at point C and deflection at STRUCTURES

midspan of the beam

𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 c) Rotation at B is equal to the shear at B

𝑀 𝑊𝐿𝑥 𝑊𝑥
𝐿/4 (𝑥) = − 𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝐿
𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 𝜃 =𝑉 =𝑅 = 𝜃 = 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
24𝐸𝐼 24𝐸𝐼
𝐶
𝑦 d) Rotation at C is equal to the shear at C
𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝐿𝑥 𝑊𝑥
𝑅 = 𝑅 = 𝜃 = 𝑉 = −𝑅 + 2𝐸𝐼
−
2𝐸𝐼
𝑑𝑥
24𝐸𝐼 24𝐸𝐼
b) Rotation at A is equal to the shear at A 𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝐿𝑥 𝑊𝑥 𝑊𝐿𝑥 𝑊𝑥
𝜃 =− + − − −
24𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 /
4𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
𝑊𝐿
𝜃 = 𝑉 = −𝑅 = −
24𝐸𝐼 𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝐿 11𝑊𝐿
𝜃 =− + − =−
24𝐸𝐼 64𝐸𝐼 384𝐸𝐼 384𝐸𝐼
𝑊𝐿
𝜃 = 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
24𝐸𝐼 11𝑊𝐿
𝜃 = 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
384𝐸𝐼
 THEORY OF
 Slope and Deflection of determinate beams using CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD STRUCTURES
THEORY OF
Example 2: Calculate for the rotation at supports and at point C and deflection at STRUCTURES

midspan of the beam

e) Deflection at midspan is equal to the moment at
𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚
midspan
𝑀 𝑊𝐿𝑥 𝑊𝑥 /
𝐸𝐼
(𝑥) =
2𝐸𝐼
−
2𝐸𝐼 𝐿 𝑊𝐿𝑥 𝑊𝑥 𝐿
∆ =𝑀 = −𝑅 + − − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 2

/
𝑊𝐿 𝐿 𝑊𝐿 𝑥 𝑊𝐿𝑥 𝑊𝐿𝑥 𝑊𝑥
∆ =− + − − + 𝑑𝑥
24𝐸𝐼 2 4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝐿
𝑅 = 𝑅 =
24𝐸𝐼 24𝐸𝐼 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝐿2 𝑊𝐿 2 𝑊𝐿 2 𝑊 2
d) Rotation at any point along the beam ∆ =− + − − +
48𝐸𝐼 4 2 𝐸𝐼 2 3 𝐸𝐼 4 3 𝐸𝐼 2(4)𝐸𝐼
𝑊𝐿𝑥 𝑊𝑥
𝜃 = 𝑉 = −𝑅 + − 𝑑𝑥 𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝐿
2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 5𝑊𝐿
∆ =− + − − + =−
48𝐸𝐼 32𝐸𝐼 48𝐸𝐼 96𝐸𝐼 128𝐸𝐼 384𝐸𝐼
𝑊
𝜃 =𝑉 =− 4𝑥 − 6𝐿𝑥 + 𝐿
24𝐸𝐼 5𝑊𝐿
∆ = 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
384𝐸𝐼
 THEORY OF
 Slope and Deflection of determinate beams using CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD STRUCTURES
THEORY OF
Example 2: Calculate for the rotation at supports and at point C and deflection at STRUCTURES

midspan of the beam

𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚

𝑀 𝑊𝐿𝑥 𝑊𝑥
(𝑥) = −
𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼

f) Deflection at any point along the beam

𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝐿
𝑅 = 𝑅 = 𝑊𝐿𝑥 𝑊𝑥
24𝐸𝐼 24𝐸𝐼 −
𝑊𝐿 2 2
𝑦 =𝑀 =− 𝑥 + (𝐿 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
24𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝑊
𝑦 =𝑀 =− (𝐿 x − 6𝐿 𝑥 + 8𝐿𝑥 − 3𝑥 )
24𝐸𝐼
 THEORY OF
 Slope and Deflection of determinate beams using CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD STRUCTURES
THEORY OF
Example 3: Calculate for the rotation at supports and at point C and deflection at STRUCTURES

midspan of the beam

335𝐾𝑁 180𝐾𝑁 340 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝐸𝐼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎 𝐴 𝐸
𝐼 = 2500𝑥10^6 𝑚𝑚 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
4𝑚 4𝑚 4𝑚 4𝑚

a) Determine the reactions for the ∑𝐹 = 0;

real beam to draw the M/EI
diagram 𝑅 + 𝑅 − 335 − 180 = 0

**Cutting the beam at C, and use 𝑅 = 467.50 𝐾𝑁

right side section.
∑𝑀 = 0;
∑𝑀 = 0;
𝑀 = −335 4 − 180 12 + 340 + 16𝑅
𝑀 = 8𝑅 + 340 − 180 4
𝑀 = −2400 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑅 = 47.50 𝐾𝑁
 THEORY OF
 Slope and Deflection of determinate beams using CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD STRUCTURES
THEORY OF
Example 3: Calculate for the rotation at supports and at point C and deflection at STRUCTURES

midspan of the beam

335𝐾𝑁 180𝐾𝑁 340 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝐸𝐼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎 𝐴 𝐸
𝐼 = 2500𝑥10^6 𝑚𝑚 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
4𝑚 4𝑚 4𝑚 4𝑚
𝑅 = 467.50 𝐾𝑁 467.50
𝑅 = 47.50 𝐾𝑁 132.50

𝑀 = −2400 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
−47.50
530
𝑀/𝐸𝐼
−530 −340

−2400 4 4 2.44 1.56

𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒋𝒖𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎

 THEORY OF
 Slope and Deflection of determinate beams using CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD STRUCTURES
THEORY OF
Example 3: Calculate for the rotation at support E and deflection points B and D of STRUCTURES

the beam shown

530 ∑𝑀 = 0;
𝑀/𝐸𝐼 1 2(4)
8𝑅 + 2400 − 530 (4) + 4 + 530 4 2 + 4
−530 −340 2 3
1 2 1 2
−2400 + (530)(4)( )(4) + (530)(4)( )(4)
4𝑚 4𝑚 4𝑚 2.44 1.56 2 3 2 3

𝐴 𝐸
1 2.44
𝐶 𝐷 + 530 2.44 +4
𝐵 2 3
𝑅 𝑅 1 2 1.56
− 340 1.56 + 2.44 + 4 = 0
∑𝐹 = 0; 2 3
1 1 8𝑅 + 44435.272 = 0
𝑅 +𝑅 − 2400 − 530 4 − 530 4 − (530)(4)
2 2
1 1 1 5554.409
+ 530 4 + 530 2.44 − 340 1.56 = 0 𝑅 =− 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
2 2 2 𝐸𝐼

3553.009
𝑅 = 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝐸𝐼
 THEORY OF
 Slope and Deflection of determinate beams using CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD STRUCTURES
THEORY OF
Example 3: Calculate for the rotation at support E and deflection points B and D of STRUCTURES

the beam shown

530
𝑀/𝐸𝐼
−530 −340

−2400
4𝑚 4𝑚 4𝑚 2.44 1.56

𝐴 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
𝐵

3553.009 5554.409 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

𝑅 = 𝑅 = 𝜃 = 0.0111 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
a) Rotation at E is equal to the shear at E

𝜃 = 𝑉 = 5554.409

1000𝑁 1000𝑚𝑚
5554.409𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 1𝐾𝑁 1𝑚
5554.409
𝜃 = 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 = 𝑁
𝐸𝐼 2500𝑥10 𝑚𝑚 200𝑥10
𝑚𝑚
 THEORY OF
 Slope and Deflection of determinate beams using CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD STRUCTURES
THEORY OF
Example 3: Calculate for the rotation at support E and deflection points B and D of STRUCTURES

the beam shown

530
𝑀/𝐸𝐼 ∆ = −40.40 𝑚𝑚
−530 −340

−2400 ∆ = 40.40 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑

4𝑚 4𝑚 4𝑚 2.44 1.56

𝐴 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
𝐵

3553.009 5554.409
𝑅 = 𝑅 =
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
b) Deflection at B is equal to the moment at B
1 2
∆ = 𝑀 = − 2400 − 530 4 4 − 530(4)(2)
2 3
1000𝑁 1000𝑚𝑚
20200 −20200𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 1𝐾𝑁 1𝑚
∆ =− 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 = 𝑁
3𝐸𝐼 3 2500𝑥10 𝑚𝑚 200𝑥10
𝑚𝑚
 THEORY OF
 Slope and Deflection of determinate beams using CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD STRUCTURES
THEORY OF
Example 3: Calculate for the rotation at support E and deflection points B and D of STRUCTURES

the beam shown

530
𝑀/𝐸𝐼 ∆ = −45.85 𝑚𝑚
−530 −340

−2400 ∆ = 45.85 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑

4𝑚 4𝑚 4𝑚 2.44 1.56

𝐴 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
𝐵

3553.009 5554.409
𝑅 = 𝑅 =
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
c) Deflection at D is equal to the moment at D
1 2 1.56 1 2.44
∆ = 𝑀 = −5554.409 4 − 340 1.56 + 2.44 + 530
2 3 2 3
1000𝑁 1000𝑚𝑚
22924.99867 −22924.99867𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 1𝐾𝑁 1𝑚
∆ =− 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 = 𝑁
𝐸𝐼 2500𝑥10 𝑚𝑚 200𝑥10
𝑚𝑚
 THEORY OF
 Slope and Deflection of determinate beams using CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD STRUCTURES
THEORY OF
Example 4: Calculate for the rotation and deflection at B and C STRUCTURES

500
250 𝑁. 𝑚
𝐸𝐼
𝐼 = 4𝑥10 𝑚𝑚 𝑁. 𝑚
𝐸𝐼
𝐴 𝐶
𝐵
500 𝑁. 𝑚 𝐴 𝐶 𝑀
𝐼 = 8𝑥10 𝑚𝑚 𝐵
𝑅
4𝑚 3𝑚
a) Rotation at B is equal to shear at B
1000𝑚𝑚
500 𝑁. 𝑚 500 𝑁. 𝑚 250(4) 𝑁. 𝑚 1𝑚
𝜃 =𝑉 =
𝑁
200𝑥10 (4𝑥10 𝑚𝑚 )
𝑚𝑚
𝐼 8𝑥10 𝑚𝑚
500 500 = 𝜃 = 0.00125 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝑁. 𝑚 𝑁. 𝑚 𝐼 4𝑥10 𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝐼 = 2𝐼 b) Rotation at C is equal to shear at C
1000𝑚𝑚
250 4 + 500 3 𝑁. 𝑚 1𝑚
500 𝜃 =𝑉 =
250 𝑁. 𝑚 𝑁
𝑁. 𝑚
𝐸𝐼 200𝑥10 (4𝑥10 𝑚𝑚 )
𝐸𝐼
𝑚𝑚
𝜃 = 0.003125 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
 THEORY OF
 Slope and Deflection of determinate beams using CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD STRUCTURES
THEORY OF
Example 4: Calculate the rotation and deflection at points B and C STRUCTURES

500
250 𝑁. 𝑚
𝐸𝐼
𝑁. 𝑚 d) Deflection at C is equal to moment at C
𝐸𝐼
1000𝑚𝑚
𝐴 𝐶 𝑀 [250 4 2 + 3 + 500(3)(1.5) 𝑁. 𝑚 1𝑚
𝐵 ∆ =𝑀 =
𝑅 𝑁
200𝑥10 (4𝑥10 𝑚𝑚 )
𝑚𝑚
c) Deflection at B is equal to moment at B ∆ = 9.0625 𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
1000𝑚𝑚
250(4)(2) 𝑁. 𝑚
1𝑚
∆ =𝑀 =
𝑁
200𝑥10 (4𝑥10 𝑚𝑚 )
𝑚𝑚

∆ = 2.5𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑