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Electrodeppt

Electrodes are devices that convert ionic potentials into electronic potentials. There are several types of electrodes used in biomedical instrumentation. Polarizable electrodes allow no actual charge to cross the electrode-electrolyte interface during current flow and behave like a capacitor. Non-polarizable electrodes allow current to pass freely across the interface with no energy required. Microelectrodes have very small tips that can penetrate individual cells without damage. Body surface electrodes make contact with the skin surface to measure signals like ECG and EEG. Needle electrodes penetrate just beneath the skin to reduce movement artifacts during EEG and EMG measurement.

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43 views14 pages

Electrodeppt

Electrodes are devices that convert ionic potentials into electronic potentials. There are several types of electrodes used in biomedical instrumentation. Polarizable electrodes allow no actual charge to cross the electrode-electrolyte interface during current flow and behave like a capacitor. Non-polarizable electrodes allow current to pass freely across the interface with no energy required. Microelectrodes have very small tips that can penetrate individual cells without damage. Body surface electrodes make contact with the skin surface to measure signals like ECG and EEG. Needle electrodes penetrate just beneath the skin to reduce movement artifacts during EEG and EMG measurement.

Uploaded by

usutkarsh0705
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Electrodes in biomedical

instrumentation

Presented by:-UTKARSH SRIVASTAVA9(323108110)


Definition

● Electrodes are devices that convert ionic potentials into electronic


potentials.The type of electrode used for the measurements depends
on the anatomical location of the bioelectric event to be measured. In
order to process the signal in electronic circuits, it will be better to
convert ionic conduction into electronic conduction.
Electrodes classifications
Electrode or Half Cell Potential

• The skin and other tissues of higher-order organisms, such as humans, are
electrolytic and so can be modeled as an Electrolytic Solution.
• Imagine a metallic electrode immersed in an electrolytic solution.
• Immediately after immersion, the electrode will begin to discharge some
metallic ions into the solution, while some of the ions in the solution start
combining with the metallic electrodes.
• A gradient charge build up, creating a potential difference, or electrode potential
and half cell potential.
Cont..

• A complex phenomenon is seen at the interface between the


metallic electrode and the electrolyte.

• Ions migrate toward one side of the region or another, forming


two parallel layers of ions of opposite charge.

• This region is called the electrode double layer and its ionic
differences are the source of the electrode or half-cell potential.
Half Cell Potential
Polarizable and Non-Polarizable
Electrode
I. Perfectly Polarizable Electrodes

– Perfectly polarizable electrodes are those in which no actual charge crosses the electrode–

electrolyte interface when a current is applied.

– Of course, there has to be current across the interface and the electrode behaves as though it were

a capacitor
II. Perfectly Polarizable Electrodes or Perfectly Reversible

– Perfectly non-polarizable electrodes are those in which current passes freely across the electrode–

electrolyte interface, requiring no energy to make the transition.

– Thus, for perfectly non-polarizable electrodes there are no over- potentials.


– Electrode interface impedance is represented as a resistor.
A.Microelectrodes

• Microelectrodes are electrodes with tips having tips sufficiently small enough to penetrate a

single cell in order to obtain readings from within the cell.

• The tips must be small enough to permit penetration without damaging the minute cell.

• The main functions of microelectrodes are potential recording and current

injection.

• Microelectrodes are having high impedances in mega ohn range because of their

smaller size.
Types
Metal microelectrode Micropipette

• The micropipette type of


• Metal microelectrodes are formed by
electrolytic ally etching the tip of fine microelectrode is a glass micropipette
tungsten to the desired size and
dimension. with its tip drawn out to the desired
• Then the wire is coated almost to the size.
tip with any type of insulating material.
• The metal-ion interface takes • The micropipette is filled with an
place where the metal tip
contacts the electrolyte. electrolyte which should be
• The main features of metal compatible with the cellular fluids.
microelectrodes are
1. Very good S/N ratio • A micropipette is a small and
2. Strong enough to penetrate
extremely fine pointed pipette used in
3. High biocompatibility
making microinjections.
B. Body Surface Electrodes
• Surface electrodes are those which are placed in
contact with the skin of the subject in order to obtain
bioelectric potentials from the surface.
• Body surface electrodes are of many sizes and
types. In spite of the type, any surface electrode can
be used to sense ECG, EEG, EMG etc.
C. Needle Electrodes:

• To reduce the interface and noise (artifact) caused


due to electrode movement, during the
measurement of EEG, EMG etc we can use small
sub-dermal needle electrodes which penetrate the
scalp.
• Actually the needle electrodes are not inserted into
the brain. They nearly penetrate the skin. Generally
they are simply inserted through a small section of
the skin just beneath the skin parallel to it.
Cont..
● The needle electrodes for EMG measurement
consist of fine insulated wires placed in such a
way that their tips are in contact with the
muscle, nerve or other tissues from which the
measurement is made. The needle creates the
hole necessary for insertion and the wires
forming the electrodes are carried inside it.
• One of the main advantage of needle electrodes is
that they are less susceptible to movement errors
than surface electrodes.
• Also the needle electrodes have lower impedances
when compared to surface electrodes as it makes
direct contact with the sub-dermal tissues or
intracellular fluid.
THANK YOU

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