MASING, Andrea Gail E.

March 16, 2023

BSChE 4A CHE 403 Biotechnology
ASSIGNMENT 1
1. Discuss the Virus Life Cycle
The virus life cycle refers to the series of events that a virus goes through in order to infect a
host cell, replicate, and spread to other cells. The virus life cycle can vary depending on the type
of virus and the host cell it infects. Some viruses, such as HIV, integrate their genetic material into
the host cell's DNA, while others, such as influenza virus, undergo genetic reassortment to produce
new strains. Understanding the virus life cycle is important for developing effective antiviral
therapies and vaccines.
The virus life cycle can be broadly divided into six stages:
1. Attachment or adsorption: The first step in the virus life cycle is attachment or
adsorption, where the virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
This step is critical for the virus to gain entry into the host cell.
2. Penetration or entry: After attachment, the virus gains entry into the host cell through one
of two mechanisms: (a) receptor-mediated endocytosis, where the virus is engulfed by the
host cell, or (b) fusion with the host cell membrane, where the virus fuses its envelope with
the host cell membrane to enter the cell.
3. Uncoating: Once inside the host cell, the virus sheds its outer coat or capsid, which releases
the viral genetic material (RNA or DNA) into the host cell.
4. Genome replication and gene expression: The viral genetic material hijacks the host cell
machinery to replicate and transcribe new viral particles. The viral genetic material can
either replicate directly in the cytoplasm or be transported to the nucleus to replicate.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components assemble to form new viral particles,
which can then be released from the host cell.
6. Release: The final stage of the virus life cycle is release, where the newly formed viral
particles are released from the host cell to infect other cells or hosts. This can occur through
lysis (breaking open) of the host cell or through a budding process, where the virus acquires
a portion of the host cell membrane as it exits the cell.

2. Discuss the different examples of viruses

Virus is a Latin word which means “poison” or “slimy liquid”. Viruses are a type of infectious
agents that are capable of causing diseases in a variety of hosts. A virus is a microscopic infectious
agent that can replicate only inside the cells of a living organism. They come in various shapes and
sizes, and can infect different types of organisms, including humans, animals, plants, and even
bacteria. Here are some examples of viruses:
1. Influenza Virus: The influenza virus is one of the most well-known viruses and is
responsible for causing the seasonal flu. The virus is highly contagious and can spread from
 person to person through respiratory droplets. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat,
and body aches. The virus mutates rapidly, which is why a new vaccine is needed every
year to provide protection against the most prevalent strains.
2. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system,
specifically CD4 cells (also known as T cells). Over time, the virus destroys these cells,
leaving the body vulnerable to infections and diseases. HIV is transmitted through bodily
fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. There is no cure for HIV,
but antiretroviral therapy can suppress the virus and prevent the progression of the disease.
3. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): HSV is a virus that causes cold sores and genital herpes.
The virus is highly contagious and can be transmitted through close contact with an
infected person or through contact with their bodily fluids. Symptoms include painful
blisters and sores, itching, and fever. While there is no cure for herpes, antiviral medications
can help to manage symptoms.
4. Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV): VZV causes chickenpox and shingles. It is highly
contagious and spreads through respiratory droplets or contact with fluid from chickenpox
blisters.
5. Ebola Virus: Ebola is a highly contagious virus that causes severe bleeding and organ
failure. It is spread through bodily fluids and can be fatal if left untreated. Symptoms
include fever, headache, muscle pain, and bleeding. The virus can cause severe damage to
internal organs and often leads to death. There is no cure for Ebola, but early detection and
supportive care can improve the chances of survival.
6. Human Papillomavirus (HPV): HPV is a virus that causes warts and is also linked to
cervical cancer. It is spread through skin-to-skin contact. The virus is transmitted through
sexual contact and is highly contagious. Most people who contract HPV do not develop
any symptoms, but some may develop genital warts. A vaccine is available to protect
against certain strains of HPV.
7. Measles Virus: Measles is a highly contagious virus that causes a rash and fever. It is
spread through respiratory droplets and can lead to serious complications, such as
pneumonia.
8. Rotavirus: Rotavirus causes diarrhea and vomiting in infants and young children. It is
highly contagious and spreads through contaminated food, water, or surfaces.
9. SARS-CoV-2: SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes COVID-19. The virus is highly
contagious and is primarily spread through respiratory droplets. Symptoms include fever,
cough, and difficulty breathing. While most people who contract the virus experience mild
to moderate symptoms, it can be severe and even deadly for some individuals, particularly
those who are older or have underlying health conditions. Vaccines are available to protect
against COVID-19.
10. Zika Virus: Zika virus (sometimes termed Zika fever) is a Flavivirus that is related to
dengue, West Nile, yellow fever, and Japanese encephalitis viruses (Flaviviridae); the
viruses are transmitted to humans by mosquito bites and produce a disease that lasts a few
days to a week. Common symptoms include fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis
(redness of the eyes). The virus is mainly transmitted by infected mosquitoes that act as
 vectors to infect individuals during a mosquito bite. However, the virus can be transmitted
from person to person once an individual becomes infected.
These are just a few examples of the many types of viruses that exist. Each virus has its own
unique characteristics, including how it is transmitted, the symptoms it causes, and the treatments
available. It is important to practice good hygiene and take precautions to prevent the spread of
viruses, such as washing your hands frequently, wearing a mask in public, and getting vaccinated
when possible.