Flow in annular pipe

➢ Ahmed Mohamed Fathy Ezz

➢ Ahmed Elsayed AbdulGhaffar
➢ Ahmed Mohamed AbdelDaiem
➢ Mostafa Abdelnaby Abo-Elfadl
➢ Ahmed Mohamed Ali Esmail
➢ Ahmed Mosilhy farouk Mosilhy
➢ Eman Mohamed Hegazy
➢ Yomna Tarek Al-Olimi

Prof. Hassan Awad M. Abdalla

 [1] Emulsion fluid flow

An emulsion is a type of colloidal mixture where normally

immiscible liquids are combined in a way that maintains their unique
chemical identities.
In general, there are two parts of an emulsion.
• Continuous Phase: the liquid portion of an emulsion in which
another liquid is dispersed.
• Dispersed Phase: the liquid portion that forms tiny droplets
that are evenly suspended throughout the continuous phase.

The fig (1) below represents two configurations of oil and water
emulsions.
On the left, an aqueous solution (water based) is the continuous
phase in which droplets of oil are dispersed. Conversely, the right
side depicts oil as the continuous phase, with droplets of water
dispersed throughout.

fig (1) emulsion.

1
Again, it is important to note that the components of the continuous
phase do not interact with the dispersed phase — nothing is
dissolved.
Upon zooming in, we can see how a surfactant can help stabilize
an emulsion by forming micelle “cages” around dispersed droplets.
Because of the amphipathic nature of surfactants, the dispersed
droplets can be protected from the continuous medium in both
scenarios depicted above.

Fig (2) zooming in emulsion.

[2] Characteristics of emulsions

The physical properties of the emulsion results have a different form
from either of its two components. One of the most characteristic of
emulsions is their inherent instability. However, though the
dispersed drops are small, gravity obviously exerts a measurable
force. Over time, the particles come together to form whole or larger
2
drops, which then tend to rise to the top of the mixture or settle down
at the bottom of the mixture. The internal and external phases are
thus ultimately separated into their original components due to this
process. The separation depends upon how the emulsions are
formulated and what kind of physical environment to which it was
exposed.
Emulsions exhibit the Tyndall effect, Brownian movement,
electrophoresis, etc.
• Tyndall effect: when the light is scattered in a colloidal
solution by colloidal particles is called the Tyndall Effect.
• Brownian movement: the common colloidal particle exhibits
zigzag, crisscross movement in colloidal solution is called
Brownian movement.
• Electrophoresis: under the influence of an electric field, the
movement of colloidal particles in a colloidal solution is
called electrophoresis.
Emulsion and its properties
• Interface in emulsion contains both the dispersed and the
continuous within the boundary coming between the phases.
• Emulsions appear white when light is dispersed in equal
proportions.
• Due to various phase interfaces scattering light passing
through the emulsions, it can have a cloudy appearance.

3
 [3] Swirl Flow
A type of fluid motion that involves rotation of the fluid around an
axis.
Swirl flow can be classified into three categories: Natural, Forced
and mixed.
Classification of swirl flow
swirl flow

natural
forced mixed
"free"

i. Natural swirl flow: - occurs when the fluid is driven by the

conservation of angular momentum, without any external
forces. Examples of natural swirl flow are tornadoes,
whirlpools, and sink vortices.
ii. Forced swirl flow: - occurs when the fluid is subjected to
external forces that induce rotation, such as impellers, paddles,
or jets. Examples of forced swirl flow are centrifugal pumps,
hydrodynamic separators, and vortex jets.
One of the main characteristics of swirl flow is the formation of a
vortex core, which is a region of low pressure and high axial velocity
along the axis of rotation.
The vortex core can have different shapes and sizes, depending on
the flow conditions and the degree of swirl.
The vortex core can also interact with other vortices in the flow
field, creating complex flow structures and mixing phenomena.
4
Swirl flow in engineering application
• Combustion chambers
• Turbines
• Pumps
• Mixers
• Vortex tubes
• Hydro-cyclones
• Spray dryers
Advantages of swirl flow: -
• Enhancing heat and mass transfer
• Improving mixing efficiency
• Stabilizing flames
• Reducing emissions
Generate the rotation of a flow.
They can be classified into three main categories: -
• Use of fins or adjustable propellers tangentially deflecting the
axial flow. Because of its simplicity, this device is generally
used in industrial systems, in gas turbines. However, this type
of device introduces significant head losses, and the intensity
of swirl is limited (design of fins).
• Rotating mechanical devices which generate a rotational
movement to the fluid passing between them.
• Tangential injection of part or all fluid quantity into a main
duct. The intensity of the swirl is then determined by the ratio
between the flow injected tangentially and that injected axially.

5
 There are two types of ideal swirling flows:
i. Free vortex flow: -
▪ No external torque or energy required. The fluid rotating
under certain energy previously given to them. In a free
vortex mechanics, overall energy flow remains constant.
There is no energy interaction between an external source
and a flow or any dissipation of mechanical energy in the
flow.
▪ Fluid mass rotates due to conservation of angular
momentum.
▪ Velocity inversely proportional to the radius.
𝑉𝜃 ∗ 𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
At the center (r = 0) of rotation velocity approaches infinite, that
point is called singular point.
▪ The free vortex flow is irrotational, and therefore, also
known as the irrotational vortex.
▪ In free vortex flow, Bernoulli’s equation can be applied.
▪ Examples include a whirlpool in a river, water flows out
of a bathtub or a sink, flow in centrifugal pump casing and
flow around the circular bend in a pipe.
ii. Forced vortex flow.
▪ To maintain a forced vortex flow, it required a continuous
supply of energy or external torque.
▪ All fluid particles rotate at the constant angular velocity ω
as a solid body. Therefore, the flow of forced vortex is
called solid body rotation.
▪ Tangential velocity is directly proportional to the radius.

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 𝑉𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
𝑟

𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔
𝜔 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦.
𝑟 = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
▪ The surface profile of vortex flow is parabolic.
▪ In forced vortex total energy per unit weight increases
with an increase in radius.
▪ Forced vortex is rotational flow with constant vorticity
2ω.
Examples for forced vortex flow are rotating a vessel containing a
liquid with constant angular velocity, flow inside the centrifugal
pump due to impeller.

Fig. (3) Velocity distribution in Free vs Forced vortices flow

7
 Real swirling flows
i. Compound Vortex (Real Vortex)
The vortices observed in nature are usually modelled with an
irrotational (potential or free) vortex. However, in potential
vortex, the velocity becomes infinite at the vortex center. In
reality, very close to the origin, the motion resembles a solid
body rotation. These are called Rankine Vortices.
The Rankine vortex model assumes a solid-body rotation inside
a cylinder of radius and a potential vortex outside the cylinder.
The radius is referred to as the vortex-core radius. The velocity
components of the Rankine vortex, expressed in terms of the
cylindrical-coordinate system are given by.

Fig. (4) Velocity distribution in Rankine and Batchelor vortices flow

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Classification of swirl types corresponding to the three types
of swirl generators
• Concentrated Vortex (CV)- rotation concentrated near the pipe
center.
• Solid Body (SB)- almost uniform rotation
• Wall Jet (WJ)- angular momentum concentrated near the wall.

Fig. (5) Classification of Swirl Types (Steenbergen and

Voskamp, 1998), corresponding to the three types of swirl generators.

9
 [4] Flow In Annular Pipe
Introduction
The flow in the annulus may be laminar or turbulent depending on
the behavior of the main flow and the disturbance level. Generally,
the disturbance level in turbomachinery is very high so that the flow
is likely to be turbulence in most circumstances. However, the flow
may be kept laminar if the flow passage is carefully designed. The
determination of the critical condition for the flow transition in
annulus is therefore of great interest. As is well known, most flows
in petroleum engineering, various chemical industrial devices are
non-Newtonian, and the flow are more complicated.
Accurate calculation of annular flow characteristics is of great
importance. The determination of effective circulating density,
cuttings transport, flow regime, and erosive potential all depend
upon proper analysis of annular flow.
Annular flow analysis is very similar to pipe flow analysis. The
principles of analysis are identical, and ultimately both are primarily
concerned with pressure losses. The determination of annular
pressure losses requires the determination of a Reynolds number and
a mean viscosity for non-Newtonian fluids.
Pressure loss depends upon regime type, so each regime will be
analyzed separately.
The major differences in the analyses are due to the differing
geometries of the conduit under consideration. The necessary
integrations over the annular pipe region are not readily solvab1e for

10
many fluid mode1s; therefore, exact solutions for pressure loss are
difficult to obtain.
However, good approximate solutions are achieved by considering
annular flow to be nearly identical to flow between parallel plates.
Exact solutions and approximate solutions are both discussed.
Annulus flow passage is widely used in aero-engines,
turbomachinery, petroleum engineering, and various chemical
industrial devices. The flow dynamics in the annulus has significant
influence on the performance and flow efficiency of the devices.
Laminar flow
Laminar flow through an annulus refers to the smooth and orderly
movement of fluid through an annulus. This occurs in situations
where the fluid’s viscosity dominates over its inertia.
In general, an annulus is the region between two concentric circles.
In the context of fluid dynamics, this is typically the space between
two concentric cylindrical pipes.
Applications of Laminar Flow through Annulus
Laminar flow through an annulus is an idealized representation of
fluid flow in many important industrial processes.
For instance, in oil well drilling, a heavy drilling mud is circulated
through the annular space around the drill pipe to transport the
drilling debris to the surface. Such drilling muds are typically
composed of a mixture of water or oil, clay and other minerals, and
various chemical additives. The composition can vary depending on
the specific drilling conditions, including the type of formation

11
being drilled, the depth of the well, and environmental
considerations.
Similarly, the extrusion of plastic tubes and pipes involves forcing
molten polymer through an annular die, which requires precise
control of laminar flow to ensure consistency in the final product.
Other examples of applications of laminar flow through annulus
include the production of optical fibers, where a glass preform is
melted and drawn through an annular orifice to create the fiber, and
the design of certain types of filters, where fluids are passed through
an annular space to remove impurities.
Velocity Profile of Laminar Flow through an Annulus
When a fluid flows through an annular region under laminar flow
conditions (i.e., low flow rates and low Reynolds numbers), the
velocity of the fluid varies across the annulus following a parabolic
profile. It means that the fluid velocity is highest at the center of the
annulus and gradually decreases as you move toward the inner and
outer walls. This parabolic velocity distribution is a result of the no-
slip boundary condition, where the fluid in contact with the walls of
the annulus has zero velocity due to viscous effects. The velocity
profile resembles a parabola wrapped around in a circle to form a
split doughnut , as shown in shown in the figure (1).

12
 Fig. (6) Velocity profile of laminar flow in an annulus

Mathematically, this can be expressed as follows:

𝜕𝑝 𝑅𝑜2 − 𝑟 2 (𝑅𝑜 − 𝑅𝑖 )2 𝑟
𝑉𝑧 (𝑟) = (𝜌𝑔𝑧 − ) ( + (ln ))
𝜕𝑧 4𝜇 8𝜇 𝑅𝑜
Where:
• 𝑉𝑧 (𝑟) = fluid velocity with respect • ρ = fluid density [kg/m3]
to r [m/s] • g = gravitational acceleration
• r = distance from the center [m] [9.81 m/s2]
• μ = dynamic viscosity [Pa-s] • Ro = radius of the outer pipe [m]
• p = pressure [Pa] • Ri = radius of the inner pipe [m]

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 [5] Governing equations
The governing equations of fluid flow represent mathematical
statements of the conservation laws of physics:
1. Mass Conversation.
2. Momentum Conversation (Newton’s second law).
3. Energy Conversation (first law of thermodynamics).
The fluid will be regarded as a continuum. We describe the behavior of the
fluid in terms of macroscopic properties, such as velocity, pressure, density
and temperature, and their space and time derivatives.
We consider such a small element of fluid with sides δx, δy and δz
(Figure7).
The element under consideration is so small that fluid properties at the
faces can be expressed accurately enough by means of the first two terms of
a Taylor series expansion. So, for example, the pressure at the W and E
1
faces, which are both at a distance of δx from the element center, can be
2
expressed as
𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝑝 1
𝑝− 𝜕𝑥 and 𝑝+ 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2

Figure 7. Fluid element for conservation laws

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1.1 Mass conservation in three dimensions
Conservation of mass, often called the continuity relation, states that the
fluid mass cannot change.

Rate of increase Net rate of flow

of mass in fluid = of mass into
element fluid element

The rate of increase of mass in the fluid element is.

𝜕 𝜕𝜌
(𝜌𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧) = (𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
we account for the mass flow rate across a face of the element by
the product of density, area and the velocity component normal to
the face.
From Figure 8. the net rate of flow of mass into the element across
its boundaries is given by.
𝜕 (𝜌𝑢) 1 𝜕 (𝜌𝑢) 1
(𝜌𝑢 − 𝜕𝑥) 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧 − (𝜌𝑢 + 𝜕𝑥) 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕(𝜌𝑣 ) 1 𝜕(𝜌𝑣) 1
+ (𝜌𝑣 − 𝜕𝑦) 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧 − (𝜌𝑣 + 𝜕𝑦) 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕(𝜌𝑤) 1 𝜕(𝜌𝑤) 1
+ (𝜌𝑤 − 𝜕𝑧) 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 − (𝜌𝑤 + 𝜕𝑧) 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 2

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 Figure 8. Mass flows in and out of fluid element

All terms of the resulting mass balance are arranged on the left-
hand side of the equals sign and the expression is divided by the
element volume δxδyδz. These yields
𝜕𝜌 𝜕(𝜌𝑢) 𝜕(𝜌𝑣) 𝜕(𝜌𝑤)
+ + + =0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜌
or in more compact vector notation + ∇(𝜌𝑢) =0
𝜕𝑡

This equation is unsteady, three-dimensional mass conservation or

continuity equation at a point in a compressible fluid. The first term
on the left-hand side is the rate of change in time of the density (mass
per unit volume). The second term describes the net flow of mass
out of the element across its boundaries and is called the convective
term.

16
2.1 Momentum equation in three dimensions
Newton’s second law states that the rate of change of
momentum of a fluid particle equals the sum of the forces on
the particle:
Rate of increase of Sum of forces
momentum of = on
fluid particle fluid particle

The rates of increase of x-, y- and z-momentum per unit

volume of a fluid particle are given by.
𝐷𝑢 𝐷𝑢 𝐷𝑢
𝜌 𝐷𝑡 𝜌 𝐷𝑡 𝜌 𝐷𝑡
We distinguish two types of forces on fluid particles:
• surface forces
– pressure forces – viscous forces
– gravity force
• body forces
– centrifugal force – Coriolis force
– electromagnetic force

Figure 9. Stress components on three faces of fluid element

The state of stress of a fluid element is defined in terms of the

pressure and the nine viscous stress components shown in Figure 9.

17
First, we consider the x-components of the forces due to pressure 𝑝
and stress components 𝜏𝑥𝑥 , 𝜏𝑦𝑥 and 𝜏_𝑧𝑥 shown in Figure 4. The
magnitude of a force resulting from a surface stress is the product
of stress and area Forces aligned with the direction of a co-ordinate
axis get a positive sign and those in the opposite direction a
negative sign. The net force in the x-direction is the sum of the
force components acting in that direction on the fluid element.

Figure 4. Stress components in the x-direction

On the pair of faces (E, W) we have

𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑥 1
[(𝑝 − 𝜕𝑥) − (𝜏𝑥𝑥 − 𝜕𝑥)] 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑥 1
+ [− (𝑝 + 𝜕𝑥) + (𝜏𝑥𝑥 + 𝜕𝑥)] 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑥
= (− + )𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
The net force in the x-direction on the pair of faces (N, S) is
𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥 1 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥 1
− (𝜏𝑦𝑥 − 𝜕𝑦) 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧 + (𝜏𝑦𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦) 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑦

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Finally, the net force in the x-direction on faces T and B is given by
𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥 1 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥 1
− (𝜏𝑧𝑥 − 𝜕𝑧) 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 + (𝜏𝑧𝑥 + 𝜕𝑧) 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑧
The total force per unit volume on the fluid due to these surface
stresses is equal to the sum of the three previous equations divided
by the volume δxδyδz:
𝜕(−𝑝 + 𝜏𝑥𝑥 ) 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥
+ +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Without considering the body forces in further detail their overall
effect can be included by defining a source 𝑆𝑀𝑥
of x-momentum per unit volume per unit time.
The x-component of the momentum equation is found by setting
the rate of change of x-momentum of the fluid particle equal to the
total force in the x-direction on the element due to surface stresses
plus the rate of increase of x-momentum due to sources:

𝐷𝑢 𝜕(−𝑝 + 𝜏𝑥𝑥 ) 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥

𝜌 = + + + 𝑆𝑀𝑥
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

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 [6] Simplification governing equation
Assumptions: -
1- steady.
2- Incompressible, Newtonian
Fluid (𝜌 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡).
3- Fully developed.
4- Axisymmetric rectilinear
flow ( 𝑢𝑟 = 𝑢𝜃 = 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 )

Proof: -
Firstly, we will apply
continuity equation: -
1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝑉𝜃 𝜕𝑉𝑧
(𝑟 𝑉𝑟 ) + + =0
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑉𝑧
=0
𝜕𝑧

Then we will apply momentum equation in Z- direction: -

𝜕𝑉𝑧 𝑉𝜃 𝜕𝑉𝑧 𝜕𝑉𝑧 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑉𝑧 1 𝜕 2 𝑉𝑧 𝜕 2 𝑉𝑧
→ 𝜌 (𝑉𝑟 + + 𝑉𝑧 ) = 𝜌𝑔𝑧 − +𝜇( (𝑟 )) + 2 2 + 2
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕 𝜃 𝜕 𝑧

𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑉𝑧
∴ 𝜌𝑔𝑧 − +𝜇( (𝑟 )) = 0
𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕 𝜕𝑉𝑧 −𝑟 𝜕𝑝
∴ (𝑟 )= (𝜌𝑔𝑧 − )
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑉𝑧 −𝑟 2 𝜕𝑝
∴𝑟 = (𝜌𝑔𝑧 − ) + 𝐶1 →→ 1
𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑧
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 −𝑟 2 𝜕𝑝
∴ 𝑉𝑧 = (𝜌𝑔𝑧 − ) + 𝐶1 ln 𝑟 + 𝐶2 →→ 2
4𝜇 𝜕𝑧

At the end, we identify boundary conditions: -

First case: - two static pipes
At 𝑟 = 𝑅𝑖 →→ 𝑉𝑧 = 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 B.C 1
At 𝑟 = 𝑅𝑜 →→ 𝑉𝑧 = 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 B.C 2
Applying on Eq 2: -
𝑅𝑖2 𝜕𝑝
B.C 1:-
4𝜇
(𝜕𝑧 − 𝜌𝑔𝑧 ) + 𝐶1 ln 𝑅𝑖 + 𝐶2 = 0 →→ 3

𝑅𝑜2 𝜕𝑝
B.C 2:-
4𝜇
(𝜕𝑧 − 𝜌𝑔𝑧 ) + 𝐶1 ln 𝑅𝑜 + 𝐶2 = 0 →→ 4

By Subtracting Eq 4 From 3
(𝑅𝑖 2 − 𝑅𝑜2 ) 𝜕𝑝
( − 𝜌𝑔𝑧 ) + 𝐶1 ln 𝑅𝑖 − 𝐶1 ln 𝑅𝑜 = 0
4𝜇 𝜕𝑧
(𝑅𝑖 2 − 𝑅𝑜2 ) 𝜕𝑝
𝐶1 = ( − 𝜌𝑔𝑧 ) →→ 5
𝑅𝑖 𝜕𝑧
4𝜇 ∗ ln
𝑅𝑜
By Substituting from Eq 5 into 4: -
𝜕𝑝 −𝑅𝑜2 (𝑅𝑖 2 − 𝑅𝑜2 )
𝐶2 = ( − 𝜌𝑔𝑧 ) ( + ∗ ln 𝑅𝑜 ) →→ 5
𝜕𝑧 4𝜇 𝑅𝑖
4𝜇 ∗ ln
𝑅𝑜
−𝑟 2 𝜕𝑝
→ 𝑉𝑧 = ( − 𝜌𝑔𝑧 ) + 𝐶1 ln 𝑟 + 𝐶2
4𝜇 𝜕𝑧

21
 −𝑟 2 𝜕𝑝 (𝑅𝑖 2 − 𝑅𝑜2 ) 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝 −𝑅𝑜2
∴ 𝑉𝑧 = ( − 𝜌𝑔𝑧 ) + ( − 𝜌𝑔𝑧 ) ln 𝑟 + ( − 𝜌𝑔𝑧 ) (
4𝜇 𝜕𝑧 𝑅𝑖 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 4𝜇
4𝜇 ∗ ln
𝑅𝑜
2 2
(𝑅𝑖 − 𝑅𝑜 )
+ ∗ ln 𝑅𝑜 )
𝑅𝑖
4𝜇 ∗ ln
𝑅𝑜
𝜕𝑝 −𝑟 2 (𝑅𝑖 2 − 𝑅𝑜2 ) −𝑅𝑜2 (𝑅𝑖 2 − 𝑅𝑜2 )
∴ 𝑉𝑧 = ( − 𝜌𝑔𝑧 ) ( + ln 𝑟 + + ∗ ln 𝑅𝑜 )
𝜕𝑧 4𝜇 𝑅𝑖 4𝜇 𝑅𝑖
4𝜇 ∗ ln 4𝜇 ∗ ln
𝑅𝑜 𝑅𝑜

𝜕𝑝 𝑟 2 − 𝑅𝑜2 (𝑅𝑖 2 − 𝑅𝑜2 )

∴ 𝑉𝑧 = ( − 𝜌𝑔𝑧 ) ( + (ln 𝑟 + ln 𝑅𝑜 )
𝜕𝑧 4𝜇 𝑅𝑖
4𝜇 ∗ ln
𝑅𝑜

𝜕𝑝 𝑟 2 − 𝑅𝑜2 (𝑅𝑖 2 − 𝑅𝑜2 )

∴ 𝑉𝑧 = ( − 𝜌𝑔𝑧 ) ( + (ln(𝑟 ∗ 𝑅𝑜 ) )
𝜕𝑧 4𝜇 𝑅𝑖
4𝜇 ∗ ln
𝑅𝑜

Second case: - Inner is moving and outer is static.

At 𝑟 = 𝑅𝑖 →→ 𝑉𝑧 = 𝑣 B.C 3
At 𝑟 = 𝑅𝑜 →→ 𝑉𝑧 = 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 B.C 4
Applying on Eq 2: -
−𝑅𝑖2 𝜕𝑝
B.C 1: -
4𝜇
(𝜌𝑔𝑧 − 𝜕𝑧 ) + 𝐶1 ln 𝑅𝑖 + 𝐶2 = 𝑣 →→ 6
−𝑅𝑜2 𝜕𝑝
B.C 2: -
4𝜇
(𝜌𝑔𝑧 − 𝜕𝑧 ) + 𝐶1 ln 𝑅𝑜 + 𝐶2 = 0 →→ 7

𝜕𝑉𝑧 (𝑅𝑜 − 𝑅𝑖 )
𝑉𝑧 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 →→ = 0 →→
𝜕𝑟 2
𝜕𝑉𝑧 −𝑟 2 𝜕𝑝
∴𝑟 = (𝜌𝑔𝑧 − ) + 𝐶1
𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑧

22
 (𝑅𝑜 − 𝑅𝑖 )2 𝜕𝑝
𝐶1 = (𝜌𝑔𝑧 − ) →→ 8
8𝜇 𝜕𝑧
By Substituting from Eq 8 into 7: -
−𝑅𝑜2 𝜕𝑝 (𝑅𝑜 − 𝑅𝑖 )2 𝜕𝑝
(𝜌𝑔𝑧 − ) + (𝜌𝑔𝑧 − ) ln 𝑅𝑜 + 𝐶2 = 0
4𝜇 𝜕𝑧 8𝜇 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑝 𝑅𝑜2 (𝑅𝑜 − 𝑅𝑖 )2
𝐶2 = (𝜌𝑔𝑧 − ) ( − ∗ ln 𝑅𝑜 ) →→ 9
𝜕𝑧 4𝜇 8𝜇
To obtain 𝒗 :-
By substituting in Eq 6,
−𝑅𝑖2 𝜕𝑝
𝑣= (𝜌𝑔𝑧 − ) + 𝐶1 ln 𝑅𝑖 + 𝐶2
4𝜇 𝜕𝑧
−𝑅𝑖2 𝜕𝑝 (𝑅𝑜 − 𝑅𝑖 )2 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝑅𝑜2
𝑣= (𝜌𝑔𝑧 − ) + (𝜌𝑔𝑧 − ) ln 𝑅𝑖 + (𝜌𝑔𝑧 − ) (
4𝜇 𝜕𝑧 8𝜇 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 4𝜇
(𝑅𝑜 − 𝑅𝑖 )2
− ∗ ln 𝑅𝑜 )
8𝜇
𝜕𝑝 𝑅𝑜2 − 𝑅𝑖2 (𝑅𝑜 − 𝑅𝑖 )2
𝑣 = (𝜌𝑔𝑧 − ) ( + (ln 𝑅𝑖 − ln 𝑅𝑜 ) )
𝜕𝑧 4𝜇 8𝜇
𝜕𝑝 𝑅𝑜2 − 𝑅𝑖2 (𝑅𝑜 − 𝑅𝑖 )2 𝑅𝑖
𝑣 = (𝜌𝑔𝑧 − ) ( + (ln ))
𝜕𝑧 4𝜇 8𝜇 𝑅𝑜
So, Velocity profile: -
−𝑟 2 𝜕𝑝
→ 𝑉𝑧 = ( − 𝜌𝑔𝑧 ) + 𝐶1 ln 𝑟 + 𝐶2
4𝜇 𝜕𝑧
−𝑟 2 𝜕𝑝 (𝑅𝑜 − 𝑅𝑖 )2 𝜕𝑝
→ 𝑉𝑧 = ( − 𝜌𝑔𝑧 ) + (𝜌𝑔𝑧 − ) ln 𝑟
4𝜇 𝜕𝑧 8𝜇 𝜕𝑧
2 2
𝜕𝑝 𝑅𝑜 (𝑅𝑜 − 𝑅𝑖 )
+ (𝜌𝑔𝑧 − ) ( − ∗ ln 𝑅𝑜 )
𝜕𝑧 4𝜇 8𝜇

𝜕𝑝 𝑅𝑜2 − 𝑟 2 (𝑅𝑜 − 𝑅𝑖 )2 𝑟
𝑉𝑧 = (𝜌𝑔𝑧 − ) ( + (ln ))
𝜕𝑧 4𝜇 8𝜇 𝑅𝑜 23
 References
[1] H. Versteeg, W. Malalasekra, “An Introduction to
Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Finite Volume Method
Marcel”, Prentice Hall,2007
[2] Mecholic. “Free and Forced Vortex Flow.” Mecholic, 17 Feb.
2016, www.mecholic.com/2015/10/free-and-forced-vortex-
flow-comparison.html.

[3] Facciolo, Luca, and Kungliga tekniska högskolan. Institutionen

för mekanik. A Study on Axially Rotating Pipe and Swirling
Jet Flows. 2006.

[4] White, Frank M. “Fluid Mechanics”. University of Rhode Island

1999.

[5] Dwight H. Kelly, “Developing Turbulent Flow in an

Annulus”,1968.

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