SET 1

1.DEFINE THE FEM ?

The finite element method (FEM) is a numerical technique for solving complex mathematical
problems. It's used when the equations are too complicated to solve using normal methods, and
some error is acceptable.
The FEM is used in engineering and mathematical modeling to solve differential equations. It's
used in areas such as:
Structural analysis, Heat transfer, Fluid flow, Mass transport, Electromagnetic potential, Electrical
and mechanical systems, Chemical problems.
The FEM works by:
Subdividing a large system into smaller, simpler parts called finite elements
1.Assembling the equations that model these finite elements into a larger system of equations
2.Approximating a solution by minimizing an associated error function
2.what are the local coordinate system ?
Local coordinates are measurement indices used in a local coordinate system or space. They are
often used for large-scale mapping.

A local coordinate system is defined by the following:

• Orientation: The orientation of the u, v, and w axes

• Position: The position of the origin
Local coordinates can be used for:

• Locating a house on a street: House numbers are used as local coordinates

• House construction: Measurements are referred to a control point, such as a stick, steel
bar, or nail
Large-scale mapping: Bearings and distances can be measured using local coordinate A local
coordinate system is different from a global coordinate system. A global coordinate system is
often used to represent an entire structure or body.

3.write is the stiffness martrix of a bar element The

stiffness matrix of a bar element is a 3x3 matrix that relates the nodal forces to the nodal
displacements. The matrix is given by
[k] = (AE/L) [1, -1; -1, 1]
where A is the cross-sectional area of the bar, E is the Young's modulus of the material, and L is
the length of the bar. The stiffness matrix is symmetric, meaning that the element's stiffness is
the same in both tension and compression.
The stiffness matrix is used in the finite element method (FEM) to analyze structures under
different load conditions. The FEM is a numerical method that divides the structure into a mesh
of elements, and then solves for the nodal displacements and stresses in each element. The
stiffness matrix is used to determine the stiffness of each element, and the nodal forces are used
to determine the loads on each element.
The stiffness matrix of a bar element can be derived using a variety of methods, including the
direct method, the variational method, and the weighted residuals method. The direct method is
the most straightforward, but it can be difficult to apply to complex structures. The variational
method is more general, but it can be more difficult to implement. The weighted residuals
method is a compromise between the two methods.
The stiffness matrix of a bar element is a powerful tool for analyzing structures under different
load conditions. The FEM is a versatile method that can be used to analyze a wide variety of
structures, including beams, columns, and frames.
4.DRAW THE BEAM ELEMENT AND THE SHOW THE SLOPES OF IN IT ? The
slope of a beam is the angle in radians between the tangent at a section and the beam's original
axis. The slope of a deflection is the angle between the initial and deflected positions.

The deflected shape of a beam is also known as the elastic curve. The deviation of point B to B' is
the deflection, and the change in slope of tangent at B is the slope.
Here are some formulas for the slope and deflection of a beam:
Maximum moment:

M=PL/4cap M equals cap P cap L / 4

𝑀=𝑃𝐿/4

• Deflection at midspan:

Maximumdeflection=PL3/48EIcap M a x i m u m d e f l e c t i o n equals cap P cap L cubed /

48 cap E cap I

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛=𝑃𝐿3/48𝐸𝐼

• Slope at both ends:

Maximumslope=PL2/16EIcap M a x i m u m s l o p e equals cap P cap L squared / 16 cap E

cap I
 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒=𝑃𝐿2/16𝐸𝐼

Deflection calculations are required for buildings, bridges, and machines to satisfy design criteria
and control vibration.

5. WHAT IS NODE?
In Finite Element Analysis (FEA), a node is a point in space that defines a degree of freedom
(DOF). A node is defined by its coordinates.

In finite element analysis a degree of freedom can take many forms, but depends on the type of
analysis being performed. For instance, in a structural analysis the degrees of freedom are
displacements (Ux, Uy and Uz), while in a thermal analysis the degree of freedom is temperature
(T). In the exhaust manifold example, there are 4 degrees of freedom at each node
– Ux, Uy, Uz and T, since the analysis is a coupled temperature-displacement analysis (due to
thermal expansion effects). These FIELD VARIABLES are calculated at every node from the
governing equation. Field variable values between the nodes and within the elements are
calculated using interpolation functions, which are sometimes called shape or base functions.

6.WHAT IS THE SHAPE FUNCTION FOR A FOUR NODE ELEMENT ?

The shape functions for a four-node rectangular element are:

• N1: 1/4 (1 - ξ)(1 - η)

• N2: 1/4 (1 + ξ)(1 - η)
 • N3: 1/4 (1 + ξ)(1 + η)
• N4: 1/4 (1 - ξ)(1 + η)
In these equations, ξ and η are the natural coordinates of the element, ranging from -1 to 1.

The shape functions for a four-node rectangular element can also be expressed as:

• N2: −1ΔxΔy(x−x1)(y−y3)
• N3: 1ΔxΔy(x−x4)(y−y2)
• N4: −1ΔxΔy(x−x3)(y−y1)
In the Finite Element Method (FEM), shape functions are simpler functions that are used to
approximate a solution. The sum of all shape functions at any given point (x,y,z) must be 1. The
number and order of shape functions determine the accuracy of the solution.

7.EXPLAIN THE ID BEAM ELEMENT?

A beam element is a 1D element with stiffness in all six directions (three translational and three
rotational), at each end. This essentially means that it can take axial, bending and torsional loads.
A bar element excludes three rotational stiffnesses, which means it cannot take bending or
torsion
8.write the governing equation for convection process?
governing equations for convection involve Newton's Law of Cooling and the convective heat
transfer equation. These equations describe the rate of heat transfer between a surface and a
fluid due to convection.

1. **Newton's Law of Cooling:**

[Q = h*A ΔT]
Where:
- (Q) is the rate of heat transfer (in watts or joules per second),
- (h) is the convection heat transfer coefficient (in W/(m²·K)),
- (A) is the surface area through which heat is transferred (in square meters),
- (ΔT) is the temperature difference between the surface and the fluid (in Kelvin).
This equation signifies that the rate of heat transfer (Q)is directly proportional to the product of
the convection heat transfer coefficient (h), the surface area [A), and the temperature difference
ΔT between the surface and the fluid.

2. **Convective Heat Transfer Equation:**

The convective heat transfer equation is more detailed and accounts for various factors affecting
convective heat transfer, often expressed as:

[q = h *A ΔT]

Where:
- (q) is the heat flux or heat transfer rate per unit area (in watts per square meter),
- (h) is the convection heat transfer coefficient (in W/(m²·K)),
- (A) is the surface area (in square meters),
- ΔT is the temperature difference between the surface and the fluid (in Kelvin).
This equation calculates the heat transfer rate per unit area (q) considering the convection heat
transfer coefficient, the surface area, and the temperature difference.

These equations are fundamental in understanding and quantifying the heat transfer processes
between a solid surface and a fluid due to convection.

9.what is the equation of langarangean in dynamic analysis?

The Lagrangian L is defined as L = T − V, where T is the kinetic energy and V the potential energy
of the system in question. Generally speaking, the potential energy of a system depends on the
coordinates of all its particles; this may be written as V = V(x 1, y 1, z 1, x 2, y 2, z 2, . . .

10. what is the required condition for the evigen vector, if it is to be non-trivial?
For an eigenvector to be non-trivial, the matrix equation (A−λIn)v=0 must have non-trivial
solutions. This means that the determinant of the matrixequation must be zero.
The eigenvectors of
A with eigenvalue Λlambda 𝜆 are the non-trivial solutions of the matrix equation. These are the
nonzero vectors in Nul(A−λIn) If the equation has no non-trivial solutions, then λlambda 𝜆bis not
an eigenvector of

Set 2:
2.what is the discretizaton?

Discretization is the process of replacing a continuum with a finite set of points. It's a first step in
many types of analysis because discrete functions and data are easier to analyze than their
continuous counterparts.
• Component selection

• Computer aided design

• Computer aided software engineering
• Concept screening in product development
• Constructive solid geometry

3.how the elements displacement vector q is represented?

Displacement is a vector quantity that has both a magnitude and a direction. It's represented as
an arrow that points from the starting position to the final position. The length of the arrow
represents the distance between the two points.

5. IN 2-D ,WHAT IS THE EQUATION OF ELEMENT STIFNESS MATRIX?

In 2-D, the equation of the element stiffness matrix depends on the type of element used in the Finite
Element Analysis (FEA). Different types of elements have different equations to calculate their stiffness
matrices.
For example, in a commonly used 2-D triangular element, known as the linear triangular element, the
equation for the element stiffness matrix can be derived using the principle of virtual work or the Galerkin
method. The stiffness matrix for this element is a 6x6 matrix.
However, it's important to note that the derivation of the element stiffness matrix can be quite complex,
involving mathematical calculations and integration over the element. The specific equation for the
element stiffness matrix can vary based on the formulation and assumptions used in the FEA software

6.WHAT IS THE SHAPE FUNCTIONS FOR A NODE ELEMENT?

The shape functions for a finite element describe the behavior of the element and how it deforms based
on the interpolation of quantities of interest (such as displacement, stress, or strain) using nodal values.
These functions are often derived based on the element's geometry and type.
For example, in a simple one-dimensional linear element with two nodes (commonly known as a bar
element), the shape functions (N) can be expressed as:

[N_1 = {xi - xi_2}{xi_1 - xi_2}]

[N_2 = {xi - xi_1}{xi_2 - xi_1}]
Here, (xi) represents the local coordinate within the element, and (x1) and (xi_2) are the coordinates of the
two nodes. These shape functions satisfy certain properties, such as being equal to 1 at their respective
nodes and equal to 0 at the other node, allowing for a linear varition along the element.
For more complex elements in higher dimensions or different types (like quadrilateral, triangular,
tetrahedral, etc.), the shape functions become more intricate and are usually derived based on the specific
geometry and interpolation requirements of the element.
The shape functions play a critical role in finite element analysis as they define how the element behaves
and how quantities of interest vary within the element based on nodal values.

7.what is the unit for convection heat transfer coefficient ?

The unit for convection heat transfer coefficient, h, depends on the unit system used. In the
International System of Units (SI), the convection heat transfer coefficient is typically measured
in:
Watts per square meter per Kelvin (W/(m²·K)
This unit represents the amount of heat energy transferred per unit area (in square meters) per
unit temperature difference (in Kelvin) between the surface and the fluid.

8. what are the governing equation for convection process?

The governing equations for convection involve Newton's Law of Cooling and the convective heat
transfer equation. These equations describe the rate of heat transfer between a surface and a
fluid due to convection.

1. Newton's Law of Cooling:

[Q = h*A ΔT]
Where:
- (Q) is the rate of heat transfer (in watts or joules per second),
- (h) is the convection heat transfer coefficient (in W/(m²·K)),
- (A) is the surface area through which heat is transferred (in square meters),
- (ΔT) is the temperature difference between the surface and the fluid (in Kelvin).
This equation signifies that the rate of heat transfer (\(Q\)) is directly proportional to the product
of the convection heat transfer coefficient (\(h\)), the surface area (\(A\)), and the temperature
difference ΔT between the surface and the fluid.

2. Convective Heat Transfer Equation:

The convective heat transfer equation is more detailed and accounts for various factors affecting
convective heat transfer, often expressed as:

[q = h *A ΔT]

Where:
- (q) is the heat flux or heat transfer rate per unit area (in watts per square meter),
- (h) is the convection heat transfer coefficient (in W/(m²·K)),
- (A) is the surface area (in square meters),
- ΔT is the temperature difference between the surface and the fluid (in Kelvin).

This equation calculates the heat transfer rate per unit area (q) considering the convection heat
transfer coefficient, the surface area, and the temperature difference.

These equations are fundamental in understanding and quantifying the heat transfer processes
between a solid surface and a fluid due to convection.

SET 3

1.EXPLAIN BRIEFLY ABOUT THE GLOBAL COORDINATE SYSTEM ?

The global coordinate system is a reference framework used to describe positions, orientations, and
relationships within a defined space. It establishes a fixed set of axes and origin to represent points,
vectors, or objects in a consistent manner. This system serves as a basis for measurements and
calculations in various fields, including mathematics, physics, engineering, and computer graphics.

Key components of a global coordinate system:

1. Axes: The global coordinate system typically consists of three mutually perpendicular axes: X, Y, and Z.
Each axis represents a dimension in space (length, width, height) and is oriented orthogonally to the
others.
2. Origin: The intersection point of the three axes serves as the origin (0, 0, 0) of the coordinate system. It
acts as a reference point from which distances and positions are measured along each axis.

3. Orientation: The orientation of the axes can follow different conventions. Commonly, the X-axis may
represent horizontal movement, the Y-axis vertical movement, and the Z-axis depth or the third spatial
dimension. However, in different contexts or disciplines, alternative orientations might be used.

4. Unit of Measure: Each axis is associated with a unit of measure (e.g., meters, inches, etc.) to quantify
distances or positions along that axis.

In engineering, physics, and computer graphics, the global coordinate system serves as the foundation for
describing object positions, defining spatial relationships, determining directions, and performing
calculations related to spatial transformations, such as translations, rotations, and scaling.

The global coordinate system is fundamental for understanding spatial relationships and is often used in
conjunction with local coordinate systems that are relative to specific objects or contexts within the global
framework.

4.THE STRAIN -DISPLACEMENT MATRIX OF A BAR ELEMENT IS GIVEN BY {B]?

The strain-displacement matrix (B) for a one-dimensional bar element relates the strains to the nodal
displacements. In the context of a linear, one-dimensional bar element, the (B) matrix is derived from the
relationship between the axial strain (ε) and the nodal displacements [u).

For a simple linear bar element undergoing axial deformation, the strain (ε) is related to the displacement
[u] as:

(ε) =[ dx| du]

Here, (u) represents the displacement along the axis of the bar, and (x) is the coordinate along the bar's
length.
In matrix form for a one-dimensional bar element, the strain-displacement matrix (B) is a row matrix:
[B] = [ dx| du]

This matrix essentially expresses the derivative of displacement with respect to the spatial coordinate
[x]For a linear bar element, this derivative represents the axial strain.

For more complex elements or scenarios involving different dimensions or nonlinear behavior , the strain-
displacement matrix (B) can be more complex. However, for the simple linear bar element, the (B) matrix
involves this basic relationship between displacement and strain along the bar's axis.