Comparative Policing System

A study of the organized structure, operations, functions, ranks, and designated names of various law enforcement agencies around the
world. It is the process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police system to another in order to discover insights in the
field of international policing.
Policing
-is the practice for the maintenance of peace and order, law enforcement and for the security of the community.
-It is method practiced by police officers for maintenance of peace and order.

MODELS OF POLICING ACCORDING TO APPROACH

1. PROBLEM-ORIENTED POLICING
A model of policing which is focused on preventing crime from happening.
This policing model involves detectives monitoring for patterns in crime to help understand when and how crimes are being
committed. Once they have a pattern, they will search for ways to prevent crimes from happening. This model has a more proactive
stance than traditional policing.
2. INTELLIGENCE-LED POLICING MODEL
By Sir David Philips
It originated from United Kingdom; it draws upon the notion that the police can do know a great deal about offending patterns. The
Police should actively gather information about criminals and their organization (Tilley, 2003). The core emphasis are as follows:
o The focus on crime alone;
o The means used are enforcement and disruption of criminal groups;
3. REACTIVE OR TRADITIONAL POLICING
It is a model of policing wherein police will respond when a call was received.
3main functions
a.Routine patrol
b.Immediate response to call
c.Follow-up investigation
4. PREDICTIVE POLICING
A model of policing which includes predictive and analytical techniques in Law Enforcement to identify potential offenders. It is the
usage of mathematical predictive and analytic techniques to identify possible criminal activity.
5.VALUE BASED POLICING
*Value centered police leadership is based on a shared notion of ethical values, a delivery of the maximum value to the costumer and
rewards based on the value people contribute to their organization.
*A value-based policing model seeks to avoid negative attitudes against the police and seeks to avoid low trust level, as it is
problematic for police to fulfill its regulatory role when the public is polarized.
6. NODAL POLICING
Nodal policing practices are built around the assumption that the security is not only provided by central state authorities but also by
non-central authorities and the private and informal sectors.
7. REASSURANCE POLICING
It is a model of policing with the aim of identifying signals and it involves the community in solving community-related problems. It
is similar to a community oriented policing system. Signal crimes are those that shape the community’s perception of risk from a
particular type of crime during a given period. It gives a feeling of safety that a citizen experiences when he knows that a police
officer or patrol car is nearby.
8. SCANNING, ANALYSIS, RESPONSES, ASSESSMENT (SARA)
A type of policing which involves four steps in problem solving and decision making process.
o Scanning – it involves detection of patterns of problem activities, including victims, location and types of crimes. It requires an
evaluation of the problem, the perception of the problem by both law enforcement and external partners and analysis of the severity of
the problem.
o Analysis – includes looking for the root causes of any problems or issues identified. Information gathered from variety of sources,
including crime reports and community members who are directly affected by the issue. Causes of problems can include many factors,
including neighborhood and community perceptions of law enforcement themselves.

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o Once cause was identified, law enforcement officials will work with the community to come up with and execute an appropriate,
long term response. After the Response is implemented, an on-going Assessment is required to evaluate the effectiveness of the
solution and make adjustments if necessary.
9. COMMUNITY ORIENTED POLICING SYSTEM
Community-oriented policing ism philosophy based on the premise that police stations work together with their communities to
resolve not only crime, but also quality of life issues that are important to the community and will better fulfill the police mission.
10.DEMOCRATIC POLICING
The police are accountable to the rule of law and the community, respect the rights and guarantee the security of all citizens in a non-
discriminatory manner.
11. NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICING
Access to local through a named point of contact.
Influence that can be exercised by members of the community over policing priorities.
12. HUMAN RIGHTS POLICING
This pertains to how human rights is being implemented by the police organization in the community.
Police
-From the Greek word politeia or polis which means "citizenship, administration, civil polity” or “government of a city”
-Transformed into Latin word politia which means civil administration
-French changed the word to police or policier which means public order, administration, government Basic Terms
Comparing Police System as well as Models of Policing could be Through the following methods:
Safari Method – it is a type of research in comparative criminology wherein a researcher will visit another country for comparison
purposes.
Collaborative Method – one researcher will collaborate the work to a foreign researcher.
Historical Comparative – most often employed by researchers, used quantitative and qualitative method (known as Historiography
or Holism).
Unpublished Works Comparison – single culture study and two culture study using published works.

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE

It involves the study and description of one country’s law, criminal procedure or justice process. It attempts to build on the knowledge
of criminal justice of one country by investigating and evaluating, in terms of another country, culture or institution.
COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE
It is a sub-field of the study of criminal justice that compares the justice system worldwide. Such study can take a descriptive,
historical or political approach. It studies the differences and similarities in the structure, goals, punishments and emphasis on rights as
well as the history and the political structure of different systems.
TRANSNATIONAL POLICING
It pertains to all forms of policing that transgress national borders.
INTERNATIONAL POLICING
It indicates to those type of policing that are formally directed by institutions usually responsible for international affairs
GLOBAL POLICING
Indicates those forms of policing that are fully global in scope.

Abu Sayyaf - Abu means father and sayyaf means swordsmith, is a militant Islamist group based in and around jolo and
Basilan,Philippines.
Al Qaeda - literally means the base, a global militant Islamist organization founded by Osama bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam, and
several other militants.
Apostasy - is defined as the conscious abandonment of Islam by a Muslim in word or through deed. It includes the act of converting
to another religion by a person who was born in a Mustim family or who had previously accepted Islam.

MODELS OF POLICING ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE

Centralized Poling System - A country with only one recognized police force which operates entire that country. It uses a centralized
system of policing, Philippines is an example of centralized police because the Philippine National Police has one central office with
many regional, provincial and local branches throughout the country.
Decentralized Policing System- refers to a system where police administrations and operations are independent from one state to
another. It is more applicable to countries with federal government.

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SEVEN THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE POLICING
1. ALERTNESS TO CRIME THEORY
- Explains that people’s alertness to crime is heightened so they report more crimes to the police and also demand the police to
become more effective in solving crime problems.
2. ECONOMIC OR MIGRATION THEORY
- Crime is a result of unrestrained migration and overpopulation in urban areas such ghettos and slums.
3. OPPORTUNITY THEORY
- Along with higher standard of living, victims become more careless of their belongings and opportunities for committing crime
multiply.
4. DEMOGRAPHIC THEORY
- Greater numbers of children are being born, because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the
adolescent identity crisis.
5. DEPRIVATION THEORY
- Progress comes along with rising expectations and people at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top do
not see themselves rising fast enough.
6. MODERNIZATION THEORY
- Sees the problem as society becoming too complex.
7. ANOMIE AND SYNOMIE THEORY
- The latter being is a term referring to social cohesion on values; suggest that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the
disintegration of older norms that once held people together
Chowkidar - in india, means one who inhabits a “chowki”, police station or guard house.
Chusai-san - the rural police officer in Japan.
Confucian thought - The belief that social order can be achieved through moral and political reform because man is by nature good
or capable of goodness.
Koban - is a small neighborhood police station found in Japan. Often translated to English as Police Box. Koban are staffed by a
relatively small number of police officers (usually 3-S officers). ]
Mutawa - religious police in Saudi Arabia whose duty Is to ensure strict adherence to established codes of conduct
Taliban - means “students”, is an Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan.
Terrorism
- the unofficial or unauthorized use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims.
Etymology (study of origin)
Comes from the French word terrorisme, and originally referred specifically to state,terrorism as practiced by the French
government during the reign of terror.
The French word terrorisme turn derives from the Latin verb terreṓ meaning “I frighten”
Definition of Terrorism under the United Nations
Terrorism as any act “intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or noncombatants with the purpose of
intimidating a population or compelling a government or
an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act”.
The systematic use of terror as a means of coercion.

CAUSES OF TERRORISM
1. PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
2. IDEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
3. STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVE
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
- Those who engage in terrorism may do so far purely personal reasons, based on their psychological state of mind. Their motivation
may be nothing more than hate or desire for power.
IDEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
- Ideological is defined as the beliefs, values, and/or principles by which a group identify its particular aims and goals, Ideology may
compass religion or political philosophies and programs.
STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVE

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- Terrorism is sometimes seen as a logical extensions of the failure of politics. When people seek redress of their grievances through
government, but fail to win the government attention to their plight, they may resort to violence. From this viewpoint, terrorism is the
result of a logical analysis of the goals and objectives of a group, and their estimate of the likelihood of gaining victory. If victory
seems unlikely using more traditional means of opposition, then one might calculate that terrorism is a better person.
TYPES OF TERRORIST
1. National Terrorist
- Sued to define almost all illegal acts of violence committed for political purpose by clandestine groups. Ex. New People’s Army
(NPA)
2. Transnational Terrorist
- Terrorists who operates across national borders, whose actions and political operations may affects individuals of more than one
country.
3. International Terrorist
- Terrorists who are controlled by and whose actions represent the national interest of a sovereign state.
TYPES OF TERRORISM (According to Area of Operation)
1. International Terrorism
- It refers to the use or threatened use of violence against person or property by a group or an individual whose operations transcend
national boundaries and are done to further political and social objectives.
Mission Specific Cells – In terrorist’s organization, it refers to small units which are put together for the purpose of executing specific
assignments
Sleeper Cells – in terrorist organizations, it refers to small groups of recruits who are in placed in target and other countries. Living
ordinary lives until activated for the cause, may also perform services for the immediate group. E.g. counter and reconnaissance tasks.
Cell – it is the smallest element and building block of terrorist organization.
2. Domestic Terrorism
- It refers to the use or the threatened used of violence against person or property by a group (or an individual) whose operations are
entirely within the victims nation, without following direction and are done to further political and social objectives.
Right-wing Terrorist – it refers to domestic terrorist group who adhere to the principles of racial supremacy embraces anti-
government and anti-regulatory beliefs.
Left-wing Terrorist – it refers to domestic terrorist group who profess a revolutionary socialist doctrine and view themselves as
protectors of the people against the dehumanizing effect of capitalism and imperialism.
Special Interests Groups – it refers to domestic terrorist group who perhaps the most active special interests groups in United States
or the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and the Earth
Liberation Front (ELF).

TYPES OF TERRORISM (According to Weapons or Methods Used)

1.Chemical Terrorism – it refers to the utilization of chemicals in committing terrorism.
2. Bio Terrorism – it refers to the intentional release of toxic biological agents to harm and terrorize civilians in the nature of political
or other cause. Category a (biological diseases) are those likely to do
the most damage. It includes:
a. Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) – most commonly used biological agent
b. Botulism (clostrodium botulinum toxin)
c. The plague (Yersinia pestis)
d. Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
e. Hemorrhagic fever, due to Ebola Virus or Marburg Virus
3. Radiologic Terrorism – it refers to the utilization of radioactive substances in committing terrorism.
4. Nuclear Terrorism – it refers to number of waste, nuclear materials might be exploited as a terrorist tactics. These includes:
a. Attacking nuclear facilities
b. Purchasing nuclear weapons
c. Building nuclear weapons
5. Explosives Terrorism – it is the most common form of terrorism through the utilization of explosives in committing acts of
terrorism.
6. Cyberterrorism – it refers to a type of terrorism that uses computers and networks. It can allow disruption in military
communications and even electrical power.

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Aum Shrinkyo and the Tamil – terrorist groups usually use cyberterrorism to fail the computer security or to show off their technical
abilities.
Ways of demonstrating cyberterrorism:
o By controlling from a distance electrical things such as dams or power plants.
o By destroying the actual machines that contain the electronic information.

TYPES OF GOVERNMENT
Different types of government are included in the comparative policing system because the type of the government of a
country directly affects its law enforcement.
1. MONARCHY
- One whose supreme power of sovereignty is vested in the rules of a monarch.
Monarchy is classified into two:
a. Absolute Monarchy
Where the ruler rules the divine right.
b. Limited or Constitutional Monarchy
The power of the ruler is limited to a constitution.
2. ARISTOCRACY (The rule of the few)
a. Derived from the Greek word aristocracia meaning “the rule of the best”.
b. Form of government in which supreme power is vested in the few privileged class or group wherein high power is based from birth,
wealth and wisdom. It is otherwise known as Oligarchy.
c. Related terms
i. Autocracy – derived from Greek word autocrat means self-ruler or he who rules by oneself. It is usually seen as synonymous with
despot, tyrant or dictator.
ii. Communist state – a state with the form of a government characterized by single party rule of communist party and a professed
allegiance to a communist ideology as the guiding principle of a state.
iii. Corporatocracy or Corpocracy – a form of government where a corporation, a group of corporation or government entities with
private components control the direction and governance of a country.
3. DEMOCRACY (rule by people)
a. The supreme power is vested in the people.
b. “It is a government of the people by the people and for the people.” (Former US President Abraham Lincoln)
c. It is classified into:
i. Direct Democracy – where the people directly govern themselves. Sometimes called as “PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY”.
ii. Indirect Democracy – the people elect representatives to act on their behalf.(ex. Philippines)
4. ANARCHY
a. Derived from the GREEK word anarchia which means “without a ruler”.
b. Society free from coercive authority of any kind.
c. Related terms:
i. Anarchism – a philosophical movement rise in the mid-19th century, with its idea of freedom being based upon political and
economic self-culture. Started by Pierre Joseph
Proudhon in his book “What is Property?”
ii. Anarchist – those who advocate the absence of the state, arguing that common sense would allow people to come together in
agreement to form a functional society allowing or the participants to freely develop their sense of morality, ethics or principled
behavior.
COUNTRIES WITH LOW CRIME RATE
The following countries have a low crime rate because of the following reasons.
1.JAPAN
Strong shame-based country rather than guilt-based.
Some reasons for the low crime rate.
Community policing.
Patriarchal family system.
Importance of higher education.
The way businesses serve as surrogate families.
2. EGYPT

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Siwa Oasis embraces the law of tradition (URRF LAW)
Composed of 23,000 people, 11 tribes.
Plato: fashioned his model of a perfect government.
Last crime around 1950. Case is manslaughter.
Punishment: social ostracization or shunning (the act of being excluded from the community)
3. IRELAND
Low crime rate despite of serious unemployment problem, presence of large urban ghettos,
crisis with religious terrorism.
4. SWITZERLAND
Advertised in travel brochures as no crimes in Switzerland.
High rate of firearm ownership but low crime rate.
Effective in using “iron fist” or velvet gloves.
Societal Types
Folk Communal Society - a society which hast a little codification of law, no specialization among the police and a system of
punishment that just let things go for a while without attention until things become too much and the harsh, barbaric, punishment is
resorted to. This type of society often seen as primitive and barbaric.
Urban Commercial Society- has civil law, specialized police forces, and punishment ts inconsistent, sometimes harsh sometimes
lenient. Most of its law enforcers were obliged to prevent/suppress religious offenses and others for enforcing the King's Law.
Urban Industrial Society- police in this society are specialized on property crimes such as theft. It has codified laws but laws that
prescribe good behaviors and a system of punishment is run on market principles of creating incentives and disincentives.
Bureaucratic Society- has a system of laws, police who tend to keep busy handling political crime and terrorism, and a system of
punishment characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding It is in this society where Juvenile Delinquency exist.
Types of Criminal Justice System
Common Law System- is also known as Anglo-American Justice. It is distinguished by a strong adversarial system where lawyers
interpret and judges are bound by precedents. Common law system is distinctive in the significance that they attach to the importance
of previously decided cases. This system relies on the evidence in which in public trial is a main focal point.
Civil Law Systems- also known as Continental justice or Romano-Germanic justice. This system is distinguished by a strong
inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the accused, and the law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation.
Furthermore, in this system if the judge knows the answer, he must not be prohibited from achieving it by undue attention to
regulations of procedure and evidence. In contrast the common law system requires a judge to suspend belief until the event of the
trial is over.
Socialists System- also known as Marxist-Leninist system that existed in many places where there has been a Communist revolution.
it is primarily characterized by administrative law, where non legal officials make most of the decisions. This system asserted that
goods would allow people to pursue their own interests and develop their own talents without being coerced into performing labor for
others.
Islamic Systems- these justice systems are also known as Muslim or Arabic Justice and derive all their procedures and practices from
interpretation of the Koran (Shariah Law}. This system is based more on the concept of natural justice where crimes are considered
acts of injustice that conflict with tradition and religion plays an important role. Types of Court Systems of the World
1. Adversarial System - the accused is innocent until proven guilty.
2. Inquisitorial System - the accused is guilty until proven innocent. Theories of Policing
Continental - maintains the idea that police officers are servants of the higher authorities. This theory prevails in the continental
countries like France, Italy, and Spain.
Home Rule - states that the police officers are servants of the community or the people. This theory prevails in England and United
States. Decentralized policing also utilized this theory.

Concepts of Police Service

Old Police Service - states that the gauge of police proficiency/efficiency relies on the number of arrests made.
Modern police Service- the yardstick of police proficiency /efficiency relies on the absence of crime.
Other Concepts
Deviance Control- is the modern police function which primarily involves the mission to reinforce community values and laws. This
was adopted by Germany, China, and Japan.
Civil Order Control- is not organizationally separated from deviance control but is performed by regular street police in the country
of England and United States, It is a function that police use to respond to a situation where a crowd is possibly getting out of control

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and disturbing the police. With Civil Order Control, even though the police is attempting to quell the violence of riots and keep the
peace, “police may end up being adversaries of the citizens rather than part of the citizenry.
Models of Policing Systems
Traditional Policing- within this model the police officer would respond when a call came in that a crime occurred. Once the officer
responded to the crime, the officer would then take a report and hand the investigation off to a detective. This policing is reactive in
nature,
Problem Solving Policing- within this model there is an emphasis on trying and prevent crime from happening. This policing has
detectives watching for patterns in crimes to help understand when and how crimes are being committed.
Community Oriented Policing- within this model, the officers will take more community involvement stance. No longer does an
officer sits in his patrol car and wait for a call that a crime has happened.
The Need for Innovative Policing
Theories and practices in law enforcement have been compared in several studies under various circumstances, the goal is to test
whether the theory and practice in policing needs modernization to meet the demands of the present trends in crime fighting.
Comparative research is usually carried out by the “safari” method (a researcher visits another country) or “collaborative” method (the
researcher communicates with a foreign researcher).
GLOBALIZATION
- A process of interaction and integration among the people, companies and governments of different nations. A process driven by
international trade and investment and aided by information technology. The process has effects on the environment, on culture, on
political systems, on economic development and prosperity and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.
- The process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture. Put
in simple terms, globalization refers to processes that promote worldwide exchanges of national and cultural resources. Advances in
transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of internet, are major factors in globalization generating
further interdependence of economic and cultural activities.
-Is the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop the global economy. Globalization refers to the
integration of economics and societies all over the world. Globalization involves technological, economic, political, and cultural
exchanges made possible largely by advances in communication, transportation, and infrastructure.

Effects of Globalization
Industry: The world has become a huge market where you can buy and sell things produced in any part of the world.
Culture: Globalization means a decrease in the cultural diversity that used to exist in the world earlier. You can find people in several
countries dressing up like Westerners.
Legislation: There has been an increase in the establishment of International courts of justice where someone accused could be dealt
with in any part of the world.
Language: With increased globalization, people tend to forget their mother tongue and use English instead as there is an idea that it
makes them superior in some way.
Information: With the wide use of Internet and other kinds of information technology, it has become much easier and faster to share
information worldwide.
Finance: Globalization has made it easier to raise finance through individuals and firms outside the country.
Politics: Powerful countries and individuals nowadays have political control over the whole world, not only their country. The United
States is an example of a country that influences the whole of the world politics The negative effects of globalization
-Developed nations have outsourced manufacturing and white collar jobs. That means less-jobs for their people.
-Globalization has led to exploitation of labor. Prisoners and child workers are used to work in inhumane conditions.
-Job insecurity. Earlier people had stable, permanent jobs.
-Terrorists have access to sophisticated weapons enhancing their ability to inflict damage.
-Companies have set up industries causing pollution in countries with poor regulation of pollution.
-Fast food chains like McDonald's and KFC are spreading in the developing world. People are consuming more junk food from these
joints which has an adverse impact on their health.
GLOBALIZATION AND PEOPLE SMUGGLING
For centuries people have left their homes in search of better lives elsewhere. In the last decade, the process of globalization has
caused an unprecedented amount of migration from the least developed countries of asia, Africa, Latin America and Eastern Europe to
western Europe Australia and north America.
GLOBALIZATION AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING

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One of today's biggest human trafficking rights crises is the international trafficking of women and girls into slavery. Human
trafficking is the third largest criminal industry in the world, outranked only by arms and drug dealing. The united nations estimate
that trafficking in persons generates $7 to $10 billion annually for traffickers.
HOW DOES HUMAN TRAFFICKING TAKE PLACE?
Traffickers acquire their victims primarily from developing countries where poverty is rampant, commonly through some means of
force or deception.
Victims are typically very young, most ranging in age from eight to 18 years old. Some are as young as four or five years old.
GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS
The mental, physical and emotional impact of this egregious crime on the human security of the countries individual victims is
obvious. The additional impacts on human security as a collective international concern may not be so obvious. They include:
1. Threats to border integrity as millions of people are transported annually across national boundaries under false pretenses.
2. Threats to human health, through the spread of hiv/aids and other std’s to the victim their clients wives and so on
3. Threats to national and international security, since it is believed that many traffickers are connected to organized crime groups,
which may then use the proceeds to fund other criminal activities such as terrorism.
4. Threats to the very health of our global human conscience, since slavery-often proudly touted as having been wiped out in the 19 th
century- is actually alive and well, right in all our own backyard.
Transnational Crime - offenses whose inception, proportion and/or direct or indirect effects involve in more than one country.
Money Laundering - the concealment of the origins of illegally obtained money, typically by means of transfers involving foreign
banks or legitimate businesses.

Evolution of Policing
Praetorian guards - military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient Rome in which the idea of policing said to have
originated Officer de la Paix - a French term which claimed to be the origin of the term Police Officer
Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England)
A. Tun Policing System - A system of policing emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period whereby all male residents were required to
guard the town (tun ) to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people.
- About 700 AD, the people living in England in small rural towns used the Anglo-Saxon System.
- Ten families in a town (tun) equaled a tithing. Each tithing elected a leader who was known as the Tithingman. Since 10 tithings
amounted to 100, the leader of the 100 tamilies was named the reeve.
-Both the tithingman and reeve were elected officials. They possessed judicial power as well as police authority.
B. Hue and Cry - A village law started in Britain which provided methods of apprehending a criminal by an act of the complainant to
shout to call all male residents to assemble and arrest the suspect.
C. Trial by Ordeal -A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting him to an
unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. (In present terminologies, tt would mean an employment of a “3™ degree.”) The word
“ordeal” was derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision.”
Two Types of Trials during Anglo-Saxon Period
Oaths (Compurgation)the Compurgator system allowed other people, preferably of hig social position to swear that the accused is an
honest person. (this is known today as character witness)
Trial by Ordeal-a person is compelled to perform an act either walking on a burning coal or through red hot iron. It was said that the
gods would protect the innocent,
2. Norman Period of Policing System
This system of policing existed during the time of Norman William The Conqueror (King of France}. When he invaded and
conquered England, a military regime of conquers and dictators began and changed the concept of crime being committed against the
state.
A. Shire-Reeve
- Shire-Reeve was a policing system during the Norman Period when England was divided into fifty-five (55) military areas, each
headed by a ruler called the Reeve (head-man or lieutenant of the army). The fifty-five (55) military divisions in England are called
shires.
-The shire-reeve had absolute powers that no one could questions his or her actions.
-Two “Constabuli” or “The Keeper of the Horse”were appointed to each village to aid the Reeve in his duties. it became the source of
the word Constable,
-The term “Shire-Reeve” is said to be the origin of the word “Sheriff.”
B. Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge

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A judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being judged by the Shire-Rieve and tasked to travel through and hear criminal
cases. This was the first instance of the division of the police and judicial powers.
C. Legis Henrici (Laws of Henry)
An act that was enacted during this period with the following features: Offenses were classified as against the king and individual.
Policeman becomes public servant The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the system called"citizen's
arrest.” Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. A system which made inquisition onto the facts of a crime and
eliminate the “Anglo-Saxon Trial” or “Trial by Ordeal System.
D. Frankpledge System
A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male residents over twelve years of age were required to guard the town to
preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people
3. Westminster Period of Policing System
It is called by this name because the laws governing policing came out of the capital of England, which at the time was Westminster .
This period has the following features:
A: Guards were appointed and the duties of the constables at night (watch) and in daytime (ward)were defined
- Statute of Westminster of 1285, a collection of regulations aimed at keeping the peace.
B. Statute of 1295 -The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded the closing of the gates of London during
sundown.
C. Justice of the Peace (About 1361) -Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given authority to pursue,
arrest, chastise and imprisonment violators of law. They handled felonies, misdemeanors and infractions of city or village ordinances.
This was later abolished about 75 years after. p. star Chamber Court (1487)A special court designed to try offenders against the state.
The room set-up js formed In a shape of a star and judges were given great powers such as the power to force testimony from a
defendant leading to a great abuse of power or brutality on the part of the judges.
4. Keepers of the Peace- A proclamation Issued by King Richard of England sometime in 1195 that required the appointment of
knights to keep the King’s peace by standing as guards on bridges and gates while checking the people entering and leaving the cities
and towns.
5. King Charles II of England (1663)- King Charles I passed an act which established or promoted the employment of watchmen or
bellmen to be on duty from sunset to sunrise.
6. Magna Carta or "The Great Charter”-A law promulgated by King John of England upon the demand of the Knights of the
Round Table forcing the King to sign the same with the following features: No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, banished or exiled
except by legal judgment of his peers, No person shall be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the victim.
LONDON POLICING PRIOR TO 1829
Henry Fielding
-appointed as Magistrate in 1748, introduced the first detective force, known as the Bow Street Runners
Bow Runner -a group of men organized by Henry Fielding and named by his brother John Fielding task to catch thieves and robbers.
- identified by carrying a Tip staff with the Royal Crown
- made up of eight constables who also investigated crimes handed over to them by the volunteer constables and watchmen
1798 Marine Police Force was established, salaried constables were being paid by local magistrates.
- initially made up of 220 Constables assisted by 1,000 registered dock workers, and was responsible for preventing the theft of cargo.
- widely regarded as being the first modern police force in the worid, in the sense that they were not government controlled and were
responsible for the prevention of crime.
LONDON 1829
Sir Robert Peel appointed as Home Secretary in 1822
Metropolitan Police - organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel (Metropolitan Police Act of 1829)
-the largest of the police services that operate in greater London (the others include the City of London Police and the British
Transport Police) -finest police force around the world.
TOTAL POLICING-motto of London Metropolitan Police Important Dates 1833 - Cold bath Fields Riot (Grays Inn Road). A major
crowd disturbance dealt with by the Metropolitan Police with controversial use of force.
1836 -The Metropolitan Police absorb the Bow Street Horse Patrol into its control.
1838 - incorporates Marine Police and Bow Street Runners into the Metropolitan Police and the disbandment of the Bow Street Office
and other Offices. These were all agreed and put into effect.
Administration Policing Principles of London Metropolitan Police
1. Stable and effective civil police under government control
2. Absence of crime is the best proof of efficiency

9
3. Fast distribution of crime news to the police is essential. Commissioner - highest rank in the Metropolitan Police
Police Constable - lowest rank
Contributions of the French in Policing
Assigning house numbers
Installing street lights
Use of police ambulances
Use of warrant card and ID signifying the authority to arrest International Criminal Police Organization

(INTERPOL)
It is the world's largest international police organization, with 188 member countries. It facilitates cross border police cooperation, and
supports and assists all organizations, authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat International crimes. Its
headquarter is in Lyon, France. Its supreme governing body is the General Assembly
Interpol’s Four Core Functions
1. Secure global police communication services -Interpol’s global police communications system, known as |-24/7, enables police in
all member countries to request, submit and access Vital data instantly in a secure environment.
2. Operational data services and databases for police Member countries have direct and immediate access to a wide range of databases
Including information on known criminals, fingerprints, DNA profiles and stolen or lost travel documents.
3. Operational police support services -INTERPOL provides law enforcement officials tn the field with emergency support and
operational activities. A Command and Co ordination Centre operates 24hours a day, seven days a week and can deploy an Incident
Response Team to the scene of a serious crime or disaster.
4. Police training and development- INTERPOL provides focused police training initiatives with the aim of enhancing the capacity of
member countries to effectively combat transnational crime and terrorism. Interpol’s Structure
INTERPOL (whose correct full name is ‘The International Criminal Police Organization - INTERPOL’) comprises the following:
General Assembly Compose of delegates appointed by the governments of Member Countries. As Interpol’s supreme governing body,
it meets once a year and takes all the major decisions affecting general policy, the resources needed for international co-operation,
working methods, finances and program of activities. Generally speaking, the Assembly takes decisions by a simple majority in the
form of resolutions. Each Member State represented has one vote.
Executive Committee -The Executive Committee is Interpol's select deliberative organ which meets three times a year, usually in
March, July and immediately before the General Assembly. Its role is to supervise the execution of the decisions of the General
Assembly, prepare the agenda for sessions of the General Assembly, etc.
Composition of the Executive Committee
President
Vice Presidents
Delegates
The former Filipino President of Interpol-in 19801984-Jolly R. Bugarin (Philippines)
General Secretariat -Located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the
Secretary General. Officials from more than 80 countries work seep side in any of the Organization's four official languages: Arabic,
English, French and Spanish.
Note: The Secretary General of the Organization is appointed by the General Assembly for a period of 5 years, He may be re-elected.
The Secretary General is effectively the Organization’s chief full-time official. He is responsible for seeing that the day-to-day work
of international police co-operation is carned out.
National Central Bureaus (NCB) - Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National Central Bureau staffed by national law
enforcement officers. The NCB is the designated contact point for the General Secretariat, regional offices and other member
countries requiring assistance with overseas investigations and the location and apprehension of fugitives.
Advisers - these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the Executive Committee and confirmed by the
General Assembly.
Commission for the Control of Interpol’s Files (CCF) - this is an independent body whose mandate is to ensure that the processing
of personal information by INTERPOL complies with the Organization's regulations, to advise INTERPOL on any project, operation,
set of rules or other matter involving the processing of personal information and to process requests concerning the information
contained in Interpol’s files.

10
The Emblem
The GLOBE represents the worldwide activities of the INTERPOL
The Olive branches in either sides of the globe symbolize PEACE
The Vertical Sword behind the globe, representing police action
The Scales below the olive branches symbolize JUSTICE
Official Abbreviations
O.I.P.C - Stands for Organization internationale de police criminelle'
ICPO - Stands for International Criminal Police Organization’
The Interpol National Central Bureau - Manila
Director General Philippine National Police-----------------Chairman
Director, National Bureau of Investigation—----------------Member Commissioner, Bureau of Customs----------——------------Member
Commissioner, Bureau of Internal Revenue-----------------Member Commissioner, Bureau of Immigration-—--------—----—--Member
Governor, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas-------—--------------Member Executive Director, Dangerous Drug Board---------------—Member
Commissioner, Economic Intelligence and Investigation Bureau----—-Member
INTEPOL Notices
1. Red Notice a notice which is issued to seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted persons with a view to extradition.
2. Blue Notice this type of notice is issued in order to locate, identify or obtain information on a person of interest in a criminal
investigation.
3. Yellow Notice to help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify persons who are unable to identify themselves.
4. Green Notice to provide warnings and criminal intelligence about persons who have committed criminal offenses and are likely to
repeat these crime in other countries or those considered to be a possible threat to public safety.
5. Orange Notice to warn of an event, a person, an object or a process representing an imminent danger and threat to persons or
property (disguised weapons, parcel bombs and other dangerous materials).
6. Black Notice to seek information on unidentified bodies.
7. Purple Notice issued to provide information on modus operandi, objects, devices and concealment methods used by criminals.
8. Interpol United Nations Security Council Special Notice issued for groups and individuals who are the targets of UN sanctions.
ASEAN NATIONAL POLICE (ASEANAPOL)
1981 (Manila) = The first formal meeting of The Chiefs of ASEAN Police
= Attended by 5 original member countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand)
Five Other Members
1. Brunei 2. Cambodia 3, Lao 4. Myanmar 5, Vietnam
Organization
1. ASEANAPOL Executive Committee = comprise of deputy heads of delegation attending the annual ASEANAPOL conference. It
provides a summary reports of the activities of the Secretariat to the Head of the Delegation.
2. ASEANAPOL Permanent Secretariat= is on rotational basis with member countries taking turn in host the ASEANAPOL
conference and automatically assume the role of the secretariat for the current year
=headed by executive director and assisted by 2 directors.
a. Executive Director - 2 years
b. Directors - 3 years (one for Police Services and one for Plans and Programs
*During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2009, the Terms of Reference on the establishment of
ASEANAPOL Secretariat was finally endorsed. Kuala Lumpur was made the permanent seat
*The ASEANAPOL Secretariat started its operation fully on January 1, 2010.
International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)
It was founded in Chicago in 1893 as the National Chiefs of Police Union. The primary goal of this organization was to apprehend the
return criminals who had fled the agency jurisdictions in which they were wanted. Its goals involve advancing science and art of
police work, promoting improved practices throughout the law enforcement community and foster cooperation and information
exchange among police administrators.

11
European Police (EUROPOL)
The European Union law enforcement agency that handles criminal intelligence. Its aim ts to improve the effectiveness and
cooperation between authorities of the member states in preventing and combating all forms of serious international organized crime
and terrorism.
UNITED NATIONS
United Nations -officially came into existence on October 24, 1945
= Coined by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Rooseveit in the declaration by United Nation. This declaration was made to
officially state the Cooperation of the allies (Great Britain, the United States, and the Union of soviet Socialist Republics)
Branches of UN
1. UN general Assembly - This is the main decision making and representative assembly in the UN through {ts policies and
recommendations. It ts composed of all member states , ts headed by a President elected from the member states, and meets from
September to December
Functions of General Assembly
a. Deliberative =initiating studies and making recommendations for the development of international law
b. Supervisory =receiving and considering annual and special reports from another organs
c. Financial & approval and apportionment of budget
d. Elective = election of non permanent members of the security council e. Constituent = admissions of members and the amendments
of charter
2. UN Security Council = ts another branch in the organization of the UN and Is the most powerful of all the branches.
Functions
a. Preventive Action = consist of provisional measures to prevent a conflict from worsening, and may Involve the deployment of
PEACE KEEPING AND OBSERVER missions
b. Enforcement Action = consist of deployment of air, sea and land forces
Five Permanent Members of Security Council
1. China 2. France 3. Russia 4 United Kingdom 5. United States
“The other 10 members are rotating or elective members for a period of two years by the General Assembly
3.International Court of Justice = Located in the Hague, Netherlands. This branch is responsible for the judicial matters of the UN.
4. Secretariat = Its main responsibility is providing studies, information, and other data needed
5. Economic and Social Council = consists of 45 members elected by the General Assembly for a 3 year term.
Efforts are Towards the Following:
a. Higher standards of living
b. Condition of economic and social progress and development
c. Solutions of international economic, social, health and related problems
d. Universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms
6.Trusteeship Council = assists the security council and the general assembly in the administration of the international Trusteeship
System
UN Charter= it is closest to a constitution that basically governs the relations of international persons Technically, it is a Treaty.
Treaty= an international agreement concluded between states in written form and sworn by international law, whether embodied in a
single instrument or in two or more instruments and whatever its particular designation.
ASEANAPOL
1981 (Manila)= the first formal meeting of the Chiefs of ASEAN police
= Attended by 5 original member countries such as INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, PHILLIPINES, SINGAPORE AND THAILAND.
FIVE OTHERS MEMBERS
BRUNEI
CAMBODIA
LAOS
MYANMAR
VIETNAM
IMPORTANT DATES
1983 (JAKARTA) = endorsement of the model and design of ASEANPOL logo.
1984 (KUALA LUMPUR) = Royal Brunei police became a member and joined the annual conference.
1996 (KUALA LUMPUR) = Vietnam joined as a new member.

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1998 (BRUNEI)= Laos joined ASEANPOL
2000 (MYANMAR)= Myanmar became the 10th country to joined as a new member
2005 (BALI)= The setting up of a working group to consider the viability of establishing a permanent ASEANPOL secretariat
= silver jubilee commemoration of ASEANPOL
2008 (BRUNEI)= The Royal Malaysia Police was chosen as a host of permanent ASEANAPOL secretariat
2009 (VIETNAM)= Adoption of Terms of Reference (TOR)
2010= On 1st January 2010 commencement of ASEANAPOL secretariat in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
ORGANIZATION
ASEANAPOL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE= comprise of deputy heads of delegation attending the annual ASEANAPOL
conference. It provides a summary reports of the activities of the Secretariat to the Head of the delegation
ASEANAPOL PERMANENT SECRETARIAT= is on rotational basis with member countries taking turn to host the ASEANAPOL
conference and automatically assume the role of the secretariat for the current year.
= headed by executive director and assisted by 2 directors
TENURE OF SERVICE
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR- 2 years
DIRECTORS- 3 years (one for the police services and one for plans and programs.
During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam on 2009, the Terms of reference on the establishment of ASEANAPOL
Secretariat was finally endorsed. Kuala Lumpur was made the permanent seat.
The ASEANAPOL secretariat started its operation fully on January 1, 2010.
Executive Director of ASEANAPOL LT. Gen Sar Moline, Kuala Lumpur.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHIEL OF POLICE (IACP)

-oldest international police organization in the world
-considered as the largest organization of law enforcers in the world
UNITED STATES POLICING SYSTEM

Types of US Police
1. Municipal Police = includes village, township, city and country police departments, sheriff departments,
Types of Local Police
a. Country Sheriff- in charged with the operation of county jail, civil function such as service of eviction notices and other court
orders and police responsibility.
b. City Police- most common local police organization. It has jurisdiction in matters that occur in an incorporated municipality.
2. State Police = includes special investigative agencies that concentrate on statewide law enforcement
3. Federal Police = agencies operated by federal government at the national level
Some Federal Agencies Having Police Functions
a. Protection of Life, Property and Enforcement of Penal Statutes
1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of Justice) - investigates all violations of federal law except when the enforcement
authority was given to other specific federal agency
2. United States Secret Service (Department of Treasury) - concerned with investigation of counterfeiting, forging or altering of any of
the money or other securities of the U.S. It is also in charged of the protection of the president and his family, and of the executive
mansion grounds
3. Bureau of Narcotics (Department of Treasury) - investigated all violations of federal law relating to prohibited drugs
4. Immigration and Naturalization Service (Department of Justice) - investigates all violations of immigration and naturalization laws,
patrol boarders to prevent surreptitious entry of aliens,
b. Protection of the National Revenue
1. Intelligence Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue - investigation of violations of income tax laws
2. Alcohol Tax Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue - violations of internal revenue laws
3. Division of Investigation and Patrol, Bureau of Customs - investigates smuggling activities and enforces customs and navigation
laws.
4. Private Police - additional police protection made by employing sworn officers through contract when they are not officially on
duty Two Basic Forms of Private Police
a. Proprietary Police - when a person wish to receive service, he hires and security personnel directly
b. Contract Security - services of an independent security company

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U.S. Police Agencies
New York City - it is where the first full time police force was organizedin the United States
New York Police Department - the largest police force in the United States Texas Ranger - police force originally created in
response to colonization
Boston Police Department - first local modern police department established in the United States
Pennsylvania State Police - the first state police agency established Los Angeles Police Department - police force that hired the
first female police officer named, Alice Stebbins Wells
The United States police rank model is generally quasi-military in structure. Although the large and varied number of federal, state,
and local police departments and sheriff's office have different ranks, a general model, from highest to lowest rank, would be:
Chief of Police/Police Commissioner/Superintendent/ Sheriff
Deputy Chief of Police /Deputy Commissioner /Deputy Superintendent/Under sheriff
Inspector/Commander/Colonel
Major/Deputy inspector
Captain
Lieutenant
Sergeant Detective/Inspector/Investigator
Officer/Deputy Sheriff/Corporal

CANADA
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) = colloquially known as Mounties and internally as “The Force”
= is the national police force of Canada and one of the most recognized of its kind in the word being a national, federal, provincial and
municipal policing body, It Is founded in 1920 by the Merger of Royal Northwest Mounted Police (1873) with the Dominion Police
(1868). = headed by the Commission under the direction of the Minister of Public Safety Canada.
Commissioner - highest rank in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Police Constable 4 Class - lowest rank
AUSTRALIA
Australian Police - a progressive and multi-faceted law enforcement organization, taking strong lead in the fight against 21* century
crime. Commissioner - highest rank
Constable - lowest rank
HONGKONG
Hong Kong Police Force - is the largest disciplined service under the Security Bureau of Hong Kong, It is the world's second, and
Asia's first, police agency to operate with a modern policing system.
- It was formed on 1 May 1844. in 1969, Queen Elizabeth I] granted the Royal Charter to the Hong Kong Police Force for their
handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots — renaming them: the Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
~ Following the transfer of sovereignty, the Force is once again named the Hong Kong Police Force
Structure HKPF
The Force is commanded by the Commissioner of Police, who is assisted by two deputy commissioners:
a. Deputy Commissioner - Operations= supervises all operational matters including crime and
b. Deputy Commissioner — Managements is responsible for the direction and coordination of force management including personnel,
training, and management services.
Motto - We Serve with Pride and Care
The Hong Kong Police Force is organized into Six Regions:
Hong Kong Island
Kowloon East
Kowloon West
New Territories North
New Territories South
Marine Region
The Force Headquarters (Management) is made up of five departments:
Operations & Support
Crime & Security
Personnel & Training
Management Services

14
Finance, Administration and Planning
Hong Kong Police College - is responsible for all matters relating to training within the Hong Kong Police except internal security,
Auxiliary and Marine Police training.
-Training provided by the Police College includes recruit and continuation training, crime investigation training, police driver training
and weapon tactics training. The information technology training, command training, local and overseas management training, some
specialist courses and periodic courses on firearms and first aid are also provided by the Police College.
Service Quality Wing - is responsible for spearheading initiatives to improve services provided to force customers both external and
internal. The wing comprises three branches: Performance Review, Research and Inspections,and Complaints and Internal
Investigations (C&ll).
Complaints and Internal Investigations (C&II) - includes the Complaints Against Police Office (CAPO) oversees the investigation
and successful resolution of all complaints made both externally and internally against members of the force,
Entry Requirements to HKPF
Nationality - Must be a permanent resident of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and have lived in Hong Kong for at
least seven years.
For Inspector
Academic Requirements
Hong Kong degree, or equivalent; or
An accredited Associate Degree from Hong Kong tertiary institution / A Higher Diploma from a Hong Kong polytechnic /polytechnic
university, or a Diploma from a registered post-secondary college awarded after the date of its registration, or equivalent; or
A pass in two subjects at Advanced Level in the Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination (2A) plus three other subjects at Grade C
or above in the HKCEE (30), or a combination of results in five Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) subjects of
Level 3 in New Senior Secondary (NSS) subjects, “Attained with Distinction” in Applied Learning (ApL) subjects (subject ta a
maximum of two ApL subjects) and Grade C in Other Language subjects, or equivalent.
For Police Constable
Academic Requirements
Five passes or above, which may include Chinese Language and English Language, in the HKCEE, or a combination of results in five
Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE)subjects of Level 2 in New Senior Secondary (NSS) subjects, “Attained” in
Applied Learning (ApL) subjects (subject to a maximum of two AplL subjects) and Grade E in Other Language subjects, or
equivalent.

Selection Processes For Inspector

Written Examination
Extended Interview
Psychometric Test
Final Interview Board
Physical Fitness Test
Integrity Checks and Medical Examination
Appointment
Selection Processes for Police Constable
Physical Fitness Test
Group Interview
Psychometric Test
Final Interview Board
Basic Law Test
Integrity Checks and Medical Examination
Appointment
Ranks of HKPF
Commissioner of Police (CP)
Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police (SACP)
Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP)
Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP)

15
Superintendent of Police (SP)
Chief Inspector of Police (CIP)
Senior Inspector of Police (SIP)
Inspector of Police (IP)
Probationary Inspector of Police (PI)
Station Sergeant (SSGT)
Sergeant (SGT)
Senior Constable (SPC)
Police Constable (PC)
TAIWAN
Taiwan Police Force = is the unified police force of Taiwan
~ under the supervision of NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY which is directly under the MINISTRY OF INTERIOR
~ under effective civilian control
Functions
1) to maintain public order,
2) 2) to protect social security,
3) 3) to prevent all dangers, and
4) to promote the welfare of all people.
Types of Police Force In Taiwan
1. Administration Police - are generally referred to those who are required to wear uniforms to carry out duties of household visits,
patrolling, raid, guarding, duty officer, and reserves.
2. Traffic Police - the primary duties of the Traffic Police are to keep traffic order, to ensure traffic safety, to prevent traffic accidents,
and to smooth traffic flow.
3. Special Police - are those who are responsible for protecting the Central Government, establishing contingent plans and assisting
local and specialized police units in maintaining public order.
4. Criminal Investigation Police - the primary duties of the criminal investigation police are to prevent and detect crimes.
5. Specialized Police - main duties are to protect state-run enterprises and public facilities like railways, highways, airports, harbors,
MRT and Bank of Taiwan.
Ranks Of Taiwan Police Force
Police Supervisor General
Police Supervisor Rank
Police Supervisor Rank Two
Police Supervisor Rank Three
Police Supervisor Rank Four
Police Officer Rank One
Police Officer Rank Two
Police Officer Rank Three
Police Officer Rank Four
Police Rank One
Police Rank Two
Police Rank Three
Police Rank Four
MYANMAR
Myanmar Police Force - formally known as The People's Police Force(Burmese: Pyi Thu Yae Tup Pwe) ~ established in 1964 as
independent department under Ministry of Home Affairs. It was reorganized on 1 October 1995.
- Consists of 14 State and Divisional Police Forces and three additional State/Division Police Forces
Each State and Divisional Police Force consist of four components Office of the Commander of the State and Divisional Police
Force Office of the Commander of the District Police Force Office of the Commander of the Township Police Force
Police Stations
Training Centers
1. Central Training Institute of Myanmar Police Force
2. No.1 Police Training Depot - undertakes Basic Training Course for Police Sergeant for 2 years; Warrant Officer and Police
Sergeants Course for 12 Weeks; and Basic Training Course for Constables for 6 Month

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3. No. Z Police Training Depot - undertakes only Basic Training Course for Constables, which normally takes around 6 months to
complete.

INDONESIA POLICING SYSTEM

Indonesian National Police (Kepolisian Negara Republika Indonesia) - is the official police force of Indonesia
- organized 1946
- also known as Polri
Markasbesar /Mabes - name of the headquaters of Indonesian National Police located in Kebayoran Baru, South, Jakarta, Indonesia
Polri Territorial Forces
1. Kepolisian Daerah or polda - provincial police
2. Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwil - regional police
3. Kepolisian Resort or Polres - city police
4. Kepolisian Sector or Polsek - sub-district police
Special Branches
1. Brigade Mobile (BRIMOB) - the most militarized trained to deal with mass demonstrations - paramilitary role to conduct security
stabilization operations and providing security for VIP and vital facilities
2. Anti-Riot Unit (Pasukan Anti Huru-Hura) - received special anti-riot training
3. Sea and Air Police - responsible patrolling the airspace
4. Plainclothes Unit - assigned in conducting investigations
5. Maritime Police - responsible in protecting the territorial sea
6. Anti-Terrorist Unit - trained in counter-terrorism
7. Forensics - in-charge of laboratory examination of evidence
Police Recruit Volunteers - At least sixth-grade education and should pass the competitive examination. After 3 years, personnel
with junior secondary diploma could enter into training to become NCO.
Ranking System Of Polri
Police General - equivalent of Director General of PNP
Second Bhayangkara - equivalent of police officer 1/patrol of the PNP Royal Malaysian Police (Rmp:Malay: Polis Diraja
Malaysia, Pdrm) police force of Malaysia.
~ headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur
~ The constitution, control, employment, recruitment,fund, discipline, duties and powers of the police force is specified and governed
by the Police Act 1967
Motto - Tegas, Adil Dan Berhemah = Firm, Fair And Prudent
RMP Organizations
1. Management Department = the Management Department is tasked with the routine of management and administration affairs of
the RMP. This department is also the nerve centre of the RMP and acts as the support services plattorm for the rest of the force.
2. Logistics Department =has the role to provide several equipments needed in RMP
3. Criminal Investigation Division = deals with the investigation, arrest and prosecution of hard crimes (murder, robbery, rape etc) and
petty crimes (theft, house-breaking etc). This department also specializes in gambling, vice and secret societies (triads)

Branches of Criminal Investigation Division

D1 - Administrative Division
D2 - Criminal Record Registration
D3 - Internal Affairs
D4 - Statistics
D5 - Prosecution and Law Divisions
D6 —Technical Assistance Division
D7 - Gambling / Vice / Secret Societies
D8 - Investigation Division / Planning
D9 — Special Investigation Division
D10 - Forensic Laboratory Division
D11 — Sexual Investigation Division
D12 - National Centre Bureau-Interpol Division

17
4. Narcotics Criminal Investigation Division = this department's function is to fight against dangerous drugs by enforcing the law to
stop and reduce the demand and supply of dangerous drugs.
5. Internal Security and Public Order Department = responsible for traffic control and Search & Rescue (SAR) operations
6. The Police Field Force{PFF) = organized in battalions and was a para-military units of the Royal Malaysia Police. Also known as
the Jungle Squad. Established in 1948
7. Police Counter-Terrorism Unit = an elite unit of RMP responsible in counter-terrorism operations
8. UNGERIN = Unit Gempur Marin (UNGERIN) (Marine Combat Unit) was established in 2006 and it was fully operational by the
end of 2007. Its first name was Unit Selam Tempurdue to the pressing need to suppress the pirate attacks alongside the coastal area of
Malacca Straits and open sea area of South China Sea which were continuously widespread from time to time despite various efforts
done to overcome the problem. Members received training from U.S
9. Federal Reserve Unit (FRU) = (Malay: Pasukan Simpanan Persekutuan. Its role is riot suppression, crowd control, disaster relief &
rescue, as well as special operations assistance. Organized in 1955.
10. C4-i Implementations System = (abbreviation for Command, Control, Communications, (Computer Integrated)= based at Police
Control Centre in all police contingents in Malaysia. This unit is assigned to patrol the city and the suburbs.
11. The Marine Operations Force or (Malay: Pasukan Gerakan Marin)= tasked with maintaining law and order and coordinating
search and rescue operations in the Malaysian Maritime Zone and on the high seas 12. Royal Malaysian Police Air Wing Unitor Unit
Udara PDRM (UUP)= is a special unit of Royal Malaysia Police with a vital role in maintaining national security with thorough
surveillance and patrol from the air
13.Special Branch = This department is responsible for collecting intelligence for national security
14. Traffic Unit = responsible in maintaining the flow of traffic
15. Commercial Crimes Investigation Department = this department's main function is to investigate, arrest, and prosecute offenders
committing white collar crimes such as fraud, breach of trust, cyber-crimes, forgery, counterfeiting etc.
16. Mounted Police = police who patrol on horseback (equestrians) or camelback. They continue to serve in remote areas and in
metropolitan areas where their day-to-day function may be picturesque or ceremonial, but they are also employed in crowd control
because of their mobile mass and height advantage
Ranks Of RMP
Inspector-General Of Police - equivalent of director general (Philippines)
Police Constable - equivalent of police officer 1 (Philippines)

SINGAPORE
Francis James Bernard - formed the skeleton force as the heritage of Singapore Police Force in 1919,
Singapore Police Force (SPF)-is the main agency task with the maintaining law and order in the city-state. \tis formerly known as
Republic of Singapore Police. Organized with split staff (15) and line functions (13)roughly modeied after the military. Headquarters
at New Poenix Park in Novena.
Commissioner of Police - The highest rank
Police Constable - lowest rank
Section 7 of Police Force Act of 1857 - constitution of the SPF

Recruitment/Training
High school graduates who were interested in law enforcement as a Career can be recruited and those who are selected for officers
had to be approved by the Public Service Commission.
Career development course were encouraged for officer and senior officers are required to travel oversees tor training such as in
Police Staff College in Britain, FBI Nat'l Academy in US and Police Academy in Japan. Nine (9) months training. Newly appointed
officer will be placed on a one year probation period.
JAPAN POLICING SYSTEM
Keihoryo (Police Bureau within the Ministry of Homeaffairs to 1945) Japanese Colonial Government= the one which organized the
first formal policing in China.
Japanese Yakuzaz= considered as the center of Asian organized crime action.
Organization Of NPA
1. National Public Safety Commission = a government body responsible for the administrative supervision of the police. Under the
jurisdiction of the Prime Minister
2. Japan National Police Agency (NPA)= a totally gunless police force, except for its special attack team.
Organizations Attached to the NPA

18
a. National Police Agency = provides training to police officers and conduct academic research
b. National Research Institute of Police Science = conducts research in police science
c. Imperial Guards = provides escort to the Emperor, Empress, Crown Prince and other Imperial family. Responsible for the security
of Imperial Palace
3. Regional Police Bureau = exercise control and supervision over regional police offices and provides support with the prefectural
police. Director General= heads each Regional Bureau acting upon orders from the Commission General of the NPA.
Regional Police Bureau= the local organizations to carry out part of the NPA’s functions. There are about 7 Bureaus in the major
cities except for Tokyo and Hokkaido where in Tokyo, Metropolitan Police department (headed by Superintendent General) has long
been established and shares the same location with the NPA. Prefectural Police has the whole of Hokkaido under its jurisdiction.
4. Prefectural Public Safety Commission (PPSC)= administrative commission functioning under the representative system which
supervise the prefectural police. Under the jurisdiction of the Governor. Though not empowered to give order to the Commission.
5. Koban = a system of policing adopted in Japan, a substation near major transportation hubs and shopping areas and in residential
districts which forms the first line of police response to the public. = Koban usually staffed by 3-5 officers and about 7000 residential
police boxes (Chuzaisho-staffed by a single officer). About 20 % of police is assigned to Koban.
CHINA POLICE SYSTEM
Ministry of National Defense = is the top of the hierarchy with judicial and public security agencies such as Ministry of Public safety
and the Ministry of State Security.
Ministry of Public Security = is the principal police authority of the mainland of the People’s Republic of China which oversee the
day to day law enforcement . (It is the equivalent of the National Police Agency in Japan).
Ministry of State Security = the Chinese government's largest and most active foreign intelligence agency, though it is also involved
in domestic security matters.

Kinds of police
1. People’s Armed Police (PAP)deals with domestic disturbances, acts as riot police and guard’s government compounds and foreign
embassies. Usually handles border defense but is called sometimes to back up local police.
2. State Security Police = (1983) safeguards state security, prevent foreign espionage, sabotage and conspiracies. Under the Ministry
of State Security and directly accountable to the State council.
3. Prison Police = a part of the correctional arm of the overall police system stationed in prisons and correction units. This is under the
leadership of the Ministry of Justice.
4. Judicial Police = responsible for maintaining the security and order in courts and serving instruments and some also executing death
sentences.
5. Quasi parapolice ("Cheng quan") » operate in many places and hired by officials to help carry out some unpopular actions such as
collecting taxes and fines and ousting peasants from seized land,

Special Police College = conducts nationwide recruitment once a year, Central Military Commission = appoints police in China
People’s Liberation Army = Chinese Armed forces,
Civil Service Promotion Examinations = basis tor regulation of the Rank promotion Examination for police officer,
Rank System In China
Commissioner General = equivalent of Director General in the PNP Constable 2nd Class = equivalent of Police Officer 1 in the PNP

THAILAND POLICE SYSTEM

Royal Thai Police = formerly known as Thailand National Police Department (TNPD)
= In 1998, TNPD was transferred from the Ministry of Interior of Thailand to be directly under the Office of the Prime Minister using
the name Royal Thai Police.
=The position of its supreme head was changed from that of the Director-General of the TNPD to the Commissioner-General of the
Royal Thai Police
Royal Thai Police Headquarters = based In Bangkok
Police-General = highest rank of the Royal Thai Police Policeman / Constable = lowest rank
BRUNEI POLICE SYSTEM
Royal Brunei Police Force (Polis Diraja Brunel ~ PDRB) = created in 1921 which is responsible for keeping law and order and
providing law enforcement services throughout Brunel
Inspector-General of Police = highest rank

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Lance Corporal = lowest rank
PHILIPPINE POLICE SYSTEM
During the Spanish Regime
~ Maintenance of law and order was a part of the military system for the defense of the colony;
- Locally organized police forces although performing civil duties ts a direct adjunct of the colonial military establishments;
(policemen in appearance yet colonial soldiers in the ultimate sense.
- Police functions consisted mainly of
(1) suppression of brigandage by patrolling unsettled areas;
(2) detection of local or petty uprising by spying upon the work and movements of the people and;
(3) the enforcement of tax collection including church revenues. Cuardilleros = a body of rural police organized in each town
established by Royal decree of Jan. 8, 1836. It mandates that 5% of the able bodied male inhabitants of each province where to be
enlisted in this police organization for 3 years. There services are originally not paid ar gratuitous subject to some privileges although
in some province they received a proportionate pay ranging from 4.00 to 8.00 depending on the revenue collection.
Carabineros De Seguridad Publica = Organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying the regulations of the Department of State. This
was armed and considered as the mounted police who later discharged the duties of a port, harbor and river police. It was later given
special commission hy Royal Decree of December 20, 1842 and it was called ~ Cuerco De Seguridad Publica ( Corps of Crabbiness
for Public Security), Gurdia Civil = Created by Royal decree on February 12, 1852, to partially relieve the Spanish peninsula troops
of their works in policing towns. It is consisted of a body of Filipino policemen organized originally in each of the provincial capital
of the province of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor.)
Philippine Commission Act No. of 175= (July 18, 1901) an act providing for the organization and government of an Insular
Constabulary.
Sec. 1, Act 255 of October 3, 1901= renamed the Insular Constabulary to Philippine Constabulary (a national police institution for
preserving peace, keeping order and enforcing the law. Henry Allen= the first Chief of the Philippine Constabulary. Rafael Crame=
the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary.
Act No 70= (On January 9, 1901) The Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized
E.0. 3892 = Ordered that the PC be one of the four services of the AFP, dated December 23, 1940,
RA. 4864 = it created the POLCOM (Police Commission) as a supervisory agency to oversee the training and professionalisation of
the local pollee under the OMcer af the President, Otherwise known as the Police Professionalization act of 1964, dated September 8,
1966, It was later renamed as the National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM),
PD. 765 =Integration Act of 1975, dated Auguat 4, 1975, established the Integrated National Police (INP) composed of the PC as the
nucleus and the Integrated local police forces as components, under the Ministry ot National Defense
E.0, 1012 = 2transferred to the city and municipal government the operational supervision and direction over the INP units assigned
within their locality,
D. O. 1040= Transferred the Admin. Control and Supervision of the INP from the ministry of National Defense ta the National Police
Commission
R.A. 6975= It is otherwise known as the Department of Interior and Local Government Act of 1990, enacted on December 13, 1990.
Established the PNP, BFP, BJMP and the PPSC.
R.A. 8551 © Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998, enacted 1998, amending the provision of
R.A. 6975
Act No, 181= created the Division of Investigation (DI) of the Department of Justice dated November 1938.
R.A. 157= created the National Bureau of Investigation, enacted June 19, 1947 and later reorganized by R.A. 2678
Republic Act 9708 (2009)an act extending for 5 years the reglementary period for complying with the minimum educational
qualification for appointment in the PNP.
Organizational Structure
The head of the PNP with the rank Police General shall have the position title of Chief of the PNP.
The second in command of the PNP with the rank of Police Lieutenant General shall be the Deputy Chief for Administration.
The third in command with the rank also of Police Lieutenant General shall be the Deputy Chief for Operations.
At the national office, the head of the directorial staff with the rank of Police Lieutenant General shall be known as Chief of the
Directorial Staff of the PNP.
The heads of the various staff divisions in the directorial staff shall have the rank of Major General with the position title of Director
of the Directorial Staff of their respective functional divisions. The heads of the administrative and operational support divisions
shall have the rank of Police Brigadier General

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The head of the National Capital Region (NCR) with the rank of Police Major General shall assume the position title of NCR
Director.
The heads of the regional offices with the rank of Police Brigadier General shall assume the position title of Regional Director.
The heads of the NCR district offices with the rank of Police Brigadier General shall have the position title of District Director.
The heads of provincial offices with the rank of Police Colonel shall be known as Provincial Director.
The heads of the district offices with the rank of Police Lieutenant Colonel shall have the position title of District Director.
The heads of the municipality or city offices with the rank of Police Major shall be known as Chief of Police
(COP).

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