Class 1

SHIP CONSTRUCTION
Types of Ship
Ships are mainly classified into the following types:
1. Container Ships
2. Bulk Carrier
3. Tanker
4. Passenger Ships
5. Naval Ships
6. Offshore Ships
7. Special Purpose Ships
Types of Ship
Container Ships As the name suggests, a vessel structured
specifically to hold huge quantities of cargo compacted in
different types of containers is referred to as a container
vessel (ship).
Types of Ship
Bulk Carrier Ships: Bulk carriers are a type of ship which
transports cargoes (generally dry cargo) in bulk quantities.
The cargo transported in such ships is loose cargo, i.e.
without any specific packaging and generally contains
items like food grains, ores and coals and even cement.
Types of Ship
Tanker Ships: Tanker ships are specialised vessels for
carrying a large amount of liquid cargo. Tankers are further
sub-divided into different types based on the cargo they
carry.
Types of Ship
Roll-on Roll-Off Ships: Ro-Ro is an acronym for Roll-
on/roll-off. Roll-on/roll-off ships are vessels that are used
to carry wheeled cargo.
Types of Ship
Passenger Ships: Passenger ships, as the name suggests,
are mainly used for transiting passengers.
Types of Ship
Offshore Vessels: Offshore vessels mainly help in oil
exploration and construction jobs at sea. Offshore vessels
are of several types.
• Supply Ship: Vessels that supply to offshore rigs
• Pipe Layers: Vessels engages in laying pipes and cables
• Crane Barges or floating cranes: A crane vessel, crane
ship or floating crane is a ship with a crane specialized in
lifting heavy loads
• Semi-submersible Drill Rigs: These are Mobile
Offshore Drilling Units to make stable platforms for
drilling oil and gas
Types of Ship
• Accommodation Barges: Could be a stand-alone floating hotel or
can include accommodation as well as space for Cargo
• Production Platforms: To extract and process oil and natural gas
or to temporarily store product until it can be brought to shore for
refining and marketing
• Floating Storage Unit (FSU) – Floating vessel mainly used for
storage of oil and by-products.
• Floating Production and Storage Unit (FPSO): A floating
production storage and offloading unit is a floating vessel used by
the offshore oil and gas industry for the production and processing
of hydrocarbons and the storage of oil
• Anchor handling vessels – These are used for offshore
construction and installation operations.
• Diving vessels – Are vessels used by divers for diving in the
ocean for underwater jobs.
Types of Ship
Fishing Vessels: Ships or boats used for recreational or commercial
fishing at sea are called fishing vessels.
Types of Ship
Speciality Vessels: Speciality vessels are constructed and used for
specific purposes.
• Tugs
• Tenders
• Pilot Crafts
• Cable Layers
• Research vessel
• Salvage Vessel
• Barge Carriers
• Timber Carriers
• Livestock carriers
• Etc.
Bulk Carriers
SOLAS (International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea) define a bulk
carrier as ‘a ship constructed with a single deck, top side tanks and hopper
side tanks in cargo spaces and intended to primarily carry dry cargo in bulk;
an ore carrier; or a combination carrier.’
According to Size:
Handysize: 10,000 DWT to 30,000 DWT
Handymax: 35,000 DWT to 60,000 DWT
Panamax: 60,000 DWT to 80,000 DWT
Capesize: 80,000 DWT and over.
Handysize and Handymax size bulkers comprise of around 70 percent of the

total dry bulker fleet.
Bulk Carriers
Single Bottom Bulk Carrier: These type of bulk carrier ships do
not have a double bottom, and the only barrier between the sea
and the cargo is the outer bottom plate. Bulk carriers under 120 m
length do not require a double bottom as per structural
requirements, but today, ship designers still prefer to avoid single
bottoms in order to prevent contact of cargo with sea water in
case of structural damages.
Double Bottom-Single Hull Bulk Carrier: These ships have a
single hull, but are provided with a double bottom or a tank top
throughout its length (from aft of the forward collision bulkhead
to the aft peak bulkhead). The double bottom spaces are used for
storage of ballast and duct keel for passage of pipelines.
Bulk Carriers
Bulk Carriers
Double Hull Bulk Carrier: The use of double hull in bulk
carrier designs have increased rapidly over the last ten years. The
wing tanks at the sides are an added advantage, and provide more
marginal ballast, and better control on the stability of the ship.
Bulk Carriers
Bulk Carriers
Bulk Carriers
Bulk Carriers
Topside Tanks These are tanks of triangular configuration fitted
at both shoulders/wings of the cargo holds. Their purpose is to
carry ballast water.
Wing Tanks (Lower Hopper Tanks): These tanks are on the

sides of the vessel within the bottom wing of each cargo hold and
are the continuation of the DB tanks. They provide additional
space for ballast and the sloping margins of the tank top to collect
the cargo in the central part of the hold.
Oil Tanker
Oil Tanker
Oil Tanker
Oil Tanker
Oil Tanker
Oil Tanker
Container Ships
1. All container ships are double bottomed, so as to
allow for the double bottom spaces to be used as
tanks.
2. Container ships are also longitudinally framed,
because the variable loading conditions often result
in large hogging and sagging moments, which result
in high longitudinal bending stresses.
3. The shape of the midship section is almost box-
like. In the words of a designer, it has high midship
area coefficient, ranging from 0.75 to 0.85
Container Ships
4. The bilge strake is the angular plate that joins the
inner side shell and the tank top plating. Since the
presence of this plate would prevent the stowage of
containers at the corner of the section, the length of
this strake is kept to a minimum. In most recent
cases, however, container ships are not provided
with bilge strakes at all, in order to ensure maximum
stowage capacity.
5. The most important structural feature of a
container ship is the torsion box, which we will
discuss in detail in one of the following sections.
Container Ships
5. Container ships are usually equipped with no
hatches. That is, the ship has no continuous main
deck running full breadth all along the ship. This
open box-like structure (relate with the midship
section figure), enables easy stowage of containers
from the tank top to the highest level above main
deck level. The only decks are within the double
hull, which are more like stringers running full
length, and provide passage way along the length of
the ship.
Container Ships
Container Ships
Container Ships
Container Ships
General Cargo Ship
The general cargo ship consists of as large a clear open
cargo-carrying space as possible, together with the
facilities required for loading and unloading the cargo.
Various combinations of lifting gears are used for the
Handling of cargo.
General Cargo Ship
General Cargo Ship
General Cargo Ship

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SHIP CONSTRUCTION

Handysize and Handymax size bulkers comprise of around 70 percent of the

Wing Tanks (Lower Hopper Tanks): These tanks are on the

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