EXPRESSIVE ARTS NOTES

FOR STANDARD 7

BY ZIKOMO MASESE BANDA

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Written by Zikomo Masese Banda

Table of contents

UNIT PAGE

Unit 1 Personal and general space 3

Unit 2 Body movements 4

Unit 3 Conveying cultural messages 12

Unit 4 Multi-cultural performance 13

Unit 5 Designing and construction 14

Unit 6 Performing dances 18

Unit 7 Self expression through posters, dances, songs and plays 20

Unit 8 Artistic skills and movements 22

Unit 9 Self expression 26

Unit 10 Artistic activities for economic empowerment 31

Unit 11 Self expression through art 33

Unit 12 Artistic performance 34

Glossary 39

References 43

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1. PERSONAL AND GENERAL SPACE
Personal space refers to that space within the reach of an individual
General space refers to the environment within which an individual operates
It may be a small room, large field or cafeteria
Failure to understand personal or general space may result in hardships of some kind
For example, limited personal space may lead to failure to perform an activity effectively
Limited general space can lead to participants bumping into one another

Components of General Space

There are four components of general space:
1. Levels
2. Extensions
3. Floor pathways
4. Air patterns

- Levels refers to how close to the floor or how far away from the floor one is as he or she
moves
- Extensions refers to locomotor actions. It describes the amount of space a movement patterns
uses
- Floor pathway refers to how people move on the floor
- Air patterns refers to aerial directions as in netball, volleyball and javelin
NB, Personal space is one’s area of influence or direct control. It is also called kinesphere
It depends on a number of factors such as size of the person and the type of activity being done

Artistic Activities within Personal and General Space

1. Dancing
2. Drawing
3. Carving
4. Sculpturing
5. Skiing
6. Jumping
7. Swimming
8. Running
9. Jabbing in boxing

The term ‘artistic ‘refers to the creativity, beauty and excellence in doing an activity, be it physical or
non-physical.

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2. BODY MOVEMENTS
Movements occur always in everyday life.
Most of the daily activities that we do require body movements. For example; cooking and sweeping.
Body movements may also occur in response to a stimulus.

Body Movements in Response to Rhythms

The rhythm is a combination of different lengths of sounds and silences.
Examples of Rhythmic Activities in Everyday Life

 Heart beating
 Clock ticking
 Walking
 Talking
 Running
 Drawing
 Singing songs
 Pounding
 Playing instruments
 Carving wood
 Digging

Sounds and silences can be presented by symbols called musical notes.

There are 5 commonly used notes:

a) Whole note
it is oval in shape and has a white note head
b) Half note
it is made of a white head and a stem
c) Quarter note
it has a black head and a stem
d) Eighth note
it has a black head, a stem and a flag
e) Sixteenth note
it has a black head, a stem and two flags

Sounds are also known as pitches.

Silences are also known as rest.
Beat is also called pulse.

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Musical notes have British and American names.

Note Note name Value How it is said/counted

British American
Semibreve Whole note 4 beats/counts Taa – aa – aa – aa

Minim Half note 2 beats/counts Taa – aa

Crotchet Quarter note 1 beat/count Taa

Quaver Eighth note ½ beat/count Ta(te)

Semi quaver Sixteenth note ¼ beat/count Tafatefe(for four notes)

Demisemiquaver Thirty secondth note 1/8 beat/count

Rest signs and their names

Rest Rest name

Whole rest

Half rest

Quarter rest

Eighth rest

Sixteenth rest

Thirty secondth rest

TIME SIGNATURES
A time signature is a set of two numbers at the beginning of a rhythm.

6
It is written as a fraction such as
8

The top number shows the number of beats or counts in a bar/measure.

The bottom number shows the name of the musical note that is getting one beat or count.

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 4
The most commonly used time signature is because it is easy to understand and learn.
4

STAFF NOTATION
The notation of music consists of staffs, clefs, meter or time signature, key signatures and notes of
various times which indicate the relative duration of pitches.
Musical notation, therefore, comprises a set of terms and symbols for musical meanings.
i) The staff/stave
This refers to a set of five lines and four spaces on which musical symbols are written to give a
melody or a song.

Sometimes when writing music you may need additional lines below or above the staff.

Such lines are called ‘ledger lines’. They indicate pitches above or below a staff.

ii) Letter names

The five lines and four spaces have letter names which do not change.

The letters are A B C D E F G.

iii) G and F clefs

These are symbols allocated at the beginning of the staff, on the left end.
G clef or Treble clef identifies the second line from the bottom as line G.
G or Treble clef staff is used for soprano and alto voices in choral music.

The ‘F’ clef or ‘Bass’ clef establishes the location of F in the fourth line of the staff.

F clef staff is used for tenor and bass voices.

iv) Bar lines

These are vertical lines on the staff which divide the staff into parts containing equal number
of beats.

v) Bar/measure
This is the space between bar lines and containing specified number of beats.

vi) Octave
This is a distance that covers eight musical notes, with the first note being equal in tone to the
eighth note, however, lower in pitch to the eighth.

vii) Sol-fa syllables

These are the pitch names: DO RE MI FA SO LA TI DO

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viii) Transpose
It means changing a piece of music from one key to another.
For example, from C to F or G or vice versa.
There are various reasons for transposing a piece of music.
The following are some of the reasons:
a) when a choir wishes to sing a higher or lower key so as to assist either adolescent boys’
or men’s voices to sing comfortably.
b) When a singer himself or herself wants to sing a song in a higher or lower key comfortably.

ix) Key signature

This identifies which pitch is do
It is shown on the staff with sharps or flats.

Here are some examples of keys

Key C Key D Key E Key F Key G Key A Key B

x) Scale
This is the arrangement of notes usually of the same totality, either in ascending or
descending order.
Two examples are:-
a) Diatonic scale
This includes eight pitches in major or minor scales. For example, do re mi fa so ra ti do
b) Pentatonic scale
This includes only five pitches in major or minor scale (the fourth and seventh pitches are
left out).
For example; do re mi so la do
The terms and signs are shown in the staffs as below:-
G/Treble Diatonic scale Double bar line
clef Octave clef
Time signature
F
E
D
4 C
B
4 A
G
F
E
D
Key signature (flat) C
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 Key signatures

sharp natural flat

Staffs
B
A
G
F
4 E
D
4 C
B
A
G
F/Bass clef F
Key signature Bar lines E
(sharps) (measure lines) D
Measure/bars

Ledger lines

A DOTTED NOTE
A dot takes half the value of any note or rest that it is attached to.
If the value of a quarter note is equal to 1 beat, then a dotted note is equal to 1 beat plus half one
beat, so the total value is one and a half beats.
Examples
a) = 4 beats + (½ of 4 beats) = 4 + 2 = 6 beats
This is called ‘dotted semibreve’ or ‘dotted whole note’.
b) = 2 beats + (½ of 2 beats) = 2 + 1 = 3 beats
This is called ‘dotted minim’ or ‘dotted half note’.
c) = 1 beat + (½ of 1 beat) = 1 + ½ = 1½ beats.
This is called ‘dotted crotchet’ or ‘dotted quarter note’.
d) = ½ beat + (½ of ½ beat) ½ + ¼ = ¾ beats.
This is called ‘dotted quaver’ or ‘dotted eighth note’.

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 Dotted note How it is sung/counted when a crotchet = 1 beat
taa – aa – aa – aa – aa – aa

taa – aa – aa

taa – a
*
1
*
Ta
2

1 would normally be combined with an eighth note to produce a 2 beat duration. For example;

taa a te

2 would normally be combined with a semiquaver to produce a 1 beat duration. For example;

or
ta fe ta fe

BEAMING NOTES
A beaming note is a line which is used to join two or more notes together.
The number of beams or lines one uses to join the notes will tell the number of flags each one of the
joined note has.
For example:-

a. + =

b. + + + =

Rhythm patterns can be performed by:-

o Clapping hands
o Tapping on the table
o Playing percussion instruments
o Walking according to rhythm patterns

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MUSICAL TERMS
i. Beat = equal division of sound or time
ii. Rhythm = unequal division of sound or time
iii. Tempo = speed of a song
iv. Dynamics = loudness or softness of a song
v. Unison = to sing in one voice
vi. Attack = to start singing together
vii. A staff (stave) = a set of five parallel with four spaces on which music notes are written
viii. Measure/bar = a space between two bar lines
ix. Bar = any of the sections of equal value in time into which a piece of music is divided and the
notes in it
x. Bar lines = lines written on the staff before and after a measure
xi. Double bar lines = it is a full stop in music
xii. Ledger lines = these are extended (extra) lines on a staff
xiii. Treble (G) clef = it is a symbol written at the beginning of a staff
xiv. Key signature = it is a starting pitch of a song
xv. Music = the arrangement of sounds in pleasing sequence or combination to be sung or played
on instruments
xvi. Time signature = it is a symbol which looks like a fraction. The top number represents the
number of beats in a measure. The bottom number indicates the type of a note which gets a
beat. For example
2 3 4 2 3 6 3
4 4 4 2 8 8 16

xvii. Clef = a symbol at the beginning of a line of printed music (or stave) showing the pitch of the
notes on it
xviii. Pitch = the quality of a musical note, a voice, et cetera, especially how high or low it is
xix. Tone = any one of the five larger intervals between one note and the next which, together
with two semitones, form an octave
xx. Semitone (half tone) = half of a tone on a musical scale, for example the distance between C
an C# or between E and F
xxi. Octave = the difference or space between the first and the last in a series of eight notes on a
musical scale
xxii. Note = a single sound of a certain pitch and length, made by the voice or a musical instrument
xxiii. Note = a sign used to represent such a sound in written or printed music
xxiv. Note = any one of the keys of a piano, et cetera
xxv. Tune = a series of musical notes that give a piece of music its main character, making it
pleasing, easy to remember

xxvi. Slur = the mark or used to show that two or more notes are to be

played or sung smoothly and without a break

xxvii. Slur = to play or sing musical notes so that each one runs smoothly to the next

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xxviii. Semibreve (whole note) = the longest written musical note in common use equal to two
minims in length
xxix. Minim = a note that last half as long as semibreve
xxx. Crotchet = a note equal to half a minim
xxxi. Quaver = a note in music that last half as long as a crotchet
xxxii. Tie (in written music) = a curved line over two notes of the same pitch that are to be played or
sung as one
xxxiii. Percussion = musical instruments that are played by striking, beating or tapping with a stick,
et cetera, for example, drums
xxxiv. Melody = a piece of music or a song with a clear or a single tune
xxxv. Melody = the arrangement of musical notes in a pleasant or ordered way
xxxvi. Sharp (n) = a note raised by one semitone or the symbol used
xxxvii. Natural (adj) = neither sharp nor flat e.g. B natural
xxxviii. Sharp (adj) = above normal or correct pitch
xxxix. Flat (adj) = (used following the name of a note) half a note lower than the specified note. B
flat is a semitone below B

MIRRORING
Mirroring is the act of copying actions, words, or expressions of another person
It is a commonly used technique in in physical activities intended to demonstrate a physical
movement
Some of the activities that can be mirrored are; - a new step dance, a lay-up in basketball, a tennis
serve, including running activities.

MIRRORING AEROBICS
Aerobics are physical exercises done following music
Aerobics is a great medium to develop fitness

Types of Aerobics
i) High impact aerobics
This involves a lot of jumping

ii) Low impact aerobics

This does not involve jumping, but always, one foot has contact with the floor

iii) Step aerobics

This uses stepping up and down from the platform

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 iv) Tai bo
This uses kicks and punches

Aerobics is different from dance, because the aim of aerobics is to improve fitness while the aim of
dance is to develop creativity.
NB. Aerobics is vigorous physical exercises done in order to increase the amount of oxygen taken into
the body.

3. CONVEYING CULTURAL MESSAGES

Garments Conveying Cultural Messages
The different attire that people wear may have a meaning for the specific occasion or function.
For example, in Malawi, the Ngoni are fond of wearing their traditional attire of animal skins and
shields to symbolise that they are warriors.
During most weddings, the bride wears white attire to symbolise purity.
During funerals, widows usually wear black attire during the entire mourning period to symbolise
sorrow.
During the biblical times, the kings and officials wore sackcloth when something went wrong or when
calamity fell on the land.

Sounds Used to Convey Messages

Some sounds have cultural meanings.
These sounds can be those produced during certain functions and occasions which are understood by
the people who share the same culture.
For example:-
- Whistle blowing
- Drum beating
- Mouth whistling
- Bell ringing
- Singing

Posture and Body Movements

Cultural values can be manifested in many different ways besides attire and dances.
There are certain postures and movements which portray cultural meanings.

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 For example, when crossing with elders, most cultures recommend the younger one takes off the hat
temporarily as a sign of respect.
There are also times when some people clap hands gently and softly when crossing with an elderly
person.
Some postures and body movements are squatting or kneeling when receiving or giving items to the
elders.

Cultural Dances
Malawi has many cultural dances that have cultural importance for every cultural setting.
Among the well-known dances are Gulewamkulu among the Chewa, Chioda among the Nkhonde,
Vimbuza among the Tumbuka, Likwata among the Sena and Jiri among the Lomwe.
Traditional dances are of vital importance.
They depict one’s culture in society.

4. MULTI-CULTURAL PERFORMANCE
Artistic Activities from Various Cultures in Malawi
Multi-cultural performances are performances from different cultures.
Malawi has different ethnic groups like the Chewa, Ngoni, Tumbuka, Lomwe and Sena.
Each of these ethnic groups has its own cultural performances.
These cultural performances have any aspects that are similar and different.
These aspects include the attire, instruments used in performances, organisation of cultural
performances and the type of performances.
The cultural practices (performances) serve as an identity for a particular tribe or ethnic group.
Malawi has different cultural practices.
These include folk dances and songs.
A folk dance is a recreational or ceremonial dance that is usually performed by members of the
community.
For some tribe, a dance could be a form of a ritual.
They believe that a certain dance can make the rain fall, improve harvest and/or awaken the spirits
of the dead.

Attire for Artistic performance

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 In different performances such as in drama, dance or choir, performers wear appropriate attire to
suit the performance.
Attire makes the performers look smart and coordinated.

5. DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTION

Musical Instruments Based on Foreign Models

Materials for making musical instruments:-

- pieces of string
- pieces of wire
- nails
- tins
- hammers
- knives
- metal sheets
- adzes
- hides
- wood
- plastic pipes
- plastic papers
Examples of Foreign Musical Instruments
- guitars
- banjos
- drums
- flutes

Garments and Artistic Items Based on Modern Styles

The art of constructing garments is useful because one can make one’s own clothes and those of
others.
One can also construct garments which can be sold in order to generate income.

Factors to Consider in Garment Construction

- knowing what is to be made
- size of the wearer
- the amount of fabric to be used
- the designs that are in fashion

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Advantages of Taking Body Measurements
- it helps one to come up with the required size of the garment which fits well
- it also minimises wastage of material

PAPER PATTERNS
Paper patterns are pieces of paper cut out to the shape of parts of a garment to be made.
They can be altered to suit body size.

Pattern Markings
These are markings with particular information and instructions on:-
* the number of pieces to be cut
* the pieces to be joined together
* how to place pattern pieces on the fabric
* where to stitch

Pattern Markings and Their Meanings

Place on the straight grains fabric

Place on fold of fabric

Notches, indicating where two pieces will join together

Stitching line

Skirt Cutting line

back

Dots indicating important positions

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Materials Required for Making Garments
- pieces of fabric
- paper patterns
- pair of scissors
- tape measures
- pressing irons
- a clean table or mat
- pins
- sewing needle
- thread
- pieces of paper
- elastic

Macramé
Macramé is the art of knotting (tying strings or fibres) to produce decorative and functional articles.
Two Basic Knots in Macramé
A) half knot (or half hitch)
B) flat knot (the reef hitch or weaver’s knot)

Produce from Macramé

- belts
- book bags
- flower vase holders
- flower pot holders
- wall hangings

Materials for Making Macramé Items

- knives
- hoes
- sisal fibre
- tree bark fibre
- banana sheath
- mlulu
- chilambe

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- namgoneka

Marketing/Advertising the Artworks

- word of mouth
- newspapers
- radio
- television
- internet
- posters
Ways of Storing Artwork
- keep the artwork away from heat sources such as fireplaces and heaters
- cover the artwork with a clean piece of cloth
- place the artwork on acid free boards
- keep artwork away from direct sunlight
- avoid storing artwork on concrete floors or walls
- avoid storing artwork in attics and basements

Drama Based on Foreign Plays

Drama is acting outs situations in order to inform, entertain and educate the audience.
Types of Plays
I) tragedy
II) comedy

Tragedy is a play with a sad ending.

Comedy is a play with a happy ending.

When dramatising such plays, the actors and actresses should appear real.

Firstly, this can be achieved through the use of visual aspects such as:-
- scenery
- costume
- props
- lighting
- make up

Secondly, this can be achieved through sound effects such as:-

- physical (vocal, feet, hands, coughs, sneezes)

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 - percussions (drums, chimes, xylophones)

The purpose of this is to make the audience see and hear the play.

6. PERFORMING DANCES
The Malawian society performs a lot of cultural dances.

Occasions When Dances Are Performed

* Festivals
* Funeral ceremonies
* Weddings
* Installation of chiefs
* Initiation ceremonies

Significance of the Dances

* they promote identity of an ethnic group
* they help in disseminating important messages
* they promote one’s culture
* they promote oneness
* they promote obedience
* they promote respect
* certain dances are believed to make rain fall, improve the harvest or awaken the spirits of the
dead

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
Most of the songs and dances are accompanied by musical instruments.
There are two types of musical instruments
These are:
i. tuned musical instruments
ii. untuned musical instruments

Tuned musical instruments such as the banjo and the guitar produce different pitches
Untuned musical instruments such as chisekese and xylophone, rattles, rasp (nkhwende) produce a
fixed pitch.
Musical instruments can be sold and generate income.
However, the making of musical instruments can have a negative impact on the environment.

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The excessive use of trees without replacing them can lead to deforestation, siltation in rivers and
degradation of the land (land degradation).

How Musical Instruments are Played

- plucking
- beating
- blowing
- stroking
- pressing
- shaking

LOCAL DANCES
Local dances are traditional dances that are performed in the communities.

Occasions When Local Dances are Performed

- Festivals
- Funeral ceremonies
- Weddings
- Installation of chiefs
- Initiation ceremonies

Contemporary Dancing Styles

Most of the Malawian traditional dances have cultural values and a history.
However, most of Malawians, particularly the youth, do not participate in these cultural dances.

Reasons for Youth Not to Participate in Traditional Dances

i. They look at them as outdated
ii. They look at them as boring
iii. They look at them as out of fashion

Malawi is also flooded with a lot of contemporary dances.

Some Contemporary Dances

- Reggae
- Kwasakwasa
- Ndombolo

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 - Kwaito

Contemporary Dancing Styles

- Kwasakwasa involves a lot of waist wringling
- Kwaito has flexible and quick foot movements.

These foreign dancing styles have influenced the way people perform the local dances.
The people combine the foreign dancing styles with the original styles with the original styles to
improve their performance.

7. SELF EXPRESSION THROUGH POSTERS, DANCES, SONGS AND PLAYS

Posters on Various Themes
Posters are useful in the dissemination of information on a cross-cutting issues

Qualities of a Good Posters

* Should look attractive
* Should be coloured
* Words should be bold
* Information should be brief
* Information should be clear

Importance of Posters
* Can be used for advertising your business
* Self-made posters can be sold to generate income
* It is cheap to produce locally

Materials for Making Posters

* Chart paper
* Lead pencils
* Coloured pencils
* Crayons
* Marker pens
* Paint brushes
* Rubbers
* Local paints
* Old cement bags

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CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES
Cross-cutting issues are challenges that affect many people and cause great concerns
Examples of Cross-Cutting Issues
* HIV and AIDS
* Environmental degradation
* Pollution
* Corruption
* Violation
* Democracy

Dances on Cross–Cutting Issues

The school can perform dances where songs contain messages on issues concerned.
The dances and songs are a form of entertainment to draw people’s attention as they listen to
messages

Dances performed by men and women

* Manganje
* Makhanya
* Tchopa
* Masewe
* Ingoma
* Utse

Dances performed by men only

* Beni
* Malipenga
* Mganda
* Gulewankulu

Dances performed by women only

* Chimtali
* Chinamwali
* Chiterera
* Msindo
* Uyeni

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 Songs on Cross-Cutting Issues
Songs, like dances, play an important role in conveying messages on cross- cutting issues
Singing and dancing together offer entertainment to motivate the target audience while
receiving messages by passed on

Plays on Cross-Cutting Issues

The messages on cross-cutting issues are easily passed on to an audience through plays.
A play is a form entertainment intended to attract the attention of the audience while the
messages are passed on.

8. ARTISTIC SKILLS AND MOVEMENTS

Most of the activities that we do require movements
These movements require skills
A skill is a talent that an individual shows when doing something.
Most of the skills that individuals have are either learned or inborn.
There are various artistic activities that are popular these days
These are known as contemporary artistic activities
The common examples of artistic activities are songs and dances.
Various materials found in the local environment can be used for artistic activities

Items for Artistic Activities

Every individual has skills that are either acquired or inborn.
Possessing these skills is very important because individuals that possess them often become
successful in whatever they do.
The production of posters, carvings, models, woven items and knitted items require these skills.

Making Posters
Posters on Various Themes
Posters are useful in the dissemination of information on a cross-cutting issues

Qualities of a Good Posters

* Should look attractive

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* Should be coloured
* Words should be bold
* Information should be brief
* Information should be clear

Importance of Posters
* Can be used for advertising your business
* Self-made posters can be sold to generate income
* It is cheap to produce locally

Materials for Making Posters

* Chart paper
* Lead pencils
* Coloured pencils
* Crayons
* Marker pens
* Paint brushes
* Rubbers
* Local paints
* Old cement bags

Carving Artistic Items

- Wooden spoon
- Wooden cooking stick
- Axe handle
- Hoe handle
- Statue

Materials for Carving

- Wood
- Soapstone
- Glue
- Glass paper
- Water paper
- Axes
- Panga knives
- Machete
- Saws
- Gouges
- Chisels
- Rasps

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- Mallets
- Scrapers
- Adzes
- Stones
- Hammers

Forms of Carvings
i. Abstract carvings
ii. Stylish carvings
iii. Naturalistic carvings

Characteristics of each type of carvings

A. Abstract carvings
Abstract carving does not have a definite form
It can be interpreted differently by different people

B. Stylish carvings
Stylish carving has a definite form
However, some parts are exaggerated deliberately
For example, a carving of a poem with a protruding chin

C. Naturalistic carvings
Naturalistic carving has a form which looks definite or real

Modelling
Materials for Modelling Various Items
* Glass
* Pieces of wire
* Cartons
* Sisal
* clay soil
* grass
* papers

Items that can be Modelled

* aeroplanes
* cars
* animals
* people
* train
* surrounding

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* house

Weaving
Weaving is the interlocking of warps and wefts.
The warp is the set of strands which are laid across the loom at the beginning of weaving.
The weft is the pattern of strands woven in and out of the warp.

Types of weave
1. check weave
2. twill weave

Materials for Weaving Various Artistic Items

* palm leaves
* bamboo leaves
* pieces of reed
* sisal
* grass
* creeping stems
* knives
* razor blades
* needles

Produce from weaving

* mats
* baskets
* chairs
* shopping bags
* school bags

Knitting
Materials for Knitting Various Artistic Items
- sisal
- yarn/thread
- cloth
- needles
- bamboo sticks
- bicycle spokes

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 Basic knitting stitches
There are two basic knitting stitches:
a. knit stitch
b. purl stitch
All patterns are formed based on variations of these two stitches

Patterns of Stitches
i. garter stitch
This stitch can be used in making knitted belt, scarfs or baby blankets
ii. stocking stitch
This stitch is often used to knit stockings and pencil bags
iii. moss stitch
This stitch is a combination of knit and purl stitches done in the same row
iv. rib stitch
This stitch forms the border of many knitted garments’ edges such as the sleeves, necklines
and the edges

Knitting Abbreviations
K= knit
P= purl
Rep = repeat
Sts = stitches
Wfd = wool forward
St = stocking stitch
Alt = alternate/alternative
Psso = pass slip stitch over

Products Made from Knitting

- belts
- scarfs
- baby blankets
- stockings
- pencil bags
- cardigans

9. SELF EXPRESSION
There are many ways in which individual express through music
One most common feeling expressed through music is an expression of joy or happiness.
It is possible for the composer to create a mood of the song – to make it sound jovial or sad

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There are symbols that one may use when composing song
These are called music notations
Good and quality musical sound is a result of good voice production.
Good voice production comes through practice of number of musical related exercise.
There are many activities we can do continuously to develop good voice production
Some of the exercise that one can do are as follows:
A. Open the mouth wide enough to insert two fingers side by side in the mouth
- This involves control of jaws rather than the lips alone.

B. Take a day breath and say or sing oooooo, uuuuuuuu and aaaaaaa – repeat this
several times.

Diction is the articulation of words clearly

When singing one conveys a message. Therefore, there is need to say the words clearly so that
the message is clear.

RECORDING SONGS
Recording a song can be done at:
i. The musical studio
ii. In the homes

Recording a song should be done in an appropriate place or room that is free from noise
and wind
Recording the song several times to get the right quality that is required

Composing Instrumental Music

Composing instrumental music involves musical instrument without words.
This can be done by playing one instrument or many instruments
The most important factor to consider for instrumental music is to create room for each
instruments to be heard clearly
There has to be times where one instrument is played louds than the rest
One can also use handclapping , tongue , clicking, finger snapping as musical instrument be
sides the drums and other musical instruments

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 However avoid overcrowding the song with instruments

Skills for Professional Sporting Careers

A skill can be defined as a way to do something

Identifying various sporting careers

- Football
- Netball
- Volleyball
- Basketball
- Coaching
- Tennis
- Boxing
- Athletics

Various Skills in sporting carriers

a) Football
- Punting
- Scoring
- Attacking
- Defending
- Marking
- Dribbling
- Heading
- Agility
- Jumping
- shooting
- Balancing
- Communication
- Positioning
- Saving (goalkeeper)
- Throwing
- Controlling the ball
- Passing
- Running
- Decision making
- Leadership
- Composure
- Vision
- Intelligence
- Resistance

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 - Power
- Strength
- Stamina
- Sprinting
- Pace

b) Netball
- Attacking
- Defending
- Catching
- Throwing
- Scoring
- Dodging
- Shooting

c) Volleyball
- Serving
- Blocking
- Digging
- Passing
- Spiking

d) Basketball
- Dodging
- Dribbling
- Shooting

e) Boxing
- Jabbing

PLAYS FOR THE PUBLIC PERFOMANCE

When writing plays for the public performance the play writer should consider the audience
first
The target audience will determine the theme and characteristic to be in the play.
For example, if one is writing for the school going youth, the basic ideas should suit the age and type
of students.
Likewise when one is writing for the community, one should have a picture of what king of
community it is, what its likes and dislikes are, what the people’s beliefs are and educational levels

Therefore, factors to consider when writing a play for public performance are:

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 Target audience
 People’s beliefs
 Educational levels
 Likes
 Dislikes
 Cultural background
 Age

Whatever audience you are writing for, ensure that there is a theme (the basic idea you want to
pass), a realistic plot (story line) and characters (people in the play)
When acting out, make sure you create a conflict
The audience should be kept in suspense up to the end, but towards the end the audience should see
the climax and get resolutions of the climax.
A climax is the point of the story at which the interest is highest.
This comes somewhere near the end and after this there are resolutions.

Drawing Pictures for Sale

Drawing is a means of expressing and communicating one’s feelings.
Drawing is an arrangement or organisation of lines to make basic shapes.
The drawings may be two dimensional or three dimensional.

Examples of Two Dimensional Drawings

- Circles
- Ovals
- Rectangles
- Squares

- Parallelograms
- Quadrilaterals

Examples of Three Dimensional Drawings

- Eggs
- Boxes
- Tables
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 - Houses
- Animals
- Human figures
- Dice
- Cubes

Some of these may be traced using paper, transparent plastic sheets and perforated picture
outlines.
Three dimensional drawings can be formed by shading the two dimensional drawings.
Shading makes them look solid.
Drawings or pictures for sale should look attractive.
In order to achieve this, painting or colouring is done to add beauty.
After colouring, the items can be costed, advertised and sold.

Factors to Consider When Costing

- Quality
- Quantity
- Durability
- Demand
- Supply

Importance of Advertising

 It helps to increase sales

 It helps producers to know their competitors and plan accordingly to meet up the level of
competition
 It helps in making people aware of the new product
 It helps creating goodwill for the company and gains customer loyalty after reaching a mature age
 It helps educating people
 It helps people find the best products for themselves

10. ARTISTIC ACTIVITIES FOR ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT

Activities such as making the costumes and drama performances can be a source of income.

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 The production of costumes for various activities requires the identification of suitable materials,
taking of appropriate body measurements and cutting out of suitable patterns.
Materials for Making Different Costumes and Sports attire
- Cloth/fabric
- Sewing needle
- Sewing thread
- Pairs of scissors
- Razor blades

Taking Body Measurements

Body measurements can be taken form:
i. The waist
Measure at your waist under the hip bone

ii. Hips
Start at the hip level on one side, then capture the middle of the groin before wrapping
around the opposite side

iii. Chest
Wrap the tape high under the armpits around to the front of the chest

iv. Thighs
Measure at the highest point of the thigh, under the pubic bone

v. Calves
Measure at the thickest point of the calf, typically half way between the knee and the ankle

vi. Upper arm

Wrap the tape measure around the biceps half way between the armpit and the fold of the
elbow

vii. Shoulder
Measure the shoulder line from the back

Importance of Taking Body Measurements

- It determines the size of the fabric to be bought
- It also tells the size of the costume to be made
- It avoids wastages of materials
- It avoids wastage of money

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11. SELF EXPRESSION THROUGH ART
Expression and communication can be done in various ways.
It can be done through speaking, writing, gestures and artefacts.
The communication without speaking is called non-verbal communication.

Making Different Items

Different items can be done in different ways.

Making Hunting Tools

The following are tools for hunting:-
i) Spears
ii) Bows
iii) Arrows
iv) Clubs
v) Catapults
vi) Guns
Some of the hunting tools are made by carving. For example, clubs

Decorating Items
The following are methods of decorating hunting tools:-
i. Tattooing
ii. Burning
iii. Stamping

Clay work, like pots and flower pot holders can be decorated by:-
- Tattooing
- Incising or engraving
- Stamping or impressing
- Polishing or burning
- Colouring or staining
- Coiling

Body Shapes and Movements

Different body movements can convey specific messages.
For example. A person might use a wave rather than saying “hello”.

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 Or nod their head in agreement, which may mean “yes”.
The body movements can be useful in expression and communication because they are a quick way
to convey thoughts and feelings without speaking or writing.
The identification of the messages to be expressed and communicated by the body movements is
important in every social setting.
This is so because it enhances cooperation and a caring spirit among the members of the
community.

Feelings and Ideas which can be Expresses and Communicated through Body Movements
- Sadness
- Happiness
- Hunger
- Sorrow
- Farewell
- Invitation
- Denial
- Consent/agreement
- Welcome

Drawing Pictures
Drawing is a means of expression and communication which uses visual images to pass on
information to the reader.
The drawings can contain a lot of information as much as writing.
Pictures convey messages quicker than writing.

Materials for Drawing Pictures

- Pencils
- Papers
- Charts
- Paint
- Crayons

12. ARTISTIC PERFORMANCE

Items to Meet Personal and Community Needs
Different people need different items in their lives.
Some of the items can be purchased from shops while others can be made.

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 Producing your own items can help you to cut down the costs which you could have made in the
course of purchasing the items (save money)
On the other hand, producing items to meet other people’s needs becomes a source of income to
the producer.
Some of the items that one can make are garments, household items and safety equipment.

Plaiting different Items

Plaiting is weaving strands of hair, rope and so forth together to make a plait.
Plaiting is the interlocking of three or more strands.
Three strands can be used for making ropes for table mats or tying goats and mesh for hair.
More strands can be used for making mats.

Resources Required for Plaiting Different Items

- Sisal fibre
- Reed
- Palm leaves
- Pieces of bamboo
- Bark fibre
- Pieces of string
- Pieces of cloth

Produce from Plaiting

- Baskets
- Table mats
- Door mats
- Ropes
- Mesh hair

Risks in Using Equipment

The table below shows sources of risks in various sporting and artistic activities

ACTIVITY SOURCE OF RISKS

Weaving Equipment such as bamboos and chisongole
Knitting Equipment such as knitting needles
Sewing Equipment such as sewing needles and pressing iron
Carving Tools such as adzes (kasemasema)

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 Athletics: track events (running Small running lanes, stones, litter, sharp objects, bricks,
activities. For example, relay race and rough surfaces, lack of warm up and cool down activities
cross country)
Athletics (throwing events) for Poor condition of equipment, poor handling of equipment
example, javelin, discus, shot put and slippery and rough surfaces
Ball games Sports surfaces in poor conditions, lack of warm up and cool
down activities, wrong pressure and size of balls, poor
condition of balls

Strategies for Reducing Risks

- Doing warm ups and cool downs
- Thrower should always be in front of others
- Clear the area where the activity will be done
- Always use equipment that is in good condition
- Store and keep equipment safely after use to prevent wrong use
- Proper handling of sharp tools, for example, needles
- Wearing a thimble when sewing
- Proper sharpening of tools
- Splitting and processing bamboos with care in weaving

The table below shows strategies that can be used to reduce risks

ACTIVITY RISKS STRATEGY THAT CAN BE USED TO

REDUCE RISKS
Playing ball Getting fractures, cuts and scratches - Referee should control the game
games - Referee should give penalties for
bad play
- Plant grass on bare ground
- Remove anthills and stones from
the ground
- Fill ditches and holes on the
ground
Ball hitting players - Cut all grass for the balls to run
smoothly
- Goalkeepers wearing protective
wear
- Make the ground flat
Players hitting each other - Strictly observe the rules of the
game
Sewing Needle pricking ones finger - Use a thimble to protect the
middle finger when sewing
Needle pins piercing others or oneself - Put pins or needles on a pin
cushion
- Point the needle towards your
own body when sewing
Cutting oneself or others - Cut away from others

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 - Handle scissors or razor blades
properly
Burning oneself or others - Put pressing iron on a stand after
every pressing
- Remove charcoal after use
- Switch off and plug off the electric
iron after use
- Proper storage
Athletics Hitting one another due to bunching (many - All races of one lap for example:
people being together without enough personal 100m, 200m should be run in
and general space) lanes
- Runners should be well spaced
and limited in number
- Obey the rules
Collapsing - Breathe through the nose when
running
- Do cool down activities
Carving Getting cuts or tears - Sharpen equipment away from
your body
- Place tools in safe places
- Hold tools firmly when sharpening
them

The table below shows some of safe practices in different activities

ACTIVITY SAFE PRACTICES

Javelin - Walk with the javelin in vertical position to
the playing field
- Put a cork or a protective cloth on both ends
of the javelin when not in use
Discus - Use discus without cracks and worn out
reams
- Create adequate space between thrower and
others
The shot - Hold the shot with a firm grip
Jumping events - Have a soft landing area
Athletics - Adequate preparation
- Use lanes when running
- Ensure learners are well spaced in races of
more than one lap
- Count all learners before and after long runs
- Provide transport behind the runners in long
distance running
Basketball - Minimise contacts among players
Netball - Observe rules of the game
- Umpires should ensure fair play
Volleyball - Playing field should be dry
- Use approved balls

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 - Avoid treading on the ball
- Spikes should be empty part of the court
Field hockey - Cut grass on the pitch
- Provide goalkeepers with protective clothing
- Use sticks that are in good condition
Football (soccer) - Avoid dangerous play
- Referees should be strict in the game
- Cut grass on the field of play
- Ensure the field is free of risks
Gymnastics - Use clothing that allows free movement
- Proper supervision of the activities
- Give activities according to the age of the
learners

Importance of Carrying out a Market Research

- To understand what people’s likes are
- To discover where particular artefacts are popular
- To convince people that they will not regret after buying the artefacts

Marketing Skills
- Carrying out a research
- Costing the artefacts
- Displaying them
- Marketing them

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GLOSSARY
Act (v) = to perform a part in a play or film
Actor (n) = a person who acts on the stage, on TV or in films
Aerobics = vigorous physical exercise done in order to increase the amount of oxygen taken into the
body
Agile (v) = able to move quickly and easily; active
Art = the expression of human creative talent, especially in a natural form
Attack = kill
Audience (n) = a group of people who have gathered together to hear or watch somebody or something
Breadth (n) = the distance or measurement from side to side; width
Burn (n) = a mark caused by fire
Burnish (v) = to make metal smooth and shiny by rubbing; to polish something
Carve (v) to form something by cutting away material from wood or stone
Carve = to cut solid material in order to form something
Carve = to write something by cutting on a surface
Carving (n) = a carved object, especially a work of art
Cast (n) = all the actors in a play, etc.
Cast (v) = (in knitting) to put the first line of stitches on a needle
Cast (v) = to choose actors to play parts in a play, film, etc.
Cast (v) = to give somebody a part in a play, etc.
Chikule = red soil
Chiziro = black soil
Coil (v) = round something up, to wind or twist oneself or something round and round in circles or loops
Colour (v) = to put colour on something, for example, with coloured pencils, paint, etc.
Colouring (n) = the action of putting colour of something
Composure = ability to control the game at any critical situation in the match
Contemporary (adj) = of the present time; modern; of the latest time; new
Costume (n) = clothes worn by actors during a play
Decision making = determine in advance what to do
Depth (n) = the distance from the front to the back
Depth (n) = the distance from the top down

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Dimension (n) = a measurement of any sort, for example, breadth, length, thickness, height, and so forth
Dimensional (adj) = having the specified number of dimensions
Draw (v) = to make pictures or a picture of something, with, for example, a pencil or chalk but not paint
Effects (n) an impression created in the mind of a spectator, reader, etc. while watching a play, listening
to music or looking at a painting
Engrave (v) = to cut or carve words, designs, etc. on a hard surface
Flexible (adj) = that can bend easily without breaking
Gluten (n) = a sticky substance that is left when starch is removed from flour
Groin (n) = the groin is the junctional area between the abdomen and the thigh on either side of the
pubic bone
Height (n) = the measurement from the bottom to the top of a person or thing
Hem (n) = the edge of a piece of cloth which has been turned under and sewn
Impression (n) = a mark left by pressing an object hard into a surface
Incise (v) = to cut words, designs, etc. into a surface
Intelligence = game understanding
Interlock = to fasten or to be fastened firmly so as not to come apart accidentally
Knit = to make garments, etc. by creating rows of connecting loops of, especially, wool thread, using long
metal, plastic or wooden needles
Leadership = able to guide the youngsters in the field and be able to motivate and inspire others
Length (n) = the amount something measures or extends from one end to the other
Lighting (n) = equipment for providing light for a room, building
Lighting (n) = the arrangement or effect of lights
Loom = a machine for weaving cloth
Make up (v) = to put powder, lipstick, etc. on the face to make it more attractive or to prepare it for an
appearance in the theatre, on TV, etc.
Model (n) = a representation of something, usually smaller than the original
Outline (n) = a line or lines indicating the shape or outer edge of something
Outline (n) = to draw or mark the outer edge of something
Pace = to set the rate or speed at which something happens or develops
Percussion = musical instruments that are played by striking, beating or tapping with a stick, etc., for
example, drums
Perforate (v) = to make a hole or holes through something

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Polish (v) = to make something smooth and shiny by rubbing, especially after first putting on a special
substance to produce this result
Props (n) (also property) = a movable object used on a theatre stage, in a film, etc.
Punt (v) to kick a football after it has dropped from the hands and before it reaches the ground
Purl (also purl stitch) (n) = a stitch in knitting that produces ridges on the upper side
Purl (v) = to knit something in purl stitch
Rasp = an unpleasant harsh sound
Scene (n) = a place represented on a stage of a theatre
Scenery (n) = painted background used to represent natural features or buildings, and so forth
Scenery (n) = the natural features of an area, for example, mountains, valleys, rivers and forests
Set (n) = a stage or place where a play or film is performed
Set (n) = the scenery used for a play, film, and so forth
Setting (n) = the place and time at which a play, novel, etc. is set
Setting = used to receive a teammate’s pass in order that the play may continue by passing the ball
overhead to an attacker
Sew = to make stitches in a cloth with a needle and thread
Skill (n) = the ability to do something well
Solid (n) = (geometry) having three dimensions i.e. length, width and thickness
Spiking = striking
Stain (v) = to leave or make coloured patches or dirty marks on something, especially ones that are
difficult to remove
Stamp (v) = to print the date, letters, a design, etc. on paper, cloth or some other surface
Stamping (n) = a design, words, etc. made by stamping something into a surface
Strength = to resist tackles
Strip = a long piece of something i.e. a strip of paper
Style = manner of doing, performing, or presenting something
Talent = a natural skill or ability at something
Talent = a person or people with natural skill or ability
Tattoo (noun) = a picture or pattern on a person’s skin made by making small holes in it and filling them
with coloured dye
Tattoo (verb) = to mark somebody’s skin with a tattoo
Thick (n) = having a relatively great distance between opposite surfaces or side

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Three dimensional (adj) = having or appearing to have or relating to the dimensions of length, width and
depth
Trace (v) = to copy a map, drawing, etc. by drawing on transparent paper placed on it
Two dimensional (adj) = have dimensions of height and width only
Two dimensional (adj) = having or appearing to have length and breadth but no depth
Vision = ability to see build-up play ahead to others or ability to see a pass or awareness of players
around you
Warp = (in knitting) the threads on a loom over and under which other threads (the weft or woof) are
passed to make cloth
Weave = to make fabric, etc. by passing threads or strips across, over and under other ones, by hand or
on a machine called a loom
Weft = the threads woven across, over and under the threads lying on the loom
Wriggle = to twist and turn with quick short movements
NB: n = noun, v = verb, adj = adjective

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REFERENCES

MIE, Standard 7 Teachers’ guide (2008)

MOEST, IPTE thru ODL Expressive Arts Module 1

MOEST, IPTE thru Conventional Expressive Arts Book

Advanced Oxford Dictionary

www.ezstoragenow.com/how-to-properlystoreartwork

www.managementstudy.com/objectives-importance-of-advertising

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