ADAMA

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY
COURSE TITLE: Fundamentals Of Programming

Course Code: CSEg 1104

Academic Year: 2022
Section 28
Group Assignment
Name : Feven Adefris
ID.NO: UGR/25814/14
Sub.Date : Thur, Dec, 2022

Submitted to:- Dr. Rajesh sharma

 Internet of things (IoT)
IoT overview

IoT has grown to be a marketing trend and general news piece. Beyond exaggeration, IoT appeared as a
powerful technique with appliances in numerous domains. IoT has origins in multiple former methods:
sensor networks, embedded systems and pervasive informatics. Many IoT devices are linked mutually to
develop specific purpose schemes; in the global network, they are rarely utilized as public access
devices. An IoT node is a sensor contained hardware piece that broadcasts sensed information to users
or any other devices over the internet. IoT nodes embed into industrial equipment, mobile and medical
instruments, wireless sensors, and more. Top examples of IoTs are connected smart city, smart industry,
smart transport, smart buildings, smart energy, smart manufacturing, smart environment monitoring,
smart living, smart health, smart food and water monitoring.

History of IoT
The term ‘Internet of Things’ was coined in 1999 by the computer scientist Kevin Ashton. While
working at Procter & Gamble, Ashton proposed putting radio-frequency identification (RFID)
chips on products to track them through a supply chain.
He reportedly worked the then-buzzword ‘internet’ into his proposal to get the executives’
attention. And the phrase stuck.
Over the next decade, public interest in IoT technology began to take off, as more and more
connected devices came to market.

Benefits of IoT

• Locating and tracing abilities: Customers should be capable of tracking the nodes and locating them in
a short amount of time.

• Ubiquitous information swap: In IoT where nodes are linked to the internet and where information is
transmitted. Ubiquitous means intelligence. Therefore, intelligence sensors collect information and
transmit it using a prearranged input.

• Enhanced power solution: Customers should be capable of tracking even the strongest node, and the
customer should be capable of obtaining the best result.

• Data and intelligence management: IoT does not always require providing commands to the
instrument; where the node gives intelligence and information previously it can start working and
obtains decisions and discovers solutions based on intelligence.
• Scalability: IoT should be the measurability, as with any number of IoT nodes above an extensive
network all nodes should distinguish uniquely.

IoT essential characteristics

• Enormous scale: The number of IoT nodes that require handling and connecting will be an order of
magnitude higher than the IoT nodes currently linked to the internet. Of particular importance will be
the administration of the information created and its analysis for appliance reasons. It is about content
semantics, with content management.

• Safety: As customers achieve advantages from IoT, customers should not fail to remember security.
As senders and receivers of IoT, they should plan for security. This encompasses the security of
customer information and the security of customer welfare: protecting networks, endpoints, and is a
universal message that represents generating a measurable safety model.

• Dynamic changes: Device status changes drastically, for instance, sleep and wakefulness, connection
and disconnection and content of IoT nodes contain speed and position. Besides, the number of IoT
nodes can modify energetically.

• Heterogeneity: Various IoT nodes depending on various networks and hardware platforms. They
should connect to other nodes via various networks.

• Connectivity: This permits IoT to have ease of access and compatibility. Ease of access is obtainable on
the network though compatibility, presenting the same capabilities for using and producing content.

• Services related to things: IoT can present a lot of services related to things within things restrictions.
To present services related to things within things limitations, both techniques in the global and data
world will alter.

• Interconnectivity: In terms of IoT, anything could be linked to universal data and contact the IoT basic
organizational and physical structures.

IoT Advantages
• Technical enhancement: Similar techniques and data that enhance consumer observation of IoT facts
and enhance IoT node usage, and facilitate the most significant advances in technique.

• Enhanced consumer engagement: Recent statistics have the problem of ambiguity and fundamental
errors in precision;

Technology Enhanced
optimization consumer
engagement

IoT
Advantages

Improved Decreased
data waste
collection
IoT changes this, attaining a rich and productive engagement, including the spectator.

• Advanced information compilation: Today’s information compilation undergoes restrictions in plans

for practical usage. IoT smashes it down into those gaps and then puts it right where people desire for
investigating our planet.

• Decreased waste: IoT generates development fields more clearly. Recent statistics provide us with
insignificant intelligence, rather IoT presents actuality data that leads to efficient resource management.

IoT drawbacks
IoT provides an inspiring collection of advantages; it moreover provides an essential collection of
challenges.

• Security: IoT generates an environmental scheme for frequently linked nodes contacting networks.
Furthermore, the scheme provides minimal regulation despite safety measurements. It protects
consumers from different types of hackers.

• Privacy: IoT expertise presents private information with complete information, not including the
involvement of the consumer.

• Flexibility: Consumers are worried regarding the elasticity of the IoT scheme for easy integration. The
anxiety is about discovering themselves with too many contradictory or protected source codes.

• Compliance: IoT, similar to all other technologies in the trade sector, should obey the rules. Its
difficulty creates the problem of compatibility seeming like a daunting challenge when many think that
typical software compatibility is a war.

• Complexity: A few consumers discover that IoT schemes are complicated in the rule of schema,
ordering, and storage provided for their usage of numerous techniques and a massive collection of
newly permitted techniques.

IoT privacy
Most of the data in an IoT scheme can be private information; there is a need to assist in anonymous
and limited private data management. There are many fields where development is needed:

• Cryptographic technologies that allow secured data to be saved and progressed and distributed,
without the data being accessible to third parties.

• Securing the secrecy of the area, where the area can be incorporated into things related to human
beings.

• Restriction of private data presumption, people may desire to maintain it confidential, by looking at
IoT associated transactions.

• Maintaining data as the neighborhood as is feasible utilizing key management and distributed
computing.

Application domains
IoT application areas identified by the IoT European Research Cluster (IERC) based on the inputs of
specialists, reports and studies. Top examples of IoT applications are smart city, smart industry, smart
transport, smart buildings, smart energy, smart manufacturing, smart environment monitoring, smart
living, smart health, smart food and water monitoring.

Smart industry
- Machine-to-machine appliances: Automatic machine diagnostics and asset management.

- The liquid level of a tank or vessel: Monitoring fuel and water levels in storage vessels and wells.

- The presence of ozone: Ozone monitoring for the period of dry meat processing in the food industry.

Smart mobility and transport

- Shipment Quality: Supervising of container openings, vibrations, impacts, or any damage for
insurance.
- Car management: Car sharing organizations run the usage of vehicles using smartphones with net
connections fixed in each car.
- NFC Payment: Enable merchants to get credit or debit card payments online by offering a link to a
merchant bank or acquirer based in a place or time required to complete the activities of public
transportation, museums, galleries, and so on.

Smart buildings
- Liquid availability - Preserving culture through art
- Access control of perimeter - Intrusion prevention system
- Control of indoor climate - Residential-irrigation

Smart energy
- Installation of photovoltaic: Supervising and enhancing of operation in solar power stations
- Grid modernization: Power usage supervising and controlling
- Stream: Measuring water force that pushes water through pipes in water flow schemes.

Smart production
Composting: Temperature and humidity management in hay, alfalfa, straw, and so on to deter fungi and
various microbiological contaminations.

Intelligent management of manufactures: Controlling stock rotation based on FIFO (First-IN, First-OUT)
rules on warehouse shelving and storage to stock replenishment automation.

Descendant care: Controlled breeding in farm animals to guarantee their health and survival.
Measurements of toxic gas: Research of air pollution in farm buildings and the discovery of dangerous
gases from stables.

Tracking animals: Locating and identifying animals that graze in open grazing lands or area in the largest
stables.
Smart living
Water and energy consumption: Monitoring energy and water use to get advice on how to save costs
and resources.

Smart shopping system: Get advice on where to sell based on consumer preferences, buying behavior,
the existence of allergies, or expiration dates.

Smart city
City noise mapping: Monitoring noise in the concentric zone, including bar areas in real-time.
Construction health: Vibration and conditions of materials monitoring in statues, bridges, monuments
and popular buildings.

. Traffic jam: Pedestrian and vehicle level monitoring to enhance walking and driving paths.

IoT Security Challenges

- No alerts
- Low or no transparency
- Random behavior
- Device similarity
- Problematic deployment
- Extended device life and expire support

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References
1. Nia A M and Jha N K 2017 A comprehensive study of the security of Internet-of-Things IEEE
Trans. Emerging Top. Comput.
2. Prabha B 2019 An IoT based efficient fire supervision monitoring and alerting system Third Int.
Conf. on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud)

thank you!