A7.

6 Language focus: Defining relative clauses

Relative Pronouns
 Relative pronouns are words that relate an idea or a clause to someone or something mentioned before.
They are who, whom, that, which, whose, when, where, etc.
Examples: 1. The student who stood first in the class scored 100 in Math.
2. The girl whomI am talking with is a clever one.
3. Do you remember the story which / that our teacher told us a week ago?
4. I met the womanwhose husband is dead. .
 “Who” refers to people in subjective case but “whom” refers to people in objective case.
e.g. The man who greeted me is a teacher.
The man whom I greeted is a teacher (I did the greeting)
Sometimes “whom” is replaced by “who” or omitted.
e.g. The man who I greeted is a teacher. or
The man I greeted is a teacher.
 “Which” refers to things
 “That” replaces “who”, “whom”, and “which” in a defining relative clause.
 “Whose” is possessive for both people and things.
e.g. The boy whose mother is dead learns in my school.
The book whose covers are torn is mine.
 “Where” is used after nouns referring to place.
e.g.The hotelwhere we had dinner last night is a famous one.
N.B. Preposition ‘(in / at / on) + which’ replaces “when” and “where”.
e.g. The hotel in which we had dinner is a famous one .
 “When” is used after time expression.
e.g. Do you remember the year when this school was established.
 ‘Why’ is used after the word “reason”.
e.g. The reasonwhyhe left the school is that the rules are strict.
3.7.1 Defining Relative Clause
 Defining relative clauses give us the necessary information to know which person or thing is referred to.
In this type of clause commas are not used. ‘That’ can be used and relative pronouns can be omitted if
they refer to objects.
Examples: I know the girl whom you greeted.
I know the girl that you greeted.
I know the girl you greeted. (Contact clause)
N.B. “That” is used instead of “which” after superlatives, few, little, much, all, none, only, everything,
anything, nothing, and something.
e.g. This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.

3.7.2 Non-defining Relative Clause

 Non-defining relative clauses give extra information. Here, we use commas to separate such information
from the main clause. We don’t use “that” in this type of relative clause. We don’tomit relative
pronouns,either.
e.g. W/ro Martha, who is our teacher, is a good person.

Exercise 4. Complete each sentence with the most appropriate relative pronoun.
1. That was the day ___________ I lost my passport.
2. Tell me the reason ___________ you didn’t come.
3. Is that the school ___________ you studied?
4. Do you understand ___________ he said?
5. There’s the man ___________ sold me this bag.
6. This is my brother ___________ wife is French.
7. You must be the tallest man ___________ I have ever met!
8. The tree ___________ they cut down had died.
9. Ethiopia, ___________ is endowed with many rivers, is now producing more HEP than ever before.
10. I forgot the name of the woman ___________ I am expected to meet at the station.

Exercise 5. Explain the difference in meaning between each pair of sentences.

1. (a) The students who speak English very well are active participants.
(b) The students, who speak English very well, are active participants.
2. (a) I’m hoping to visit my sister, who lives in Bahir Dar.
(b) I’m hoping to visit my sister who lives in Bahir Dar.
Reduced relative clauses

i-After be as a main verb, if it is followed by a prepositional phrase.

For example: The book which is in your hand is mine./The book in your hand is mine.

ii-After be as an auxiliary, either in the progressive form.

For example: The boy who is playing football is my cousin./The boy playing football is my cousin.

iii-Or the passive: The book which was presented to me as a prize is very useful./The book

presented to me as a prize is very useful.

iv-After other forms of the verb which are changed to the present participle: The man who lives

next door is a policeman./The man living next door is a policeman.

Add commas where necessary in the sentences below:

1 Some of the banana trees which grow behind our house are diseased.

2 My brother who works on the radio is my favourite of all my brothers.

3 The girl in my class who resembles my sister is in fact a distant relative.

5 The moon which moves around the Earth once in about 29 days is about 384,000 kilometres

from us.

6 I am just finishing this exercise which is very easy.

Omit the relative pronoun or make a reduced relative clause where possible in the sentences .

1 Wole Soyinka, who is Nigerian, was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature.

2 I’m part of a team which prepares budgets and sales targets.

3 The food, which is prepared in the school, is very good.

4 I’ve bought a suitcase which is made from a very light material.

5 I’ve never read a job advert which asks for someone with my skills.
6 I want a job which is well paid.

7 I’m in a band which is playing in a concert tonight.

8 I’m going to eat the chicken which is in the fridge, if no-one minds.

A7.7 Increase your word power: Skills and personal qualities(page 160)

B7.2 Reading: A CV ( page 164)

Vacancy (page 165)

Urgently required

Male and female security staff for office building.

Contact: The Personnel Manager, Securico, PO Box 35, Dire Dawa

Looking for a career?

National Airlines has vacancies for technical and non-technical ground staff and cabin crew.

Apply with full details of yourself to the Chief Personnel Officer, PO Box 96 Addis Ababa

We are recruiting …

A junior reporter for our newspaper. Please write with a full CV to

The Editor, The Gazette, PO Box 51, Addis Ababa

B7.3 Reading: A letter of application ( page 166)

7.5 Language focus: Present perfect

Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets: has/have /

been doing or has/have done. Note: You will need the negative form in places.

1 The drama club _________ a new play for the end of term. (rehearse)

2 We _________ the first exercise. (already, finish)

3 I _________ my brother since yesterday afternoon. (not see)

4 My father _________ in another part of the country for a few weeks. (work)

5 I _________ been out much as I _________ a lot recently. (not go out) (study)

6 I _________ in the school choir since Form 1. (sing)

7 I _________ much today. (not eat)

8 I _________ malaria. (never)

B7.6 Language focus: Verb + to infinitive

Change the given sentences in the way indicated so they include a verb + to infinitive with

or without an object.

1 Please come to my party.

I want youto come to my party.

2 This bag is very heavy. I can’t carry it on my own.

Please can you help …

3 My mother must not know about this.

I don’t want …

4 My boss said I would lose my job if I was late again.

My boss warned …

5 I’m interested in engineering.

I want …

6 Remember you must go to the post office after school.

Don’t forget …

A Predicting

Look at these words. Single words do not give you any contextual clues, but see if you can

identify features 2–4 listed above.

• blunt unicycle malodorous wobbly understate

Now look at the words in a context. Does it help you to understand them?

1 This knife is blunt and won’t cut anything.

2 Amalodorous presence greeted them as they opened the door, which made them gasp and

cover their noses in horror.

3 Youunderstate the massive scale of the disaster by saying that it has caused a few problems.

4 The circus clown made everyone laugh as he rode backwards and forwards on top of his

unicycle, looking as though he would fall off at any moment.

5 Don’t sit on that chair, it’s unsafe. One of the legs is wobbly and could come off at any moment.
Unit 8: Human development

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct past form.

2 Alfa eventually ____________ (find) a job she wanted, although she ____________ (graduate)

three years earlier.

4 My brother ____________ (be) delighted with our present. He ____________ (say) he

____________ (want) a new watch for months.

5 My mother ____________ (explain) to me about five times how to lock up the house even

though I ____________ (understand) her perfectly the first time.

6 When I ____________ (turn) up, my friends ____________ (tell) me they ____________ (wait)

at the bus stop for half an hour.

A9.5 Language focus: Ability past, present and future

Complete these sentences with can , can’t, could or couldn’t where possible. Where not

possible use the correct form of able to .

a When my brother was a child he ___________ turn upside-down and walk on his hands.

b What ___________ you see from your window?

c I won’t ___________ finish my homework before tomorrow morning.

d I ___________ type without looking at the keyboard since I did a typing course.

e There was a fire last night in our block, but everyone ___________ escape from the building.

f I used to ___________ speak a little Oromo, but since we moved to Addis, I ___________.

g I’m tired today as I ___________ sleep last night.

h Last weekend I stayed at home and I ___________ finish my essay.

i The people in the next room were talking loudly and we ___________ hear everything they said.

A8.5 modal verbs (Can and able to)-revision

Study these sentences in which both these forms appear. In which sentences are both forms

correct? In which sentences is one form incorrect?

1 Human beings can/are able to run fast for long distances on two legs.

2 Early hominids could/must have been able to run long distances on two legs too.

3 Apes couldn’t/weren’t able to run far on two legs.

 4 I can/have been able to run a marathon for about two years.

5 I could/was able to run the AbebeBikila marathon in 2 hours and 55 minutes last month.

6 It was wonderful! I could/was able to hear people cheering me all the way round.

7 I hope Ican/will be able to do it in a faster time next year .

A8.7 Language focus: Expressing probability and possibility

Match the pairs of sentences and write them out in your exercise book.

1 There is no-one at the bus stop. 2 I am not good at maths.

3 You have eaten all the injera! 4 Why didn’t your friend come to the party?

5 Where is my key? I had it to open the door this afternoon. 6 The boys are late home today.

a I couldn’t have left it at school. b I may not have passed the exam.

c They might not have finished football practice. d The bus must have left.

e He may have forgotten about it. f You must have been very hungry.

Complete these sentences with a modal and the verb in brackets. Use the correct form: present or
past.

Example: You have lived here all your life. You must know this town very well. (know)

Simon goes to the school farm every day. He must have learned a lot about farming. (learn)

1 I haven’t seen that dress before. It ________________ a new one.( be )

2 I ________________ my maths exam. I could only answer a few of the questions. ( pass )

3 The bus is late today! It ________________. (break down)

4 It ________________ four o’clock already! The time has gone very quickly this afternoon. (be )

5 It was stupid of you to put your hand in the engine while it was running. You ________________ it
very badly.( injure )

6 Your family ________________ asleep. There are no lights in the house. (be )

7 Rosa ________________ at school yesterday. My mother told me she saw her in town. ( be )

Choose the modal verb that best completes each sentence

1. If you like, you ___________ use my book.
A. can B. should C. shall D. can’t
2. You ___________ finished doing the assignment last week.
A. will have B. should C. should have D. ought to
3. ___________ I borrow your bicycle?
A. Will B. May C. WouldD. Must
4. You ___________ not smoke here. It’s forbidden.
A. ought B. would C. used D. must

5. When Daniel was in high school, he ___________ attend language classes.

A. must B. used to C. couldD. will
6. ___________she come, call me.
A. Should B. Would C. MayD. Can
7. We ___________win, but I don’t think there’s much chance.
A. might B. mustn’t C. should have D. have
8. The teacher ___________ tell them the instructions as they are given in black and white.
A. must B. don’t need C. needn’t D. didn’t need
9. I am not ___________ by bus; I feel awful about it.
A. used to going B. use to going C. used to go D. use to go
10. You ___________ go to the cinema than stay here.
A. would rather B. would like C. can D. had better

B8.5 Increase your word power: Adjectives + dependent prepositions

Supply the missing propositions in these questions.

1 Who are you envious _________?

2 What or who are you scared _________?

3 Is there anyone in your family you are similar _________?

4 Have you ever been rude _________ anyone?

5 What do you often get annoyed _________?

Supply the missing preposition in these questions

1 What are you keen _________ doing at weekends?

2 Is there anything in your life you are ashamed _________ ?

3 Is there anything in your life you are proud _________ doing?

4 What are you good _________doing ?

 Exercise 1. Complete the following sentences with the correct prepositions from the list.(in, at, on, with,
to, of, for, between, among, out of, except)
1.Are you interested ___________ football?
2.She is capable ___________ solving the question.
3.We are not afraid ___________ you!
4.I am satisfied ___________ what you did.
5.He is used ___________ smoking before bed.
6.Alem is good ___________ physics.
7.W/roAbebechGobena is famous ___________ her integrity.
8.Students are dependent ___________ their parents.
9.Are you ___________ your mind? How can you think ___________ that?
10. ___________you and me, the Director is leaving next year.
11. ___________all the members, Biruk is the most hard working one.
12. Many people have died ___________ AIDS.
13. We congratulated him ___________ his birthday.
14. ___________the chairman, all have agreed to the proposal .
15. Be kind ___________ all people.
Exercise:2 Underline the correct prepositions.
1.I will celebrate my birthday ___________(on, in, at) 5th July.
2.I usually wake up ___________(in, on, at) 6 O’clock in the morning.
3.My sister was born ___________(in, at, on) 1984E.C.
4.___________(Between, Among) all my friends. I like Sara the most.
5.___________(Beside, Besides) English, I speak French.
6.Melat sits ___________(beside, besides) me in the class.
7.Mark dug the ground ___________(with, by) a hoe.
8.I don’t want to go ___________(by, on, in) bus. I’ll go ___________ (by, on, with) foot.
Directions: Choose the one that best answer each question.
1. My grandfather died ___________ Friday, the 20th of May, ___________the year 1980.
A. by, on B. in, on C. on, in D. on, by
2. We reached ___________ home much later than when you arrived ___________ the airport.
A. at / at B.___ / at C. at / in D. ___ / in
3. Many countries in Africa are famous ___________ their wild life reserves and other natural attractions.
A. by B. for C. in D. about
4. The man lives ___________ a meager salary of hundred birr a month.
 A. on B. in C. by D. from
5. She died after suffering for a longtime ___________ cancer.
A. by B. from C. with D. for
6. The thief was afraid___________.
A. that he was arrested C. he was arrested
B. that he will arrest D. of being arrested
7. AtoBekele was accused ___________.
A. to steal a t-shift from the shop C. of stealing a t-shift from the shop
B. to steal of a t-shirt form the shop D. having stolen a t-shirt from the shop
8. The fire resulted ___________ faulty wiring.
A. in B. by C. from D. on
9. The committee didn’t start discussing ___________ the new financial regulations until after all the
members had arrived.
A. on B. _ C. about D. of
10. The staffs are looking forward ___________ the new manager.
A. for meeting B. to meeting C. to meet D. at meeting
11. Her classmates congratulated her ___________.
A. by passing her examination. C. to pass her examination.
B. about passing her examination D. on passing her examination

Unit 9: Tradition versus progress

Explain the following in your own words.

a horrified

b acquaintance

c counsel

d infirm

e alert

A9.6 Increase your word power: Change

Look at the words in the box. They are all in some way connected to the word change ..

adjust alter amend bring about conserve develop effect exchange grow

implement innovate keep make modify move away from move on preserve radical

rearrange remain the same revolutionise sea significant small transform vary
B9.3 Increase your word power: Word building – adjectives and nouns

Work with a partner and look at the words below. They are all related to problems of

developed societies. Find out what the words mean; use a dictionary if necessary.

Noun Adjective Noun Adjective

Alcoholism drug dependency

binge drinking materialism

chastisement parenting
cohabitation p promiscuity

deprivation stability

disaffection violence

discipline

B9.4 Language focus: Highlighting information in a sentence

Look at these questions and answers:

Question: What do you do at weekends?

Answer: What I do at weekends is relax!

Question: How do you prepare for exams?

Answer: How I prepare for exams is first of all I make a revision timetable.

Add suitable wh- words to these sentences.

1 ________ I would never wear is torn jeans.

2 ________ I like to study is in the library.

3 ________ I haven’t seen for a long time is your brother.

4 ________ I’d like to practise our song is tomorrow afternoon, after school.

5 ________ I managed to get here on time is by getting a taxi.

6 ________ I spend my Saturdays is at home with my family.

Complete these sentences so they are true for you.

1 What I like to eat after school is …

2 How I come to school is …

3 When I do my homework is …
4 Who I spend most of my free time with is …

5 Where I would like to visit is …

6 How much I would pay for a pair of shoes is …

B9.7 Increase your word power: Revision – make and let

Complete these sentences with the correct form of let, don’t let or make.

1 Mother _____________ father smoke in the house.

2 The police officer _____________ us show him our documents.

3 My parents _____________ me go out at night on my own.

4 Please _____________ me help you.

5 His white hair _____________ him look older than he is.

6 Please _____________ me forget to give you back the money I owe you.

7 Sad films _____________ me cry.

8 What you have said _____________ me think I should change my mind.

Revision 3 (Units 7–9)

Language use

1.Identify the mistakes in these sentences and then write them correctly

a What am I doing this evening is staying at home and taking it easy.

b Prolonged water shortage could be a threat to stable in the future.

c Western society is too materialism, and not spiritual enough.

d My mother makes me to clean my room on Saturdays.

e She doesn’t make me see my friends until my homework is finished.

f You should always be polite for older people.

g I am not keen to eat fish.

h I could go to the match yesterday as I was given a free ticket.

2.Choose the best option to complete the sentences.

1. What …… is calm down.

A. I should think you do B. I think you should do C. I think should you do

2. Why …… the film is because it’s far too long.

A. didn’t I enjoy B. I not enjoy C. did I not enjoy D. I didn’t enjoy

3. How …… the guitar was through my brother’s best friend.

A. I came to learn B. did I come to learn C. did I learn D. come to learn

4. I……. play the piano since I was about six years old.

A. I could B. I was able to C. am able to D. have been able to

5. Hominids…… use some kind of primitive language.

A. might be able to B. can C. might have been able to D. are able to

6. I’m sorry but I….. come to your party as we have a family wedding on that day.

A. won’t B. won’t have been able to C. wouldn’t be able to D. won’t be able to

7. The library doesn’t have….. I am looking for.

A. the book B. the book of which C. the book, which D. the book, that

8. The company is looking for can operate and maintain the photocopier.

A .somebody, that B. somebody C. somebody that D .somebody which

9. The playwright’s…..is currently being performed, is set in the 1930s.

A. latest work, which B. latest work C .latest work that D. latest work

10. By the time I got home, everyone…… to bed.

A. has gone B. had gone C. goes D. went

11.As soon as the man had given the police his name and address, he…… to go home.

A. had been allowed B. was allowed C .has been allowed D. allowed

12. My hands are dirty because……. my bicycle.

A. I’ve repaired B. I repaired C. I’ve been repairing D. I was repairing

13. A flood warning …..for the south-western region earlier today.

A was issued B. issued C. had been issued D has been issued

14.Tahir said he was definitely coming to the party, but he didn’t come. He……. ill.

A. must be B. can’t be C. can’t have been D. must have been

15. We don’t know how the thief broke into our house. He…… to open a window.

A. could have B. may be able C. may have been able D. could be able

16. Kemal isn’t answering his phone. He……..it at home.

A. may have left B. may leave C. could leave D. may have been left
Unit 10:Future Threats

A10.2 Language focus: Quantifiers

some, any, no, none

Change these sentences using the words in brackets. Make any other necessary changes in

the sentences. One has been done for you.

1 She’s already taken some medicine (any).

She hasn’t taken any medicine yet.

2 There were a lot of people queuing for oranges. I managed to buy some. (any)

3 I was unlucky this year. I didn’t get anything for my birthday. (some)

4 We haven’t met any of our neighbours since we moved here. (none)

5 Have you seen my glasses? I can’t find them anywhere. (no)

6 I want some more soup. (any)

7 I haven’t told your secret to any of your friends. (none)

8 There is no-one outside. (some)

both, neither, either

The strict grammatical rules for using both, neither, either are:

1 both is followed by a plural verb. E.g.Both my sisters are married

2 neither and either are followed by a singular verb. E,g.Neither of my sisters has a job.

Put both , neither , either in each of these sentences.

1 __________ of my parents were born in this area and so was I.

2 Give me __________ a banana or a mango, I don’t mind which.

3 I have two sisters __________ of whom is married yet.

4 The manager liked __________ the candidates for the job and didn’t know which to choose.

5 There are two young men that like Maria but she doesn’t like __________ of them.

6 __________ my primary nor secondary schools were close to my house.

little, a little, few, a few

 little andfew have negative meanings. a little and a few have meanings.

e.g.1. We had little time to do our homework. (not really enough time)

2. We had a little time to do our homework. (just about enough time)

3. There are few people here that I know. (not many at all)

4. There are a few people here that I know. (at least there are some people that I know)

3.Complete the sentences with little , a little , few , a few.

1 There was __________ flour left so we could not make bread.

2 There was __________ injera left so they could make their evening meal.

3 Although it rained heavily there were … people at the match.

4 __________ people had met either the headmaster or his wife before they came to our town.

5 There was ____time left for questions after the meeting, so the chairperson brought it to a close.

6 __________ people had done some revision before the test and they got good marks.

4. Choose the correct alternatives to complete the following.

1 I hope I’ve given you __________ idea of the variety of things I do.

a any b some c no d little

2 I don’t like __________ coffee or tea

a both b neither c either d any

3 You may have done all your homework, but I have done __________!

a all b any c neither d none

4 The thief didn’t seem sorry in __________ way for what he had done.

a any b some c no d none

5 __________ my sisters like sports.

a Both b Neither c Either d None

6 There is __________ soup left, if you’re hungry.

a little b a little c few d a few

7 We have had __________ water for some time.

a any b few c no d none

8 I’ve seen __________ Ali nor Juma today.

a both b no c neither d either

9 Although it was a fine day, there were __________ people at the match.

A a little b little c few d a few

10 If there is __________ heavy work to be done, my brother will help you, he is very strong.
a any b no c little d few

Complete these sentences with much, many, a lot of and plenty of

1 I haven’t got ___________ money with me but I think I can afford a cool drink.

2 I’m surprised there aren’t ___________ people here today.

3 Are there as ___________ mango trees in your garden as in ours?

4 I’d like ___________ sugar in my tea, please.

5 There’s too ___________ noise, I can’t hear myself think!

6 Have you got ___________ things to do this weekend?

6 Have you got ___________ things to do this weekend?

A10.3 Language focus: Narrative tenses

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct past form.

1. While I _________ (wait) for the bus, I _________ (meet) two of my friends.

2. When I _________ (meet) them I _________ (be) at the bus stop for half an hour.

3. We _________ (chat) when the bus _________ (arrive).

4. We _________ (laugh) so much that I nearly_________ (miss) the bus.

5. I _________ (smile) to myself for the whole bus journey because I _________ (enjoy) our

conversation.

A10.6 Increase your word power: Phrasal verbs with up

Complete these sentences with six of the verbs in the box. Put them in the correct form

where necessary.

hang clear look pull own speak stay mess

1 Please ___________ up, we can’t hear what you are saying.

2 On the night of the party, we ___________ up until six o’clock in the morning.

3 I’m afraid I was so angry that I ___________ up without saying goodbye.

4 We don’t know who ___________ up the school hall. The head teacher is waiting for someone

to ___________ up so they can ___________ it up.

5 Look! A car has ___________ up in front of the house.

6 Don’t keep ___________ up words in a dictionary. Try to work out what they mean.
 A10.7 Writing: A report

Describing changes or trends (page 229)

Subject-Verb Agreement
Underline the correct expressions given in the brackets.
1.Some of the money (has been, have been) donated to the impoverished.
2.The police (are, is) coming to the crime scene.
3.The girls, as well as, their teacher (has, have) come.
4.Everyone (is, are) working with the book.
5.I like students who (are, is) confident.
6.Neither the father nor his sons (like, likes) the new car.
7.The number of population (is, are) increasing from time to time.
8.The owner and manager of the company (smoke, smokes) cigarette.
9.The disabled (need, needs) our support.
10. One third of the people (are, is) in favor of the opposition group.
A10.8 Writing: A formal letter(revision)

.B10.3 Language focus: The passive

Write these sentences in the passive.

1 They have given Shitaye a prize for merit.

2 We have given our house a fresh coat of paint.

3 WeizeroMedhin teaches science to Grades 9 and 10.

4 They will tell us our results in about a month.

5 A hotel has already offered Birikti a job.

6 We have elected Zewdu form captain.

7 Many people say that eating pineapple is not good when you are ill.

8 People say the fort was built in the 15th century.

9 The police think the same thief has broken into ten houses in our area.

10 They claim there are ghosts in the old house on the corner.

B.10.8 Speaking: A presentation and a speech ( Page 240)

Unit 11: The film industry

A.11.6. Reading(page 246)

A11.7 Language focus: Reported speech

Put these sentences into reported speech.

1 Yesterday, our teacher said, “I am pleased with your progress.”

2 He also said, “You have all worked hard this year.”

3 He asked us, “Will you promise to keep cool heads during the exams?”

4 He then finished by saying, “Don’t disappoint me!”

Choose the best alternative:

1 Our teacher told … our books.

a . to open b us open c us to open d opening
2 The examiner invited … writing.
a . to start b that we start c us that we start d us to start

3 The ticket inspector requested … our tickets

a us that we should produce b to produce c us produce d that we produce

4 The student denied … in the exam.

a to cheat b us that he cheat c us to cheat d cheating

5 My brother encouraged … more confident about my chances.

a to be b me to be c me that I am d that I am

6 Our teacher suggested … some vocabulary for homework.

a that we should revise b us to revise c to revise d us revising

7 John asked … on the geography he had just revised.

a me to test him b to test him c me test d that I test him

8 The police prohibited … the building.

a. the public from entering c the public not to enter

b. that the public enter d entering

9 Jemila suggested … basketball the night before the exams started.

a to play b us playing c playing d us to play

10 The thief forced … the keys.

a. the car driver to give him b the car driver giving him
b. that the car driver to give him d giving the car driver

B11.1 Language focus: Indirect or embedded questions

When asking for information, particularly when it is of a personal nature, we often use indirect

or embedded questions.

e.g. 1. How old are you? ( wh-question)

Could you tell me how old you are?

2. Are your parents still living? (Yes/No -question)

Would you mind telling me if your parents are still living?

Other polite requests we can use in indirect questions are:

• Do you mind telling me …? • Would you tell me …? • May I ask you …?

Make these questions indirect by writing them in the way indicated:

1 How old are you?

(Begin May …)

2 Do you earn a lot of money?

(Begin Would …)

3 Are you planning to get married?

(Begin Could …)

4 What marks did you get in the test?

(Begin Do you mind …)

Match the meanings of the words on the left, which are taken from the text, with the

definitions on the right.

1. replica 2. storey 3. blueprints 4. maiden voyage 5. lavish 6 . aft 7. seesaw 8.extras

a. Plans showing how to build something.

b Expensive or impressive.

c At the back of something, for example a ship.

d People employed to play minor non-speaking roles in films.

e An exact copy of something.

f A piece of equipment children play on outdoors; made of a board balanced in the middle so that when
one end goes up, the other end goes down.

g A level of a building.

h The first trip made by a ship.

B11.5 Language focus: Short responses

Short answers ,short additions and tag questions(revision)

Complete these sentences with six of the verbs in the box in the correct form.

break look blow give go put take make

1 The heavy rain caused rocks to ________ away from the mountainside and fall down to the ground.

2 My mother is always telling me to ___________ my things away instead of leaving them

around the house.

3 When I took some notes out of my purse, the wind ___________ them away.

4 The school is asking us to bring in clothes so they can be ___________ away to some poor families.

5 Waiter! Please can you ___________ these dirty plates away?

6 My mother suffered from a strange illness which the doctor couldn’t identify, but after a few
weeks it ___________ away.

B11.8 Language focus: Revision – changing the subject

Complete the expressions in the box, without looking back at that Unit.

1 Talking _________ films, have you seen …?

2 That _________ me of a film I’ve seen recently

3 By the _________ have you seen …?

4 Before I _________, have you seen …?

5 To change the _________ for a moment, have you seen …?

1 _________ to what we were saying, do you think …?

2 Anyway, as I was _________, so you think …?

3 CanI just ___________ back to …?

3.Match the words from the text given on the left, with the definitions on the right. Use a

dictionary if necessary.

1 eventually 2 cope 3 nutrition 4 confront 5 overcoming

a the kind of food we eat and how it benefits us

b being able to solve a problem

c at some point in the future

d to face a problem that you have to deal with

e to be able to do things even when the situation is difficult

4 Explain the meanings of these words and quotations as they are used in the passage:

a I am not yet enrolled (line 15)

b perfectionist (line 20)

c potential (line 25)

d cool (line 27).

Revision 4 (Units 10–12) Language use

Write sentences beginning in the way indicated but keeping the same meaning as the given

sentence.

a . People say my youngest brother is a brilliant footballer with a great future.

It is ________________________________________________________.

b . The fire destroyed a large section of the town.

A large section of the town ______________________________________

c . My father had a place at secondary school but he didn’t attend because his family couldn’t

afford it.

My father was ________________________________________________ .

d . “Don’t look at your friends during the exam,” said our teacher.

Our teacher told _______________________________________________ .

e “Why don’t we go to the park?” said Almedi.

Ahmedin suggested that __________________________________________ .

f Please tell me your name.

Would you mind ________________________________________________?

g Where were you born, please?

Could _________________________________________________________?

h When something goes wrong, my father relies on me to sort it out.

If _____________________________________________________________.

2.Choose the best option to complete the sentences.

 1……… of the rooms in our house has been painted for a long time

A . None b No c Any d Some

2 Have you seen ……..Berhe or Fikirte today?

A. neither b both c either d nor

3 ……… the new road will be built next year.

A. It says that b It thinks that c It is said that d It believes that

4 By the time the staff arrived, the thief ……..the building.

A. had entered b enters c entered d had been entering

5 We……..a class picnic today, but we can’t because it’s raining too hard.

A. were having b are going to have c are having d were going to have

6 We……. the film on TV last night, but our set broke down.

A. are going to watch b were going to watch c are watching d were watching

7 My sister begged me …… mother what she had done.

A. not tell b not to tell c not told d didn’t tell

8 Would……..telling me the way to the bus station?

A. you mind b you c you please d mind

9 A: “I don’t think I’ll go to the party tonight.”

B: _________________________________

A. So will I b Neither I will c So I won’t d Neither will I

10 A:“I thought our first exam was on Tuesday.”

B:___________________________________

A. So do I b So did I c So was I d So me too

11 ……. biology, did you know that our biology teacher’s brother is married to my cousin?

A . To talk of b Talking c Talk of d Talking of

12 Anyway,……… , I have been revising biology for the past two days.

A . like I said b as I was saying c like I was saying d as I say

13 ……..insect stung your arm?

A . What kind of b Which kind of c How was the d What was the

14 Please put your money….. . I am paying for our tea today.

 A. in b away c out d up

15 No-one has owned……. to taking the money.

A . out b in c after d up

16 Please clean…..after making a mess.

A. off b on c up d down

A7.7 Language focus: Cause and effect

Complete these sentences with a suitable cause or result expression or verb.( Causes/leads to/means/
results in/caused by/ results from/therefore/because)

a He has won a lot of races and broken a large number of world records and _______________some
people think he is the best long distance runner ever.

b I haven’t seen you for a long time _______________ I wasn’t able to invite you to my party.

c I haven’t eaten all day. _______________ I’m very hungry.

d I’m out of breath _______________ that I’ve been running very fast.

e The burning of fossil fuels _______________ carbon emissions.

f Too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere _______________ global warming.

g Drought _______________ famine.

B7.3 Language focus: will and going to

Exercise: Complete the sentences using will or going to and any other necessary words.

a ‘There is someone knocking at the door.’ ‘I _______________open it.’

b ‘All your clothes are dirty!’ ‘Yes, I _____________ them.’

c ‘Why are you looking at that bridal dress?’ ‘ Bekele and I ____________!’

d ‘I can’t hear the radio.’ ‘I _____________.’

e ‘I heard you are leaving school.’ Yes. I_________________ a job.’

f ‘Please don’t tell anyone about my new boyfriend.’ ‘Don’t worry, I __________ your secret. ’

g ‘Oh no! Look at that child! He’s leaning right over the edge of the bridge’ ‘Oh dear! He

______________ into the river!’

B7.9 Increase your word power: Phrasal verbs with on and off
 Examples:1.My brother takes after my mother, but I don’t take after her at all.

2. Don’t go back on your promise. You said you would never go back on it.

3. Please take your shoes off. Or: Please take off your shoes.

 When the object is a pronoun, it can only go before the particle: e.gPlease take them off.
Study the following:
1. A. call on : visit B. call off :cancel
2. A. get on :make progress/develop B. get off : receive little or no punishment for a crime
3. A. go on : continue B. go off : explode
4. A. keep on : do something many times B. Keep off : avoid doing something
5. A. look on : consider B. Make off : leave quickly
6. A. put on : gain kilos B. put off : postpone
7. A. set on : attack B. set off: begin a journey
8. A. switch /turn on: start a machine B. switch/turn off : stop a machine
9. A. take on : employ B. take off : lose kilos in body weight

Exercise: Rewrite these sentences with an appropriate phrasal verb from the table above.

•Change the grammar of the sentence where necessary. Separate the phrasal verb where possible.

Example: The school is employing two new teachers.

Answer: The school is taking two new teachers on.

a. Please start the TV so that we can watch the news.

b. The thieves rushed out of the bank and left quickly in a car.
c. How much progress are you making with your course?
d. Last night I heard some fireworks exploding.
e. When I went to my uncle’s house I was attacked by his dog.
f. Do you want to continue learning the guitar?
g. I have gained 5 kilos since I stopped running.
h. Please avoid walking on the grass in the garden while it is growing.
i. I consider my brother to be my best friend.
j. Don’t forget to visit us next time you are in town!
k. The exam has been postponed as the papers didn’t arrive on time.
l. Nunu’s party was cancelled due to the death of her grandfather.

Exercise 2፡ Choose the correct phrasal verb to complete each sentence.

1. We ___________ for Gondar early in the morning.
A. set off B. got down C. went off D. go off
2. In order to ___________ social change, the government must work on education.
A. look after B. bring about C. switch on D. bring back
3. Samuel ___________ his elder brother in the way he approaches people.
 A. looks after B. look out C. looks for D. takes after
4. Don’t stop! Just ___________ reading!
A. keep on B. catch up C. call on D. hang up
5. You must ___________ the project carefully.
A. carry on B. get on C. carry out D. put on
6. Fire ___________ in the building last night.
A. set out B. broke out C. turned out D. break up
7. Don’t ___________! I have something more to tell you!
A. call on B. hang on C. hold on D. hand up
8. The old man ___________ last week.
A. died away B. passed out C. passed away D. passed over
9. I put my trust on you. I hope you will not ___________.
A. let me down B. turned me down C. break me down D. put me down
10, We could probably ___________ the answers if we understood the questions.
A. hand out B. think out C. clear out D. work out
Capitalization
Capitalize the letters of the words where necessary.
1. The awash river is used for irrigation purpose.
2. my teacher said, “i like you better than elsa.”
3. We’ll have an english test on friday.
4. The patriots’ day is celebrated on the 27th of miazia every year.
5. meskerem is the first month of the year.
6. atoleykun has been to jimma.
7. The addisadmas has become a famous newspaper in ethiopia.
8. The lord jesus is the son of god.
Punctuate the following sentences correctly
1. Halima said I will do it
2. Have you bought me the book selam said to her sister
3. Kocho is commonly eaten with kitfo.
4. The English punctuation marks include the period the question mark the and the apostrophe
5. I want to pass the National Examination therefore I must study hard
6. A: Do you belong here
B: Yes sir
7. AtoTemam the owner of the company owns a beautiful villa.
8. When she comes tell her to cook dinner.
9. The word possession has 4s.
Ninety five students passed the National Exam with great distinction

A8.6 Language focus: like and as.

 Both like and as express: similarity .

 Like is used as a preposition before a noun.
 As is used before a subject and verb.
 As is used before a noun to show job or purpose

Complete these sentences with like andas .

a I want to join the army _________ an officer.

b The garden looks _________ a jungle. We must tidy it.

c I usually wear light colours _________ white, pink or yellow.

d My eldest sister is _________ a boss at home.

e _________ the oldest child, she has a lot of responsibilities.

f Your idea is good. I’ll do _________ you suggest.

g Mimi came first in the test, _________ we all knew she would.

h _________ you know, term finishes in three weeks.

i When water evaporates it rises into the air _________ water vapour.

A9.4 Language focus: Verb + verb patterns

Underline the correct form of the verbs given in the brackets.

1.I am not used to (driving / drive) long distances.
2.My friends object to (raising / raise) funds for the project.
3.Have you decided (to attend / attending) language classes?
4.I don’t think you can afford (to buy, buying) such a nice villa.
5.The girl really deserves (to win, winning) the competition.
6.The group is planning (to visit, visiting)Lilibela next week.
7.Do you think the thief will deny (to steal, stealing) the money?
8.My father promised (to buy, buying) me a bicycle.
9.Our teacher made us (do, to do, doing) all the exercise.
10. It’s no use (to talk, talking to) your ex-wife. She won’t come back to you.
The Participle
 Exercise 2. Complete the sentences by filling the gaps with the suitable participles.
1. ___________ (Being, Having) delivered the message, the boy went home.
2. He was thrilled by the film and though it very ___________ (exciting, excited).
3. ___________ (Taking, Taken) everything under consideration, I think you are right.
4. We watched her ___________ (close) the door. (The door is shut down.)
5. I saw him ___________(repair) the fence. (I didn’t see him finish it.)
Exercise 5. Replace the underlined expressions with participles.
2. She graduated from the university. She went to the work in her home district.
3. He was walking home from school. He found a sack full of money.
4. I read through my composition.I found several mistakes.
5. Aster put on her cloth.Aster went out.
6.
Directions: choose the one that best answer each questions.
1. ___________ to the other side of the street, the girls went into a shop to buy some clothes.
A. They crossed B. Crossing C. They crossing D. Being crossed
2. When they entered the room, they found the man ___________ on the floor.
A. laying B. lay C. lying D. lies
3. She enjoys ___________ comic films.
A. watching B.. having to watch C. to watch D. to watching
4. They hoped ___________ him alive.
A. finding B. to found C. to find D. finds
5. The children would not move because they were enjoying ___________ the animal film.
A. by watching B. watching C.to watch D. watch
6. The accused person admitted ___________the crime.
A. committed B. commit C. to commit D. having committed
7. Having summarized the lesson, ___________.
A. the class was dismissed by the teacher. C. there were no questions from the students.
B. the dismissal of the class soon followed. D. the teacher dismissed the class.
8. The teacher tried ___________ the idea but we couldn’t understand.
A. explaining B. to explain C. explains D. explain
9. I was not successful in ___________ him understand why I had to leave.
A. make B. making C. made D. to make
10. ___________ at the college, the students went on a guided tour.
A. To have arrived B. Having arrived C. To have arriving D. Arriving
11. I tried to convince him that I was perfectly capable of ___________ on my own, but he insisted me
helping me.
A. to managing B. to manage C. manage D. managing
12. I asked my wife to go out for dinner but she said she couldn’t afford ___________ because she was too
busy.
A. to go out B. going out C. goes out D. go out
13. ___________ in Hawassa for such a long time, Zeru didn’t accept the transfer to Bahir Dar.
A. living B. to live C. to have lived D. having lived
Rewrite these sentences using the phrasal verbs in the box instead of their synonyms.

pick up turn down turn up get down let down do up hold up make up

1 We were very surprised when my uncle appeared last night.

2 My brother was offered a job in a factory but he refused it.

3 An accident delayed the traffic in town today.

4 I’m going to collect my new dress from the tailor when I go to town.

5 I must work hard so I don’t disappoint my parents.

6 I don’t believe what you say. You have invented it.

7 We must decorate the school hall for Speech Day.

8 My brother’s wife annoys me as she is always asking me to do things for her.