N AT I O NAL IS M

I N I ND I A
The First World War, Khilafat
and Non- Cooperation

Nationalism in India
Towards Civil
Disobedience

The Sense of Collective Belonging

I NTRODUCTION
Modern Europe began seeing nation -
states as a new sense of belonging, and a
formation of groups with collective
identities.

In India, and other colonial nations, this

sense of nationalism started due to the anti
- colonial movement. This was a new hope
for freedom against autocratic monarchies.
 THE FI RS T WORLD WAR,
KHI LAFAT AND NON-
COOPERATION

The Effects of The

First World War
The Khilafat
Movement
Satyagraha
The Rowlatt The Non
Act Cooperation
Movement
THE The war created a new economic and
political situation.
EFFECTS OF Leading to increase in defence expenditure,
THE FI RS T and the money came from taxes.
Income tax was introduce, while custom
WORLD WAR duties were raised.
Prices increased between 1913, and 1918., and
extreme hardships were faced by the people.
Due to forced recruitment, a lot of
resentment was harboured by the rural
people.
Between 1918 and 1921, a failure of crops lead
to an influenza epidemic.
Satyagraha means clinging to truth, holding fast
to truth, insistence on truth, or firm adherence
to truth; come what may. Gandhiji believed that
this non- violence could untie all Indians.
After arriving in India in January 1915, he
organised many satyagraha movements. Most
notably:
1917 in Champaran, Bihar.
1917 in Kheda, Gujarat
1918 in Ahmedabad.

SATYAGRAHA
An act passed on 18 March, 1919 which gave the
government the right to repress political activities,
and allowed detention of political prisoners without
trail for 2 years.
To oppose this act, Gandhiji decided to launch a
nationwide satyagraha.
Rallies were organised, workers went on strikes and
lead to the British repressing the nationalists.
10th April- police in Amritsar fired on a peaceful
procession
13th April- Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place

THE ROWLATT ACT

 THE KHI LAFAT MOVEMENT
To organize a more widespread movement, Gandhiji
convinced other Congress leaders that the Khilafat
should be supported, as well as the swaraj.
Ottoman Turkey was defeated in the 1st World War.
There were talks about imposing a harsh peace treaty to
be imposed in the Khilafa, also the Ottoman Emperor.
To defend his powers, All India Khilafat Committee was
set up in Bombay, March 1919.
It had Muslim leaders like Muhammad Ali, Shaukat Ali
and more.
 THE NON-
COOPERATION
MOVEME NT

Why Non-
Cooperation?
The Movement in
Towns
The Movement by
Peasants The Movement in
The Movement by Plantations
Tribals
WHY NON- COOPERATI O N?
Gandhiji wrote a book Hind Swaraj in 1909. Here he
declared that British rule was established due to the
cooperation of Indians.
He suggested that the non-cooperation movement should
be unraveled in the following stages:
a) Surrendering titles given by the government.
b) Boycott of government services, foreign goods
c) In case of repression, a full civil disobedience
campaign ⠀⠀⠀would be launched.
After much difficulty, the Non- Cooperation movement
was adopted in December 1920.
THE MOVEMENT IN
TOWNS
➛ Started with Middle class participation
➛ Students, headmasters, teachers left schools
while lawyers left their law practices. Council
elections were boycoted in most provinces
except Madras.
➛ Foreign good boycotted, liqour shops blocked,
and foreign clothes burnt in enormous bonfires.
➛However, the movement started slowing down,
as people realised they could not afford this new
lifestyle.
THE MOVEMENT BY
PEASANTS
➛ The movement now had peasants and tribals,
and their problems after the war.
➛ In Awadh, they were lead by Baba Ramchandra.
Here the movement was against landlords and
talukdars.
➛ This revolution demanded the reduction of
revenue, abolition of forced labour with no income
and soical boycott of oppressive landlords.
➛ Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up with over 300
branches.
➛ However, this movement turned violent by 1921.
THE MOVEMENT BY
TRI BALS
➛ In forest regions, the colonial government had
closed large forest areas and prevented people
form entering forests to do their work.
➛This enraged the people. The colonial
government also forced the tribals to start
working for no money.
➛ Alluri Sitaram Raju, from the Gudem hills in
Andhra Pradesh, talked about the greatness of
Gandhiji, and told the tribals to support the Non-
Cooperation Movement. However, he believed that
India could only be saved by force.
THE MOVEMENT IN
PLANTATIONS
➛ For plantation workers in Assam, freedom
meant the right to move freely and retaining a
link with the village they were stolen from.
Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859,
plantation workers were not allowed to leave
without permission.
➛ After the news of the Non- Cooperation
Movement, thousands of workers began to
disobey the authorities and left the plantations.
These movements were not the aim
of the Congress programme.
However, everyone interprets
swaraj differently, and this tied
everyone with each other, making
this movement the thread that
bonded all citizens together.
 TOWARDS
CI VI L
DI SOBE DIENCE
Simon Go Back

The Civil
The Salt March Disobedience
Limits of Civil
Movement
Disobedience
The new Tory government in Britain made a Statuary
Commission under Sir John Simon to look into the
functioning of the constitutional system in India, and
suggest changes. However, there was no Indian
member.
The Simon Commission was greeted with the slogan "Go
Back Simon" in 1928.
Lord Irwin, in October 1929, gave India an offer of
Dominion Status, and to discuss the constitution. This
did not satisfy the Congress.
In December 1929, the Lahore Congress formalised the
demand for "Purna Swaraj". It was declared that 26
January, 1930, would be celebrated as Independence
Day.
SI MON GO BACK
THE S ALT MARCH
On 31 January, 1930, Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin
stating 11 demands. These demands had encapsulated
demands of people all over the country, so that everyone could
be united.
The tax on salt was high, revealing how oppresive the British
were.
If these 11 demands were not fulfilled by March 11, a civivl
disobedience movement would start.
With 78 of his volunteers, Gandhiji walked for over 240 miles
from his ashram to Dandi. On 6 April, they violated the law by
manufacturing their own salt, marking the start of the
movement.
 THE CIVIL
DI SOBE DIENCE
MOVEME NT
Limits of
Civil Disobedience The Movement by
Civil
Working Class
Disobedience
The Movement by
Business Class
The Movement by The Movement by
Rich Peasants The Movement by Women
Poor Peasants
CI VI L DIS OBEDIENCE
People were to refuse cooperation with the British, and to
break the colonial laws.
This lead to the government arresting the Congress
leaders one by one, leading to more angry rallies around
India.
On 5th March 1931, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was made.
Gandhi pledged to give up the satyagraha campaign, and
Irwin agreed to release those who had been imprisoned
during it and to allow Indians to make salt for domestic
use.
However, political figures like Nehru were arrested, so the
movement was relaunched.
THE MOVEMENT BY
RI CH PE AS ANTS
➛ They were active in the movement.
➛ By being producers of commercial crops, they
were hit hard by the trade depression and falling
prices of crops.
➛ They could not pay the government's revenue
demand, and the government's refusal to decrease
tax made them resentful.
➛ When the movement was called off in 1931, they
were hugely disappointed by the nonexistent
revisal of the revenues. Many of them refused to
participate in the 1932 movement.
THE MOVEMENT BY
POOR PEAS ANTS
➛ Not only were they interested in the
lowering of revenue demand, but also wanted
unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted.
➛ They joined many movements, led by the
Socialists and the Communists.
➛ The Congress was unwilling to support the
'no rent' campaign in many places.
➛ The relationship between the Congress and
peasants was not happy.
THE MOVEMENT BY
BUSI NES S CLAS S
➛ . They wanted to expand their business, and
joined the movement to oppose the colonial
policies that restricted business activities.
➛ They formed the Indian Industrial and
Commercial Congress in 1920, and the Federation
of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries
in 1927.
➛ They were worried about the growing
influence of socialism amongst the members of
Congress, and the failure of the Round Table
Conference.
THE MOVEMENT BY
WORKI NG CLAS S
➛ As the industrialists became closer to the
Congress, the working class became very distant.
➛ However, in the Nagpur region, workers began
protesting in large numbers.
➛ They only adopted some Gandhian ideas, like
boycotting and also started movements against low
wages and poor working conditions.
➛ In 1930, there were strikes by railway workers, in
1932 strikes by dockworkers.
➛ However, the Congress was reluctant to support
them.
THE MOVEMENT BY
WOME N
➛ During Gandhiji's Salt march, thousands of
women came out of their houses to listen to his
speeches.
➛ They participated in the marches, stole foreign
cloth and picketed liquor shops. Many went to jail.
➛ Gandhi did not believe women to be protesters.
He wanted them to stay at home, and be good
mothers, good wives as this was their "duty"
➛ The Congress was reluctant to allow women to
hold any porition with the party.
The Dalits had been ignored by the Congress for a
long time, for the fear of alienating the sanatanis.
However, Gandhiji felt that swaraj would not come if
untouchability was not eliminated. He called them
harijans.
Many Dalit leaders believed that political
empowerment would resolve the problems of their
social disabilities.
DR. B. R. Ambedkar clashed with Mahatma Gandhi
when he demanded a separate electoral for dalits.
This led to the formation of the Poona Pact of
September 1932.

LI MI TS OF CIVIL DIS OBEDIENCE

 After the decline of the Non- Cooperation - Khilafat
movement, large sections of Muslims felt alienated
from the Congress.
As the Congress began openly associated with the
Hindu religious nationalist groups, the relations
between these two religions began to worsen.
In 1927, the Congress and the Muslim league made
efforts to renogotiate an alliance. Muhammad Ali
Jinnah was willing to give up demands for separate
electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats,
but M. R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha did not
want to compromise.

LI MI TS OF CIVIL DIS OBEDIENCE

 THE S ENS E OF
COLLE CTIVE
BEI NG

Art, Culture, and

History
The Evolution of
Flags of India
Bharat Mata
Disadvantages
ART, CULTURE, AND HISTORY
A sense of collective belonging, or unity, was formed
by a shared experience of struggles. However, culture
played a key role in defining a nation.
Art, music, novels all helped in uniting the country.
Even reviving folktales lead to giving a sense of
nationalism in people.
Even Indian history was rewritten to instill a sense of
pride in the motherland.
Some important figures who helped spread
nationalism were Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay,
Abanindranath and Rabindranath Tagore, and Natesa
Sastri.
 BHARAT
MATA
An allegory of India,
devotion to Bharat Mata
became evidence of one's
nationalism to India.
First created by Bankim
Chandra Chattopadhyay,
when he wrote Vande
Mataram, the figure was
later painted by
Abanindranath Tagore
 1906 1907 1917

THE EVOLUTION OF F LAGS IN INDIA

1921 1931 1947
 DI SADVANTAGES
Nationalist figures urged people to take pride in
India, and change the miserable condition of life
under British rule.
However, the past was being glorifies as Hindu.
Prints, novels, hymns all had Hindu images and
figures, The image of Bharat Mata dwarfed on
the other communities, and majorly had Hindu
aspects to it.
All of this made other communities feel
alienated. While Hindus' iconography was being
glorified, other religions were left out.
CONCLUS ION
Attempts by the Congress, led by Mahatma
Gandhi, to mobilise the concerns of the
populace into movements for independence
frequently failed because of divisions between
social classes.
As a result, a nation with various voices that
desired independence from colonial
domination was created. The movement made
an effort to settle disputes and make sure that
one group's demands did not alienate another,
but the unity within the movement frequently
crumbled.
THANK YOU

Anantha Shri
10 B