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History of Science and

Technology
Learn about the history of science and technology, two distinct but integrated fields. Scientists
rely on evolving technology to conduct experiments and validate theories; for example, Galileo
using a telescope in the early 1600s to upend the age-old belief that the sun revolved around the
Earth. While Galileo is credited with establishing the ground rules for scientific research, he was
not the first scientist to place the sun at the center of the universe. One century before Galileo,
Nicolaus Copernicus’ study of the heavens led to the publication of his groundbreaking theories
of heliocentrism.
The Scientific Revolution reached its zenith in the 17th century, with Sir Isaac Newton leading the
way; his unveiling of the laws of motion launched the birth of modern physics. William Harvey,
an Englishman like Newton, established modern biology with his study of the circulation of the
blood. Meanwhile, Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens’ work advanced the fields of optics and
mechanics. Huygens also invented the pendulum clock.
Technology and innovation reshaped the world over the next few centuries. The steam engine
was the driving force that powered the Industrial Revolution in the early 1800s, while the
invention of the cotton gin hastened the coming of the Civil War. The locomotive and internal
combustion engine led to the development of railroads and highways, and transformed both
economics and American society at large. Air travel would have the same effect decades later.
And the telegraph, telephone, radio, television, and motion pictures changed the way people
conducted business and spent their leisure time.
In the 20th century, several key figures further revolutionized science: Albert Einstein, with his
theories of relativity; Max Planck, through his study of quantum theory; and Werner Heisenberg,
who all but created the field of quantum mechanics. In the life sciences, one of the most historic
breakthroughs was by James Watson and Francis Crick, who mapped the double-helix structure
of the DNA molecule. Moreover, scientific research was vital in eradicating dreaded scourges
like smallpox and polio.

The development of computers in the latter half of the 20th century led to even greater scientific
progress. Computers allowed researchers to process data and perform calculations instantly—and
with greater accuracy. Furthermore, scientists could test their theories using computer models. In
the early 21st century, the internet and social media have influenced the way people interact with
each other. Indeed, computer technology has changed the world in ways Galileo and Newton
couldn’t have possibly imagined.

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History of Science and
Technology Resources
Gale provides scholarly resources, including primary source archives and eBooks for the history
of science and technology research.

Primary Source Archives


Gale Primary Sources combines digital archives in a single cross-search interface. Users can
learn more about the history of science and technology by accessing journals, newspaper articles,
photographs, maps, and a wide range of other materials.
Nineteenth Century Collections Online:
Science, Technology, and Medicine, Part I
The 19th century was an era of industrial, technological, and social revolution. With a rapidly
changing society came new approaches to the study of natural history, physics, mathematics,
philosophy, and medicine. Boasting a wealth of curated primary sources, this collection helps
researchers place essential subjects in the larger picture of historical study.
Learn more »

Nineteenth Century Collections Online: Science,


Technology, and Medicine, Part II
Science, Technology and Medicine, Part II expands the subject coverage in Part I, gathering
journals, periodicals, monographs, and historical documents from renowned sources. The
collection provides a global view of a critical era of scientific and technological development.

Early Arabic Printed Books from the British Library:


Sciences, History, and Geography
Early Arabic Printed Books from the British Library: Sciences, History, and Geography is a full-
text searchable archive of early Arabic printed books. This collection supports thorough study of
disciplines like biology, medicine, mathematics, geography, philosophy, politics, history, and
much more. The archive presents the range of Arab learning that influenced scientific
development in Europe through the Middle Ages and Early Modern period.

Smithsonian Collections Online: Smithsonian and Air &


Space Magazines, 1970–2010
This collection brings together Smithsonian Magazine and Air & Space m

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