TEXTS

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF A SHIP.

The mine body of a snip is called a hull. The hull is divided into three mine parts the foremost part is called
the bow, the rearmost part is called the stern, the part in between is called midships. In dry cargo vessel the
cargo spaces is divided into holds. At the fore end of the hull are the forpeak tanks, and at the after end are
afterpeak tanks. They are used for fresh water and fuel. All permanent housing above the mine deck is known
as superstructure. On deck there are cargo-handling facilities, such as cranes, winches, derricks. The forward
raised part of the deck is called the forecastle and its after raised part is the poop. The angle that a ship is
making fore and aft with the water is known as trim. A list or inclination from one side to another, caused by
faulty loading is known as hell. The divided circle on the left shows the depth to which the ship may be loaded
in summer time. Below this line are on the grid to the right two lines. The one marked W means winter
loading, the lower marked WNA means maximum depth if a ships going across NORTH ATLNTIC. T- tropic,
F-FRESH waters.
CONTAINER SHIP
Containerizaition means consolidation of goods of single or mixed commodity into a freight containers may
be closed or open and which in conformance to the recommendation of the ISO would be 10,20,30,or 40ft in
length by 8ft wide and 9ft or 9ft6inch high in external cross-section. A container is designed to be handled
mechanically throughout the transit. Specially designed cellular container ships and efficient port facilities are
essential in order to take full advantage of the system. Cellular type full container ships are serviced by shore-
based or shipboard gantry cranes. The cellular type full container ship is equipped to carry containers in the
holds and on the hatch covers. Within the holds of the vessel there is cellular structure of angle bars forming
container guides, into which the containers are stowed, one on top of another. Cellular ships operating between
load centres equipped with shore based cranes have the advantage of greater dead-weight capacity as compared
to self-sustaining ships fitted with shipboard mounted gantry cranes. In many arias of the world on short
interport service fider ships of similar configuration but of reduced capacity are in operation. There are also
roll on/roll of container ships on which the containers are mounted on the wheels or trailers and are then rolled
on ship and stowed complete with their undercarriage.
RO -RO
Ro-Ro vessels are designed to carry all sorts of rolled vehicles and motor cars by driving them on/of the ship-
and unified cargo and lengthy/bulky cargo units. Loading may be effected through the stern bow doors or side
ports. Latter inside the vessel motor cars and rolled vehicles are allocated with compliance the cargo plane.
The types of access and distribution facilities are numerous each designed to serve a specific purpose such as;
stern/bow doors, side ports, the doors being normally hydraulically operated, access ramps, internal ramps,
hoistable platforms, lifts, bulkhead doors .We known following types of ramps as internal ramp, fixed ramp
movable ramp. On some medium sized ships both bow and stern doors are provided, the ramp arrangement at
the bow being similar to that the stern. Such arrangement enables the vehicles to drive straight off the ship
without having to be turned or reversed, hence the expression '' drive-through type vessel. Inside the vehicles
are distributed throughout the cargo spaces by either internal ramps or hoistable platforms where space is
available, fixed or movable ramps are used since permit faster rates of loading than mechanically operated
vertical lifts. The advantages of Ro-Ro vessels: independence of port facilities quick door - to door service;
faster cargo handling rate and consequently reduced turn-round time; as goods as generally in containers, the
risk of damage or pilferage is reduced. The disadvantage of Ro-Ro ships: 1. a considerable amount of cargo
volume is occupied by vehicles or trailers; 2. considerable space below the lower deck cannot be used for
trailers.
BARGE CARRYING VESSELS.
The only difference between a container and barge is that the latter is much bigger and can float. We
known two types barge carrier ship such LASH-lighter aboard ship and SEA BEE barge. The basic difference
between the two system is that the LASH ship is a lift-up and lift over type using a 500 tons gantry crane,
while the SEA BEE ships float barge on elevator of 2000 t. capacity using rolled system for stowage. The
advantages of the barge carrier can anchor and moor clear of quays and thus avoid port congestion, the life of a
barge is 2.5 times that of a container and depreciation of a barge is about half that of the equivalent number of
containers. The organization of the barge is simpler than that involved with the much larger equivalent number
of containers. The disadvantages: distribution is limited, since the barge is restricted to a navigable in land
water way suited to the draught of the barge; ice on waterways can restrict barge transport in land waterway
transport is relatively slow; this is relation to perishable products.
 TANKERS.
Tankers are especial designed to carry liquids [mainly oil products] in bulk. Their construction is entirely
different from that of dry cargo ships; they are built on a cellular system by which the vessel divided
longitudinally and transversely in to compartments. Tankers are equipped with pipes, valves and pumps to
transfer cargo from/to the shore and from one tank to another when necessary. The average size is between
20000 and 40 000dwt and speeds vary between 10 and 20knots. Nowadays there are also mammoth tankers of
70 000 - 150 000dwt. Very large crude carriers, /UlCC/ultra large crude carriers of 300 000 to 800 000dwt.
and even Megatankers of 1000 000dwt and larger. Only 60 ports in the world have depths of 65 ft. and can
accommodate most of the VLCC size vessels. Single boy mooring system permits great flexibility in port
location. By using mooring buoys a deep-water port can be created almost anywhere along a coastline. The
buoys need not be anchored close to shore; they are placed far out to sea.
MULTI PURPOSE VESSEL
Nowadays universal vessels are gradually being transformed in to multi-purpose vessels. Multi-purpose
vessels retaining versatility of universal vessels, that is their capability to carry different bulk and general
cargoes are becoming to a certain extend specialized. Thus all multi-purpose vessels are adapted to carry
standard containers. Some of them are also adapted to carry rolled vehicles, or heavy bulky cargoes. Operation
in Arctic require high ice-breaking capability. They are designed to cope with loads of up to80,20ft containers
including refrigerated, trailers ,tracks, explosives and inflammable liquids on voyages to northern autposts.10ft
containers carried two layers on the tank top and one layer on the upper deck on return voyage. The cargo
handling facilities comprise: deck cranes specifically designed for very cold condition, wide hatches a quarter
ramp leading to the after tweendeck and allowing vehicles to move through bulkheads doors, over a tweendeck
and a 40ft cargo capacity non-propelling hover craft for discharging cargo on the ice, water or marshy land.
UNIVERSAL VFSSEL
Universal vessels can carry practically any types of cargoes, including refrigerated goods and liquids. Thus
liners are intended to carry general cargoes, packaged cargo, containers and also, independence of the route
special, liquids and refrigerated cargoes. Their dead weight varies between 2\20000 tns. and the speeds between
10/20kts. Tramp is designed as a rule, to carry bulk cargoes and timber, but can also carry general cargo if
necessary. The modern tramp travels are between 12/15kns. Deep tanks may be of two types. First type is
designed to carry liquids and dry cargo. Second types for liquids only. Sense late 60s. Universal vessels have
been superseded by specialised vessels. But world shipping crises of mind 70s.made shipbuilders and
shipowners design new types of universal and specialised combined vessels, as specialised vessels provide to be
unprofitable due to their inflexibility. It was than that multi purpose vessel which is further development of
universal vessels appeared. Universal vessels have been superseded by specialised vessels.
BULKERS.
Bulkers are single-decked ships with no tweendeks in their holds but fitted out with various types of
special cargo handling equipment. The cargo is often shot straight in to the holds and discharged by grabs
pneumatic suction plants and other bulk handling methods. There are bulk carriers of over 150000 dwt. today
but the largest of those in normal use are between 60000 and 70000dwt. Known as Panamax size, while ''handy
size bulkers are those in 25000-30000 dwt range.

LIGHTSHIP – LIFEBOAT - PILOT LAUNCH

An usual type of vessel is the lightship. Lightships look like ordinary ships, but they do not have engines,
because they are towed into position and then anchored there. They not only have a light, but also a foghorn, a
radio beacon and meteorological equipment as well. Most lightships have a crew of approximately twelve.
A very important type of boat is the lifeboat. Lifeboats are of many different types. In the United Kingdom
they are manned by volunteers and supported by voluntary donations. Lifeboats must be strong, stable and
manoeuvrable and their crew must be well trained.
Pilot launches are motor boats for transporting pilots to and from ships. They must be seaworthy as pilots go
out in all weathers. In the United Kingdom, some port authorities employ their own pilots, but many pilots in
the other ports are foreign.
PASSENGER LINER
The passenger liner can carry a small amount of cargo besides stores and passengers baggage. Accommodation
varies with the route. It may be all first-class cabin, or divided into three classes. Some passenger ships may
have accommodation for deck passengers. Some liners have propelling machinery aft giving improved
passenger accommodation. The main features of passenger liners are the immensely unimportant masts, the
enormous number of lifeboats, and the great length of enclosed promenade deck. The giant liners are
unmistakable and many people know and recognise them individually.
TUGS
Tugs usually have the bridge and funnel well forward to leave a clear space aft for the tow rope which is
attached to the towing hook or bits at the after and of the superstructure. Two or three steel hoops stretch
across the after deck to prevent the rope from fouling the hatches and deck fittings. The ocean going salvage
tug is a fast high-powered motor vessel. She can deal with most disasters at sea in the worst of weathers. She is
equipped with pumps, fire-fighting apparatus, oxyacetylene plants, and comfortable accommodations for a
large crew.
THE BUCKET LADDER DREDGER
Dredging operations are carried on wherever it is necessary to maintain the depth of water in channels, docks,
and basins. The spoil is dredged from the bottom and must be removed to dumping grounds some distance out
at sea. Some vessels which have hopper space and are self-propelled can take the spoil to the dumping
grounds, but as the bucket dredger has no hopper space and is not self-propelled it is move about the port by
tugs and transfers the spoil to hopper barges. The suction dredger, also known as a sand-pump or hydraulic
dredger, is required when the bottom is particularly soft. A pipe is lowered to the bottom and the spoil, perhaps
three-quarters of is water, is drawn up into the hoppers.
MERCHANT SHIPS
Are designed to carry cargo. Some are also designed to carry passengers. Nowadays, most merchant ships are
built to carry cargo, but a few still carry passengers. Merchant vessels can operate in the following three basic
ways: 1) They can operate as liners. These are employed on regular routes on a fixed timetable. 2) Merchant
vessels also operate as tramps. These vessels do not sail on regular routes or keep to fixed timetable, but are
employed where there is cargo for them to carry. The traditional tramp cargoes are dry bulk cargoes, but some
are designed to carry general cargoes. 3) A large number of merchant ships operate as specialised vessels.
These are designed to carry a particular type of cargo. There are several types of specialised vessel. The most
common are oil tankers. They are owned by the major oil companies or by independent operators. Two other
types of liquid bulk carrier of growing importance are chemical carriers and liquefied natural gas carriers.
TYPES OF SHIPS
On one hand, all cargo ships are divided into two types: dry cargo ships and tankers. On the other hand, cargo
ships may be divided into universal ships designed to carry principal different types of cargo and specialized
ships designed to carry one type of cargo. Such specialized ships as bulkers, timber-carriers, reefer ships,
tankers have long been known. One is cargo-carriers with cargo handling equipment on board for special
purposes or routes such as heavy/bulky cargo ships. These ships are also called special-purpose ships. The
second trend is Ro-Ro(roll on roll off) ships, in which bow and stern doors and adjustable steel ramps permit
vehicles to drive on board and drive off again, requiring only minimum dock-side facilities. The third trend is
the container ship. In dependence of the cargo handling method used dry cargo ships may also be divided into:
LO-LO (lift-on/lift off), RO-RO (roll on/roll off), FO-FO (float on/float off) – e.g. barges. But there are also
hybrid vessels where combinations of the above mentioned methods are used, such as LO-LO/RO-RO, RO-
RO/FO-FO, and other.
SPECIALIZED SHIPS
Container ships. The use of containers has continued to increase in recent years. Containerization means the
consolidation of goods of single or mixed commodity into a freight container which may be closed or open
which, if in conformance to the recommendations of the ISO would be 10, 20, 30, or 40 ft in length. A
container is designed to be handled mechanically throughout the transit
FISHING VESSELS
Most fishing vessels are designed for one particular kind of fishing. There are trawlers, drifters, seiners, whale-
catchers, crabbers sardine luggers, etc. The design of the modern vessel incorporates a high, soft nosed stern?
well-flared streamlined bridge and superstructure? a gantry and transom stern. A recently –built stern trawler is
73m overall, 12,5m molded breadth, 8m molded depth and is powered by 2,350 h.p. diesel engine which gives
a speed of 14,5 knots. The fish room has a capacity of 764 cu. m. and can stow 500 tons of frozen fish.The
working deck of a large stern trawler would have an area of 418 sq/ m/ which is clear of all deck fittings, so
that a full trawl may be spread out. The stern fishing vessel described here must not be confused with the
larger, stern fishing factory vessels which concentrate on filleting and freezing all fish in their various species
and packing them in cartons ready for supplying to the customer. The fish are futted in the conventional way
on an ordinary side trawler and are frozen whole in blocks ranging in weight from 25 to 45 kg. Cold stowage
on board is very compact/ All the blocks are of the same size, labelled by species, and kept stored at – 20
degrees F.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF A SHIP - a hull.- the bow - the stern – midships – superstructure –
holds - forpeak tanks - afterpeak tanks - cranes, winches, derricks – angle/ trim – list/ heel - load lines
- W /winter loading – WNA – T/ F.
UNIVERSAL VESSEL any types of cargoes - deadweight 2,000/ 20,000 – Tramp/bulk and timber -
to cope with bad weather/ not be too large - Deep tanks/ liquids and dry cargo/ liquids only - hatch
/covers/electricity - a half of all ships.
TYPES OF SHIPS all divided into dry cargo/tankers – universal/specialized – specialized: bulkers,
timber-carriers, reefer ships, tankers - heavy/bulky cargo ships/special-purpose ships - Ro-Ro/ bow
and stern doors/ steel ramps - container ship - dependence of the cargo handling: LO-LO/ RO-RO/
FO-FO - hybrid vessels/ LO-LO/RO-RO, RO-RO/FO-FO, and other.
MULTI PURPOSE VESSEL Nowadays universal transformed into multi-purpose vessels - all
multi-purpose vessels are adapted to carry standard containers - designed to cope with loads big
containers, including refrigerated, trailers ,tracks, explosives and inflammable liquids. For the Arctic.
Ventilation. Ramp. Cranes.
CONTAINER SHIP Use containers to increase - Containerizaition means consolidation of goods
of single or mixed commodity into a freight containers - ISO would be 10,20,30,or 40ft in length
by 8ft wide and 9ft high - Cellular type - roll on/roll of container ships - short service – Damage,
pilferage, insurance is minimum.
RO -RO designed to carry all sorts of rolled vehicles and motor cars by driving them on/of the ship -
Loading may be effected through the stern bow doors or side ports. - The types of access
hydraulically operated, access ramps, internal ramps, lifts, bulkhead doors. - advantages: 1)
independence of port facilities 2)quick door - to door service; 3)faster cargo handling rate; 4)the risk
of damage or pilferage is reduced. disadvantage of Ro-Ro ships: 1)considerable amount of cargo
volume is occupied by vehicles or trailers; 2)considerable space below the lower deck cannot be used
for trailers.
BARGE CARRYING VESSELS. Idea – to keep cargo in the same package all the way and not to
reload it. Difference between a container and barge: much bigger and can float – LASH-lighter
aboard ship and SEA BEE barge. – difference: LASH ship is a lift-up and lift over type using a 500
tons gantry crane, while the SEA BEE ships float barge on elevator of 2000 t. capacity using rolled
system for stowage. Advantages: 1)Rapid loading/discharging 2)Can anchor and discharging don’t
using berth 3)Long life in 2,5 times more than container 4)Simpler organization . Disadvantages:
1)distribution is limited by draught 2)ice on waterways can restrict barge transport 3)LASH type is
more expensive than the equivalent container ship.