CEGUERA TECHNOLOGICAL COLLEGES

COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
IRIGA CITY
_

Chapter 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the discussion of the methods of research

employed in the study, the respondents of the study and the sampling

techniques, the instruments which were used in gathering data and the

statistical methods applied for the data analysis and the interpretation.

Research Method

The method used by the researchers in this study is quantitative

design specifically the descriptive survey research method to identify and

investigate the gathered data in order to address the research topic.

Siedlecki (2020) adds that descriptive survey looks at features of a

population, points out problems that occur within a unit, a population or an

organization or look at variations in practices and features between

institutions. Therefore, data were collected through observation,

questionnaires, interviews, and student achievement test to investigate the

effectiveness of the group discussion method in improving student

achievement.
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COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
IRIGA CITY
38

Descriptive research methods involve collecting data in order to test

hypotheses or to answer questions concerning the current status of the

subject of the study. A descriptive study determines and reports the way

things are. Descriptive research is scientific research that describes about

event, phenomena or fact systematically dealing with certain area or

population, according to McCombes, S. (2022).

English medium was used on questionnaire and conducted survey

through face-to-face method. The respondents were guided by instruction on

how to answer each of the questions asked and the answers were collected

within the day.

The researchers then conducted a data analysis for the collected data.

The data were gathered are read, transcribed, and analysed for the

researchers to fully understand and address the research topic.

Sampling Technique

Non-probability or convenience sampling was used because

questionnaires were distributed to third-year criminology students of Ceguera

Technological Colleges who had the willingness to participate in the research

and were available at a given time.

 CEGUERA TECHNOLOGICAL COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
IRIGA CITY
39

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study were third year criminology students of

Ceguera Technological Colleges for the Academic Year 2023-2024. The total

student’s population is 490 and we get the appropriate sample size using

Slovin Formula. Thus, only selected 75 students were taken as samples.

Polit and Hungler (2019) define a population as the totality of all

subjects that conform to a set of specifications, comprising the entire group

of persons that is of interest to the researcher and to whom the research

results can be generalized. LoBiondo-Wood and Haber (2020) describe a

sample as a portion or a subset of the research population selected to

participate in a study, representing the research population.

Data Gathering Tools

The tools used to gather the necessary data were questionnaires, as

they supported the given data gathered to gather references and information.

The questionnaire was created to assist the respondents in providing their

objectives and perceptions on the several questions to gather information

with clear and straightforward questions that enable the respondents to

 CEGUERA TECHNOLOGICAL COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
IRIGA CITY
40

provide accurate information to assess the student’s opinion and perception

that was gathered at Ceguera Technological Colleges.

Questionnaire

Questionnaire is the most common tool used to gather data. The

researchers used self-made questionnaires which were composed of five

parts: the first part included the profile of the respondents such as age,

gender, address, educational background and family monthly income. The

second part consists of level of socio-emotional awareness of the students in

the mentioned institution specifically in terms of social awareness, social

learning and emotional intelligence. The third part is the recommended

solutions to address the level of socio-emotional awareness of the third-year

criminology students of Ceguera Technological Colleges

Preparation of Questionnaire. The researchers designed a

questionnaire after reading some books, articles, read related literatures and

studies of this study. Once the initial draft was prepared, it was carefully

reviewed and evaluated by the research adviser, who provided valuable

feedback and suggestions. The researchers then made necessary

modifications and revisions to the questionnaire, ensuring it followed the

correct format and were optimized for maximum effectiveness. The end result
 CEGUERA TECHNOLOGICAL COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
IRIGA CITY
41

was a refined and improved questionnaire, which was deemed suitable for

use in the study.

Validation of the Questionnaire. To ensure the validation of the

questionnaire, the researchers conducted a dry run. Those students were

asked to make comments on the questionnaire. The questionnaires were

tested in terms of clarity of questions, comprehensiveness, and relevance of

the content and conciseness of the statement. The results of the dry run

were presented to the research adviser.

Administration and Retrieval of the Questionnaire. A formal

letter requesting to conduct a survey questionnaire upon the study was given

to the president of the school. The researchers distributed the questionnaire

to the respondents. After the retrieval, the gathered data were recorded,

classified, analyzed, organized, summarized, and interpret using the different

statistical tools quantitatively.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The researchers used the following statistical tools in gathering the

data. These tools were used by the researchers in the analysis and the

interpretation of the data.

 CEGUERA TECHNOLOGICAL COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
IRIGA CITY
42

Percentage Technique was used to determine the percentage equivalent

of responses in the profile of the respondents. The formula is:

f
P ¿ ×100
n

Where: P = percentage of respo ndents

f = frequency

n = total number of the respondents

100 = constant

Frequency Distribution. It shows the frequency was used to analyze and

interpret the demographic profile of the respondents. The researchers use

this to identify the total number of observations to be presented within each

data.

Weighted Mean was used to identify the central tendency of a data. The

researchers used this to interpret and treat the data in the five-point rating

scale of effectiveness of the learning strategies. The formula is:

Σfx
WM=
N
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COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
IRIGA CITY
43

Where: WM = weighted mean

Σfx = summation of weighted frequencies

N = total number of the respondents

Likert Scale was used to allow the respondents to express how much they

agree or disagree with a particular statement. It provides number of possible

answers to a statement or question that allows respondents to indicate their

positive-to-negative strength of agreement or strength of feeling regarding

the question or statement, (McLeod, 2023).

This method was used in quantifying and interpreting the weighted

mean for each indicator include in the study, which consist of the following

interpretations:

Scale Scale Interpretation Verbal Interpretation

5 4.21 to 5.00 Highly Impact

4 3.41 to 4.20 Impact

3 2.61 to 3.40 Neither Agree or Disagree

2 1.81 to 2.60 Low Impact

1 1.00 to 1.80 Very Low Impact

 CEGUERA TECHNOLOGICAL COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
IRIGA CITY
44

It shows the verbal description of Likert Scale for the effectiveness of the

learning strategies. The scale has the following scale interpretation and verbal

interpretations. It determined the equivalent value of the gathered responses

from evaluations.

Rank Ordering Method. A ranking is a relationship between a set of items

such that, for any two items, the first is either “ranked higher,” “ranked

lower” than or ranked equal to “the second”, (N.M Downie, 1984).

Scale Scale Interpretation Verbal Interpretation

5 4.21 to 5.00 Highly Impact

4 3.41 to 4.20 Impact

3 2.61 to 3.40 Neither Agree or Disagree

2 1.81 to 2.60 Low Impact

1 1.00 to 1.80 Very Low Impact

End Notes
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COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
IRIGA CITY
45

1. Siedlecki (2020). Understanding Descriptive Research. Retrieved

March 1, 2023 from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338300876_Understanding_

Descriptive_Research_Designs_and_Methods

2. McCombes, S. (2022, October 10). Descriptive Research |

Definition, Types, Methods & Examples. Retrieved March 1, 2023

from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/descriptive-research/

3. Macasojot, A. (n.d.). Weighted Mean Computation. Retrieved

March

1,2023fromorca_share_media1610347927539_6754288753872660078

revised (2).

Scribd. https://www.scribd.com/presentation/503848209/orca-share-

media1610347927539-6754288753872660078revised-2

4. Mcleod, S., PhD. (2023, February 8). Likert Scale Definition,

Examples and Analysis. Retrieved March 1, 2023 from

https://simplypsychology.org/likert-scale.html

5. https://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/2127/04chapter3.pdf