‘TABLE 2 COMMONLY USED EQUATIONS ‘Specific weight y=es (€q.22, p.16) Specific gravity g=—B = 7 Puowre Youre (Eq. 23, p.16) Mass flow rate equation t= pAV 00 = | pvaa = [ov - dats. 59.0. 131) 4 Tdeal gas law p= pRT (64.25,p.17) Definition of viscosity (Eq, 2.6, p.19) (64.28, p.20) (9.3.38, p38) Pots = Pasa ~P vacua (Eq, 3.36, p. 35) Continuity equation 4 eats | pV-d4=0 (€q.5.24,p. 138) (€4.5.25,p.138) (6, 526,p. 142) ‘Momentum equation Sr- Glsowe [pv aA (€4.65, p. 164) Hydrostatic equation a 2 Pigs, =P 42, — constant tea 37.39) Beagetathth 7 (64,729; p.225) P,= Pi +¥2, = Pr 22 = constant (Eq. 3.76,7.38) | The power equation Ap =~yaz (€4.376,p.3 | | P=FV=To (64.73, .218) “Manomieter equations P= tigh = yQh (&4.731,p.227) Tiffciency ofa machine p= Pit Sh Sw (9.318, p.45) P.. mf a7 Some (69,732; p.227) ‘opt = hy = AMYn/14= 1) (4,319,046) | Revmotas number (pipe Tare fore ‘equations (Mat panels) _VD_pVD_ 4Q _ 4 (69.323, p.49) vw my Dp S103 ‘Combined head loss a (9.328, p. 51) > pele > x (69.1045, p.339) Buoyant force (Archimedes equation) D2 = a Yo — (64336.7-50) | | areion tator 7ResistancecoeMeienty te Bernoulli equation s-@— Re= 2000 (Fa, 10334, p.326) (9.4186, p. 92) ans f= - (Re 2 3000). 1039, p.331) ove pve pith + pee = pnt? + pez, (Ea. 4l8e,p.92) Coefficient of pressure Drag foree equation Ps=Prg thy fe Vo = = 450, p. 108) 2 eV/2 _ Ve/28) Beton i | | Fo= coat) (Ea 11S.p- 365) Volume flow rate equation Tift forse equation 0-Pa="— {yd [V-aa (€4. 58, p.131 vp e e | Haseeey | |. aa te (&q, 1.17, p.381)Figure A.t Centroids and moments of inertia of plane areas. 4=259812 * eosin ca ‘Volume and Area Formulas: Acine = TP = RD?/4 Apher surface = 7” = inp’ = tar FapnereTABLE F.1 FORMULAS FOR UNIT CONVERSIONS* ‘Name, Symbol, Dimensions ‘Conversion Formula Length L L 281 f= 1.094 yd = 39.37 in = km/ 1000 = 10% wm 1 ft = 03048 m = 12in = mile/5280 = km/3281 1mm = m/1000 1/254 = 39.37 mil = 1000 am = 107A Speed v | 277 | 1m/s = 3.600 km/he = 3.281 f1/s = 2.237 mph = 1.944 knots 18/3 = 0.3088 m/s = 046818 mph = 1,097 km/hr = 0.5925 knots Mass ” AM | A1kg = 2.205 tom = 1000 g = slug 14.59 = (metric ton or tonne or Mg) / 1000 bm = Ibf's*/(32.17f) = kg/2.205 = slug/32.17 = 453.6 g 16 oz = 7000 grains = short ton/2000 = metric ton (tonne) / 2205 Density | M/L? | 1000 kg/m? = 62.43 bm/ft? = 1.940 slug/ ft = 8.345 Ibm gal (US) Force F (ML/T? | 1Mbf = 4.448.N = 32.17 Ibm-ft/s? LN = ke m/s? = 02248 fbf = 10° dyne Pressure P| M/Lt? | 1Pa= N/m? = kg/m -s? = 10 bar = 1.450 x 10-*I8F/in? = inch H0/249.1 0.007501 tor = 10.00 dye /em? atm = 101.3 kPa = 2116 psf = 1.013 bar = 14.70 Ibf/in? = 33.90 ft of water = 2992in of mercury = 10.33 mof water ~ 760 mm of mercury = 760 torr 1 psi = atm/14.70 = 6895 kPa = 27.68 in H,O = 51.71 tor Volume ¥ 18 | 1m = 3531 8 = 1000 = 2642 US. gal 1 = 0.02832 m = 28.32 L = 7.481 US. gal = acre-f/43,560 1 US. gal = 231 in? = barrel (petroleum) /42 = 4 U.S. quarts = 8 U.S. pints 3.785 L = 0.003785 m* Yotaa How Q LY/T | Am/s = 3531 M/s = 2119 cfm = 264.2 gal (US)/s = 15850 gal (USym Lefs = 1 #°/s = 28.32 L/s = 7.481 gal (US)/s = 448.8 gal (US)/m Mass Flow M/T. | 1kg/s = 2.205 tom/s = 0.06852 sug/s Rate Energyand [gw | ML/1?| 15 = kg-m?/st = Nem = W's = volt-coulomb = 0.7376 flbt Work = 9478 x 10 Bru = 0.2388 cal = 107 erg = kWh/3.600% 108 Power Mey I/s = Nem/s = kgm / $3 = 1.341 x 107hp 7376 ft Ibf/s = 1.0 volt-ampere = 0.2388 cal/s = 9.478 x 10~* Btu/s hp = 0.7457 kW = 550 fIbE/s = 33,000 f-lbf/min = 2544 Bra/h Angular Speed T7110 rad/s = 9.589 spn = 0.1591 rov/s ‘Viscosity a” M/LT | 1 Pas = ke/ms = N’s/ m* = 10 poise = 0.02089 Ibf-s/ft? = 0.6720 tbm/ i's Kinematic * EevT | 1m2/s — 10.76 07/5 = 10% St Viscosity ‘Temperature | 7 @ | K="c+2m15 ="R/18 °C = (F-32//18 °R = °F $459.67 = 18K oR = 180432TABLE F3 USEFUL CONSTANTS ‘Name of Constant Value Acceleration of gravity 981 m/s = 32.2 /s? ‘Universal gxs consent 314 kJ/kmol- K = 1545 ft Ibf/Ibmol - °R. ‘Stender simoepleris pressure) 0 atm = 101.3 kPa = 14.70 psi = 2116 psf = 33.90 ft of water 10.33 m of water = 760 mm of Hg = 29.92 in of Hg = 760 torr = 1.013 bar TABLEF4 PROPERTIES OF AIR [7 = 20°C (68°F), p = 1 atm] Property ‘SI Units ‘Traditional Units Specific gas constant Ruy = 287.03/kg “K Rye = 1716 f IbE/slug - °R Density p= 120kg/m? (0.0752 tbm/#? = 0.00234 slug/ Specific weight y= 1L8N/m? 0.0752 1bF/#° Viscosity b= 181 x 109N + s/m? 3.81 107 IWF 5/8? ‘Kinematic viscosity v= LSI 10% m/s v= 1.63 x10 £/s Specific heat ratio k= 6/0, = 140 6/6, = 140 Specific heat 1004 1 /kg + K (0.241 Btu/Ibm - °R ‘Speed of sound 343 m/s. 1130 ft/s TABLES PROPERTIES OF WATER [T = 15°C (59°F), p = 1 atm] Property S1Units ‘Traditional Units Density 999 kg/m? 624 Tom/f? = 1.94 slug Specific weight 9800 N/m? 624 Wh/ fP Viscosity b= 114 x 109 N+ s/t 238% 10° bf + 5/82 Kinematic viscosity y= 11d x 10 m/s 123 x 105 /s ‘Surface tension oo = 0073 N/m 0.0050 Ibf/ (water-ait) Bulk modulus of elasticity fr, = 2.14 x 10° Pa 3.10 10° psi TABLE F6 PROPERTIES OF WATER [T = 4°C (39°F), p = 1 atm] Property SE Units ‘Traditional Units Density 1000 kg/m" (624 Ibm/f? = 1.94 slug/t* Specitie weight 9810N/m? 24 IOE/AS APPENDIX Table A3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AIR AT STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ‘Temperature Density 5 ry Soest e/a N/a Nos/ar m/s “20°C 1370 161 x10 116% 105 -10°C 13.20 1.67 «10° 1.24 10% orc 12.70 1.72 105 1.33 x 10% 10°C 12.20 1.76 x 10% Lal x 10% 20°C 11.80 181x108 151x108 30°C 1140 1.86% 10% 1.60% 10% orc 11.10 191x108 1.69% 10% 50°C 10.70 1.95 «10> 179 x 10° 60°C 10.40 2.00 x 10% 1.89 x 10% 0c 10.10 2.04 x 108 199% 10% 80°C 1.00 981 2.09 x 10° 2.09 x 10° src ost 954 213x108 2.19105 100°C 09s 9.28 217x109 229 10° 120°C 0.90 8.82 2.26 x 10% 251x105 140°C 0.85 8.38 2.34 x 10% 2.74 x 10% 160°C 081 7199 242 x 10 2.97 x 10% 180°C 078 165 2.50% 10 3.2010 200rc o7s 1m 257108 344x105 slugs/ft° werte wes/ne W/s oF 0.00269 0.0866 339x107 126x104 20°F 0.00257 0.0828 351x107 137 x 10% 40F 0.00247 0.0794 363107 147104 60°F 0.00237 0.0764 3.74 x 107 1.58 x 10 80°F 0.00228 00735 3.85 x 107 169x104 100°F 0.00220, 0.0709 3.96 x 107 1.80 x 10% 20°F 0.00213 0.0688 4.07% 107 191x104 150°F 0.00202 0.0651 4.23 x 107 2.09 x 10% 200 0.00187 0.060 4.48 x 107 240% 104 300°F 0.00162 0.0522 4.96 x 107 3.05 x 104 400% 0.00143 0.0862 540x107 377x104 source: Reprinted with permission from R. B, Bola and G TL. Tuve, Handbook of Tables for Applied Engincering Science, CRC 36, Cleveland, 1973, Copyright © 1973 by The Chemical Rubber Co., CRC Press, Inc.APPENDIX Table A.5. APPROXIMATE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER* AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ‘Temperature Density Specific Weight Dynamic Viscosity _ Kinematic Viscosity Vapor Pressure kg/m? Naw N-s/m m/s N/m? abs oc 1000 9810 1.79 10% 1.79 x 10° ou sc 1000 9810 1.51 x 10 1.51 x 10° 872 loc 1000 osi0 131x103 131 «10° 1,230 isc 999 9800 1.14 103 114 x 10% 1,700 20°C 998 9790 1.09 x 10 1.00 x 10° 2,340 25°C 997 9781 8.91 x 104 8.94107 3,170 30°C 996 9771 797x104 8.00 x 107 4,250 35°C 994 9751 7.20x 104 7.24 x 107 5,630 40°C 992 9732 653x104 6.58 x 107 7,380 50°C 988 9693, 347x104 5.53107 12,300 60°C 983 9643 4.65 x 104 4.74 x 107 20,000 70°C 978 9594 4.04 104 4.13 x 107 31,200 80°C 972 9535 3.54104 3.64107 47,400 90°C 965 9467 3.15 x 104 3.26 x 107 70,100 100°C 958 98 2.82 104 2.94 x 107 101,300 slugs /ft? Ite Ibf-s/f? fE/s psia 40°F 194 62.43 3.23 x 109 1.66 x 10 0.122 SOF 1.94 62.40 2.23 x 10% 141 x 10° 0.178 60°F 1.94 6237 2.36 x 105 1.22 10% 0.256 10°F 1.94 62.30 2.05 x 10° 1,06 x 10° 0.363 80°F 1.93 62.22 1,89 x 10% 0.930 x 10° 0.506 10°F 1.93 62.00 1.42 x 10% 0.739 x 10 0.949 120°F 192 61.72 1.17 x 10% 0.609 x 105 1.69 140°F 1.91 61.38 0.981 x 10% 0.514 x 10° 2.89 160°F 1.90 61.00 0.838 x 10> 0.442 x 10% 4.74 180°F 1.88 60.58 0.725 x 10° 0.385 x 10° 731 200°F 1.87 60.12 0.637 « 10° 0341 x 10-5 1183 212F 1.86 59.83 0.593 x 10 0.319 x 105 14,70 += Notes:(1) Burk modulus of wateris approximately 2.2GPa (3.2 % 10° pails (2} water air surface tensions approximately 7.3 X 102 N/m(5 X 10°Ibt/#) fiom IC 10 50°C. souncr: Reprinted with pemission from R. E, Bolz and G. L. Tave, Handboak of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, CRC Press, Ie, Cleveland, 1973, Copyright © 1973 by The Chemical Rubber Co, CRC Pres, Ine.Resistance coefficient, / 0.100 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.030 0.025 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.009 0.008 10° 10° 6 By 94 6 8i¢4 2. 4 2 6 ar (2eh,\U2 Ref? a BE () 4 TL 6 8108 2 4 Fully rough turbulent flow: 8108 ‘Smooth pipes 6 8105 6 8196 2 4 2 4 6 Bq? 4 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.001, 00008 0.0006 0.0004 0.0002 0.0001 0.00005 0.00001 6 8108 0.008 ~" D Relative roughness,